A proposal on:

Assessment of small indigenous fish species in human nutrition

Submitted by

Biplov Shrestha

BSc. fisheries, 6th semester

Roll no: 05

You can add more it in. just see the cover page details written into notes and see wha
cover age includes. I is no a assignment saying submitted by: so just look in the notes
and add. There are a lot to change here.

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 Table of contents

Contents Page no

Research proposal summary

1. Introduction
1.1. Background
1.2. Problems
1.3. Rationale study
1.4. Objectives
1.4.1. General objectives
1.4.2. Specific objectives
2. Literature review

3. Research methodology
4. Expected research outcomes

5. Logical framework
References
Appendices

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List of tables and figures

Figures page-no

Fig : 1

Tables page-no

Table no 1: Logical Framework analysis

Add all the table and figures with the page no. you can make a table layout and add or just
type.

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Research proposal summary

Small indigenous fishes (SIF) comprise a significant group of total finfish and shellfish
population and contribute significantly to the nutritional as well as livelihood security of the
rural mass. They are nutrient-dense and a rich source of micronutrients. The SIF provides
most of the essential minerals important in human nutrition as they are eaten whole, with
bone, head and eye. The trace elements present in SIF include copper, zinc, selenium, iodine,
magnesium, iron, cobalt, and chromium. Besides these microminerals, they are abundant in
macro minerals like calcium and phosphorous. The SIF is rich in vitamins, particularly
vitamins A, D and E as well as vitamins B1, B2 and B3. Some commonly consumed, small
freshwater fish species like Amblypharyngodon mola, Parambassis ranga, Osteobrama cotio
cotio, Esomus danricus have been found to contain a high amount of preformed vitamin A in
the form of retinol and 3, 4-dehydroretinol isomers. Small indigenous fish species of
freshwater origin are not only a source of vital protein to the rural poor but also of micro-
nutrients such as calcium, zinc, iron and fatty acids. Specifically for this research-based
practicum, my goal was to understand how small indigenous fish contribute to global
nutrition, and how they can be utilized in new ways to improve nutrition deficits.

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1. Introduction

1.1 Background

Fish is a source of protein, micro-nutrients and essential fatty acids, providing an important
complement to the predominantly carbohydrate-based diet of many poor people in
developing countries. Fish that grow to a size of 25 cm or 9 inches at mature or adult stage in
their life cycle are known as Small Indigenous Species (SIS) (Felts et al., 1996). However,
people may argue in this definition because of the maximum size of several species (e.g.
Puntius sarana, Clarias batrachus, Channa barca, Xenentodon cancila, Heteropneustes
fossilis etc.) have been reported more than 25 cm from water bodies of Bangladesh. The
small indigenous fish are prolific breeders, need little or no management and grow in the rice
fields, irrigation and drainage channels, backyard ponds, derelict water bodies, wetlands and
hence in almost all lentic and lotic water systems. In earlier these species were considered as
weed fish or trash fish but now it gaining importance as nutrient fish.

Fish is considered an easily digestible food item and a rich source of animal protein. Small
Indigenous Fish species contains a huge amount of vitamin-A and vitamin-D which are
essential for human bones, teeth, skin, and eyes. Small Indigenous Fish also supply a good
amount of calcium, phosphorus, iron, iodine etc. These minerals are essential for developing
body resistance against disease. Some Small Indigenous Fish like Punti (Puntius sp.) contains
double the amount of iron compared to many cultured carps like Silver carp
(Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) and Rohu/Rui (Labeo rohita), another Small Indigenous Fish,
Mola (Amblypharyngodon mola) contains three times more calcium and fifty times vitamin-A
than that of Silver carp and Rui (Villif and Jorgensen, 1993). Fish less than 10 cm in length,
which are eaten whole with organs and bones has a high amount of calcium, iron and zinc.
Fish is a great source of animal protein having a great benefit to human health. Usually,
small indigenous fish are caught in floodplains and small natural water bodies, these fish are
eaten in small amounts and distributed equally among the family members unlike the larger
fish.

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 Chemical composition of some SIS are shown in the following table-

Water Protein Ash Calcium Phosphorus  Iron (mg/

Name of SIS Fat (%)
(%) (%) (%) (mg/100 g) (mg/100 g) 100 g)

Anabas 70.0 8.80 14.8 2.00 410 390 135

testudineus

Channa 74.0 0.60 19.4 2.60 610 530 130

punctatus

Glossogobius 79.7 0.60 14.5 2.30 370 330 104

giuris

Heteropneustes 68.0 0.60 22.8 1.70 670 650 226

fossilis

Labeo bata 79.0 2.48 14.3 2.00 79.0 200 1.09

Notopterus 73.0 1.00 19.8 2.50 590 450 169

notopterus

Oxygaster 77.5 4.30 14.6 2.10 590 340 1.96

bacaila

Puntius sarana 70.2 9.50 16.5 1.53 220 120 0.54

* Source CSIR-India (1962).

1.2 Statement of Problems

Write like a rational study in paragraph and add points at last.

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  Lack of technology limits the supplement of nutrient-rich small fish from pond
aquaculture and rice field fisheries.
 Harvesting in large quantities is difficult as it is not a culture in ponds.
 Despite the high nutritional value of fish, it is often withheld from the diets of infants
and young children.

Malnutrition

Effect Food security Nutrient deficiency

Core problem Low intake of SIS

Lack of knowledge Low availabity of Obtained only

about SIS nutrient SIS from natural
composition water resources

Causes
Low harvesting Less aquaculture
from natural production
water resources

Fig: Problem tree

1.3 Rationale Study

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In the present context, in the world, there are many problems regarding the health of people,
but one of the most significant and ongoing problems is that of malnutrition, especially in
developing countries like Nepal. Approximately 13% of the population in developing
countries are malnourished, and 1 in 6 children are classified as underweight (World Food
Program, 2016). People who are poor often consume small fish which are usually widely
available and generally do not grow longer than 25 cm (9 inches) (Galib, 2009). They have
great importance in the nutrition sector still there has been very less study on the potential
nutritive properties of these fish. Small indigenous fish species of freshwater origin are not
only a source of vital protein to the rural poor but also of micro-nutrients such as calcium,
zinc, iron and fatty acids. Small indigenous species (SIS), hold the potential to provide a
much greater contribution to micronutrient intakes of vulnerable groups in the population
compared to common aquaculture species. The inclusion of SIS in the diet is the best food-
based strategy to improve nutrition. Thus, the goals of this research project were to perform a
literature review, identify and abstract Small Indigenous Fish nutrition, collect the data for
analysis, and determine how these locally available fish can be used to address nutrition
issues in developing countries and further contribution and its scope in agrifood system can
also be assessed. Healthy life

Effect Food security Balance nutrition

Main solution Inclusion of SIS in diet

Aware people about Availability of SIS Capture and

SIS nutrient culture practice
composition and of SIS
impact on health

Causes
Timely available of Polyculture of SIS
Fig: Solution tree good quality fish at with carp
optimum quantity
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1.4 Objectives

1.4.1 General objectives

 To assess accessibility and intake of nutrient-dense small indigenous fish species.

1.4.2 Specific objectives

 To estimate the nutrition value of small indigenous fish species.

 To evaluate the role of small indigenous fish in the nutritional security of vulnerable
groups such as pregnant women, children's etc.
 To promote sustainable use of small indigenous fish in both capture and culture.

1.5 Limitation

 After harvest, inefficiencies in fish value chains constrain access to and delivery of
fish high nutritional quality to consumers.
 Technology use is limited as polyculture technology integrating small indigenous fish
with larger fish has great potential.
 Lack of policy and legislation regarding the conservation of small indigenous fish
species.

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2. Literature review

Small indigenous fish are nutritional rich fish which can be utilized combating against
nutrient related problems and can be used as an occupation. Fish that grow to a size of 25 cm
or 9 inches at mature or adult stage in their life cycle are known as Small Indigenous Species
(SIS) (Felts et al., 1996). These minerals are essential for developing body resistance against
disease. Some Small Indigenous Fish like Punti (Puntius sp.) contains double the amount of
iron compared to many cultured carps like Silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) and
Rohu/Rui (Labeo rohita), another Small Indigenous Fish, Mola (Amblypharyngodon mola)
contains three times more calcium and fifty times vitamin-A than that of Silver carp and Rui
(Villif and Jorgensen, 1993) Role of small indigenous fish in human health has great
importance (B.P. Mohanty). Important components of fish that contribute to the context of
nutrient (Academy of Sciences, 2000). Evidence suggests that these locally available small
fish have considerable potential as cost-effective food-based strategies to enhance
micronutrient intakes or as a complementary food for undernourished children (Kongsbak,
Thilsted, and Wahed, 2001). Approximately 13% of the population in developing countries
are malnourished, and 1 in 6 children are classified as underweight (World Food Program,
2016). People who are poor often consume small fish which are usually widely available and
generally do not grow longer than 25 cm (9 inches) (Galib, 2009). Fish is a great source of
animal protein having a great benefit to human health (Mohanty, Behera, and Sharma, 2010).
Small indigenous species (SIS), hold the potential to provide a much greater contribution to
micronutrient intakes of vulnerable groups in the population compared to common
aquaculture species (Belsan, 2016). The inclusion of SIS in the diet is the the best food-based
strategy to improve nutrition (Jesica and Bogard, 2015). Small indigenous fish species of
freshwater origin are not only a source of vital protein to the rural poor but also of micro-
nutrients such as calcium, zinc, iron and fatty acids (International Collective in Support of
Fishworkers, 2010). Fish contribution and its scope in the agrifood system (Preston, 2016).
According to those study, SIS has a different important nutrient component which contributes
to human health making human strong against nutrient-related disease.

It is so less . please add it. And your introduction is more than your literature review
seriously. Better to add it up by decreasing the introduction .

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3. Research methodology

My original approaches and methods included the completion of three things: a literature
review (for the CF), were selected, trial batches production and analyzing available data of
SIS. Products were analyzed for nutrient composition using standard analytical procedures
and results compared with recommended or desirable nutrient intakes by humans. For the
literature review, we used specific words to discover relevant articles on small fish nutrient
composition information and the use of small fish as food in developing regions.

For trial production

 Location: Pond of AFU. Rampur, Chiwan

It is an ideal location for assessing the nutrient components of small indigenous fish
as in Rampur there is marshy land having small fish in it which can be used for trial
production in a pond and here we can evaluate nutrient components by using devices
available in the university lab.

For sampling purposes, random sampling will be done and its composition will be
evaluated.

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Initially, the goal was to find all available articles through a literature review and trial
production, abstract the data, analyze the data, and be able to report my findings and offer
suggestions for nutrition improvement, all by the end of the practicum time period.

4. Expected Research Outcomes

 Nutrient related diseases such as malnutrition will be eradicated through the
consumption of nutrient dense SIS.
 People will get some income by selling nutrient dense SIS.

Focuses on research to increase the consumption of nutritious fish in the first 1000 days of
life. Despite its rich nutritional value, fish is often withheld from the diets of infants and
young children in low-income countries, and this is compounded by gendered intra-
household distributional norms leading to low levels of fish consumption by women, even
when pregnant and lactating. Therefore conduct research to understand and test novel
approaches to overcoming these barriers to consumption, using the knowledge to develop and
test social and behavior change communication. We hypothesize that these tools can
significantly increase the amount of fish eaten by these nutritionally vulnerable groups and
increase gender equality in household decision-making.

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 5. Logical Framework
Narrative summery
Goal:
Assessment of small indigenous fish
species in human nutrition.
Purpose:
 Promotion of sustainable use of
small indigenous fish in both
capture and culture.
 Estimation of the nutrition value of 
small indigenous fish species.
Output:
 Nutrient related diseases such as
malnutrition will be eradicated
through the consumption of
nutrient-dense SIS.
 People will get some income by
selling nutrient dense SIS.
Objectively Verifiable Indicators[OVI] Means of Risks and assumptions
Verification[MOV]
By the end of 2020, the impact of small fish  CVS reports  There will be enough resources to conduct
on human nutrition will be identified.  FAO reports research.
 Within 1 year of research, there will be  Research report  The selected site will be able to produce SIS in
sustainable use of small fish through  Publication's good quantity.
culture and capture.  Farmer's survey  People will able to understand the nutrient
By the end of the research, the nutrient importance of SIS.
composition of fish will be evaluated.  Training for farmers about how to maintain and
culture SIS will be conducted without any
problems
 By the end of 2020, there will increase  Research reports  People will be encouraged to consume nutrient
intake of SIS through promotion.  Survey dense fish.
 Promotion of sustainable use of small  FAO reports  Co-ordination from university and some other
indigenous fish in both capture and organization will contribute to research and
culture during the research period of 1 promoting sustainable use of SIS
year.
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 Inputs: Budget summary

 Items
Site selection Year 1 Year 2 Grant Total

 Land
Program orientation lease survey
and baseline 1,20,000 1,20,000
 Pond management
Pond management 2,00,000 80,000 2,80,000
 Identification of problems
Resource allocation 1,80,450 1,80,450
 Resource design

Materials and euipments

 Feeding management 50,000 14,000 64,000

 Water supply
Imapct assessment survey 25,000 25,000 50,000
 Data analysis, survey,
Publication 1,00,000 1,00,000
report publications
Sub-total 5,75,450 2,19,000 7,94,450

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6. Work schedule

Tentative work of small indigenous fish production for research will be as follow

Dec
May

Aug

Nov
Mar

Apr
Feb

Sep

Oct
Jun
Jan

Jul
Activities
Literature review                    
Site selection                    
Pond Preparation and
other housing
Materials and
equipment
management                  
Production set up and
harvesting                    
Analyzing nutrient
content                  
Publication                    
Economical analysis                    

7. Research budget

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References
Felts, R. F. (1996). Small Indigenous Fish Species Culture in Bangladesh (Technical brief),
IFADEP Sub Project 2, Development of Inland Fisheries, p.41.

Villif, A. a. (1993). Analysis of naeringgsstoffet I, in An Environmental Monitoring System

for GOLDA Project.

B.P. Mohanty, M. P. (n.d.). SMALL INDIGENOUS FISHES AND THEIRIMPORTANCE

IN HUMAN HEALTH. 257–278.

Belsan, A. (2016). The Contribution of Small Indigenous Fish to Global Nutrition.

Massachusetts.

Felts, R. F. (1996). Small Indigenous Fish Species Culture in Bangladesh (Technical brief),
IFADEP Sub Project 2, Development of Inland Fisheries,. 41.

International Collective in Support of Fishworkers (ICSF). (23–25 February 2010). Small

Indigenous Freshwater Fish Species: their role in poverty alleviation, food security
and conservation of biodiversity. 27 College Road, Chennai 600 006, India:
Chandrika Sharma.

Jessica R. Bogard, A.-L. H. ( 2015 , August 20). Inclusion of Small Indigenous Fish
Improves Nutritional Quality During the First 1000 Days. 36(September 1, 2015),
276-289. Retrieved from
https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/0379572115598885

Preston, N. (2016, march 31). FISH: CGIAR Research Program on fish agrifood systems.
Retrieved from CGSPACE: https://cgspace.cgiar.org/bitstream/handle/10947/4240/1-
FISH%20Full%20Proposal.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y

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 Appendices
S.N References Title
1 Felts, R.A., F. Fajts Small Indigenous Fish Species
and M. Culture in Bangladesh
Akteruzzaman. (Technical brief), IFADEP Sub
1996 Project 2, Development of
Inland Fisheries
2 B.P. Mohanty, M. P. Small indigenous fishes and
(n.d.) their importance in human
health
3. Academy of Dietary reference intakes for
Sciences. 2000 Vitamin C, Vitamin E,
Selenium, and Carotenoids.
4 Kongsbak, K., Effect of consumption of the
Thilsted, S.H., nutrient-dense, freshwater
Wahed, M.A. 2008 small fish Amblypharyngodon
mola on biochemical indicators
of vitamin A status in
Bangladeshi children: a
randomized, controlled study
of efficacy.
5. Kris-Etherton, P.M., Fish consumption, fish oil,
Harris, W.S., Appel, omega-3 fatty acids, and
L.J. 2002 cardiovascular disease.
6 Mohanty, B.P., Nutritional Significance of
Behera, B.K., Small Indigenous Fishes in
Sharma, A.P. 2010 Human Health.
7 Ng, Ka-Hung, Dietary PUFA intakes in
Meyer, B.J., Reece, children with attention-
L., Sinn, N. 2009 deficit/hyperactivity disorder
symptoms.
8 Belsan, A. (2016) The Contribution of Small
Indigenous Fish to Global
Nutrition.
9 Bogard, J.R, Nutrient composition of
Thilsted, S.H., important fish species in
Marks, G.C., Bangladesh and potential
Wahab, M.A., contribution to recommended
Hossain, M.A.R., nutrient intakes.
Jakobsen, J., &
Stangoulis, J. (2015)
Methodology
Literature review, survey
Paper review, survey
- -
Literature review,
electronic library
databases ASFA, CABD
Evidence from
epidemiological studies
and randomized control
trials.
A total of 182 children
with parent-reported
ADHD symptoms above
the 90th percentile on the
12-item
literature
review, triangulation
with InFood Database,
and summarizing fish
nutrition
Species and nutrient
components selected for
analyses were chosen to
‘fill the gaps’ in existing
data, using rigorous
sampling and analytical
methods.
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Study area Key information's
Bangladesh Fish which grow to a size of 25
cm or 9 inches at mature or
adult stage in their life cycle are
known as Small Indigenous
Species (SIS).
India Role of small indigenous fish in
human health.
Important components of fish in
nutrition aspects.
Bangladesh Evidence suggests that these
locally available small fish have
considerable potential as cost-
effective food-based strategies
to enhance micronutrient intakes
or as a complementary food for
undernourished children
Several Consumers need to be aware of
countries both the benefits and risks of
fish consumption for their
particular stage of life.
Central Inland Fish is a great source of animal
Fisheries protein having great benefit to
Research human health.
Institute
(ICAR)
Australia Children
with ADHD consumed
significantly less fish/seafood
(P,0·05) and meat/eggs (P,0·01)
compared to the National
Nutrition Survey.
Massachusetts Impact of SIS in nutrition
Bangladesh Small indigenous species (SIS),
hold the potential to provide a
much greater contribution to
micronutrient intakes of
vulnerable groups in the
population compared to
common aquaculture species.
10 Galib, S.M. (2009) Small Indigenous Species Research Bangladesh Nutrient composition of SIS.
(SIS) of Fishes

11 Villif, A. and L.B. Analysis of naeringgsstoffet I, Bangladesh Some Small Indigenous Fish
Jorgensen. 1993 in An Environmental like Punti (Puntius sp.) contains
Monitoring System for double the amount of iron
GOLDA Project: CARE- compared to many cultured
Bangladesh Interim Report. carps like Silver carp
(Hypophthalmichthys molitrix)
and Rohu/Rui (Labeo rohita),
another Small Indigenous Fish,
Mola (Amblypharyngodon
mola) contains three times more
calcium and fifty times vitamin-
A than that of Silver carp and
Rui
12 Roos, N., Wahab, The Role of Fish in Food- Data on fish Bangladesh This article describes results
A., Chamnan, C., & Based Strategies to Combat consumption in rural and Cambodia from research and capacity-
Thilsted, S. (2007) Vitamin A and Mineral Bangladesh and building projects focusing on
Deficiencies in Developing Cambodia. fish intake in rural Bangladesh
Countries. and Cambodia.
13 International Small Indigenous Freshwater The workshop was India Small indigenous fish species of
Collective in Fish Species: their role in organized as a forum for freshwater origin are not only a
Support of poverty alleviation, food people working in source of vital protein to the
Fishworkers (ICSF). security and conservation of freshwater fisheries. rural poor but also of micro-
(23–25 February biodiversity. nutrients such as calcium, zinc,
2010) iron and fatty acids.
14 Jessica R. Bogard, Inclusion of Small Indigenous Local nutrient-rich Bangladesh Inclusion of SIS in diet is best
A.-L. H. ( 2015 , Fish Improves Nutritional ingredients and simple food based strategy to improve
August 20) Quality During the First 1000 processing methods nutrition.
Days. based on traditional
knowledge (for the
chutney), and a literature
review
15 FAO. State of Food The Multiple Dimensions of Research
Insecurity in the Food Insecurity.
World
16 Preston, N. (2016, FISH: CGIAR Research Research question, University of Fish contribution and its scope
march 31) Program on fish agrifood Literature review Greenwich, in agrifood system.
systems. Wageningen
University,
and
WorldFish.
17 Roos, N., Islam, Small Indigenous Fish Species Fifty-nine poor rural Bangladesh Floodplain fisheries are the
M.M., &Thilsted, in Bangladesh: Contribution to households with small main source of fish for
S.H. (2003) Vitamin A, Calcium and Iron seasonal ponds were consumption, and aquaculture in
Intakes. selected in Kishoreganj small homestead ponds has little
District and field trail, impact on the household fish
data analysis had done. consumption.

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