CA 1 - INSTITUTIONAL CORRECTIONS

Topic No. 1

Introduction to Institutional Corrections

Prof. Christian Mark G. Rey

CORRECTION
Law
Enforcement
Correction is the forth pillar of the Criminal Justice
System charged with the responsibility for the
Community Prosecution
custody, supervision and rehabilitation of convicted
offenders. It is also defined as the STUDY OF JAIL
OR PRISON MANAGEMENT AND
ADMINISTRATION as well as the rehabilitation and
Correction Court reformation of criminals.
CORRECTION

It includes all government agencies, facilities, programs, procedures,

personnel, and techniques concerned with the investigation, intake, custody,
confinement, supervision, or treatment of alleged offenders.
Considered to be the weakest of the Five Pillars namely Law Enforcement,
Prosecution, Court, Corrections and Community because of its inability to reform
and rehabilitate the convicted criminals.
 CORRECTION

It is composed of Three Major and equally significant

Components:
INSTITUTIONAL CORRECTIONS / INSTITUTION-BASED CORRECTIONS
Institution-Based Corrections comprise of prisons and jails that are concerned
with prisoners serving term of imprisonment, those under detention status and
those for safekeeping in selected cases. The jails and prisons are administered by
the --
1. Bureau of Corrections of the DOJ for national penitentiaries.
2. Bureau of Jail Management and Penology of the DILG for municipal, city and
district jails.
3. Local Government Units with regard to provincial and sub-provincial jails .
4. Philippine National Police maintains detention facilities in its different police
stations nationwide.
CORRECTION

It is composed of Three Major and equally significant

Components:
NON-INSTITUTIONAL CORRECTIONS / COMMUNITY-BASED CORRECTIONS
Community-based Corrections pertain to probation, parole, pardon and other forms of
executive clemencies. These are being managed by the --
1. Parole and Probation Administration (PPA) of the DOJ. PPA conducts a post-sentence investigation of
petitioners for probation as referred by the courts, as well as pre-parole/pre-executive clemency investigation for
those referred by the Board of Pardons and Parole (another DOJ agency), to determine the suitability of the
offender to be reintegrated in the community instead of serving their sentence inside an institution or prison. PPA
further supervises probationers, parolees and conditional pardonees to promote their rehabilitation and
reintegration to the mainstream of society. It mobilizes the community resources, especially through volunteer
probation aides.
2. Board of Pardons and Parole (BPP) is authorized by law to grant parole to qualified prisoners. It also
recommends to the President of the Philippines the grant of executive clemency in the form of reprieve,
commutation of sentence, conditional pardon and absolute pardon.
3. Department of Social Welfare and Development moreover assumes responsibility for the restorative part of the
correction system by maintaining centers for the care and restoration of youth and women who are in conflict with
the law.
CORRECTION

It is composed of Three Major and equally significant

Components:

THERAPEUTIC MODALITIES
The Therapeutic Community Modality Program (TCMP) is a self-help social learning treatment model that
utilizes the community as the primary therapeutic vehicle to foster behavioral and attitudinal change. In this
modality, the person learns and practices skills and responsibilities through structured activities that they can
transfer to the society upon their release. Each participant is expected to be a contributing member of the
community and develops the impetus to change by being a member of the community.
CORRECTION

Generally, corrections, as a component of the system are responsible for:

 The MAINTENANCE of institution such as prisons, jails, halfway houses, and
others.
 The PROTECTION of law-abiding members of society by keeping convicted
offenders from preying on society.
 The REFORMATION and rehabilitation of offenders in preparation for their
eventual reintegration to the mainstream of society and helping them lead a
normal life after release.
 The DETERRENCE of crimes, experience in prison and the fear of isolation
and denial of liberty will influence inmates and potential offenders to lead a
life not in conflict or afoul with the law.
PENOLOGY
PENOLOGY: IN GENERAL
Penology - is a branch of criminology dealing with jail management and administration of
inmates (BJMP Manual 145).
• It is defined as the study of the reformation and rehabilitation of criminals and of the management of prisons.
• The term is based on the root word penal, which is derived from the Latin word “POENALIS” meaning "punishment”
and “POENA”, which means pain or suffering.
• The study of penology, therefore, deals with the treatment of prisoners and the subsequent rehabilitation of convicted
criminals.
• It also encompasses aspects of probation (rehabilitation of offenders in the community) as well as penitentiary science
relating to the secure detention and retraining of offenders committed to secure institutions.
• The study also involves the correction and control of known criminal offenders.
• Penologists formulate strategies for crime control and then help implement these policies in the real world. Some
criminologists view penology as involving
rehabilitation and treatment. Their efforts are directed at providing behavior alternatives for would-be criminals and
treatment for individuals convicted of law violations.
PENOLOGY
• The terms penology and corrections are synonymous. It was not until 1954 that the American
Prison Association changed its name to the American Correctional Association, thus reflecting
a fundamental shift in the philosophy of handling those who break the law. Not only was
punishment a valid objective, so too was the rehabilitation or correction of person found guilty
of crime (Carlson,Hess, and Orthmann 7).
• Penology is one of the three divisions of criminology that deals with the philosophy and
practice of various societies in their attempts to repress criminal activities, and satisfy public
opinion via an appropriate treatment regime for persons convicted of criminal offenses.
The Three Divisions of Criminology
There are three divisions of criminology. They are as follows:
1. Sociology of Law - This focuses on the nature of crime from the legalistic point of view. It delves into the
effects of present laws upon crime and studies the possible reforms in the laws in order to prevent and
control the occurrence of crime. The major concern of the sociology of law is to critically examine the
impact of various legal systems upon crime. This study can go a long way to evolve suitable changes in
the laws to curb crime.

2. Criminal Etiology - This makes a systematic investigation into the various causes of crime. It deals with
the social and personal factors responsible for the occurrence of crime and growth of criminals.

3. Penology - This deals with the treatment of prisoners and the subsequent rehabilitation of convicted
criminals. Penology is the study of punishment for crime or criminal offenders. It includes the study of
control and prevention of crime through punishment of criminal offenders.
The Primary Schools of Penology
Classical School by Jeremy Bentham and Cesar Beccaria
This maintains the “Doctrine of Psychological Hedonism” or “freewill”; that the individual
calculates pleasures and pains in advance of action and regulates his conduct by the result of his
calculations.
Arguments against the Classical School:
1) Unfair;
2) Unjust; and
3) It considers only the injury cause and not the mental condition of the offenders.
The Primary Schools of Penology
Neo-Classical School
It maintained that while the classical doctrine is correct in general, it should be modified in certain
details. Since children and lunatics cannot calculate the difference of pleasure from pain, they
should not be regarded as criminals; hence they should be free from punishment.
 
Contributions of Neo-Classical School
a. Exempting circumstances
b. Reduction of Punishment for partial freedom of the will only partial punishment
c. Punishment mitigating for lack of full responsibility
d. It represents the reaction against the severity of the classical theory of equal
punishment irrespective of circumstances
The Primary Schools of Penology
Positivist/Italian School by Caesar Lombroso
The school that denied individual responsibility and reflected non-punitive reactions to crime and
criminality, it adheres that crimes, as any other act are a natural phenomenon. Criminals are
considered sick individuals who need to be treated by treatment programs rather than punitive
actions against them.
Penal Management, Prison, and Jail
Penal Management
It is the manner or practice of managing or controlling places of confinement as in jails or prisons.
 
Prison
An institution established for the purpose of safe custody, confinement or imprisonment of
persons convicted of serious crimes of more than three (3) years committed by lawful authority.
 
Jail
An institution purposely made for detaining persons who are awaiting/undergoing investigation
and trial, awaiting final judgment and those who are convicted of lesser offenses of less than
three (3) years of imprisonment.
 REFERENCES

Handbook on INSTITUTIONAL CORRECTIONS by Dr. Linnet Dolinen-Gahar

BJMP Comprehensive Operations Manual 2015 Edition

Compiled Modules on Institutional Corrections by Prof. Maricel M. Monis

Compiled Review Materials on CORRECTIONS by Dean Brian Guerrero

https://www.bucor.gov.ph/home.html

https://www.bucor.gov.ph/programs.html

https://www.bucor.gov.ph/facilities.html
end