OBJECT: To perform planing operation on a shaper

machine.

Tools used: Cast iron cubic block, try square, spanner, centre punch
hammer, V-shaped cutting tool

Principal parts of a shaper:

The principal parts of a shaper are

a)    Base     

b)    Column or Pillar

c)    Cross-rail

d)    Table

e)    Ram

f)    Tool head

g)    Vice

a ) Base
It is a heavy and robust cast iron body. The base supports the column or pillar
which supports all the working parts such as ram, work-table, drive mechanism
etc.

b) Column or Pillar
The column is a ribbed casting of cellular construction. The ram slide ways are
provided on the top of the column while the table slide ways are machined on the
front. The crank and slotted link mechanism that drives the ram is contained with
in the column. The driving motor, variable speed gear box, levers, handles and
other controls of shaper are also contained in the column.

c) Cross Rail
The Cross rail is a heavy casting attached to the column at its front on the vertical
guide ways. It carries the horizontal table slide ways. The cross rail can be raised
or lowered by means of an elevating screw in order to compensate for different
thicknesses of work

d) Table
It is made of cast iron and has box type construction. It holds and supports the
work during the operation and slides along the cross rail to provide feed to the
work. T-slots are provided on its top and sides for securing the work to it.

e) Ram
Ram is a rigidly braced casting and is located on the top of the column.  The ram is
driven back and forth in its slides by the slotted link mechanism.  The ram
contains a stroke positioning mechanism and the down feed mechanism.

f) Tool head
It is the device which holds the tool. The tool head slides in a dovetail at the front
of the ram by means of T-bolts. It can swivel from 0° to 90° in a vertical plane.

The tool head can be raised or lowered by hand feed for vertical cuts on the
workpiece.

g) Vice
It is a job holding device and is mounted on the table. It holds and supports the
work during the operation. The job can also be directly clamped to the machine
table.
Theory: In a shaper, rotatory movement of a drive is converted into
reciprocating by the mechanism contained within the column
of the machine. The ram holding the tool gets the
reciprocating movements.

Shaper operations:
Some of the different operations which a shaper can perform are as follows:

1) Machining horizontal surface

2) Machining vertical surface
3) Machining angular surface
4) Machining irregular surface
5) Machining splines of cutting gears
6) Cutting slots, grooves and keyways.

Operations performed:
Adjust the job in the table to the base with the help of right angle scale. Tighten
the job and start the machine. After making this side smooth completely, take out
the job. Then the side perpendicular to the principle or smoothened side is put in
the table and again with the help of right angle scale put the job perpendicular to
base. Repeat the same procedure. Now 2 sides perpendicular to each other are
completely flat and smooth. Similarly 3rd side perpendicular to other 2 is made.
The job is completed in this way.