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Simplified Reinforced Concrete Design 2010 NSCP PDF
Simplified Reinforced Concrete Design 2010 NSCP PDF
Introduction
Concrete
Concrete is a mixture of water, cement, sand, gravel crushed rock, or other aggregates.
The aggregates (sand, gravel, crushed rock) are held together in a rocklike mass with a
paste of cement and water.
REINFORCED CONCRETE
As with most rocklike mass, concrete has very high compressive strength but have a
very low tensile strength. As a structural member, concrete can be made to carry tensile
stresses (as in beam in flexure). In this regard, it is necessary to provide steel bars to
provide the tensile strength lacking in concrete. The composite member is called
reinforced concrete.
AGGREGATES
Aggregates used in concrete may be fine aggregates (usually sand) and coarse
aggregates (usually gravel or crushed stone). Fine aggregates are those that passes
through a No. 4 sieve (about 6 mm in size). Materials retained are coarse aggregates.
The nominal maximum sizes of coarse aggregate are specified in Section 5.3.3 of
NSCP. These are follows: 1/5 the narrowest dimension between sides of forms, 1/3 the
depth of slabs, or 3/4 the minimum clear spacing between individual reinforcing bars or
wires, bundles of bars, or prestressing tendons or ducts. These limitations may not be
applied if, in the judgment the Engineer, workability and methods of consolidation are
such that concrete can be placed without honeycomb or voids.
WATER
According to Section 5.3.4, water used in mixing concrete shall be clean and free from
injurious of oils, acids, alkalis, salts organic materials or other substances that may be
deleterious to concrete or reinforcement. Mixing water for prestressed concrete or for
concrete that will contain aluminum embedment’s, including that portion of mixing water
contributed in the form of free moisture on aggregates, shall not be used in concrete
unless the following are satisfied: (a) Selection of concrete proportions shall be based
on concrete mixes using water from the same source and (b) mortar test cubes made
with non-portable mixing water shall have 7-days and 28 day strengths equal to at least
90
MODULUS OF ELASTICITY
Unlike steel and other materials, concrete has no definite modulus of elasticity. Its value is
dependent on the characteristics of cement and aggregates used, age of concrete and
strengths.
According to NSCP (Section 5.8.5), modulus of elasticity Ec for concrete for values of wc,
between 1500 and 2500 kg/ m3 may be taken as.
Eq. 1-1 √
Where is the day 28-day compressive strength of concrete in MPa is the unit weight
on concrete in . For normal weight concrete, √ Modulus of elasticity Es
for nonprestressed reinforced may be taken as 200,000 MPa.
DETAILS OF REINFORCEMENT
STANDARD HOOKS
Inside diameter of bend for stirrups and ties shall not be less than 16 mm bar and
smaller. For bars larger than 16 mm, diameter of bend shall be in accordance with
Table 1.1
Inside diameter of bend in welded wire fabric /9plain or deformed) for stirrups and ties
shall not be less than for deformed wire larger than D56 and for all other wires.
Bends with inside diameter of less than 8db shall not be less than from nearest
welded intersection.
Tolerance for depth d, and minimum concrete over a flexural members walls and
compression members shall be as follows:
d -12 mm
Except that tolerance for the clear distance to formed soffits shall be minus 6 mm and
tolerance for cover shall not exceed minus 1/3 the minimum concrete cover required in
the design drawings or specifications.
In walls and slabs other than concrete joist construction, primary flexural reinforced shall
be spaced not for farther apart than three times the wall or slab thickness, nor 450 mm.
BUNDLED BARS
Groups of parallel reinforcing bars bundled in contact to act as unit shall be limited to
four in any one bundle. Bundled bars shall be enclosed within stirrups or ties and bars
larger than 32 mm shall not be bundle in beams. The individual bars within the span of
flexural members should terminate at different points with at least 40 d b stagger. Since
spacing limitations and minimum concrete cover of most members are based on a
single diameter db, bundled bars shall be treated as a single bar of a diameter derived
from the equivalent total area.
Figure 1.1 Bundled-bar arrangement
Diameter of single bar equivalent to bundled bars according to NSCP to be used for
spacing limitation and concrete cover.
(25)2 x 3 D2
Minimum
cover, mm
Primary reinforcement
15
Ties, stirrups, spirals 10
Shells, folded plate members:
20 mm bar and larger
16 mm, Wr1 or D31 wire, and smaller
Prestressed Concrete
The following minimum concrete cover shall be provided for prestressed and
nonprestressed reinforcement, ducts and end fittings.
Minimum
cover, mm
Bundled Bars
For bundled bars, the minimum concrete cover shall be equal to the equivalent diameter
of the bundle, but need to be greater than 50 mm, except for concrete cast against and
permanently exposed to earth, the minimum cover shall be 75 mm.
SHRINKAGE AND TEMPERATURE REINFORCEMENT (2010 NSCP)
Areas of shrinkage and temperature reinforced shall be provided at least the following
rations of reinforcement area to gross concrete area, but no less than 0.014:
a) Slabs where Grade 280 or 350 deformed bars are used…….0.0020
b) Slabs where Grade 420 deformed bars or welded wire reinforcement are
used………………………………………………………………...0.0018
c) Slabs where reinforcement with stress exceeding 420 MPa measured at a
yield strain of 0.35 percent is
used…………………………………………………….....…..0.0018x415/
Shrinkage and temperature reinforcement shall be spaced not farther apart than five
times the slab thickness, nor farther apart than 450 mm.
LOADS
The most important and most critical task of an engineer is the determination of the
loads that can be applied to a structure during its life, and the worst possible
combination of these loads that might occur simultaneously. Loads on structure may be
classified as dead loads or live loads.
DEAD LOAD
Dead loads are loads of constant magnitude that remain in one position. This consists
mainly of the weight of the structure and other permanent attachments to the frame .
LIVE LOAD
Live loads are loads that may change in magnitude and position. Live loads that move
under their own power called moving loads. Other Live loads are those caused by wind,
rain, earthquakes, soils, and temperature changes. Wind and earthquake loads are
called lateral loads.
If resistances to structural effects of a specified wind load W are included in design, the
following combination of D, L, and W shall be investigated to determine the greatest
required strength U:
Where load combinations shall be include both full value and zero value of L to
determine the more severe condition, and
Where load combinations shall included both full value and zero value of L to determine
the more severe condition, and
But for any combination of D, L, and E, required strength U shall not be less than Eq. 1-
2
Except where D or L reduces the effect of H, 0.9D shall be substituted for 1.4D and zero
value of L shall be used to determine the greatest required strength U. For any
combination of D, L and H, required strength U shall not be less than.
If resistance to loadings due to weight and pressure of fluids with well defined densities
and controllable maximum heights F is included in design, such loading shall have a
factor of 1.4 and to be added to all loading combinations that include live load.
If resistance to impact effects is taken into account in design, such effects shall be
included with live load L.
Where structural effects T of differential settlement, creep, and shrinkage expansion of
shrinkage-compensating concrete or temperature change may be significant in design,
required strength U shall be equal to
The design strength provided by a concrete member, its connections to other members,
and its cross sections, in terms of flexure, axial load, shear, and torsion shall be taken
as the nominal strength multiplied by a strength reduction factor φ having following
values.
Notations
gross of concrete sections . For a hollow section, is the area of the
concrete only and does not include the area of the void(s)
F = loads due to weight and pressures of fluids with well-defined densities and
controllable maximum heights, or related internal moments and forces.
H = loads due to weight and pressure of soil water in soil, or other materials, or related
internal moments and forces.
U = required strength to resist factored loads or related internal moments and forces,
= net tensile strain in extreme layer of longitudinal tension steel at nominal strength,
excluding strains due to effective prestress, creep, shrinkage, and temperature
= ratio of to
9.1- GENERAL
9.1.1 Structures and structural members shall be designed to have design
strengths at all sections at least equal to the required strengths calculated for the
factored loads and forces in such combinations as are stipulated in this code.
9.1.2 Members also shall meet all other requirements of this code to ensure
adequate performance at service load levels.
9.1.3 Design of structures and structural members using the load factor
combinations and strength reduction factors of Appendix C shall be permitted.
Use of load factor combinations from this chapter in conjunction with strength
reduction factors of appendix C shall be permitted.
9.2 Required strength
9.2.1 Required strength U shall be at least to the effects of factored loads in Eq.
(9-1) through (9-7). The effect of one or more loads not acting simultaneously
shall be investigated.
Except as follows:
a) The load factor on the live load L in Eq. (9-3) to (9-5) shall be permitted to be
reduced to 0.5 except for garages, areas occupied as places of public assembly,
and all where L is greater than 4.8N/ .
b) Where wind load W has not been reduced by a directionality factor, it shall be
permitted to use 1.3 W in Eq. (9-4) and (9-6).
c) Where E, the load effects of earthquake, is based on service-level seismic
forces, 1.4E shall be used in place of 1.0E Eq. (9-5) and (9-7).
d) The load factor on H, loads due to weight and pressure of soil, water in soil or
other materials, shall be set equal to zero in Eq. (9-6) and (9-7) if the structural
action due to H counteracts that due to W or E. Where lateral earth pressure
provides resistance to structural actions from other forces, it shall be not be
included in H but shall be included in the design resistance.
9.2.2 If resistance to impact effects is taken into account id design, such effects
shall be included with L.
9.2.3 Estimations of differential settlement, creep, shrinkage, expansion of
shrinkage-compensating concrete. or temperature change shall be based on a
realistic assessment of such effects occurring in service.
9.2.5 For post-tensioned anchorage zone design, a load factor of 1.2 shall be
applied to the maximum prestressing steel jacking force.
For sections in which the net tensile strain in the extreme tension steel at nominal
strength is between the limits for compression-controlled and tension-controlled
sections, shall be permitted to be linearly increase from that for compression-limit to
0.005.
Alternatively, when Appendix B is used, for members in which does not exceed 415
MPa, with symmetric reinforcement, and with (d-d’)/h not less than 0.70, shall be
permitted to be increased linearly to 0.90 as decreases from 0.10 to zero. For
other reinforced members, shall be permitted to be increased from 0.10 or ,
whichever is smaller, to zero.
CHAPTER 1
b 0.85 0.003
c a c
d d-a/2
NA
As T=
Stress Diagram Strain Diagram
Figure 2.1: Stress and strain diagram for singly reinforced and rectangular beam
Eq. 2-1
For
For ( but shall not be less than 0.65
[ ] C=T
0.85
Eq. 2-2
Multiplying Eq. 2-2 by d/d:
Eq. 2-3
and
Eq. 2-4
Let
Eq. 2-5
Eq.2-7
Coefficient of Resistance
Eq.2-8
Eq.2-9
Solving for an in Eq. 2-8 and replacing it with, , yields the following formula the
steel ratio :
Eq.2-10 [ √ ]
BALANCE DESIGN
Balance design refers to a design so proportioned that the maximum stresses in concrete
(with strain of 0.003) and steel and (with strain of ⁄ ) are reached simultaneously once he
UNDERREINFORCED DESIGN
Underreinforced design is a design in which the steel reinforced is lesser than what is
required
for balance condition . If the ultimate load is approached, the steel will begin to yield although
the compression concrete is still understressed. If the load is further increased, the steel will
continue to elongate, resulting in appreciable deflections and large visible crack in the tensile
concrete. Failure under this condition is ductile and will give warning to the user of the
structure to decrease the load.
OVERREINFORCED DESIGN
Overreinforced design is a design in which the steel reinforcement is more than what is
required for balanced condition. If the beam is overreinforced, the steel will not before failure.
As the load is increased, deflections are not noticeable although the compression concrete is
highly stressed, and failure occurs suddenly without warning to the user of the structure.
Overreinforced as well as balanced design should be avoided in concrete because of its brittle
property, that is why the Code limits the tensile steel percentage (P max=0.75pb) to ensure
underreinforced beam with ductile type of failure to give occupants warning before occurs.
=200,000 MPa.
Note:
⁄
Eq.2-11
But a =
c=c
Eq. 2-12
Note: Eq. 2-12 is for singly reinforced rectangular sections only. Eq. 2-11 is applicable
to nay shape.
and
Eq. 2-14
This limitation is to ensure that the steel reinforcement will yield first to ensure ductile
failure.
√
Eq. 2-15
410.62 For statically determinate T-section with flange in tension, the area shall
be equal to or greater than the smaller value given either by:
√
Eq. 2-17
410.6.3 The requirements of Sections 410.6.1 and 410.6.2 need to be applied if at every
section the area of the tensile reinforcement is at least one-third greater than that
required by analysis.
410.6.4 For structural slabs and footings of uniform thickness, the minimum area of
tensile reinforcement in the direction of span shall be the same as that required by
Section 407.13 (Shrinking and Temperature Reinforcement). Maximum spacing of
this reinforcement shall not exceed three times the thickness and 450 mm.
The provision for minimum amount of reinforcement applies to beams, which for
architectural and other reasons are much larger in cross-section than required by
strength consideration. With a very small amount of tensile reinforcement, the computed
moment strength as a reinforced concrete section computed from its modulus of
rapture. Failure in such a case can be quite sudden.
STEPS IN DESIGNING A SINGLY REINFORCED
RECTANGULAR BEAM FOR FLEXURE:
Note: The assumptions made in steps II, V,and VIII are the author’s recommendation
based on his experience.
I. Identify the values of the dead load and live load to be carried by the
beam. (DL & LL)
II. Approximate the weight of beam (DL) between 20% to 25% of
(DL+LL).This weight is added to the de load.
III. Compute the factored load and factored moment:
Ex: factored Load =1.4 DL+1.7L
IV. Compute the factored moment to be resisted by the beam,
V. Try a value of steel ratio from 0.5 but must not be less than . This
value will provided enough alloance in the actual value of due to
rounding-off of the number of bars to be used, for it not to exceed the
maximum of 0.05ρb.
( )
VIII. Try ratio ( from d=15b to d=2b), and solve for d, (round-off this value
to reasonable dimension). Check also the minimum thickness of beam
required by the Code a given in Table 2.1 in page 36.
After solving for d, substitute its value to Step VII, and solve for b.
Compute the weight of the beam and compare it to the assumption made
in Step II.
IX. Solve for the required steel area and number of bars.
Number of bars(diameter = D)
x number of bars =
I. Solve for
(1-0.59
if design as singly reinforced (Step II)
if design as doubly reinforced (Step III)
[ √ ]
III. `
IV.
Solve for from the strain diagram: [Note: =200,000MPa]
⁄
Eq. 2-18
[ ] T=C
but a=
( ) ( )
or
( ) ( )
(a) For structural lightweight concrete having weights in the range 1500-2000
values shall be multiplied by (1.65-0.005 ) but not less than 1.09, where is
the unit mass in .
(b) For other than 415 MPa, the values shall be multiplied by (0.4 +
Sect. 5.9.5.2.3 Unless stiffness values are obtained by a more comprehensive analysis,
immediate deflection shall be computed with the modulus of elasticity for concrete
and with the effective moment of inertia as follows, but not greater than .
Eq.2-19 * + [ * +3]
Where
=
= modulus of rapture of concrete, MPa, for normal weight
Concrete √
= maximum moment in member at stage deflections is computed.
= moment of inertia of gross concrete section about centroidal axis, neglecting
reinforcement.
= moment of inertia of cracked section transformed to concrete
= distance from centroidal axis of gross section, neglecting reinforcement, to extreme
fiber in tension.
When Lightweight aggregate is used, one of the following modifications shall apply:
(a) When is specified and concrete is proportioned in accordance with Sec. 5.5.2,
shall be modified by substituting 1.8 for √ but the value of 1.8 shall not
exceed√ .
(b) When is not specified, shall not be multiplied by 0.75 for “all lightweight”
concrete, and 0.85 for “ sand-lightweight” concrete. Linear interpolation is permitted if
partial sand replacement is used.
Sect. 5.9.5.2.4: For continuous members, effective moment of inertia may be taken as
the average of values obtained from Eq. 2-19 for the critical positive and negative
moment sections. For prismatic members, effective moment of inertia may be taken as
the value obtained from Eq. 2-19 at midspan for simple and continuous spans, and at
the support cantilevers.
Eq. 2-10
Where shall be taken the value of reinforcement ratio for non-prestressed
compression reinforcement at midspan for simple and continuous spans,a nd at support
for cantilevers. It is permitted to assume the time-dependent factor for sustained loads
to be equal to:
5 years or more……………………2.0
12 months…………………………...1.4
6 months……………………………..1.2
3 months………………………………1.0
Deflection computed in accordance with Sec. 5.9.5.2.2 through Sec.5.9.5.2.5 shall not
exceed limits stipulated in Table 2.2.
Section 5.8.3.3 of NSCP states that in lieu of frame analysis, the following approximate
moment and shears are permitted for design of continuous beams and one-way slabs
(slabs reinforced to resist flexural stresses in only one direction), provided:
Positive moment
End spans
Discontinuous end unrestrained……………………
Discontinuous end integral with support…………..
Interior spans…………………………………
When =clear span positive moment or shear and average of adjacent clear spans for
negative moment.
Figure 2.3: Shear and moment for continuous beam or slab with spans and
discontinuous end integral with support
Figure 2.5 Shear and moment for continuous beam or slab with more than two spans
and discontinuous end unrestrained
10.2.7.2 Distance from the fiber of maximum strain to the neutral axis, c ,
shall be measured in direction perpendicular to the neutral axis.
10.3.4 Sections are tension-controlled if the net tensile strain in the extreme
tension steel is equal to greater than 0.005 when the concrete in compression
reaches its assumed strain limit of 0.003. Sections with between the compression-
controlled strain limit and 0.005 constitute a transition region between compression-
controlled and tension-controlled sections.
Eq. 2-22
Eq. 2-23
T=
)b
Eq. 2-14
( )
Eq. 2-25 )
Eq. 2-26
10.3.6 Design axial strength of compression members shall not be taken greater
than computed by Eq. (10-1) or (10-2).
[ ] (10-1)
10.3.6.2 For non nonprestressed members with spiral reinforcement conforming
to 7.10.5:
[ ] (10-2)
10.3.6.3 For prestressed members, design axial shall not be taken greater
than 0.85 (for members with spiral reinforcement) or 0.80 (for members with tie
reinforcement) of the design axial strength at zero capacity .
10.3.7 Members subject to compressive axial load shall be designed for the maximum
moment that can accompany the axial load. The factored axial force at given
eccentricity shall not exceed that given in 10.3.6. The maximum factored moment
shall be magnified for slenderness effects in accordance with 10.10
√ √
(10-3)
(10-3)
10.5.2 –For statically determinate members with a flange in tension, shall not be
less than the value given by eq. (10-3), except that is replaced by either or the
width of the flange, whichever is smaller.
( )
( )
c=(assumed factor) x
if
if
VIII. Solve for :
IX. Try a ratio d/b (from d= 1.5b to d=2b), and solve for d. (round-off this value
to reasonable dimension)
Check also the minimum thickness of beam required by the code as given
in Table 2.1 in Page 26.
After solving for d, substitute its value to Step VII, and solve for b.
Compute the weight of the beam and it to the assumption made in Step II.
Given b, d, and :
I. Solve for and .
( )
if design as Singly Reinforced (Step II)
if design as Doubly Reinforced (Step V)
III.
IV.
√
Solve for c and
* +
√
if
Given: b, d, , , :
I. Solve for
II. Check if steel yields by computing
( )
if steel yields, proceed to step III
if steel dos not yield, proceed to step IV.
Note: if the given is not adequate for the beam dimension.
√
III.
Solve for :
;c= =_________
if
if
IV.
Compression-controlled
b 0.85
a c=
. d
d-a/2
T=C
but a= T=
c=__________ ; =__________
a=
( )
or
( )
ILLUSTRATIVE PROBLEMS
DESIGN PROBLEMS
PROBLEM 2.1
A reinforced concrete rectangular beam 300 mm wide has an effective depth of 460 mm
and is reinforced for tension only. Assuming and , determine
the balance steel area in sq.mm.
SOLUTION
PROBLEM 2.2
A rectangular beam has b = 300 mm and d =490 mm. Concrete compressive strength
and steel yield strength . Calculate the required tension
steel area if the factored moment is (a) 20 kN-m,(b)140 kN-m,(c) 485 kN-m, and
(d)620 kN-m.
SOLUTION
Solve for
[ ]
a)
20 x
* √ +
* √ +
b) (singly reinforced)
140 x 1
* √ +
* √ +
c) (singly reinforced)
485 x
[ √ ]
[ √ ]
d)
SOLUTION
Given: b=300m
d=480-70=410 mm
Bar diameter ,
Weight of beam,
b)
Solve for to determine whether compression steel is needed
Required < (singly reinforced)
[ ]
* √ +
3.
(weight of beam)
* √ +
* √ +
2498 = N
SOLUTION
Solve for and :
[1-0.59(0.309)
650 x 1
Solve for :
( √ )
* √ +
A rectangular concrete beam has a width of 300 mm and an effective depth of 550 mm.
The beam is simply supported over a span 6 m and is used to carry a uniform dead load
of 25 kN/m and a uniform live load of 40 kN/m. Assume and
. Compression reinforcement if necessary shall be placed at a depth 80 mm
from the outermost compression concrete.
a) Determine 80 mm from the outermost compression concrete.
b) Determine the required tension steel area.
c) Determine the required number of 25-mm tension bars.
SOLUTION
a) Maximum steel area:
Factored load:
Required strength:
=463.5kN-m
Solve for
[ ]
( √ )
* √ +
c) Number of 25 mm bars:
( )
[ ]
540 x 1
PROBLEM 2.7
A concrete one-way slab has a total thickness of 120 mm. The slab will be reinforced
with 12-mm-diameter bars with .Concrete strength .
Determine the required spacing 12 mm main bar if the total factored moment acting on
1-m width of slab is 23 kN-m width of slab is 23 kN-m. Clear concrete cover is 20 mm.
SOLUTION
Note: Slabs are practically singly reinforced because of its small depths.
s s cover=20 mm
b = 1000 mm
( √ ) ( √ )
Spacing of bars (for walls and slabs using unit width):
Eq. 2-17
PROBLEM 2.8
A 2.8 m square column fooring has a total thickness of 47 mm. The factored moment at
critical section for moment is 640 kN-m. Assume and . Clear
concrete cover is 75 mm. Determine the required number of 20 mm tension bars.
SOLUTION
Effective depth, d=470-75-1/2(20)=385 mm
Width, b =2800 mm
Design strength,
Singly reinforced:
( √ ) ( √ )
Number of 20 mm bars:
PROBLEM 2.9
Design a rectangular beam reinforced for tension only to carry a dead load moment of
60 kN-m (including its own weight) and a live load moment of 48 kN- m. Use
and
SOLUTION
Required strength:
[ ]
165.6 x
Try d = 1.75 b b=228 mm say 230 mm
d=399 say 30 mm
Summary: b = 230 mm
d = 400 mm
PROBLEM 2.10
Design a singly reinforced rectangular beam for a 6-m simple span to support a
superimposed dead load of 29 kN/m and a live load of 44 kN/m. Assume normal weigth
oncrete with . Use
SOLUTION
Weight of beam: (this is the author’s assumption)
Assuming a 300 mm x 600 mm,
.7(44)
.
√
[ ]
546.516 x
( ) ( )
.
. h
6 - #10
PROBLEM 2.11
A propped cantilever beam shown in Figure 2.6 is made of reinforced concrete having a
width of 290 mm overall depth of 490 mm. The beam is loaded with uniform dead load
of 35 kN/m (including its own weight), and a uniform live load of 55 kN/m. Given
Concrete cover is 60 mm from the centroid of the bars.
Determine the required tension steel area for maximum positive moment. Assume
EI=constant.
290mm
490 mm
A 6m B 2m C
Figure 2.6
SOLUTION
Given:
D
O A B 2m C
x
R
Moment Diagram
̅̅̅̅ ̅̅̅
Mo Lo +
-489.75 = R(6)- 142.5(8)(4)
R=676.875 kN
142.5(2 + x) - 676.875 = 0
x = 2.75 m
Solve for :
[ ]
At a point of maximum positive moment:
(Singly reinforced)
253.828 x
* √ +
* √ +
ANALYSIS OF RECTANGULAR BEAMS WHERE
STEEL YIELDS (
SOLUTION
[ ]
Answer
Answer
PROBLEM 2.13
A rectangular beam reinforced for tension only has b= 300 m, d = 490 mm. The tension
steel area provided is 4,500 sq. mm. Determine the ultimate moment capcity of the
beam in kN-m. Assume ,
SOLUTION
[ ]
PROBLEM 2.14
[ ]
PROBLEM 2.15
A 130-mm-thick-one-way slab is reinforced with 12-mm-diameter tension bars spaced at
110 on centers. Concrete cover is 20 mm, concrete strength MPa and steel
yield strength . Unit weight of concrete is 23.5 kN/ .
a) What is the ultimate moment capacity of the slab?
b) If the slab is simply supported over a span of 4 m, what safe uniform live
load pressure can the slab carry?
SOLUTION
a) Consider 1 m width of slab, b = 1000 mm
Effective depth: d = h – cover- 1/2
d = 130-20-1/2(12)=104 mm
]
b)
PROBLEM 2.16
A rectangular beam with b = 250 mm and d = 460 m is reinforced for tension only with
3-25 mm bars. The beam is simply supported over a span of 6 m and carries a uniform
dead load of 680 N/m including its own weight. Calculate the uniform live load that the
beam can carry. Assume and .
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
a) Balanced steel ratio:
2P P
2m 2m 2m
Figure 2.7
SOLUTION
Check if the beam satisfies the minimum requirement:
[ ]
1.4(2P) 1.4P
A
B C D
2m 2m 2m
At point C:
Set 440.18 = 1.4P(2) + 11.4(2)(1)
∑
Set
Thus the maximum value of P such that will not exceed 440.18 kN-m is 149 kN.
ANALYSIS OF RECTANGULAR BEAMS WHERE
STEEL DOES NOT YIELDS ( )
PROBLEM 2.19
SOLUTION
From Eq. 2-18
( )
PROBLEM 2.20
A rectangular beam reinforced for tension only has b=300 mm, d = 490 mm. The
tension steel area provided is 7-25 mm diameter bars with .
Calculate the ultimate moment capacity of the beam.
SOLUTION
From Eq.2-18:
( ) ( )
ANALYSIS & DESIGN OF SINGLY REINFORCED
NON-RECTANGULAR BEAMS
PROBLEM 2.21
Compute the ultimate moment capacity of the beam shown in Figure 2.9. Assume
and .
SOLUTION
Note: This is not a rectangular beam. Some formulas derived above (such
as , ) may not be applicable. The moment can be computed using the
assumptions in the Code and the conditions of equilibrium.
Solve for the balanced to determine whether the given steel yield or not.
PROBLEM 2.22
Compute the ultimate moment capacity of the beam shown in Figure 2.10. Assume
and .
SOLUTION
Solve for
0.85
( ) ( )
* +
PROBLEM 2.23
A hallow beam is shown in Figure 2.11. Assume and .
a) Calculate the required tension steel area when .
b) What is the balanced moment capacity of the beam?
c) What is the maximum steel area under singly reinforced condition?
d) What is the maximum design moment strength under singly reinforced condition?
e) Calculate the required tension steel area when .
Figure 2.11-Hallow beam
SOLUTION
To guide us whether “a: will exceed 150 mm or not, let us solve the design
moment when a=150 mm.
d = 800 – 75 = 725 mm
( ) ( )
a)
Since the required
)
[ ]
Figure 2.12
d) Maximum moment ,
Refer to Figure 2.12:
[ ]
[ ]
e)
PROBLEM 2.24
A reinforced concrete beam is 350 mm wide and 600 mm deep. The beam is simply
supported over a span of 8 m and carries a uniform dead load of 11 kN/m including its
own weight and a uniform live load of 15 kN/m. The beam is reinforced tension bars of
530 mm. Modulus of elasticity of
concrete and
a) Calculate the maximum instantaneous deflection due to service loads.
b) Calculate the deflection for the same loads after five years assuming that 40% of
the live load is sustained.
SOLUTION
Figure 2.13
( ) * ( ) +
Modular ratio,
Solve for c:
Moment of area above N.A. = Moment of area below N.A.
350 x c x c/2 = 27,208(350-c)
c = 219.7 mm
( ) * ( ) +
( ) * ( ) +
a) Instantaneous Deflection:
b) Long-term Deflection
Since only 40% of the live load was sustained:
w = 11 + 0.4(15) = 17 kN/m
Instantaneous deflection
Note: Since deflections are directly proportional to the load, the instantaneous deflection
due to sustained load can be found by ratio and proportion using the result in Part”a”.
Long-term deflection =
Figure 2.14
SOLUTION
√ √
√ √
Maximum moment,
Distance from NA of gross section to extreme tension fiber,
Moment of inertia of gross section,
Moment of inertia of cracked section,
( ) * ( ) +
( ) * ( ) +
ONE-WAY SLAB
Reinforced concrete design slabs are large flat plates that are supported at its sides by
reinforced concrete beams, walls, columns, steel beams, or by the ground. If a slab is
supported on two opposite sides only, they are referred to a one-way slabs since the
bending occurs in one direction only. If the slab is supported on all four sides, it is called
two-way slab since the bending occurs in both direction.
If a rectangular slab is supported in all four sides but the long is two or more times the
short side, the slab will, for all practical purposes, act as one way slab, with bending
occurring in the short direction.
A one-way slab is considered as a wide, swallow, rectangular beam. The reinforcing
steel is usually spaced uniformly over its width. One way-way slabs are analyzed by
considering one-meter strip, which is assumed independent of the adjacent strips. This
method of analysis is somewhat conservative because we neglect the lateral restraint
provided by the adjacent strips.
* √ +
Solve for
If is less than and greater than , use
If is greater than , increase the depth of slab to ensure ductile failure
If is less than
VII. Compute the required main bar spacing.
Spacing,
Use the smallest of the following for the main bar spacing:
a)
b)
c) 450 mm
VIII. Temperature bars: See Page 81 for the required steel ratio,
a)
b)
c) 450 mm
ILLUSTRATIVE PROBLEMS
Problem 2.36
Design a one-way slab having a simple span 3 m. The slab is to carry a uniform live
load of 7,500 Pa. Assume and for main and temperature
bars. The slab is not exposed to earth or weather. Use unit weight of concrete
.
SOLUTION
Consider 1 m strip of slab, b= 1000 m
Uniform live load,
Minimum slab thickness from Table 2.1:
( ) ( )
Effective depth:
Weight of slab:
Spacing s =
Maximum spacing required by the Code:
a)
b)
Spacing =
SOLUTION
Consider 1 m strip, b = 1000 mm
Uniform live load,
At midspan:
* √ + * √ +
Use
Spacing, s =
At support:
* √ + * √ +
Use
Spacing,
Spacing, s =
Maximum spacing required by the Code:
a)
b) 450 mm
PROBLEM 2.28
A one-way slab having a simple span of 3 m is 160 mm thick. The slab is reinforced with
12 mm tension bars spaced at 140 mm o.c. Steel covering is 20 mm.
Calculate the uniform live load pressure that a slab can carry. Use . Unit
weight of concrete is 23.5 kN/ .
SOLUTION
Steel area,
[ ]
[ ]
= 22.696 kN/m
PROBLEM 2.29
A reinforced concrete beam has width of 310 mm and an effective depth of 490 mm.
, . Determine the following:
a) The balanced steel area
b) The maximum steel area for singly reinforced condition
c) The maximum design strength if the beam is singly reinforced
d) The required steel area if the beam is subjected to dead load moment of 120 kN-
m and live load moment of 170 kN-m.
SOLUTION
Since
( )
( )
b) Maximum steel area when beam is singly reinforced:
PROBLEM 2.30
Given the following data for a rectangular beam: width , effective depth
, , . Dead load moment Live
load moment
SOLUTION
( )
( )
=0.8237
( )
PROBLEM 2.31
Given the following properties of a rectangular concrete beam: b = 280 mm, d = 480
mm, , . The beam is reinforced for tension only.
Determine the design strength under the following conditions.
a) When the beam is reinforced with three 25 mm diameter bars.
b) When the beam is reinforced with four 25 mm diameter bars.
c) When the beam is reinforced with seven 25 mm diameter bars.
SOLUTION
( )
a)
PROBLEM 2.32
A hallow beam is shown in Figure 2.16. Assume and .
a) Calculate the required tension steel area when
b) What is the balanced moment capacity of the beam?
c) What is the maximum steel area under singly reinforced condition?
d) What is the maximum design moment strength under singly reinforced condition?
e) Calculate the required tension steel area when .
SOLUTION
a)
Since the required
Stress in steel
b) Balanced condition:
241.27) = 454.37
[ ]
c) Maximum steel area,
(114.11)=517.95
[ ]
d) Maximum moment, :
[ ]
e)
=575-1/2(0.85c-150)
( ) [ ]
]
PROBLEM 2.33
Design a singly reinforced rectangular beam to carry dead load moment of 110 kN-m
(including self weight) and live load moment of180 kN-m. Use steel ratio and
take Assume and
SOLUTION
PROBLEM 2.34
SOLUTION
SUPPLEMENTARY PROBLEMS
PROBLEM 2.35
PROBLEM 2.36
Design a rectangular beam reinforced for tension only carry dead load moment of 85
kN-m (including its estimated weight) and a live load of 102 kN-m. Use and
use d= 1.75b. Assume and . Use the 2001 NSCP
PROBLEM 2.38
PROBLEM 2.39
A reinforced concrete beam has the following properties: Use 2001 NSCP)
beam with,
effective depth,
concrete strength,
reinforcing steel,
reinforcing steel modulus,
service dead load moment
a) If the beam is to be designed for a balanced condition, find the required area of
steel area reinforcement, design balanced moment, and the corresponding
service live load moment.
b) Find the maximum steel area, the maximum design moment, and the
corresponding service live load moment if the beam is to be designed as singly
reinforced.
PROBLEM 2.40
PROBLEM 2.41
PROBLEM 2.42
PROBLEM 2.43
PROBLEM 2.44
Repeat Problem 2.43 using the 2010 NSCP.
PROBLEM 2.45
PROBLEM 2.46
CHAPTER 3
Reinforced concrete floors usually consist of slab and beams, which are placed or
poured monolithically. In this effect, the beam will have extra width on top (which is
usually under compression) called flangers, and the resulting section is called a T-
beam. The beam may also be L-shaped if it is located at the end of slab.
Because of the huge amount of compression concrete when the flange of a T-beams is
compression, the section is usually tension-controlled (extreme tension yields).
The compression block of T-beam may fall within the flange only or partly in the web. If
it falls within the flange as shown in Figure 3.1 (a), the rectangular beam formulas in
Chapter 2 applies since the concrete below neutral axis is assumed to be cracked and
its shape has no effect on the flexure calculations. If however it cover part of the web as
shown in Figure 3.1 (b), the compression concrete no longer consist of a single
rectangle and thus the rectangular formulas do not apply.
If ”a” is less than the slab thickness, the formulas for rectangular beam may be used, or
However, if “a” is greater than the slab thickness, the following formula will be used.
[ ]
Eq. 3-1
Eq. 3-2
DESIGN OF T-BEAMS WITH NEGATIVE MOMENTS
When T-beams are resisting negative moments so that far their flangers are in tension
and the bottom of their stems in compression, the formulas for rectangular beams can
be applied. The following code requirements shall be applied for this case:
410.7.6: Where flangers of T-beam construction are in tension, part of the flexural
tension reinforcement shall be distributed over an effective flange width as defined in
Sec. 408.11, or width equal to 1/10 the span, whichever is smaller. If the effective flange
width exceeds 1/10 the span, some longitudinal reinforcement shall be provided in the
outer portions of the flange.
The intention of this section is to minimize the possibilities of flexural cracks that will
occur at the top face of the flange due to negative moments.
For statically determinate T-section with flange in tension, the minimum steel area is
equal to or greater than the smaller value of Eq. 3-3 and Eq. 3-4:
√
Eq. 3-3
√
Eq. 3-4
1. In T-beam construction, the flange and web shall be built integrally or otherwise
effectively bonded together.
2. The width of slab effective as T-beam shall not exceed 1/4 of the span of the
beam, and the effective overhanging flange on each side of th web shall not
exceed:
a) 8 times the slab thickness, and
b) 1/2 the clear distance to the next web.
3. For beams with slab on one side only, the effective overhanging flange shall not
exceed:
a) 1/12 the span length of the beam,
b) 6 times the slab thickness, and
c) 1/2 the clear distance to the next web.
For Interior Beam
is the smallest of :
1. L/12 +
2.
3.
⁄
( ⁄ )
if
if
III.
Solve for a:
⁄
⁄
√ √
IV.
√ √
III.
Solve for a:
IV. :
Solve for :
[ ]
ILLUSTRATIVE PROBLEMS
PROBLEM 3.1
Determine the effective flange with for symmetrical T-beam with a span of 6 m. The
beam width of web is 250 mm, the slab thickness is 120 mm, and the clear distance to
adjacent beams is 3m.
SOLUTION
For symmetrical T-beam, the effective flange width is the smallest of:
1. 1/4 span = 6000/4 = 1500 mm
2.
3. clear spacing of beams +
Therefore
PROBLEM 3.2
Given the following elements of a T-beam:
Flange width,
Flange thickness,
Width of web,
Effective depth,
If the beam is reinforced for tension only, determine the ultimate moment capacity when
the depth of compression concrete flange equals the flange thickness or .
SOLUTION
⁄
Eq. 3-5 ⁄
PROBLEM 3.3
Given the following elements of a T-beam:
Flange width,
Flange thickness,
Width of web,
Effective depth,
If the beam is reinforced for tension only, determine the following:
a) The balanced steel area
b) The nominal and ultimate balanced moment capacity
c) The maximum steel area
d) The nominal and ultimate maximum moment capacity
SOLUTION
a) Balanced condition
Figure 3.3
⁄
⁄
[ ]
b) Maximum steel area and moment. Refer to Figure 3.3.
102,466=99,000 + 310(z)
[ ]
PROBLEM 3.4
A T-beam has the following properties: , ,
Concrete compressive strength and steel area for the following
load conditions:
a)
b)
SOLUTION
( )
Balanced condition:
FIGURE 3.4
Maximum condition:
⁄
a)
Since
⁄
⁄
√ √
Thus,
b)
PROBLEM 3.5
Design a T-beam for a floor system for which and . The
beams are 4.5 m long and spaced at 3 mo.c. The slab thickness is 100 mm.
SOLUTION
Solve for bf:
1. L/4 = 1.125 m
2.
3. center-to center spacing of beams = 3 m
Thus,
Solve for
⁄
z=23.25 mm
√ √
Thus,
PROBLEM 3.6
Determine the ultimate moment capacity of reinforced concrete T-beam with the
following properties: Flange width b = 1500 mm, web width , effective
depth d = 600 mm, slab thickness t = 100 mm. Assume and
. The beam is reinforced with six 28 mm bars.
SOLUTION
Therefore,
0.85
0.85(20.7)
72,441 = a (1500)
⁄
⁄
PROBLEM 3.7
Given the following properties of T-beam:
Flange width,
Flange thickness, t=1200
Width of web,
Effective depth, d = 580 mm
Service deal load,
Determine the safe service live load if the beam is reinforced for tension only with
twelve (12) 28-mm-diameter bars.
SOLUTION
Solve for balance :
Steel area provided is less than the balanced steel area. Steel yields.
142,813=108,000+
34,813 = 400z
[ ]
PROBLEM 3.8
The section of a reinforced concrete T-beam is shown in Figure 3.5. The beam is
reinforced with 10 32-mm-diameter tension bars with . Concrete strength
. If the total service dead load moment on the beam is 330 kN-m,
determine the safe service live load moment.
SOLUTION
[ ]
⁄ mm
⁄
[ ]
SOLVED PROBLEMS IN T-BEAMS USING 2010 NSCP
PROBLEM 3.9
Repeat Problem 3.3 using the 2010 NSCP.
SOLUTION
Given:
a) Balanced condition,
Figure 3.6
⁄
⁄
[ ]
[ ]
PROBLEM 3.10
Repeat Problem 3.2 using the 2010 NSCP.
SOLUTION
Given:
⁄
⁄
Solving for :
( )
⁄
PROBLEM 3.11
Repeat Problem 3.4 using the 2010 NSCP.
Additional questions:
c) Find the required steel area if and .
d) Find the maximum design moment so that section is tension-controlled if it is
reinforced for tension only.
SOLUTION
Given:
Solve for
⁄
a)
Thus,
b)
Assume
⁄
⁄
c)
d)
Note: If is less than or equal to , the beam is tension-controlled.
PROBLEM 3.12
Repeat Problem 3.6 using the 2010 NSCP.
SOLUTION
Given:
therefore ,
is less than t
Solve for :
⁄
therefore
⁄
⁄
PROBLEM 3.13
Repeat Problem 3.7 using 2010 NSCP.
SOLUTION
Steel area provided is less than the balanced steel area. Steel yields.
0.85
“a” >t
⁄
⁄
[ ]
Solve for :
⁄
Since Transition region
PROBLEM 3.14
Repeat Problem 3.8 using 2010 NSCP.
SOLUTION
Since
[ ]
[ ]
Compression steel also helps the beam withstand stress reversals that might occur
during earthquakes. Continuous compression bars are also helpful for positioning
stirrups and keeping them in place during concrete placement and vibration. Various
tests show that compression reinforcement also prevents the beam to collapse even if
the compression concrete crushes especially if it is enclosed by stirrups.
Compression reinforcement is provided to ensure ductile failure (i.e. tension steel must
yield). For the reason, therefore, the stress in tension ( is always equal for . On the
other hand, stress of compression steel ( may either be or below . This stress
must always be checked.
Eq. 3-6
Figure 3.9
Solve for
0.85
Eq. 3-8
If proceed to IV
If proceed to V
0.85
IV. Since
( )
( )
Solve for
Solve for
( )
( )
VI.
______
( )
( ⁄ )
DEEP BEAMS
According to Section 410.8 of the Code, beams with overall depth to clear span ratios
greater than 2/3 for continuous spans, or 4/5 for simple spans, shall be designed as
deep flexural members taking into account nonlinear distribution of strain and lateral
buckling.
Beams with web depth that exceed 900 mm have a tendency to develop excessive wide
cracks in the upper parts of their tension zones. According to Section 410..7 of NSCP, if
the depth of web exceeds 900 mm, longitudinal skin reinforcement shall be uniformly
distributed along both side faces of the member for distance d/2 nearest the flexural
tension. The area of skin reinforcement per meter of height on each side face shall
be
Eq. 3-9
The maximum spacing of the skin reinforcement shall not exceed the lesser of d/b and
300 mm. Such reinforcement may be included in strength computations if a strain
compatibility analysis is made to determine stresses in the individual bars or wires. The
total area of longitudinal skin reinforcement in both faces need not exceed one-half of
the required flexural tensile reinforcement.
ILLUSATIVE PROBLEMS
DESIGN PROBLEMS
PROBLEM 3.15
a .305-mm wide rectangular beam has an overall depth of 560 mm. The beam is
reinforced with four 25-mm-diameter compression bars. The centroid fiber. Assume
and . Determine the following:
a) The balanced tension steel area and the nominal and ultimate balanced moment.
b) The maximum tension steel area and the nominal and ultimate maximum
moment.
SOLUTION
a) Balanced condition
yield
Balanced steel area,
⁄
( )
⁄
A reinforced concrete beam has width of 300 mm and effective depth of 460 mm. The
beam is reinforced with 2-28 mm compression bars placed 70 mm from extreme
concrete. Concrete strength and steel strength .
a) What is the balanced steel area considering the contribution of the compression
steel?
b) What is the maximum tension steel area allowed by the code?
SOLUTION
a) Balanced condition considering compression steel:
PROBLEM 3.17
A rectangular beam has b=300 mm and d= 490 mm. Concrete compressive strength
and steel yield strength . Compressive steel if required
shall have its centroid 60 mm from extreme concrete fiber. Calculate the required
tension steel area if the factored moment is 620 kN-m.
SOLUTION
This is the same problem in Chapter 2.
Solve for :
Note:
Solve for
⁄
Compression steel:
PROBLEM 3.18
A rectangular beam has b=310 mm and d=460 mm. The beam will be designed to carry
a service dead load of 230 kN-m and service live load of190 kn-m. Compression
reinforcement if necessary will have its centtoid 70 mm from extreme concrete fiber.
Determine the required steel area. Use and
SOLUTION
Solve for :
Note : For rectangular beams,
⁄
Since
Tension Steel:
205.088 x
Compression steel:
PROBLEM 3.19
A floor system consists of a 100-mm concrete slab supported by continuous T beam
with 9 m span, 1.2 m on centers as shown in Figure 3.10. Web dimensions, as
determined by negative-moment requirements, are and
Concrete cover is 70 mm from the centroid of the bars. The beam is subjected to a
maximum positive factored moment of 1080 kN-m. Use .
Unit weight of concrete is 23.5 kN/
a) Calculate the required tension steel area at the point of maximum positive
moment.
b) Using the tributary area method, what is the uniform service dead load acting on
the beam?
c) Calculate the uniform service live load acting on the beam.
SOLUTION
Use
b)
⁄
c) Uniform live load
( )
( )
( )
PROBLEM 3.21
A rectangular beam has the following properties:
Width, b=400 mm
Effective depth, d=620 mm
Tension bars, 3 pcs 25-mm-diameter
d’=70 mm
Determine the design strength of the beam and the safe service live load if the service
dead load is 320 kN-m.
SOLUTION
( ⁄ )
( ⁄ )
⁄
PROBLEM 3.22
A 12-m long rectangular reinforced concrete beam is simply supported at its ends. The
beam is provided with an addition support at the mid span. Width of beam is 300 mm
and the overall depth is 450 mm. The beam is reinforced with 25-mm-diameter bars,
four bars at the tension side and 2 bars at the compression side .Concrete protective
coverings is 70 mm form the centroid of the bars. Concrete strength and
steel yield . Use 0.75
a) Determine the depth of the compression block.
b) Determine the nominal moment capacity of the beam.
c) Determine the factored uniform load, including its own weight, the beam can
carry.
SOLUTION
⁄
compression steel does not yield
By there-moment equation:
̅ ̅
SOLUTION
Given :
( )
( )
⁄
SOLUTION
Tension steel,
Compression steel,
Effective depth to extreme tension bar:
( )
PROBLEM 3.25
A beam section is shown in Figure 3.13. The beam will be subjected to a maximum service
dead load of 360 kN-m. What is the safe service live load moment for this beam? Use
Tension steel,
Compression steel,
( )
⁄
PROBLEM 3.26
Calculate the design flexural strength of the T-beam shown in Figure 3.14. Use
.
SOLUTION
Flange area,
⁄
Verify if the upper layer of tension steel yields
⁄ ⁄
( )
PROBLEM 3.27
Calculate the design flexural strength of the T-beam shown in Figure 3.15. Use
SOLUTION
Flange area,