INSTITUTIONAL CORRECTIONS CORRECTION defined:

AND PENAL MANAGEMENT  A branch of the criminal justice system concerned with the
INTRODUCTION
BASES OF CORRECTION ADMINISTRATION
I. Basic Definition of Terms:
PENOLOGY Defined:
 The study of punishment for crime or of criminal offenders. It includes
the study of control and prevention of crime through punishment of
criminal offenders.
 The term is derived from the Latin word “POENA” which means pain
or suffering.
 Penology is otherwise known as Penal Science. It is actually a division
of criminology that deals with prison management and the treatment
of offenders, and concerned itself with the philosophy and practice of
society in its effort to repress criminal activities.
 Penology has stood in the past and, for the most part, still stands for
the policy of inflicting punishment on the offenders as a consequence
of his wrongdoing.
custody supervision and rehabilitation of criminal offenders.
 It is that field of criminal justice administration which utilizes the
body of knowledge and practices of the government and the
society in general involving the processes of handling individuals
to have been convicted of offenses for purposes of crime
prevention and control.
 It is the study of jail/prison management and administration as
well as the rehabilitation and reformation of criminals.
 It is a generic term that includes all government agencies,
facilities, programs, procedures, personnel and techniques
concerned with investigation, intake, custody, confinement,
supervision, treatment of alleged offenders.
Correction as a process: It refers to the reorientation of the criminal
offender to prevent him or her from repeating his deviant delinquent
actions without the necessity if taking punitive actions but rather the
introduction of individual measures of reformation.
Correction administration: The study and practice of a systematic
management of jails or prisons and other institutions concerned with the
custody, treatment, and rehabilitation of criminal offenders.
II. Correction and the criminal justice system

The criminal justice system is the machinery of any government in

Principal Aims of Penology: the control and prevention of the crimes and criminality. It is composed of
the pillars of justice such as: the law enforcement pillar (Police), the
1. To bring light the ethical barriers if punishment, along with the prosecution pillar, the court pillar, the correction pillar, and the
motives and purposes of society inflicting it. community pillar.
2. To make comparative study of penal laws and procedures through
history between nations. Correction as the fourth pillars of Criminal Justice System is
3. To evaluate the social consequences of the policies enforced at a considered as the weakest pillar due to its failure to deter individuals in
given time. committing crimes as well as the reformation of inmates.

Penal Management – Refers to the manner or practice of controlling

places of confinement as in jails or prisons.
 Correction takes over once the accused, after having been found
guilty, is meted out the penalty for the crime he committed. He can apply
for probation or he could be turned over to a non-institutional or
institutional agency or facility for custodial treatment and rehabilitation.
III.Historical Perspective on corrections
Important dates and Events in the history of corrections:
13th Century – securing Sanctuary – In the 13th c, a criminal could avoid
punishment by claiming refugee in a church for a period of 40 days at the end of
which time he has compelled to leave the realm by a road or path assigned to him.
1468 (England) in- Torture as a form of punishment became prevalent.
16th Century – transportation of criminals in England was authorized. At the end of
16th c, russia and other European countries followed this system. It partially
relieved overcrowding of prisons.
Transportations was abandoned in 1835.
17th c to late 18th c – death penalty became prevalent as a form of punishment.
Reason why Death penalty became the usual punishment during this period and
thereafter:
1. Death of outlaws became a “protection for the English people” . It is
because the people during this period did not totally believe yet in the
ability to a strong police force to combat criminals.
2. People lack confidence in the transportations of criminals. goals and
galleys became center of corruption and ineffective instrument of
punishment.
3. Doctrine of crude intimidation appeared of seemed to be a logical form of
treat in order to deter or prevent the people from violating the law.
4. The assumption was that, the ruling class is tasked to protect property
rights and maintain public peace and order. The system of maintaining
public order had little consideration or it did not recognize the social and
economic condition of the lower class. The law \makers and enforcers
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used death penalty to cover property loss or damagewith out further
contemplating the value of life of other people.
GAOLS- (Jails)- pretrial detention facilities operated by English Sheriff.
Galleys- long, low, narrow, single decked ship propelled by sails, usually rowed
by criminals. A type of ship used for transportation of criminals in the 16 th century.
Hulks- decrepit transport, former warship used to house prisoners in the 18 th
and 19th century. These were abandoned warships converted into prisons as
means of relieving congestion of prisoners. They were also called “floating hells”
The primary schools of penology
1. The classical school – “doctrine of psychological hedonism” or free will”. That
the individual calculates pleasures and pains in advance of action and regulates his
conduct by the result of his calculations.
2.The neo-classical school- it maintained that while the classical doctrine is correct
in general, it should be modified in certain details. Since children and lunatics
cannot calculate the differences of pleasures from pain, they should not be
regarded as criminals, hence they should be free from punishment.
3.The positivist/Italian school- denied individuals responsibility and reflected non-
punitive reactions to crime and criminality. It adheres that crimes, as any other act,
is a natural
The primitive society
 In the beginning of civilization, acts are characterized by
behavioral controls categorized as; forbidden acts, accepted acts,
and those acts that are encouraged.
 Crimes, violence, rebellious acts and other acts, which are
expressly prohibited by the society, fall as forbidden acts.
Accepted acts are those can be beneficial to the welfare of the
society such as early tradition and practices, folkways, norms,
those that are controlled by social rules, and laws.
 Encourage acts are anything approved by the majority which is
believed to be beneficial to the common good. These things
 include marrying, having children, crop production, growing food,
etc.
 Punishment is required when those who intend to violate the rules
do not comply with these practices.
 The complex society gradually evolved changing the social rules
into a more structured sanctions to prevent the violation of those
rules essential to group survival. These sanction have been
codified into written rules or laws. And the reward for obeying
those laws is simply the ability to function as a respect and
productive member of society.
REDRESS (COMPENSATION) OF A WRONG ACT.
1.) RETALIATION(Personal Vengeance)-the earliest remedy for a wrong
act to any one (in the primitive society). The concept of personal
revenge by the victim’s family or tribe against the family or tribe of the
offender, hence “blood feuds” was accepted in the early primitive
societies.
2.) Fines and punishment- customs has exerted effort and great force
among primitive societies. The acceptance of vengeance in the form of
payment ( cattle, food, personal service, etc) became accepted as
dictated tribal tradition.
EARLY CODES:
1.) Babylonian and Sumerian Codes- a. Code of king Hammurabi
(Hammurabi codes)- Babylon about 1990 BC, credited as the oldest
code prescribing savage punishment, but in fact, Sumerian codes
went nearly one hundred years older.
2.) Roman and Greek codes
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a. Justinian code- 6th C A.D. , Emperor Justinian of Rome wrote
his code of law. An effort to match desirable amount of
punishment to all possible crimes. However, the law did not
survive due to the fall of the Roman Empire but left a
foundation of western legal codes.
 The twelve tables (XXI TABULAE), (451-450 BC)-
represented the earliest codification of the roman law
incorporated into the Justinian. It is also a collection of
legal principles engraved on metal tablets and set up
on the forum.
b. Greek Code of Draco- In Greece, the code of Draco, a harsh
that provides the same punishment for both citizens and the
slaves as it incorporates primitive concepts ( Vengeance, blood
feuds) .
 The Greeks were the first society to allow any citizen
to prosecute the offender in the name of the injured
party.
3.) The Burgundian Code (500 A.D)- Specified punishment according to
the social class of offenders, dividing them into, noble, middle class
and lower class and specifying the value of the life of each person
according to social status
EARLY CODES (PHILIPPINE SETTING). The Philippines is one of the many
countries that came under the influence of the Roman law. History has
shown that the Roman Empire reached its greatest extent to most of
continental Europe such as Spain, Portugal, French and all the central
Europe.
Eventually, the Spanish civil code became effective in the
Philippines on December 7, 1889, the “Conquistadores” and the “kodigo
penal” (The revised penal code today 1930) was introduced by the
Spaniards promulgated by the king of Spain. Basically, these laws adopted
the roman laws principles (coquia, principles of roman laws, 1996).
 Mostly tribal traditions, customs and practices influenced laws Todays, the old bilibid prison is now being used as the manila city
during the pre-spanish Philippines. There were also laws that were written jail, famous as the “may halique estate.”
which include:

a. Code of Kalantiao (1433) – most extensive and severe laws

IV. THE EMERGENCEOF SECULAR LAW
that prescribes harsh punishment.
b. Maragtas code (by datu sumakwel) 4TH A.D – secular laws were advocated by Christian philosophers
c. Sikatuna law who recognizes the need for justice. Some of the proponent of these laws
were st. Augustine and st. Thomas Aquinas.
Early prisons:
Three laws were distinguished:
Mamertine prison- the only early roman place of confinement
which is built under the sewer of rome in 64 B.C 1. External law (lex externa)
2. Natural law ( lex naturalis)
Other places of confinement in history of confinement include
3. Human law ( les humana)
fortresses, castes, and town gates that were strongly built purposely
a. All these laws are intended for the common good, but the
against roving bands of raiders.
human law only becomes valid if it does not conflict with the
The most popular workhouse was the bridewall workhouse (1557) other two laws.
in London which was built for the employment and housing of English
prisoners.
V. PUNISHMENT
Walnut street jail- originally constructed as a detention jail in
philadelphia. It was converted into a state prison and became the first
American penitentiary.
Punishment- it is the redress that the state takes against an offending
member of societythat usually involves pain and suffering. It is also the
penalty imposed on an offender for a crime or wrongdoing
Early prisons in the Philippines:

During the pre- Spanish period, prison system was tribal in nature.
Village chieftains administered it. It was historically traced from
the early written laws.
1847- first bilibid prison was constructed and became the central
place of confinement for Filipino prisoners by the virtue of the
royal decree of the Spanish crown
1936- City of manila exchanges its muntinlupa property with the
bureau of prisons originally intended as a site for boy’s training
school.
Ancient forms of punishment:
1. Death penalty – by burning, beheading, hanging, breaking at
the wheels, pillory and other forms of medieval executions.
2. Physical torture- by maiming, mutilation, whipping and other
inhumane or barbaric forms of inflicting pain.
3. Social degradation – putting the offender into shame or
humiliation.

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 4. Banishment or exile – sending or putting away of an offender
which was carried out either by prohibition againstcoming
into a specified territory such as an island to where the
offender has been removed.
5. Other similar forms of punishment like transportation and
slavery.
Early forms of prison discipline:
1. Hard labor – productive works.
2. Deprivation – deprivation of everything except the bare
PURPOSE/ JUSTIFICATION OF PUNISHMENT
essentials of existence
3. Monotony – giving the same food that is “off” diet, or
requiring the prisoners to perform drab or boring daily
routine.
4. Uniformity – “we treat the prisoners alike” or “the fault of one
is the fault of all”.
5. Mass movement – mass living in cell blocks mass eating, mass
recreation, mass bathing.
6. Degradation – uttering insulting words or languages on the
part of prison staff to the prisoners to degrade or break the
confidence of prisoners.
7. Corporal punishment – imposing brutal punishment or
employing physical force to intimidate a delinquent inmate.
8. Isolation or solitary confinement – non-communication.
Limited news, “the lone wolf”.
Contemporary forms of punishment;
1. Imprisonment – putting the offender imprison for the purpose
of protecting the public against criminal activities and at the
same time rehabilitating the prisoners by requiring them to
undergo institutional treatment programs.
2. Parole – a condition release of a prisoners after serving part of
his/her sentence in prison for the purpose of gradually re-
introducing him/her to free life under the guidance and
supervision of a parole officer.
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3. Probation- a disposition whereby a defendant after conviction
of an offense, the penalty of which does not exceed six years
imprisonment, is released subject to the conditions imposed
by the releasing court and under the supervision of a
probation officer.
4. Fine- an amount given as a compensation for a criminal act.
5. Destierro- the penalty of banishing a person form the place
where he committed a crime, prohibiting him to go near or
enter the-kilometer perimeter.
1. Retribution- punishment should be provided by the state
whose sanction is violated, to afford the society or the
individual the opportunity of imposing upon the offender
suitable punishment as might be enforced. Offenders should
be punished because they deserve it.
2. Expiation or atonement- it is punishment in the form of group
vengeance where the purpose is to appease the offended
public or group.
3. Deterrence- punishment gives lesson to the offender by
showing to other what would happen to them if they violate
the law. Punishment is imposed to warm potential offenders
that they cannot afford to do what the offender has done.
4. Incapacitation and Protection- the public will be protected if
the offender has being held in conditions where he cannot
harm others especially the public. Punishment is effected by
placing afford in prison so that society will be ensured from
further criminal depredations of criminals.
5. Reformation or rehabilitation- it is establishment of the
usefulness and responsibility of the offender. Society’s interest
can be better served by helping the prisoners to become law
abiding citizen and productive upon his return to the
community by requiring him to undergo intensive program of
rehabilitation in prison.
VI THE AGE OF ENLIGHTENMENT
1. WILLIAM Penn (1614-1718)
He fought for religious freedom and individual rights.
He is the first leader to prescribe imprisonment as correctional
treatment for major offenders.
The Reformatory Movement:
He is also responsible for the abolition of death penalty and
torture as a form of punishment.
2. Charles Montesquieu ( Charles Louis Secondat, Baron de la Brede et de
Montesquieu ) – (1689-1755) a French historian and philosopher who analyzed law
as an expression of justice. He believed that harsh punishment would undermine
morality and thst appealing to moral sentiments as a better means of preventing
crime.
3. VOLTAIRE ( Francois Marie Arouet) – (1694-1778) He was the most
versatile of all philosophers during thius period. He believes that fear of shame
was a deterrent to crime. He fought the legality sanction practice of torture.
4. Cesare Bonesa, Marchese de Becarria (1738-1794) He wrote an essay
entitlrd “An Essay on Crimes and Punishment”, the most existing essay on law
during this century. It presented the humanistic goal of law.
5. Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832) –the greatest leader in the reform of
English Criminal law. He believes that whatever punishment designed to negate
whatever pleasure or gain the criminal derives from crime; the crime rate would
go down.
Bentham was the one who devise the ultimate Panoptican Prison –
a prison that consists of a Large circular building containing multi cells around the
periphery. It was never built.
6. John Howard (1726-1790) – sheriff of Bedsfordshire in 1773 who
devoted his life and fortune to prison reform. After his findings on English Prison,
he recommended the following:
a. single cells for sleeping
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b. segregation of women
c. segregation of youth
d. provision of sanition facilities
e. abolition of fee system by which jailer obtained money from prisoners.
1. Alexander macanochie- he is the superintendent of the penal colony at
Norfolk island in Australia (1840) who introduced the ” mark system”.
A system in which a prisoner is required to earn a number of marks
based on proper department, labor and study in order to entitle him
for a ticket for leave or conditional release which is similar to parole.
2. Manuel Montesimos – the director of prisons in Valencia Spain (1835)
who divided the number of prisoners into companies and appointed
certain prisoners as petty officers in charge, which allowed good
behavior to prepare the convict for gradual release.
3. Domets of France – established an agricultural colony for delinquent
boys in 1839 providing housefather as in charge of these boys.
4. Sir Evelyn Ruggles Brise – the director of the English prison who
opened the borstal institution for young offenders. The borstal
institution isconsidered as the best reform institution for young
offender’s todays.
5. Walter Crofton – he is the director of the Irish prison in 1854 who
introduced the Irish system that was modified from the mocanochie’s
mark system. Four stages of the Irish system ( by: Crofton)
a. Solitary confinement for 9 months
b. Assignment to public works in association with other prisoners
c. Work without supervision
d. Release of prisoner under certain conditions similar to parole.
6. Zebulon Brockway – the director of the Elmira reformatory in New
York (1876) who introduced certain innovational programs like the
following
b. training school type
c. Compulsory education of prisoners
 d. Casework methods
e. Extensive us of parole
f. Indeterminate sentence
 The elmira reformatory is considered forerunner of
modern penology because it had all the elements of a
modern system.
The two rival prison system in the history of correction
1. The auburn prison system- the prison system called the “congregate
system “. The prisoners are confined in their own cells during the night
and congrate work in shop during the days. Complete silence was
enforced.
2. The Pennsylvania prison system – the prison system called “ solitary
system”. Prisoners are confined in single cells day and night where they
lived , they slept, they ate and receive religious instructions. Complete
silence was also enforced. They are required to read the bible.
VII. penalty and the modern period of correction
Penalty is defined as the suffering inflicted by the state against an
offending member for the transgression of law.
Juridical Condition of Penalty – Punishment must be:
1.Productive od suffering – without however affecting the integrity of
the human personality.
2.Commensurate with the offense – different crimes must be punished
with different penalties (Art. 25, RPC).
3.Personal- the guilty one mst be the one to be punish, no proxy.
4. Legal- the consequence must be in accordance with law.
5. Equal – equal for all persons.
6. Certain- no one must escape its effects.
7. Correctional- changes the attitude of offenders and become law-
abiding citizens.
Duration of penalilties
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1. Death penalty – capital punishment
2. Reclusion perpetua – life imPrisonment, a term of 20-40 rears
imprisonment
3. Reclusion temporal – 12 yrs and 1 day to 20 yrs imprisonment.
4. Prisoion mayor – 6yrs and 1 day to 12 yrs
5. Prison correctional – 6 months and 1 day to 6 months
6. Arresto mayor – 1 month and 1 day to 6 months.
7. Arresto menor- 1 day to 30 days.
8. Bond to keep the peace – discretionary on the part of the court.
The modern period of correction- modern penal management incorporates
general principles of treating offenders that are based on humane practices such
as the following:
1. Jail or prison rules shall be applied impartially without discrimination
onground of race, color, language, religion or other opinion, national or
social origin, property, birth or other status.
2. The religious beliefs and moral precepts not contrary to law, which a
prisoner holds, must respected.
3. Prison or Jail rules and regulations shall be applied with firmness bur
temperered with understanding.
4. Custodial force shall, at conduct themselves as good examples.
5. Abusive or indecent language to prisoners shall not be used.
6. Special care towards inmates shall be practiced preventing humiliation or
degradation.
7. No use of force must be made by any of the custodial force, except in self-
defense or attempt escape or in case of passive physical resistance to a
lawful order.
8. Custodial force shall bear in mind that prisoners are sick people who need
treatment.
THE PHILIPPINE PRISON SYSTEM
I. Bureau of Corrections
Bureau of Prison was renamed Bureau of Correction under Executive Order
292 passes during the Aquino Administration. It states that the head pf the Bureau
of Correction is the Director of Prisons with is appointed by the President of the
Philippines with the confirmation of the Commission of Appointments.
The Bureau of Corrections has general supervision and control of all
national prisons or penitentiaries. It is charged with the safekeeping of all Insular
Prisoners confined therein or committed to the custody of the Bureau.
Coverage of the Bureau of Corrections
1. National Bilibid Prisons (Muntilupa, Rizal)
New Bilibid Prisons (Main Building)
Camp Sampaguita
Camp Bukang Liwayway
2. Reception and Diagnostic Center(RDC)
3. Correctional Institution for women (Mandaluyong)
4. The Penal Colonies:
a.Sablayan Penal Colony and Farm (Occ. Mindoro)
b. Iwahig Penal colony anf Farm (Palawan)
c. Davao Penal Colony and Farm (Central Davao)
d. San Ramon Penal Colony and Farm (Zamboanga)
e. Ilo-ilo Penal Colony and Farm (ILo-ilo Province)
f. Leyte Regional Prison (Abuyog Leyte)
PRISON Defined:
A penitentiary, an institution for the imprisonment (incarceration) of persons
convicted of major/ serious crimes.
A Building, usually with cells, or other places established for the purpose
of taking safe custody or confinement of criminals.
A place of confinement for those charged with or convicted of offenses
against the law of the land.
WHO IS A PRISONER? It refers to a person who is under the custody of lawful
authority or who by reason of his criminal sentence or by a decision issued by a
court, may be deprived of his libety or freedom, or to any person
detained/confined in jail or prison for the commission of a criminal offense or
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convicted and serving in a penal institution, or a person committed to jail or prison
by a competent authority for any of the following reasons:
a. To serve a sentence after conviction
b. Trial
c. Investigation
General Classification of Prisons
1. Detention Prisons- detained for investigation, preliminary hearing, or
awaiting trial. A detainee in a lock up jail. They are prisoners under the
jurisdiction of Courts.
2. Sentenced Prisoners- committed to the jail or prison in order to serve their
sentence after final conviction by a competent court. They are prisoners
under the jurisdiction of penal institutions.
3. Prisons who are on Safekeeping- includes non-criminal offenders who are
detained in order to protect the community against their harmful
behavior. Ex. Mentally deranged indivduals, insane person.
Classification of Sentenced Prisoners:
1. Insular or National Prisoners- Those sentence to suffer a term of sentence
of 3 years and 1 day to life imprisonment; Those sentenced to suffer a
term of imprisonment cited above but appealed the judgment and unable
to file a bond for their temporary liberty.
2. Provincial Prisoners- Those persons sentenced to suffer a term of
imprisonment from 6 months and 1 day to 3 years or a fine not more than
1,000 pesos, or both; or those detained therein waiting for preliminary
investigation of their cases cognizable by the RTC.
3. Medium Security Prisoners- Those who can not be trusted in open
conditions and pose lesser danger than maximum-security prisoners in
case they escape.
Groups of prisoners who maybe allowed to work outside the fence or
walls of the penal institution under guards or with escort.
They occupy the Medium Security Prison (Camp Sampaguita) and
they wear blue color of uniforms. Generally, they are employed as
agricultural workers.
 Include prisoners whose minimum sentence is less than 20 years and
life-sentenced prisoners who served at least 10 years inside a maximum
security prison.
4. Minimum Security Prisoners- A group of prisoners who can be reasonably
trusted to serve sentence under “open conditions”.
This group includes prisoners who can be trusted to report to their
work assignments without the presence of guards.
They occupy the Minimum Security Prison (Camp Bukang Liwayway)
and wear brown color uniforms.
WHAT IS A JAIL? It is a place for locking-up of persons who are convicted of minor
offense or felonies who are to serve a short sentences imposed upon them by a
competent court, or for confinement of persons who are waiting trial or
investigate of their cases.
Importance of Jails:
1. Lock-up Jails- is a security facility, common to police stations, used for
temporary confinement of an individual held for investigation.
2. Ordinary Jails – is the type of jail commonly used to detained a convicted
criminal offender to serve sentence less than three years.
3. Workhouses, Jail Farms or Camp – a facility that houses minimum custody
offenders who are serving short sentences or those who are undergoing
constructive work programs. It provides fill employment of prisoners,
remedial services and constructive leisure time activities.
II. Provincial Jails
Provincial Jails in the Philippines are not under the jurisdiction of the
Bureau of Corrections. They are managed and controlled by the provincial
government.
III. Bureau of Jail Management and Penology (BJMP)
The BJMP exercises supervision and control over all cities and municipal
jails throughout the country.
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The enactment of the Interior and Loval Government (DILG).
Mission of the BJMP: The Jail Bureau shall direct, supervise and control
the administration and operation of all district, city and municipal jails to attain a
better system of jail management nationwide.
Objective of the BJMP:
1. To improved the living conditions of the offenders in accordance with the
accepted standards set by the United Nations.
2. To enhance rehabilitation and reformation of offenders in preparation for
their eventual reintegration into the mainstream of society upon their
release.
3. To professionalize jail services.
Principles of the BJMP:
1. It is the obligation of jail authorities to confine offenders safety and
provide rehabilitative programs that will negate criminal tendencies and
restore their positive values to make them productive and law abiding
citizens.
2. No procedure or system of correction shall deprive any offenders of hope
for his ultimate return to the fold the law and full membership in society.
3. Unless provided otherwise, any person accused of a criminal offense shall
be presumed innocent and his rights, as a free citizen shall be respected,
except for such indispensable restraints during his confinement in the
interest of justice and public safety.
4. Offenders are human beings entitled to the same basic rights and
privileges enjoyed by citizens in a free society, except that the exercise of
these rights are limited or controlled for security reasons.
5. Health preservation and prompt treatment of illness or injury is a basic
right of every person confined in jail and it is the duty of jail facilities to
arrange for their treatment subject to security measures.
6. Members of the custodial force shall set themselves as examples by
performing their duties in accordance with the rules and respect the laws
duly constituted by authorities.
 7. No jail personnel shall be abusive, insulting, indecent languages on the
offenders.
8. No jail personnel shall use unnecessary force on offenders except for
legitimate self-defense or in cases of attempted active and passive physical
resistance to a lawful order.
9. No penalty shall be imposed ipon any offender for violation of
rules/regulations unless in accordance with duly approved disciplinary
procedures.
10. Penalties to be imposed shall not be cruel, inhuman, or degrading, and no
physical punishment shall be employed as a correctional measure.
11. Members of the custodial force must understand that offenders need
treatment and counseling and the primary purpose of confinement is for
safekeeping and rehabilitation.
12. When conducting routinary custodial guarding, the ratio of 1:7, or one
guard for every 7 offenders shall be observed.
13. When the offenders is in transit, the ratio of 1:1+1 for every offender shall
be observed. In case of high-risk offender that demands extra precaution
additional guards shall be employed. This manning level shall be national
in scope for effective jail administration.
4. Conduct researches, develop and implement plans and programs for
the improvement of jail services throughout the country.
C. Organization and Key Position in the BJMP:
The BJMP, also referred to as the Jail Bureau, was created pursuant to
Section 60, R.A no. 6975, and initially consisting of uniformed officers and
members of the Jail management and Penology service as constituted
under P.D. no. 765.
The Bureau shall be headed by a chief with rank of Director, and assisted
by a Deputy Chief with the Rank of Chief Superintendent.
The Central Office is the Command and Staff HQ of the Jail Bureau
composed of 3 Command Groups, 6 Coordinating Staff Divisions, 6 Special
Staff Groups and 6 Personal Staff Groups namely:
1. Command Group
-Chief, BJMP
-Deputy c/BJMP
-Chief of Staff

POWERS, FUNCTIONS AND ORGANIZATION OF THE BJMP 2. Coordinating Staff Groups

A. Powers- The Bureau shall exercise supervision and control over all districts, -Administrative Division
city and municipal jails to ensure a secured, clean, sanitary and adequately -Operations Division
equipped jail for the custody and safekeeping of city and municipal -Logistics Division
prisoners, any fugitive from justice or persons detained awaiting -Finance Management Division
investigation or trial and/or transfer to the National Penitentiary, and any -Research Plans and Programs Division
violent, mentally ill person who endangers himself or the safety of others. -Inspection and Investigation Division
B. Functions- Inline with its mission, the Bureau endeavors to perform the -General Services Unit
following: -Health Services Unit
1. Formulate policies and guidelines on the administration of all district,
3. Special Staff Groups
city and municipal jails nationwide;
2. Formulate and implement policies for the programs of correction, -Chaplain Services Unit
rehabilitation and treatment of offenders; -Community Services Unit
3. Plan the program funds for the subsistence allowance of offenders; -Finance Services Unit
-Hearing Office
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 4. Personal Staff Groups Inspector Warden Same

-Aide-de-Camp SJO 4 to Jail Guards Regional Director

-Intelligence Office
JO1
-Public Information Office
-Legal Office
-Adjudication Office
-Internal Audit Duties and Responsible:

Regional Office – each Region shall have designated Assistant regional Director for D. WARDEN- Direction, coordination, and Control of the Jail and responsible
Jail management and Penology. for the: Security, safety, discipline and well being of inmates.
a. Intelligence and investigation team - it gathers, collates and
Provincial Level- there shall be designated a Provincial Jail Administration to submits intelligence information to the officer of the warden on
perform the same functions as the ARDs province wide. matter regarding the jail condition.
b. Jail inspectorate section - inspect jail facilities, personnel,
District Office- where there are large cities and municipalities, a district jail with
prisoners and submit reports to the warden.
subordinate jails, headed by a District warden may be established as necessary.
c. Public relation office – maintain public relation to obtain the
City and Municipal Office: necessary and adequate public support.
E. ASSISTANCE WARDEN
In the City and Municipal level, a city or municipal warden hall each jail.
1. The office of the assistant warden undertakes the development of a
Rank Classification of the BJMP: (RA 9263 of March 10, 2004- applicable also to systematic process of tratment.
BFP) 2. Chairman of the classification board and disciplinary board.
F. Administrative groups– take charge of all administrative functions of the
RANK POSITION/TITLE APPOINTING jail bureau.
AUTHORITY 1. Personnel management branch
Director Chief of the BJMP Pres. Upon recomm. Of a. Assignment of personnel
the Sec. of DILG b. Procedures of selection
c. Preparation of personnel reports
C Supt. Deputy C/BJMP Secretary of DILG d. Individual record file
CSupt. Chief of Directorial Staff Secretary of DILG 2. Records and statistics branch
a. Keep and maintain booking sheets and arrest reports
SSupt. Rrgional Dir. Secretary of DILG b. Keep an orderly record of fingerprints and photographs
c. Present/ prepare statistical data of inmates
Supt. Asst. Regional Dir. Chief of BJMP
3. Property and supply branch – takes charge of the safekeeping of
Chief Insp. Warden Same equipments and supplies and materials needed for the operation of the
jail.
Sr. Insp. Warden Same
11
 4. Budget and finance branch – take charge of all financial matters such as
budgeting, financing, accounting, and auditing.
5. Mess service branch – take charge of the preparation of the daily menu,
prepares and cook the food and serve it to inmates.
6. General service branch
a. Responsible for the maintenance and repair of jail facilities and
equipment.
b. It is also task with the cleanliness and beautification of the jail
compound.
7. Mittimus computing branch – tasked to receive court decisions and
compute the date of the full completion of the service of sentence of
inmate.
Mittimus – is a warrant issued by a court directing the jail or prison
authorities to receive the convicted offender for the service of sentence imposed
therein or for detention.
G. Security groups – the security groups provides a system of sound custody,
security and control of inmates and their movements and also responsible
to enforce prison or jail discipline.
1. Escort platoon
a. Escort section – to escort inmate upon order of any judicial body;
upon summon of a court or transfer to other penal institutions.
b. Subpoena section – receive and distribute court summons,
notices, subpoenas, etc
2. Security platoon – a three (3) working platoon shifts responsible
for over all security of the jail compound including gates, guard
post and tower. They are also responsible for the admitting and
releasing unit
H. Rehabilitation purposes groups – this group provides services and
assistance to prisoners and their families to enable them to solve their
individual needs and problems arising from the prisoner’s confinement.
1. Medical and health services branch I provides medical and physical
examinations of inmates upon confinement, treatment of sick inmates
and conduct medical and physical examinations and provides .it also
conduct psychiatric and psychological examinations.
12
2. Work and education therapy services – it take charge of the job and
educational programs needed for rehabilitation of inmates by
providing them job incentives so they can earn and provide support
for their families while in jail.
3. Socio- cultural services – it takes care of the social case work study of
the individual prisoner by making interviews, home visits, referral to
community resources, free legal service, and liaison works for the
inmate
4. Chaplaincy services – it takes charge of the religious and moral
upliftment of the inmates through religious services. This branch
caters to all religious sects.
5. Guidance and counseling services – responsible for the individual and
group counseling activities to help inmates solve their individual
problems and to help them lead a wholesome and constructive life.
THE RECEPTION AND DIAGNOSTIC CENTER (RDC)
This is a special unit of prisons (camp sampaguita) where new
prisoners undergo diagnostic examination, study and observation for the purpose
of determining the programs of treatment and training best suited to their needs
nad the institution to which they should be transferred
It is composed of the following staff members:
1. Psychiatrist – responsible in the examination of the prisoners mental
and emotional make-up.
2. Psychologist – responsible to conduct study on the character and
behavior of the prisoners.
3. Sociologist – study the social case situation of the individuals prisoner.
4. Education counselor – conduct orientation classes in order to change
inmates attribute towards education and recommends education al
program for the prisoner.
5. Vocational counsel – to test the prisoners special abilities , interest and
skills and recommends for the vocational course best suited to the
prisoner.
6. Chaplain – encourage the prisoner to participate in religious activities
 7. Medical officer – conduct physical examination and recommends
medical treatment of prisoners
8. Custodial- correctional officer – recommends the transfer and type of
custody of inmates.
The quarantine cell or unit
This may be a unit of the prison or a section of the RDC where the
prisoner is given thorough physical examination including blood test, x-rays,
vaccinatios and immunity. This is for the purpose of insuring that the prisoner is
not suffering from any contagious isease, which might be transferred to the prison
population.
ADMISSION PROCEDURES IN PRISON
1. RECEIVING – the new prisoner is received at the RCD . the new
prisoner usually comes from a provincial or city jail where he was
immediately committed upon conviction by the court, and escorted by
the platoon during his transfer to the National Prison.
2. CHECKING OF COMMITMENT PAPERS – the receiving officer checks
the commitment papers if they are in order. This is, if they contain the
signature of the judge or the signature of the clerk of court, and the
seal of the court.
3. IDENTIFICATION – the prisoner’s identity is established through the
picture and fingerprint appearing in the commitment order. This is to
insure that the person being committed is the same as the person
being named in the commitment order.
4. SEARCHING – this step involves the frisking of the prisoner and
searching his personal things. Weapon and other items classified as
contraband are confiscated and deposited to the property custodian.
Other properties are deposited with the trust fund officer under
recording and receipts.
5. BRIEFING AND ORIENTATION- the prisoner will be brief and
orientation on the rules and regulation of the before he will be
assigned to the RDC or the quarantine unit.
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ORIENTATION PROCEDURE IN PRISON- orientation takes place with in the first
few days in the center which consists in:
1. Giving the prisoner a booklet of rules and regulation and explaining the
rules to them.
2. Conducting group meeting of the center to explain to the inmates the
available treatment programs and the purpose of these treatment
programs.
3. Holding sessions with the members of the Center’s staff to explain what
the inmates should do in order to profit most their experiences.
THE TREATMENT PROGRAMS
The Philippine Prison System adopted two approaches in treating criminal
offenders. These are the Institution-Based Treatment Programs and the
Community-Based Treatment Programs.
A. The Institutionalized Treatment Programs
1. Prison Education- the cornerstone of rehabilitation. It is the process or
result of formal training in school or classrooms intended to shape the
mind and attitude of prisons towards good living upon their release.
The first legal recognition of education in prison was in 1847, New
York Reformatory.
Objective of Prison Education:
a. To return the prisoner to society with a more wholesome attitude
towards living,
b. To conduct themselves a good citizens,
c. To give them knowledge and develop their skill to maintain
themselves and their dependents through honest labor.
Classes of Prison Education
a. General and Academic Education - the objective of which is
to eradicate illiteracy among prisoners. This could be the best
contribution of correctional system can offer to society.
b. Vocational Education –institutional maintenance works and
industrial projects. The purposeof which is to provide
 prisoners necessary skills for successful works in a socially a. Member of the RDC staff,
acceptable occupation after their release. Course may include: b. Member of the classification committee,
1. Radio Mechanics. Auto Mechanics, Horticulture, c. Render evaluation to the BPP.
2. Shoemaking, Tailoring, Carpentry, Electronics, etc. 4. Recreation Programs - the only program that is conducted during free
d. Physical Education – designed for those who have physical time schedule.
disabilities. Objectives:
a. Mental and physical development
2. Work Program – these are programs conducive to change behavior in
b. Help prisoner to become aware of their individual conditions to
morale by training prisoners for a useful occupation. It is purposely to
provide them a method of improvement.
eliminate idleness on the part of prisoners, which may contribute to
c. Development of cooperative competitions,
“Prison stupor”, and it affect the incidence of prison riot.
d. Arouse the interest of the prisoners in creational programs.
Classification of Prison Work Programs Activities may include: athletic / sports, music and arts, social games, special
a. Educational Assignments – prisoners maybe assigned to either activities on special event, etc.
general education, vocational or physical education 5. Medical and health service – medical and health service include
b. Maintenance Assignment – this assignment involves labor a. Mental and physical examination
related to care and up keeping of the institution properties b. Diagnosis and treatment
c. Agricultural and Industrial Assignment – 1) Immunization
d. Unassignable – prisoners who are nearly to leave the 2) Sanitary inspections
institution, awaiting transfer, those in disciplinary status, and 3) Participation in training
those who are chronically ill with mental disabilities are 6. Counseling and Casework
considered unassignable prisoners. Objectives of Caseworks:
a. To obtain clear description of social history,
Female prisoners shall be assigned to work on job suitable to their age, sex and b. Solving immediate problems involving family problems or other
physical conditions. Prisoners over 60 years of age may be excused from hard personal relationship’
work. c. Assist inmates towards acceptable solution,
d. Support inmates, who are nearly release by giving them guidance
3. Religious Service in Prison - the purpose of this program is to change
or information’
the attitudes of inmates by inculcating religious belief.
e. Professional assistance to offenders on probation or parole.
Function of Chaplain:
a. Conduct communication and confession to inmates,
b. Conduct religious ministry such as preaching the bible, B. Community based treatment programs (please see lecture notes on
c. Conduct private and personal counseling in the form of inmate institutional corrections)
interview.
d. Other chaplaincy services.
INSTITUTIONAL CUSTODY, SECURITY AND CONTROL
Administrative function of the chaplain:
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 I. Diversification: Concept and importance programs are coordinated in the individual case study. It is
Diversification is an administrative device of correctional a process of determining the needs and requirement of
institution of providing varied and flexible types of physical plants prisoners for assigning them to programs according to
for the more effective custody, security and control of the their needs and existing resources.
treatment programs of its diversified population.
Four (4) Separate but coordinated Classification Procedure:
Diversification is the principle of separating homogenous
type of prisoners that requires special treatment and custody. 1. Diagnosis – prisoner’scase history is taken and his
Separation can be done through proper classification of inmates personality is being studied through examination and
observations.
How Diversification is carries out?
2. Treatment Planning – it is the formulation of tentative
It can be done either building special institution for treatment programs suited for the prisoners.
different classes of prisoners through proper segregation of inmates that is big 3. Execution of the treatment program – it is the
institutions can be broken into smaller units. application of the treatment program and policies by
the classification committee.
Aims of Diversification
4. Re-classification – treatment program is kept current
1. More effective execution of the treatment programs, with the inmates changing needs.
2. To prevent prisoners from moral and physical contamination
The classification Board For Jails:
of one group by another,
3. To prevent unnecessary custodial risks. 1. Organization :
Chairman – assistant warden
Factors considered in Diversification
Members: chief security officer
a. Age – prisoners who are 18 years old and below should be Medical officer
segregated from the o lder groups to prevent the youthful Chaplain
offenders from becoming hardened criminals. Social worker
b. Sex – female and male are separated institution. 2. Task of the classification Board - Gathering and
c. Medical or Mental condition – mental ill, sexual deviates collating of information of the prisoners case study.
physically handicapped and hospital patients need to be 3. Purpose of the classification process – to determine
segregated from the prison population because each group the work assignment, type of supervision and custody
special kind of treatment which will be applied to the prisoners.
d. Degree of Custody – is the most used factor for diversification
Content of the Case Study:
that is the extent of trick keeping necessary for the person in
confinement. 1. Facts and data of the present case
II. The Classification Process 2. Criminal history
Classification is a method which diagnosis, 3. Biography
treatment planning and execution of the treatment 4. Physical conditions
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 5. Vocational interest, competence and experiences 3. Adequate system of counting
6. Education and religious background 4. Written set of rules of counting and safety precautions
7. Psychological characteristics 5. Plan for control of contraband and equipment
8. Diagnostic examination 6. Keying system
9. Initial reaction to counseling or group therapy 7. Emergency plan
III. PRISON Security, custody and control
Importance Security Rules:
Security – it involves safety measures to maintain the
1. Strict control of firearms
orderliness and discipline with the jail or prison.
2. 24 hours of supervision
Prison Discipline- is the state of the good order and 3. Key control
behavior. It includes maintenance of good standards of works, 4. Anti-riot equipment and armory
sanitation, safety, education, health and recreation. It aims at self- 5. Proper use of all tools and other potentially dangerous
reliance, self-control, self-respect and self-discipline. articles
6. Frequent inspection
Preventive Discipline – is the prompt correction of minor
7. Open quarter in group guards
deviations committed by prisoners before they become serious
8. Exercise authority, supervision and control over a
violations.
prisoner.
Control – it involves supervision of prisoners to ensure
Custody- is the guarding or penal safekeeping, it involves security
punctual and orderly movement from one place work program or
measures to insure security and control with in the prison. The Prison
assignment to another.
Custodial Division carries it out.
The Control Center – is a centrally located and elevated
The Prison Custodial Division is charge of all matters pertaining to the
facility
custody of the prisoners and security of the institution.
Aims of Institutional Security and Control
Composition:
1. Prevention of escapes
1. Headed by chief Security Officer usually with the rank of
2. Control of contrabands
Insp. To Senior Inspector
3. Maintenance of good order
2. Assisted by
*Contraband – is anything that is contrary to prison/jail rules and a. Security Officers- commanding officers
regulation b. Supervising Prison Guards- supervise groups of
guards details of several posts
Essential Requisites for Sound Custody, Security and Control c. Senior Prison Guards- take charge of squad or
1. Adequate system of classification of prisoners escort guards assigned to important post such as
2. Regular inspections the control gates.

16
 d. Prison Guards- lowest in rank assigned to sentinel
post such as Guard houses and gates.
Function of the Custodial Division:
1. Supervision of prisoners
2. Maintain order and discipline
3. Inspection and security
4. Escort
5. Keep records
IV. Operational Plans in Jails or Prisons (Security and Controls)
Emergency Plans:
1. Fire crews should be organized, consisting of trained
personnel to man available resources for emergency
situation such as fire incidents.
2. The fire crew shall immediately respond to the scene to
put off the fire while other personnel shall station
themselves according to emergency plans of the jail or
prison.
Plans in case of Jailbreaks and Escape
3. Special group of inmates may be selected to form
another group and should be separately housed in close
proximity to the fire truck and another equipment, they
should be issued uniforms different from ordinary inmates
so that they can be kicked and identified easily if it
becomes necessary to go outside the main compound.
4. The jail personnel not assigned with the fire crew shall
be given specific assignments on what to do in case of fire
or conflagration.
5. In case of fire, at the first sign of the fire, the control
center shall immediately sound a pre-arranged alarm. At
the same time crew shall immediately call the fire
department or police headquarters and other units that
could help in putting out the fire and or evacuation of
prisoners
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6. The desk officer or the officer in charge of the keys of
the storage place of firefighting, emergency gates and
other gates of the different brigades should distribute the
keys to the responsible personnel concerned.
7. All inmates should be required to help in the putting
out of the fire using the water and in drums and cans, the
firefighting equipment’s and fire extinguishers and such
other things readily available.
8. Government records shall be evacuated to a safe place
according to priority and should be under proper guards.
9. If it is necessary to evacuate inmate’s population, they
should be evacuated in an orderly manner using close vans
and other vehicles or by any other means to pre-arranged
buildings or detention centers for their safe and
temporary confinement.
10. First aid shall be administered to injured inmates, an
institutional wide count of inmates should be made, and
security check shall immediately follow.
1. When a jailbreak, escape or riot is in progress or has
just been perpetrated, the officer at the control center
shall immediately sound the alarm.
2. At the first sound of the alarm, all prisoners shall be
locked in their respective cells while those in work
details shall marched in orderly manner to their cells.
3. All jail personnel, custodial or non-custodial, shall
make themselves available for emergency
deployment. The desk officer or shall issue firearms to
members of the custodial force who shall be
immediately dispatched to strategic post according to
plans.
4. Personnel assigned to essential maintenance post
such at the powerhouse, kitchen, hospitals, fire
 station, maybe required to help in the counting of 14. An investigation shall be conducted to determine any
inmates. flaws in the security plans for possible correction to be
5. A simultaneous institution wide count shall be made submitted to higher authorities.
to determine the number of inmates who escaped and
Plans for Violent Disturbances and Riots:
their identity.
6. If the identities of the escapees have been established, 1. Lock inmates to proper quarters.
their names and other personal circumstances shall 2. If during visitors period, all visitors shall be
immediately flashed to all units of the district, station immediately ushered out for security.
or sub-station and the police HQ shall be notified. 3. All members of the security group shall be available
7. Radio stations, TV station and other news media shall for necessary action
also be notified for public information in order to gain 4. Control center and communication lines for
possible help in capturing the figurative emergency calls shall be checked for readiness.
8. Recovery teams shall be formed to proceed to all 5. Armorer should make immediate preparation for anti-
possible hideouts, residence and houses of relatives riot equipments.
and friends for immediate recapture. 6. Custodial force are grouped into three teams namely:
9. In case of mass jailbreak, all members of custodial a. 1st group – initial anti-riot assault team
force shall be immediately issued firearms and b. 2nd group – back up force
assigned to critical posts to plug off the escapees route c. 3rd group snipers
10. If any officer or member shall be held as hostage, 7. Conduct post – riot procedures:
reasonable caution to insure the safety of the hostage. a. First aid to injured persons
It is better to give into the demands of the jailbreaks if b. Wide count
possible than to place the lives of the personnel in c. Leader segregation
jeopardy. d. Checked security of the institution
11. If the warden is taken as the hostage, for all intents e. Investigation
and purposes, he ceases to exercise authority and the f. Repair of damages
next in command or the most senior officer present g. Measures of prevention against any
shall assume the command. repetition
12. If there are no hostage and the prisoners who are still h. Submit reports.
inside the jail compound continue to defy order given
by the prison authorities, the basic plans for riot or Plans for other Emergencies- the following shall be available and ready at
disturbances shall be made. all times with in jail/prison:
13. When the information received that escapees are in a 1. alarm system
certain area, it is well to maintain groups in that area 2. roles of specific individuals
to apply continuous pressure in order to force the 3. security
escapees in movements. 4. procedures of evacuation
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 5. guidance for emergency cases
V. Disciplinary Board in Jails:
The disciplinary board for jails is board that is organized
and maintained which is our local jail for the purpose of hearing
disciplinary cases involving violation of jail rules and regulations by
the inmates .
The disciplinary board is the authority that can impose
disciplinary punishment such us :
1. Reprimand
2. Temporary or permanent cancellation of privileges in the jails
( visiting privileges, recreational privileges and other
privileges).
3. Extra- fatigue duty or assignment to a disciplinary squad for
manual labor.
4. Close confinement in a cell or solitary confinement, which
shall not exceed seven days in any calendar month. This
punishment shall be imposed only in the case of incorrigible
inmate when the disciplinary measures had been proven
ineffective.
5. Transfer to other penal institutions.
6. Loss of good conduct time allowance.
Types of report that may initiate disciplinary action.
1. Behavior Report – reports that includes both bad attitude as
well as exceptionally good work habits. This is intendedto call
the attention of the inmates acts such as lack of self-control.
2. Misconduct Reports – it carries every violation of laws or
rules. Every case shall include an investigation and heard by
the board.
Composition of the disciplinary board
1. Chairman : Assistant Jail Warden
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2. Members : Chief Security Officer
:Medical Health Officer
: Jail Chaplain
:Social Workers or the Rehabilitation
Officer
If the above composition is not feasible because personnel
limitations, the jail warden may perform the function as the board
summary hearing office.
Duties and Functions of the Disciplinary Board
The warden task the board to investigate the facts regarding the
alleged misconduct referred to it. It hold sessions as often as necessary in a room
that may be provided for the purpose. All cases referred to it must be heard and
decided with in 48 hours from the date of the receipt of the case.
Limitations of Punishment Imposed to Offenders
The general rule is “Every Violation of jail/prison discipline shall be
dealt, with accordingly. In extremes cases, where the violation necessitates
immediate action, the warden or the officer of the day may administer the
necessary restraints and report the action taken to the disciplinary board”.
Under section 3, par. D, Rule XIV of the BJMP Manual states the
limitations of punishments imposed to offenders as:
1. No female offender shall be subjected to any disciplinary
punishment that may affect her unborn nursing child.
2. No handicapped offender shall be made to suffer a
punishment that might affect his health or physical wee being.
3. Corporal punishment, confinement in dark, ill ventilated cells
and any other form of cruel, unusual, inhumane or degrading
punishment are absolutely prohibited.
4. Whenever the penalty of extra –fatigue duty or solitary
confinement imposed affect the health of the offender,
medical examination shall be conducted to determine his
physical fitness to serve his punishment
 5. The jail physician ahall visit the inmates undergoing
punishment when necessary and shall advice the warden if the
recommends the termination of the punishment on grounds
of physical and mental health.
i. instrument of restraint such as handcuffs, leg
iron and straight jacket are not to be applied
as a form of punishment. They shall only be
used as a precaution against escape or on the
ground of medical precautions to prevent the
offender from injuring him self or others.
ii. Breaches of discipline must be handled with
out anger or emotionalism and decisions
must be executed firmly and justly.
Procedures in the Hearing of Disciplinary Boards
1. The aggrieved inmates informs or notified any
member of the custodial force of the violation. The
latter, in return, officially reports the matter to the
Desk Officer. If one of the jail employees knows the
violation committed by the offender, a brief
description of the circumstance surrounding all facts
relative to the case must be made.
2. The Desk Officer simultaneously informs the Jail
Warden and immediately initiates the investigation.
He then submits his reports to the Warden together
with his recommendations.
3. The Warden evaluates the reports and if he believes
that there is no sufficient evidence to support the
alleged violation, he may dismiss the case. And if the
believes that there exist sufficient evidences, he may
decide the case and impose the necessary penalty in
the case of minor violations. If the case is less grave or
20
grave, he endorses it to the Board for investigation
and hearing.
4. The offender should be confronted of the reported
violation and asked how he pleads to the charge. If he
admits the violations or pleads guilty, the Board shall
impose the corresponding punishment.
5. If the offender denies the charge, the hearing should
commence with the presentation of evidences and
other witness by the Desk Officer. The offender is
given the opportunity to defend himself by his
testimony and those of his witness if any and to
present other evidence to prove his innocence.
6. After the hearing, the Board decides the case based on
the merits.
7. Whether the offender is found guilty or not, he should
be advised to obey the rules and regulations strictly.
The offender should be reminded that good behavior
is indispensable for his early release and or the
granting of privileges.
8. Decisions of the Board or the Summery Hearing Officer
are subject to review and approval of the Warden
and/or other higher authority. The offender may
request a review of the findings of the Board or the
Summary Hearing Officer and the propriety of the
penalty to the Central Officer of the BJMP, whose
decision shall be final.
9.
VI. Punishable Acts Jails.
A.Minor Offenses
1. Bartering of items not classified as contraband
2. Rendering personal services to fellow offenders
3. Littering
4. Making groundless complaints 16. Committing any other acts prejudicial to good order and discipline.

5 Late in the formation or duty without justifiable reasons C. Grave Offense

6Willful waste of food 1. Making untruthful statements or lies in official communications, transaction or
investigation.

2. Keeping or concealing of keys.

B.Less Grave Offenses
3. Bartering of items that are classified as contrabands.
1. Failure to report for work detail with out sufficient justification.
4. Keeping of prohibited articles or items (contraband).
2. Failure to render assistance to an injured personnel or inmate.
5. Tattooing or keeping paraphermalia used in tattooing.
3. Failure to assist putting out fires in case of fire incident.
6. Forcibly taking or extracting money from fellow inmates.
4. Cursing or using profane or defamatory language directed personally towards
other persons. 7. Inflicting injury or harms to other inmates.

5. Malingering or reporting for sick call to escape work assignment. 8. Receiving or keeping liquor or prohibited drugs.

6. Failure to give due respect when confronted by reporting to any member of the 9. Keeping or improvising deadly weapons.
custodial force.
10. Attempted escapes
7. Forcing fellow inmates to render personal services to him self or to others.
11. Helping, aiding or abetting other to escape.
8. Exchanging uniforms or wearing clothes other than those issued to him for the
12. Unruly conduct or behavior and flagrant disregard of discipline and
purpose of circumventing jail rules.
instructions.
9. Loitering or being in unauthorized place.
13. Indecent, immoral or lascivious acts by himself or to others or allowing himself
10. Using the telephone without authority from the Desk Officer/Warden. to be subject of such lascivious or immoral acts.

11. Vandalism 14. Fighting, causing or participating in any disturbances such as riot.

12. Withholding information that is prejudicial to jail administration. 15. Willful disobedience to a lawful order by an officer or member of the custodial
force.
13. Possession of lewd or pornographic materials.
16. Assault
14. Absence from cell brigades or place of work during head counts without
justifiable reasons. 17. Gambling

15. Failing to turn over any equipment/ article issued after the work detail.

21
18. Committing any other acts in violation of law, riles and regulations inside the 6. Transfer of the inmate to the appropriate government or private authority for
jail or prison. their special treatment.

7. All other measures of supervision and control of these offenders.

TREATMENT OF SPECIAL OFFENDERS Alternative To Jail Confinement

Special offenders includes women offenders, drug addicts, alcoholic, mentally ill 1. Segregation of special to other institution rather than putting to jail or
persons, and sex deviates. prison,
2. Payment of fine
Under Rule 15 of the BJMP Manual, it states that unusual offenders
3. Extensive use of probation
should not be held in jails or prison with the common jail/prison population.
4. Bail
They should be segregated with other institutions as their
5. Diversification
Temporary detention houses. However special methods of treatment shall be 6. Delayed sentence
made such as the following:
Pre-Release Treatment Of Offenders
A. Female Offenders:
It is a program specially designed and given to a prisoner, during a limited
1. The women’s quarter be fully separated from the men quarters and no men period, prior to his release from prison, in order to give him an opportunity to
shall be allowed to enter the women’s quarter. adjust himself from the regiment group life in prison to the normal, independency
life of a free individual.
2. Female jail staff members must do all handling and supervision of female
prisoners. Special Pre-release Programs

3. Only works suitable to their sex, age and physical conditions should be assigned 1. Special Information sessions
to them. 2. Granting the prisoner a greater freedom inside the institution.
3. Group and individual counseling.
B. Drug Addicts/ Alcoholics/ Sex Deviates and Mentally-ill Inmates: 4. Transfer of prisoner from a close to an open institution
1. Segregation 5. Minimum degree of supervision

2. Close supervision PENAL PROVISION ON CORRECTION

3. Special treatment/ medications shall be made the medical officer.
4. Measures should be taken to enables the offender to follow strictly the
physician’s advice.
5. Constant search must be conducted to the quarters or cells for seizure of
narcotics and other dangerous drugs, and liquor.
I. Philippine Correction Philosophies and their Legal Basis
A. The Philippine Constitution of 1997
1. The state values the dignity of every human person and guarantees full respect
for human rights. (Sec 11, Art. II)

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2. No person shall be detained solely by reason of his political beliefs and
aspirations. (Sec 18 (1), Art. III)
3. No involuntary servitude in any from shall exist as a punishment for a crime
whereof the party shall have been fully convicted. (Sec. 18 (18), Ibid.)
4. Excessive fines shall not be imposed, nor cruel, degrading or inhuman
punishment inflicted. x x x (Sec. 19 (2). Ibid.)
5. The employment of physical, psychological, or degrading punishment against
any prisoner or the use of substandard or inadequate penal facilities under
subhuman conditions shall be dealt by law. (Sec.19(2), Ibid.)
C. The Revised Penal Code
“No felony shall be punishable by any penalty not prescribed by law prior
to its commission”.(Art. 21 RPC)
C.The Philippine probation law(P.D. No.968)
X X X one of the major goals of the government is to established a more
enlightened and humane correctional
System that will promote the reformation of offender and reduce the
incidence of recidivism.
X X X the confinement of all offender in prison and other institution with
rehabilitation program constitutes an
Onerous drain on financial resources of the country.
D. Rules for the treatment of prisoners (DOJ, Jan 7, 1959)
1. The purpose of committing a prisoner to prison is two-fold:
a. To segregate from society a person who by his acts
has proven himself a danger to the free community;
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Under art.97, RPC, the good conduct of any prisoners in any penal
institution shall entitle him to the following deduction rom the
period of sentence:
1. During the first two years of his imprisonment, he shall be
allowed deduction of 5 days foe each month of good behavior.
2. During the third to the fifth years of his imprisonment, he shall
be allowed deduction of 8 days each month of good behavior.
3. During the following years until the tenth years of
imprisonment, he shall be allowed a deduction of 15 days each
month of good behavior.
4. During the eleventh and the successive years of his
imprisonment, he shall be allowed a deduction of 15 days each
month of good behavior.
APPROACHES IN CORRECTION
ADMINESTRTION
Researchers have revealed a variety of prison management style.
Dr. George Beto for example adopted a Control Model Of prison
management which emphasizes prisoner’s obedience, work and education
(sahara, 1988). Others have exemplified the responsibility Model of prison
management that stresses prisoner’s responsibility for their own actions
not administrative control to assure prescribed behavior. Proper
classification of inmates, according to this model, permits placing prisoners
in the least restrictive prison consistent with security, safety, and humane
confinement. Prisoners should be given a significant degree of freedom
and the held to account for their actions (sahara, 1988).
Other models of prison management have been prominent in the
last four decades. One is the Custodial Model, based on the assumption
that prisoners have been incarcerated for the purpose of incapacitation,
deterrence and retribution. It emphasizes maintenance and security and
order through the subordination of the prisoners to the authority of the
warden. Discipline is strictly applied and most aspect of behavior is
regulated.
 With the onset of the treatment orientation in correction during
the 1950’s, the Rehabilitation Modelof institutional organization and prison
management were developed. In prisons of this sort, security and housekeeping
activities are viewed primarily as a framework for rehabilitative efforts.
Professional treatment specialist enjoys a higher status than other employees,
accordance with the idea that all aspect of prison management should be directed
towards rehabilitation. During the past decade. Treatment programs still do exist
in most institutions, but very few prisons can be said to conform under this model.
The Reintegration modelis linked to the structures and goals of
community corrections but has direct impact on prison operations. Although an
offender is confined in prisons, that experience is pointed towards reintegration
into society. This kind of treatment gradually give inmates greater freedom and
responsibility during their confinement and move them into a halfway house, work
release programs, or community correctional center before releasing them to
supervision. Consistent with the perspective of community corrections, this model
is based on the assumption that it is important for the offender to maintain or
develop ties with the free society. The entire focus of this approach is on the
resumption of a normal life (Clear and Cole, 1986).
The Concept of a Total Institutiondeveloped b Erving Goffman,
has influenced much research of prisons. He stated that”the prisons, like other
total institution, is a place of residence and work where a large number of like
situated individuals, cut off from the wider society for an appreciable period of
time, together lead an enclosed, formally administered round of life:. A total
institution is one that completely encapsulated the lives of the people who work
and live there.
In the late 18 th Century, America employed penitentiary as a
means of protecting prisoners from moral contamination and restoring them to
habits of correct living (Johnson, 1987). The penitentiary model of reformation two
systems namely
1. Separate system used solitary confinement and manual labor in which the
prisoner were kept separate from one another as well as from the outside
world.
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2. Congregate system is one in which the prisoners slept in solitary cells,
worked together but complete silence is observe. They are united but no
moral connection exists among theme. They see without knowing each
other. They are in a society without mental intercourse because there was
no communication and hence no interaction (Clear and Cole, 1986).
Blumstein list five possible approaches that prison administrators may
take to deal with the prisons crisis. Each approach has economic, social
and political costs, and each entails a different amount of time for
implementation and impact.
1, null Strategy – nothing should be done, that prisons should be allowed
to become increasingly congested and staff should remain to maintain
them with the assumption that the problem is temporary and will
disappear in time.
2.Selective Incapacitation strategy – expensive and limited prison space
with the necessary number of staff should remain to maintain them should
be used more effectively by targeting the individuals whose incarceration
will do the most to reduce crime. It shows that incarceration of some
career criminals has a payoff in the prevention of multiple serious
offenses.
3. population-Reduction strategy incorporates front door and back door
strategies.
a.front-door strategies divert offenders to non-incarcerated
sanctions, among them, community service, restitution, fines and
probation
b. back-door strategies such a detention, parole, work release and
good behavior are devised to get offender out of the prison before the end
of their in order to free space for new comers.
4. Construction strategy of building new facilities to meet the demand for
prisons space for an advantageous prison management. The approach
comes to and when legislators and correctional officials confront the
problem on prison crowding, sanitation and prison violence to expand the
size, number of facilities and personnel.
5. Population-sensitive flow control strategy - sentencing be linked to the
availability of prison space and arrangement staff, that policies be
developed allowing the release of the prisoners when prison facilities
 become crowded and staff are greatly outnumbered to manage prisoners,
and that each court be allotted a certain amount of prison space and staff
members so that judges and prosecutors make their decisions accordingly.
This strategy depend on the political will to release prisoners even in the
face of public protest (Clear and Cole, 1986).

Reference:
Unpublished handouts and notes in Correction of University of Baguio and
University of the Cordilleras

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