PEARSON EDEXCEL INTERNATIONAL A LEVEL GUO: Student BookPublohes by Pearson Eaueston Liaed, 0 Stand London, WO2R ORL, wa pearsenglobatchoos com Copies ofl spetcatons fora Person qualfctons may be oun on the ‘wate pe /quicatons person com Tet © Pearson Ecucaton Ltd 2019 “Types by Tach St Lis Gateshead, UK (rig tuations © Person Escalon Led 2019 Iastated by © Tach Set Lis, Gtesheas, UK Cover design by © Pearson Education Leite 2089 ‘The vights of Dave Bary, Keth Gaick Susan Hooke, Minad Jennings. Jeon Leno Lae McKelvey Brenan Moran, Su Nehalon Lawence Paleran at ledger Jos Stravounis, Mary Sh ace Wilas 0 be aera ‘authors of the wor have tren asered by thar in aearcane th ha Conyrare Desig end ates Act 1988 Fret publahes 2018 Bish Libr Cataloguing in Publication Data ‘catalogue record fore books avalable fom the Bh Litray IBN 978+ 20004481 5 Copyright notice ‘Nt Pant osrved. 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ACCELERATION OF AN OBJECT ae = MOVING ON A HORIZONTAL Eee 88 CIRCULAR PATH 89 4.3 THREE-DIMENSIONAL PROBLEMS WITH OBJECTS MOVING IN HORIZONTAL CIRCLES 95 4.4 OBJECTS MOVING IN VERTICAL CIRCLES 103 4.5 OBJECTS NOT CONSTRAINED ON A CIRCULAR PATH 110 CHAPTER REVIEW 4 115Cs Gan v CHAPTER 5 FURTHER CENTRES REVIEW EXERCISE 2 164 OF MASS 120 5.1 USING CALCULUS TO FIND THE EXAM PRACTICE 174 CENTRE OF MASS OF ALAMINA 121 5.2 CENTRE OF MASS OF A UNIFORM ied 139 GLOSSARY 176 5.3 NON-UNIFORM BODIES 141 CHAPTER REVIEW 5 144 ANSWERS. 178 CHAPTER 6 STATICS OF RIGID —|NDEX 195 BODIES 147 6.1 RIGID BODIES IN EQUILIBRIUM 148 6.2 TOPPLING AND SLIDING 152 CHAPTER REVIEW 6 159POURS ABOUT THIS BOOK The following three themes have been fully integrated throughout the Pear ‘son Edexcel International Advanced Level in Mathematics series, 50 they can be applied alongside your learning, 1, Mathematical argument, language and proof + Rigorous and consistent approach throughout + Notation boxes explain key mathematical language and symbols 2. Mathematical problem-solving ‘The Mathematical Problem-Solving Cycle ‘+ Hundreds of problem-solving questions, fully integrated cr specify the problem } into the main exercises + Problem-solving boxes provide tips and strategies ierpet rests a + Challenge questions provide extra stretch t 3. Transferable skills a + Transferable skills are embedded throughout this book: in the exercises and in some examples + These skills are signposted to show students which skills they are using and developing Finding your way around the book sma Ae. Lite Te HS) Each chapter stats witha Ist of Leeming objectives “The Pre knowledge check helps make sure you ar ready to start the chapter Glossary terme wil be identi by bold lus text on thal fst appearance Each chapter is mapped to the soeeficaton eantent or exsy ‘eference ‘To real wold appileatons of the maths you are about fo eam srehighlghted athe start ofthe chapterCLL e Each eection bogins wth explanation and key learning ports Taweweadeae signposted where they natura occur into execizes and eampies owes prondents, | [Exersees are packed win ‘xampe focus on the| tips and strategies, and Watch out” | Jexarstyle questions to ensure Beariestyle questions || Key'ypesof quostons| Boxes highlight reas whare studants | | ou ae leady forthe exams [Exarise questions are carctly (graded 20 they inereaso ety and gradual bring rn ee areflagged with @ "2" needtotacke | ofen ose mans thor exams Problem-solving a ‘questions are flagged Each chapter ends with a Ohapterrevew with © sna Summary of hey points helps you consoidate your leaning with lots of exarmstyle questions Review exercise you up to exam standard ater every few chapters, a Review exercise Exam practice Mathematics International Advanced Sutsidiary/ Advanced Level Mechanics 3 [A tl practice paper atthe back of the book helps you prepae forthe relthing crviii QUALIFICATION AND ASSESSMENT OVERVIEW QUALIFICATION AND ASSESSMENT OVERVIEW Qualification and content overview Mechanics 3 (M3) is an optional unit in the following qualifications: International Advanced Subsidiary in Further Mathematics International Advanced Level in Further Mathematics Assessment overview ‘The following table gives an overview of the assessment for this unit. We recommend that you study this information closely to help ensure that you are fully prepared for this course and know exactly what to expect in the assessment, Ce Availabilty M3: Mechanics 3 33%60flAS 75 ‘Thour30mins | Janvary and june Papercode WMEOX/0L | 16$ 90 of AL First assessment ne 2020 IAS: International Advanced Subsidiary, IAL: International Advanced A Level Assessment objectives and weightings Recall, select and use their knowledge of mathematical facts, concepts and techniques in a 0% variety of contexts. “Construct rigorous mathematical arguments and proofs through use of precise statements, logical deduction and inference and by the manipulation of mathematical expressions, including the construction of extended arguments for handling substantial problems presented in unstructured form, Recall select and use their knowledge of standard mathematical models to represent situations in the real world; recognise and understand ven representations involving standard models; present and interpret results from such models in terms of the original situation, including discussion ofthe assumptions made and refinement of such models. CComprehend translations of common realistic contexts into mathematics; use the results of ‘404 | calculations to make predictions, or comment on the context; and, where appropriate, read 5% pages 1-10 © Use calculus with a particle moving in a straight line and with acceleration varying with displacement “> pages 10-19 Integrate with respect to x 8 a bide sinSzx @-3x) Pure 3 Section 6.1 : is eey é 2 2 dx & +2? Find y in terms of x given y = 3 when : ai eure 4 Section 6s When an object moves under a force field, the force acting might change p24 as the object changes position. You 3° Given that [ay can use differential equations to where k is a rational constant to be found. solve problems where acceleration Pure 4 Section 6.5 is a function of position. k, find k, 10 - Be-0 When ¢ =2 ‘The velocity of P at time 1 seconds is (10 ~ Be" ———_—_—_ b For all x,e" > O and s0 for all, Be" > 0 follows that 10 ~ 6 Hence, the speed of P cannot exceed 10m: <10 for all4 CHAPTER 1 peau) © v(ms") 5 The velocity 10ms~"is the terminal or limiting velocity of P. ol 1) Example @) Pros sone A particle P is moving along the positive x-axis. At time ¢ seconds, the velocity of P is yms~ in the direction of x increasing, where v = 4sin (20). When ¢= 0, Pisat 0. Find the magnitude of the acceleration of P when t= 5 b the greatest distance from O attained by P during the motion. The magnitude of the acceleration of P when 2 is aemse, time # seconds be Let the displacement of P x metres, x= 2(1— cos(2at)) The greatest value of x occurs when cos (2m) = -1 The greatest value of xis 2(1 — (1) The greatest distance from O attained by P Be easesTeles Pia e EMI) rwasrone A particle P is moving along the x-axis, Initially P is at the origin 0. At time ¢ seconds (where ¢ = 0) the velocity, vms~!, of P is given by v= re Find the distance of P from O when the acceleration of P is zeto. =a oor When a=O.ase4 #0 Oates frat = fies ar niece andi 6c 4A (at + 16) Ox=0 O=A-16 > A=16 When te- ear 416) (4x 4416) cation of P is zero, 161 ~ Ze") ——5 A particle is moving along the x-axis. At time ¢ seconds the velocity of P is ms! in the direetion of x increasing, where uw Ox? dat +4 2 When 1 = 0, Pis at the origin 0. a Sketch a velocity-time graph to illustrate the motion of P in the interval 0-= ¢= 5 b Find the distance of P from O when f= 56 CHAPTER 1 poate 2 sms) b The distance moved in the first two seconds is represented by the area labelled Let this area be Ay The distance travelled in the next three seconds is represented by the area labelled @) Let this area be A, ‘(2+4) A: tiation 10+ 4In5) —(4 + 412) =6+Aln5 ~In2)=6 + 40> 2 The astance of P trom O uhen f= 55 3 p 446443 = (104 4105] vas A particle P moves on the positive x-axis, The velocity of Pat time « seconds is (2° -7r+ 3)ms,1= 0 When 1 = 0, Pis 10m from the origin 0. Find a the values of ¢ when P is instantaneously at rest b the displacement of P from O when ¢= 5 € the total distance travelled by P in the interval 0 = r= 5 743 oe ——_ i= @i~ n= 9) test uhon = O5 onaPoe iy Caton ee ee tan fer 710 240 502 — | When ¢= 0, se —§— aay 15, é Whee s=(2x) (x54) +0%5)+ 102 25-2008m ime graph for the motion of the particle GE ‘The particle changes direction twice in the interval <= r= 5 ifyou were to nd [var you woud be working out the displacement. of the particle at time t= 5 from ts position at time ¢=0 ‘To work out the distance travelled you need to find the total area enclosed (ie surrounded) by the velocity-time ‘graph and the x-axis Sketch the graph ‘to show the critical points, and work ‘out three separate integrals. Distance travelled = [rar [vars [ode The negative term arises (ie starts to exist) because the definite integral will be negative for an area below the wanis o| jp key s= Jer -714 9a Bibeeed oud )-€ : -((6-3)-(G-9) 29) 22) &(3 7 Be oy BP Beats x5!) +195)CR asia Bae EXD nse 1A particle P is moving in a straight line. Initially P is moving through a point O with speed 4ms-', At time f seconds after passing through O the acceleration of P is 3e-°25'm, direction OP. Find the velocity of the particle at time ¢ seconds, 2A particle P is moving along the x-axis in the direction of x increasing At time f seconds, the velocity of P is ¢sin rms~!, When f= 0, P is at the origin, Show that when 1=5, P is | metre from 0. 3 Attime r seconds the velocity, ym“, of a particle moving in a straight line is given by 4 342 ‘When 1 = 0, the particle is at a point A, When 1 = 3, the particle is at the point B. Find the distance between A and B. 120 4A particle P is moving along the x-axis in the positive direction. At time f seconds the acceleration of P is 4e"ms-?in the positive direction. When / = 0, P is at rest. Find the distance P moves in the interval 0 < 1 <2. Give your answer to 3 significant figures (s.). 5 A particle P is moving along the x-axis. At time 1 seconds the displacement of P from 0 is xm and the velocity of P is 4cos 3¢ms~!, both measured in the direction Ox. When r= 0 the particle P is at the origin 0. Find a the magnitude of the acceleration when b win terms of ¢ € the smallest positive value of ¢ for which P is at . 6 A particle P is moving along a straight line. Initially P is at rest. At time 1 seconds P has velocity ym s-! and acceleration ams where 6 ae Find vin terms of 1. as 120 ® 7 A particle P is moving along the x-axis, At time 1 seconds the velocity of P is yms~ in the direction of x increasing, where 4 Osrs3 s-2 3<1<6 When /=0, P is at the origin 0. a Sketch a velocity-ti b Find the displacement of P from O when t= 6 graph to illustrate the motion of Pin the interval 0 = 1 = 6Poe iy Caton 8 A particle P is moving in a straight line with acceleration sin rm s~ at time r seconds, 1 = 0, The particle is initially at rest at a point O. Find “ a the speed of P when ¢ b the displacement of P from O when 1= ®) 9 A particle P is moving along the x-axis. At time # seconds P has velocity yms~! in the direction increasing and an acceleration of magnitude 4e*2' ms- in the direction x decreasing, When 1= 0, P is moving through the ori velocity 20m“ in the direction. increasing Find avin terms of ¢ (3 marks) b the maximum value of x attained by P during its motion, (3 marks) ® 10 A caris travelling along a straight road. As it passes a sign S, the driver applies the brakes. The car is modelled as.a particle. At time ¢ seconds the car is xm from S and its velocity, 200 ek Given that when # = 0, the speed of the car is 40ms~! and its deceleration is 0.5m 5, find a the value of cand the value of vs“, is modelled by the equation where ¢ and k are constants, b xin terms of ¢ © 11 A particle P is moving along a straight line. When ¢ = 0, P is passing through a point 4. At time ¢ seconds after passing through A the velocity, rms“, of Pis given by = He’ + 154 Find a the values of ¢ for which the acceleration is zero b the displacement of P from A when f= In3 ©® 12 A particle P moves along a straight line, At time f seconds (where f > 0) the velocity of P is 2r+in(r+2)ms". Find the value of ¢ for which the acceleration has magnitude 2.2m s* b the distance moved by P in the interval | = 1< 4 G®) 13 A particle P moves on the positive x-axis. The velocity of P at time # seconds is (32 - 57+ 2)ms-, 1>0 When = 0, Pis at the origin O. Find a the values of ¢ when P is instantaneously at rest (2 marks) b the acceleration of P when t= 5 GB marks) © the total distance travelled by P in the interval 0 < = 5 (S marks) When #= 0, Pis at the origin O. 4 Show that P never returns to O, Problem-solving explaining your reasoning. (3 marks) in part d, form an expression for the displacement ‘and show that dé 0for any value of except ¢=0SU ato poate 14 A particle moving in a straight line starts from rest at the point Q at time = 0 At time z seconds, the velocity vm s" of the particle is given by =Ut-5) 0=1=6 n - 6 O, and so both 2x + 3 and 590, t04 3 wd gies are positive The speed of P cannot exceed v130 ms~ sus 1A particle P moves along the x-axis, At time ¢ = 0, P passes through the origin O with velocity Sms! in the direction of x increasing. At time ¢ seconds, the velocity of P is yms-! and OP = xm. The acceleration of Pis (2 +5x]ms-2, measured in the positive x direction Find » in terms of x. 2A particle P moves along a straight line. When its displacement from a fixed point 0 on the line is xm and its velocity is vms“!, the deceleration of P is 4vms7. At Find vin terms of 3A particle P is m the velocity of Pis vm“ and its acceleration is of magnitude 4m inthe direetion of x along the x-axis in the direction of « increasing. At OP = xm (x > 0), increasing. Given that at x = 2, v= 6, find the value of x for which P is instantaneously at rest ® 4 A particle P moves along a straight line. When its displacement from a fixed point O.on the line is xm and its velocity is ms! in the direction of x increasing, the acceleration of is of magnitude 25xm sand is directed towards O. At x = 0, v=40, In its motion P is instantaneously at rest at two points, A and B, Find the distance between 4 and B.Poe iy ®s5 Caton A particle P is moving along the x-axis, At OP = xm, the velocity of P is vm! in the direction of «increasing and its acceleration is of magnitude kx? ms~, where & is a positive constant in the direction of decreasing. At x =0, v= 16. The particle is instantaneously at rest at x= 20 Find a the value of k b the velocity of P when x = 10 A particle P is moving along the x-axis in the direction of «increasing. At OP = xm, the velocity of Pis vms~! in the direction of increasing and its acceleration is of magnitude 8x'ms~ in the direction PO. At 2, Find the value of x for which v = 8 A particle P is moving along the w-axis, When the displacement of P from the origin O is xm, the velocity of Pis yms~' in the direction of increasing and its acceleration is 6sin 3 ms. Atx=0, 724, Find a in terms of x b the greatest possible speed of P. A particle P is moving along the x-axis. At x= 0, the velocity of P is 2ms~! in the direction of x increasing, At OP = xm, the velocity of P is »ms-! and its acceleration is (2 + 3") ms“ Find the velocity of P at x = 3. Give your answer to 3 significant figures. (marks) A particle P moves away from the origin 0 along the positive x-axis, The acceleration of P is of magnitude 54-5 ms, where OP = xm, directed towards O. Given that the speed of P at Ois4ms", find a the speed of P at x= 10 (4 marks) b the value of at which P is instantaneously at rest (6 marks) Give your answers to 3 significant figures, A particle P is moving along the positive x-axis, At OP = m, the velocity of P is yms“! and. its acceleration is (x - 4.) ms-, The particle starts from the position where x = 1 with velocity 3ms~ in the direction of x increasing. Find a vin terms of x (4 marks) b the least speed of P during its motion. (marks) A particle P is moving along the x-axis, Initially P is at the origin O moving with velocity 15m" in the direction of x increasing. When the displacement of P from Q is.xm, its acceleration is of magnitude (10 + }.x)ms~ directed towards O. Find the distance P moves before first coming to instantaneous rest. (7 marks) A particle P is moving along the x-axis. At time ¢ seconds, P is xm from O, has velocity vms-! and acceleration of magnitude 6x! ms~ in the direction of x increasing, When (= 0, x= 8 and v= 12. Find avin terms of x (4marks) b xinterms of 1 (4 marks)SC ata poate Crs ‘particle P moves along the x-axis, At time r=0, P passes through the Crigin moving inthe positive x direction. At time «seconds, the velocity Of Pis vms~! and OP = xmetres The acceleration of Ps 7L(25 —x) Given that the maximum speed of P is 12 m5", find an expression for »? in terms of x: CE 1) TIED rronien-soure © 1 A particle P is moving along the x-axis. At time z seconds, the displacement of P from the origin O is xm and the velocity of Pis 4e"*'m sin the direction Ox. When 1= 0, Pisat 0. Find avin terms of ¢ (6 marks) b the acceleration of P when ¢= Ind (Gmarks) © 2 A particle P moves along the x-axis in the direction of x increasing, At time r seconds, the velocity of Pis yms and its acceleration is 20re-' ms. When f = 0 the speed of Pis Sms“. Find ay interms of ¢ (3 marks) the limiting velocity of P. (2 marks) © 3 A particle P moves along a straight line. Initially Ps at rest at a point O on the line. At time tseconds, where £ > 0, the acceleration of P is irected away from O. 8m: r+ 3p Find the value of r for which the speed of P is 0.48ms~'. (4 marks) © 4 Acar moves along a horizontal straight road. At time ¢ seconds the acceleration of the car is om 2 and the velocity is v ms~! in the direction of motion of the car. When 1 = 0, the car is at rest. Find a an expression for vin terms of 1 marks) b the distance moved by the car in the first 10 seconds of its motion. GB marks) © 5 A particle P is moving in a stright line with acceleration cos? rm sat time seconds ‘The particle is initially at rest at a point O. a Find the speed of P when ¢ =a (marks) b Show that the distance of P from O when (a+ 8)m. (A marks)Poe iy @ «6 Caton A particle P is moving along the x-axis. At time ¢ seconds, the velocity of P is yms~! in the direction of x increasing, where fs Osis4 eb 4 When 1 = 0, Pis at the origin O. Find a the acceleration of P when # = 2.5 (2 marks) b the acceleration of P when r= 5 (2 marks) © the distance of P from O when f= 6 (Bmarks) A particle P is moving along the x-axis. At time ¢ seconds, P has velocity vm s“!in the direction of x increasing and an acceleration of magnitude “+3 ms-*in the diteetion of x increasing. When f= 0, Pis at rest atthe origin O. Find avin terms of ¢ (S marks) b the distance of P from O when ¢=2 (3 marks) A particle moving in a straight line starts from rest at the point O at time At time r seconds, the velocity vm s~! of the particle is given by 3e- 1448 oss 18-5 set where T'is the first time the particle comes to momentary (i. instantaneous) rest when travelling with velocity A T 18-5ms" a Find the value of 7 (2 marks) b Sketch a velocity-time graph for the particle for 0 <1 T (B marks) € Find the set of values of for which the acceleration of the particle is positive, (2 marks) Find the total distance travelled by the particle in the interval 0< f= T (S marks) A particle P moves on the x-axis. At time £ seconds the velocity of P is ym" in the direction of winereasing, where » = (1 — 4)(31 ~ 8), 1= 0 When = 0, Pis at the origin 0. a Find the acceleration of P at time seconds. (2 marks) b Find the total distance travelled by P in the first 3 seconds of its motion. (GB marks) © Show that P never returns to O, explaining your reasoning, (3 marks)Cato] poate 10 A particle P moves on the positive x-axis with an acoeleration at time ¢ seconds of (3¢~4)m ‘The particle starts from O with a velocity of 2ms Find a the values of r when P is instantaneously at rest (4 marks) the total distance travelled by Pin the interval 0 << 4 (4 marks) I1_A particle P moves along a straight line. When the displacement of P from a fixed point on in the the line ism, its velocity is v ms and its acceleration is of magnitude &m direction of x increasing. At w= Find vin terms of « (4 marks) © 12 A particle is moving along the x-axis. At time s = 0, P is passing through the origin O with ry Sms-" in the direction of x increasing, When P is xm from O, its acceleration is gs) ms? in the direction of x decreasing Find the positive value of x for which P is instantaneously at rest. (marks) © 13 A particle Pis moving on the x-axis. When Ps a distance metres from the origin 0, its acceleration is of magnitude 3ms- in the direction OP. Initially Pis at the point where and is moving toward 0 with speed 6ms-!, Find the value of x where P first comes to rest. (6 marks) © 14 A particle P is moving along the a-axis. At time 1 seconds, the velocity of P is yms~! and the acceleration of P is (3 — x) ms~ in the direction of x increasing. Initially P is at the origin O and is moving with speed 4 ms“ in the direction of x inereasing. Find in terms of x (3 marks) b the maximum value of (3 marks) © 15 A particle P is moving along the x-axis. At time 1 = 0, P passes through the origin O. Afier 1 seconds the speed of P is yms“', OP = xmetres and the acceleration of P is cee) , ‘m7 in the direction of x increasing. At.x = 10, Pis instantaneously at rest. Find an expression for v? in terms of x (marks) b the speed of P when 1 = 0 (2 marks) © 16 A particle Pmoves sway from the origin along the positive canis At ime second the acceleration of P is, “gms where OP =m, crete away rom 0. Given that the speed of P is 3ms~ at x = 0, find, giving your answers to 3 significant figures, a the speed of Pat x= 12 (marks) bb the value of x when the speed of P is Sms~! (3 marks)Poe iy Caton ©) 17 A particle P is moving along the x-axis. When = 0, Pis passing through O with velocity 3m"! in the direction of x increasing. When 0 =v = 4 the acceleration is of magnitude (4-44) ms2im the direction of x increasing. At x= 4, the aceleration of P changes. For x> 4, the magnitude of the acceleration remains (4 + 3.x) ms but itis mow inthe direction of x decreasing. a Find the speed of Pat.x=4 (marks) b Find the positive value of x for which P is instantaneously at rest. Give your answer to 2 significant figures. (3 marks) © 18 A particle P is moving along the x-axis. At time # seconds P is xm from O, has velocity ms” and acceleration of magnitude (4x + 6)ms* in the direction of « inereasing. When ¢ = Pis passing through O with velocity 3ms~! in the direction of x increasing. Find a vin terms of x (GB marks) b win terms of ¢. (4 marks) A rocket is launched straight upwards from the Earth's surface with an Initial velocity of 32 500 km hr. The fight of the rocket can be modelled 5.4 parte wth aneccleration of hms where c= 4x 10 and xk is the distance from the centre of the Earth. The radius of the Earth is 16370 km, Work out the maximum helght above the surface of the Earth that the rocket will reach Pee 1 To find the velocity from the displacement, you differentiate with respect to time. To find the acceleration from the velocity, you differentiate with respect to time. dx ar Ce rere 2 To obtain the velocity from the acceleration, you integrate with respect to time. To obtain the displacement from the velocity, you integrate with respect to time, vz fadtand x= fodr 3 When the acceleration is a function of the displacement you can use arvarle")2 ELASTIC STRINGS AND SPRINGS Learning objectives After completing this chapter you should be able to: © Use Hooke’ law to solve equilibrium problems involving elastic strings or springs ~ pages 20-28 © Use Hooke's law to solve dynamics problems involving elastic © Find the energy stored in an elastic string or spring strings or springs > pages 28-30 > pages 31-33 © Solve problems involving elastic energy using the principle of conservation of mechanical energy and the work-energy principle ee ees 1 2 3 Three forces a Given that the particle is in equilibrium, calculate the exact values of and tan 0. na particle “> pages 33-40 oN Mechanics 1 Section 7.1 A particle of mass 4 kg is pulled along a rough horizontal table by a horizontal force of magnitude 12.N. Given that the ma constant velocity, work out the coefficient of friction bet particle and the table. Asmooth plane is inclined at 30° to the horizontal. A particle moves with een the Mechanics 1 Section 5.3 ass (O.4kg slides down a line of greatest slope of the plane. The particle starts from rest at point P and passes point Q with a speed 5 ms: Use the principle of conservation of mechanical energy to find the distance PO. Mechanics 2 Section 4.2 Bungee jumping isan activity that involves jumping from a high point whilst attach toa long elastic cord. Whe the person jumps, their gravitational potential energy is converted (Le. changed) into kinetic energy. As the bungee cord extends, this kinetic energy (KE) is converted into elastic potential energy.eS ee UPR sy aed EB) Hooke’s law and equilibrium problems You can use Hooke's law to solve eq jum problems involving elastic strings or springs. ‘The tension (7) produced when an elastic string or spring is stretched is proportional to the extension (x). = Tox ex, where kis a constant ‘The constant k depends on the unstretched length of the string or spring, J, and the Ces modulus of elasticity of the string or spring, This relationship is called Hooke’s law. TTisaforce measured in newtons, and x and! QQEEEEPER in this chapter al elastic strings and are both lengths, so the units of 4 are also Erakedarensecetede cre Werte esr newtons. The value of 4 depends on the material they have negligible mass and do not stretch from which the elastic string or spring is made, under their own weight and is a measure of the ‘stretchiness’ (Le. how far something can stretch) of the string or spring. In this chapter you may assume that Hooke's law applies for the values given in a question. In reality, Hooke's [aw only applies for values of x up to a maximum value, known as the elastic limit of the spring or string, GED BaD meron An elastic string of natural length 2m and modulus of elasticity 29.4 N has one end fixed. A particle of mass 4 kg is attached to the other end and hangs at rest. Find the extension of the string tring stretches by 2m a Fa22 CHAPTER 2 ELASTIC STRINGS AND SPRINGS van An clastic spring of natural length 1.5m has one end attached to a fixed point. A horizontal force of magnitude 6N is applied to the other end and compresses the spring to a length of Im, Find the modulus of elasticity of the spring. The modulus of elasticity is 18N, GEES) HID vercos The elastic springs PQ and QR are joined together at Q to form one long spring. The spring PO has natural length 1.6m and modulus of elasticity 20 N. The spring QR has natural length 1.4m and modulus of elasticity 28 N. The ends, P and R, of the long spring are attached to two fixed points which are 4m apart, as shown in the diagram, <——4m + P Find the tension in the combined spring. Problen-solv ro; 8 5 Since Q is at rest the tension in each spring must be the same. ia Let the extension in spring PQ be x The extension in OR = 1 = x For PO: 20x For OR: 50 20%eS ETUDE) aed Ex] 20x r 298 = 2011 - x) 12.5x = 20 - 20x 32.5x = 20 The tension in the combined spring is 769N (3 sf) An clastic string of natural length 2/ and modulus of elasticity 4mg is stretched between two points Aand B. The points A and B are on the same horizontal level and AB =2/. A particle P is attached to the midpoint of the string and hangs in equilibrium with both parts of the string making an angle of 30° with the line 4B. Find, in terms of m, the mass of the particle. es 4 Se Draw a large clear diagram showing the forces ‘acting on the particle. itis useful to label the midpoint of 4 and B as wel. 0330" ~ 5 AP= so the stn al ET - al ched length of the string is Extension of string is mg (AL ar We ) —_____ re | ———__ «——____ re t = one (& kame 288 2 Og Thereof the price 62m @ 2 healoe BS ES TU in SEIN) ELD sere ‘An elastic string has natural length 2m and modulus of elasticity 98 N. One end of the string is attached to a fixed point O and the other end is attached to a particle P of mass 4 kg. The particle is held in equilibrium by a horizontal force of magnitude 28N, with OP making an angle with the vertical, as shown, Find a the value of @ b the length OP. ep Eee ae problems involving one elastic spring using oI GeoGebr P Sten 28N Since the particle is in equilibrium, you can resolve horizontally and vertically to find @. You could also use these two equations to find an exact value for 7; but it is easier to use your calculator and an unrounded value for 8 to find x. ae ; — | 4 908 Find) = 0983. OP = 2 + 0.983., = 2.983, Length of OP is 2.98m (3 5) EXD wren ‘Two identical elastic springs PQ and QR each have natural length fand modulus of elasticity 2mg. ‘The springs are joined together at Q. Their other ends, P and R, are attached to fixed points, with P being 4/ vertically above R. A particle of mass mis attached at Q and hangs at rest in equilibrium. Find the distance of the particle below P.eS ee UPR sy aed [pease Draw a diagram showing the forces acting on te particle. Note that we have assumed that te the lower spring is stretched and is therefore in tension. Ifthe extension of the lower spring ‘turns out to be negative, then it means the lower ' spring isin compression. Mt) Te = mg - 2mgx _ The distance of the eee ate ern below P is © st GEES) ED cress a ‘One end, 4, of a light elastic string 48, of natural length 0.6m and modulus of elasticity 10N, is attached tos plot on a Sed rovgh Mane, The planes icllnd at an anpe tothe horzoara, $A bull of mass 3k is attached tothe end 8 of the string, The enefcent of where sin Griton, 1, between the ball and the plane is} The ball rests in of sliding down the plane, with 42 along the ln of greatest slop. a Find i the tension in the string fi the length of the string. b If z>4, without doing any further calculation, state how your answer to part Se Draw a clear diagram showing all the forces. ‘The ball ison the point of sliding down the plane, 50 the frictional force acts up the plane. ing equilibrium, on the point would change.Pm ali BS ES TU in Let extension of string be xm. nd =4 20 coo 5 . | # raun- 2! (AT + F=3¢ sind T= 3g 908 - F 3a _ oe 6S -$-F=renesn lag x 4 r= (3x4 a7s8 10x 76=58 sox = 106m (3s. Langth of string ) 06 +106 Watch out , ; 66m Boi) b ita > d then a) eens Se eee The coefficient of friction is greater, which T would be less a5 T= 3g sin® ~ F means that there isa greater force due to acanenesnsms friction acting up the plane. The string has to 7 produce less force to keep the ballin equilibrium, 50 answer to part a would be less than 50 less extension is required 166m EXID ssn 1 One end of a light elastic string is attached to a fixed point. A force of 4N is applied to the other end of the string so as to stretch it. The natural length of the string is 3m and the ‘modulus of elasticity is 4N. Find the total length of the string when =30 basi © 2216 2 ‘The length of an elastic spring is reduced to 0.8 m when a force of 20N compresses it. Given that the modulus of elasticity of the spring is 25 N, find its natural length ©® 3 Anelastic spring of modulus of elasticity 20'N has one end fixed. When a particle of mass 1 kgiis attached to the other end and hangs at rest, the total length of the spring is I.4m. The particle of mass 1 kg is removed and replaced by a particle of mass 0.8kg. Find the new length of the spring. ® 4 A light elastic spring, of natural length a and modulus of elasticity 2, has one end fixed. A scale pan of mass Mis attached to its other end and hangs in equilibrium, A mass nr is gently placed in the scale pan. Find the distance of the new equilibrium position below the old one.EPS eee UPR sy aed ®s5 ®©« An elastic string has length a; when supporting a mass m; and length a; when supporting a mass nm, Find the natural length and modulus of elasticity of the string. When a weight, WN, is attached to a light elastic string of natural length /m the extension of the string is 10cm. When H¥’is increased by 50N, the extension of the string is increased by 1Sem. Find W. An elastic spring has natural length 2a and modulus of elasticity 2mg. A particle of mass m is attached to the midpoint of the spring, One end of the spring, A. is attached to the floor of a room of height Sa and the other end is attached to the ceiling of the room at a point B vertically above 4. The spring is modelled as light. Find the distance of the particle below the ceiling when itis in equilibrium. (8 marks) b In reality the spring may not be light. What effect will the model have had on the calculation of the distance of the particle below the ceiling? (mark) A uniform rod PQ, of mass kg and length 3m, has one end, P, smoothly hinged to a fixed point, The other end, Q, is attached to one end of a light elastic string of modulus of elasticity 30N. The other end of the string is attached to a fixed point R which is on the same horizontal level as P with RP = 5m. The system is in equilibrium and 2PQR = 90°. Find athe tension in the string (marks) b the natural length of the string, (GB marks) enn st take moments about P. ‘Mechanics 1 Section 8.1 A light elastic string 48 has natural length / and modulus of elasticity 2mg. Another light clastic string CD has natural length /and modulus of elasticity 4mg. The strings are joined at their ends B and Cand the end d is attached to a fixed point. A particle of mass m is hung. from the end D and is at rest in equilibrium, Find the length AD. (7marks) An elastic string PA has natural length 0.5m and modulus of elasticity 9.8 N. The string PB is inextensible. The end A of the elastic string and the end B of the inextensible string are attached to two fixed points which are on the same horizontal level. The end P of each string is attached to a 2kg particle. The particle hangs in equilibrium below AB, with PA making an angle of 30° with AB and PA perpendicular to PB. Find a the length of PA (7 marks) b the length of PB (2 marks) © the tension in PB. (2 marks) A particle of mass 2 kg is attached to one end P of a light elastic string PQ of modulus of elasticity 20N and natural length 0.8m, The end @ of the string is attached to a point on a rough plane which is inclined at an angle a tote horizontal, where tana = 3. The coefcient of friction between the particle and the plane is ‘The partile rests in limiting equilibrium, on the point of sliding down the plane, with PQ along a line of greatest slope. Find a the tension in the string (S marks) b the length of the string. (2 marks) eaatid BS ES TU in (©) Hooke's law and dynamics problems You can use Hooke’s law to solve dynamics problems involving elastic strings or springs. Example @) chica rc ‘One end of a light elastic string, of natural length 0.5m and modulus of elasticity 20N, is attached to a fixed point 4. The other end of the string is attached to a particle of mass 2kg. ‘The particle is held at a point which is 1.5m below A and released from rest. Find: a the initial acceleration of the particle b the length of the string when the particle reaches its maximum speed. Gene a 7 le Sa Draw a diagram showing all the forces and the ‘acceleration of the particle. Note that, although 5 [ the particle i (instantaneously) at rest, it has an ' " upward acceleration, b Particle reaches its maximum speed when it stops accelerating, that is when its ac cn celeration is 22r0, T-2geS ee UPR sy aed ELON 9) ELLE} wrerrrersnon A particle of mass 0.5 kg is attached to one end of a light elastic spring of natural length 1.5m and modulus of elasticity 19.6N. The other end of the spring is attached to a fixed point 0 on a rough plane which is inclined to the horizontal at an angle a, where tana =. The coefficient of friction between the particle and the plane is 0.2, The particle is held at rest on the plane at a point which is, 1 m from O down a line of greatest slope of the plane, The particle is released from rest and moves down the slope. Find its initial acceleration. Gears Drawa diagram showing all four forces acting on the paticle and the acceleration, Note that, since the spring is compressed, it produces thrust, which acts dawn the plane. You can still @pply Hooke's law inthis situation A 249% “ 5 =392N 2.94 + 6.533 - 0.764 = 05a Initial acceleration is 17 m us 1A particle of mass 4 kg is attached to one end P of a light elastic spring PQ, of natural length 0.5m and modulus of elasticity 40.N. The spring rests on a smooth horizontal plane with the end. Q fixed. The particle is held at rest and then released. ial acceleration of the particle a if PQ=0.8m initially b if PQ= 04m initially. PeEO ator BS ES TU in © 2 A particle of mass 0.4 ke is fixed to one end A of a light elastic spring 4B, of natural length 0.8m and modulus of elasticity 20.N. The other end B of the spring is attached to a fixed point. ‘The particle hangs in equilibrium. It is then pulled vertically downwards through a distance 0.2m and released from rest. Find the initial acceleration of the particle. (4marks) oat Osm , A particle P of mass 2kg is attached to the midpoint of a light elastic string, of natural length 0.4m and modulus of elasticity 20 N. The ends of the elastic string are attached to two fixed points 4 and B which are on the same horizontal level, with AB = 0.6m, The particle is held in the position shown, with AP = BP = 0.5m, and released from rest. Find the initial acceleration of the particle and state its direction. (Smarks) 4 A particle of mass 2kg is attached to one end P of a light elastic spring. The other end Q of the spring is attached to a fixed point 0. The spring has natural length 1.5 m and modulus of elasticity 40 N. The particle is held at a point which is I m vertically above O and released from rest. Find the initial acceleration of the particle, stating its magnitude and direction. (8 marks) GB) 5 A particle of mass I kg is attached to one end of a light elastic spring of natural length 1.6m and modulus of elasticity 21.5N. The other end of the spring is attached to a fixed point O on a rough plane which is inclined to the horizontal at an angle a where tan a The coeficent of friction between the particle and the plane is +, The particle is held at rest om the plane at a point which is 1.2m from 0 down a line of greatest slope of the plane. The particle is released from rest and moves down the slope. a Find its initial acceleration, (6marks) b Without doing any further calculation, state how your answer to part a would change if the coefficient of friction between the particle and the plane was greater than > (1 mark) Two light elastic strings each have natural length and madulus of elasticity &. A particle P of mass 3 kg is attached to one end of each string, The other ends of the strings are attached to fixed points and B, where AB's horizontal and AB = 2m. ‘The particle is held at a point x m below the midpoint of 4 and released from rest. Thelll acaleration ofthe parte Ens © Gen that a te pit the pari lensed exc sing has extended by Lat stu lngth fd the mods feast foreach tingEPS eee UPR sy aed Elastic energy You can find the energy stored in an elastic string or spring. You can draw a force-distance diagram to show the extension x in an elastic string as a gradually increasing force is applied, The area under the force-distance graph is the work done in stretching, the elastic string, Ais the modulus of elasticity of the string and Jis its natural length. Applied force, T Extension, « The applied force is always equal and opposite to the tension in the elastic string, 7. This value increases as the string stretches. Using the formula for the area of a triangle: Using integration: fax fre Area = 43(48) Area { Tas axe =| Bas a + 78 =] Zilo ae 4 Thework done instrtching an elastic sting or spring EINE of modulus of elasticity 4 from its natural length Sa SAGE Tto a length (1+ ie limit ofthe string or spring. ‘When A is measured in newtons and x and are measured in metres, the work done is in joules (). When a stretched string s released it wl ping’ back (Le. return) to its natural length. Inits stretched position it has the potential to do work, or elastic potential energy (hiss also called elastic energy) The elastic potential energy (ERE) stored in a stretched string or spring Is exactly equal to the Ds: uae othe ‘amount of work done to stretch the string or spring. oT aeieaeer eee ke = The E.PE. stored in an elastic string or spring of modulus of elasticity 4 which has been stretched from its natural length l to a length (1+ x) sae You can apply the same formulae for work done and elastic potential energy when an elastic string or spring is compressed. ENmalar BS ES TU in CED os ane An clastic string has natural length 1.4m and modulus of elasticity 6 N. Find the energy stored in the string when its length is 1.6m. Energy stored = = 0.0857) (3 54) Example @)) cane A light elastic spring has natural length 0.6m and modulus of elasticity 10N. Find the work done in compressing the spring from a length of 0.5m toa length of 0.3 m. wk done in_ Energy stored when Energy stored when compression ~ length is 03m 0x03? 10 x0 “2x06 2x06 $x -or % (03 + 0n0.3 - 01) (ars 5 = x04x02 GED OD won 1. An elastic spring has natural length 0.6m and modulus of elasticity § N. Find the work done when the spring is stretched from its natural length to a length of 1m. 2 An elastic spring, of natural length 0.8m and modulus of elasticity 41N, is compressed to a length of 0.6m. Find the elastic potential energy stored in the spring, 3. Anelastic string has natural length 1.2m and modulus of elasticity 10 N. Find the work done ‘when the string is stretched from a length of 1.5m toa length 1.8m. 4 Anclastic spring has natural length 0.7m and modulus of elast when the spring is stretched from a length a 0.7mto0.9m b 08mto 1.0m Note that your answers, toa, band care all different. ity 20N, Find the work done © 12mto14mEPS eee UPR sy aed © 5 A light elastic spring has natural length 1.2m and modulus of elasticity 101N. One end of the spring is attached to a fixed point, A particle of mass 2kg is attached to the other end and hangs in equilibrium. Find the energy stored in the spring. (GB marks) B®) 6 Anclastic string has natural length a. One end is fixed. A particle of mass 2nris attached to the free end and hangs in equilibrium, with the length of the string 3a. Find the elastie potential energy stored in the string, (3 marks) Sng ‘A particle P of mass m is attached to one end of a light elastic string, of natural length a and ‘modulus of elasticity 2mg. The other end of the string is attached to a fixed point O. ‘The particle P is held in equilibrium by a horizontal force of magnitude mg applied to P. ‘This force acts in the vertical plane containing the string, as shown in the diagram. Find a the tension in the string (S marks) the elastic energy stored in the string. (4 marks) @ Problems involving elastic energy You can solve problems involving elastic energy using the principle of conservation of mechanical energy and the work-energy principle 1 When no external forces (other than gravity) act GD tis isn apptcationot ona particle, then the sum of its kinetic energy, the principle of conservation of gravitational potential energy and elastic potential mechanical energy. . energy remains constant. “e-Mechanies 2 Section 4.3 Ifa particle which is attached to an elastic spring or string is subject to a resistance as it moves, you will need to apply the work-energy principle. Example @) IWTeRPRETATION A light elastic string, of natural length 1.6m and modulus of elasticity 1O'N, has one end fixed at a point 4 on a smooth horizontal table. A particle of mass 2kg is attached to the other end of the string. The particle is held at the point 4 and projected horizontally along the table with speed Find how far it travels before first coming to instantaneous rest. Eyator BS ES TU in ams" Om J ~ -—______ As 16 +x > Suppose that the extension of the string when the particle comes to rest is x. K.E. lost by the particle = ERE. gained by t wn ——— en) Lye = aX? [tis important to realise that in the example above, the particle is not in equilibrium when it comes to instantaneous rest. Therefore you cannot use forces to solve this type of problem. The particle has an acceleration and will immediately ‘spring’ back towards 4. SMES) LED sven sane A particle of mass 0.5kg is attached to one end of an elastic string, of natural length 2m and ‘modulus of elasticity 19.6. The other end of the elastic string is attached to a point O. In fact, the particle is released from the point O. Find the greatest distance it will reach below O. i a $oms PE. lost by particle = ERE, gained by string mgh = 2 21 sete + 9) = 1262 papene Batak ea On te ake xe2or4t "isthe extension nthe strings it must be Hence grestest distance reached lclow O is positive. Ignore the negative solution, and ah remember to add the natural length ofthe string.eS ee UPR sy aed EXD verso A light elastic spring, of natural length 1 m and modulus of elasticity 10 N, has one end attached toa fixed point 4. A particle of mass 2ky is attached to the other end of the spring and is held at a point B which is 0.8 m vertically below A. The particle is projected vertically downwards from B with speed 2m s-!, Find the distance it travels before first coming to rest. 4 ons} You will need to use the principle of conservation ‘of mechanical energy with kinetic energy, Let the extension of the spring be x when the ‘gravitational potential energy and elastic particle comes to rest. potential energy. K.E. loss + RE, loss = ERE. gain O2m i Pe Lax a242g02 +9) 44392 + 196x= 5x2- 02 0 = 5x2 - 194x - 812 196 WOE FAX 2 OM 25) ETE crea mane A light elastic spring, of natural length 0.5m and modulus of elasticity 10.N, has one end attached toa point 4 ona rough horizontal plane. The other end is attached to a particle P of mass 0.8kg. ‘The coefficient of friction between the particle and the plane is 0.4. Initially the particle ies on the plane with AP = 0.5m. It is then projected with speed 2ms-! away from 4 along the plane. Find the distance moved by P before it first comes to rest.EO atid BS ES TU in meas si from the plane. = 032g work done against friction workdone _ KE.loss ERE. gain against friction "of Pf spring 10x? + 032¢x - 16 = 0 70.32¢ 40329" + 20 x = 0.2728... or ~0.586. | coming to rest. SEED) ELE werscanon © 1 Anclastic string, of natural length / and modulus of elasticity mg, has one end fixed to a point A ona smooth horizontal table. The other end is attached to a particle P of mass m. The particle is held at a point on the table with AP =3and is released. Find the speed of the particle when the string reaches its natural length. ® 2 A particle of mass mis suspended from a fixed point O by a light elastic string, of natural length and modulus of elasticity 4mg. The particle is pulled vertically downwards a distance d from its equilibrium position and released from rest. If the particle just reaches O, find d. ©) 3 A light clastic spring of natural length 2/ has its ends attached to two points P and Q which are at the same horizontal level. The length PQ is 21. A particle of mass nr is fastened to the midpoint of the spring and is held at the midpoint of PQ. The particle is released from rest and first comes to instantaneous rest when both parts of the spring make an angle of 60° with the line PQ.EPS eee UPR sy aed a Find the modulus of elasticity of the spring. (marks) Suggest one way in which the model could be refined to make it more realistic. (1 mark) GP) 4 A light clastic string, of natural length 1m and modulus of elasticity 21.6N, has one end attached to a fixed point O. A particle of mass 2kg is attached to the other end. The particle is, held at a point which is 3m vertically below O and released from rest. Find athe speed of the particle when the string first becomes slack (S marks) b the distance from O when the particle first comes to rest. G marks) G@®)5 A particle P is attached to one end of a light elastic string of natural length a. The other end of the string is attached to a fixed point O. When P hangs at rest in equilibrium, the distance The particle is now projected vertically downwards from O with speed U and first 0a comes to instantaneous rest ata distance “M4 below 0. Find Uin terms of a and g. (7 marks) GP) 6 A particle P of mass 1 kg is attached to the midpoint of a light elastic string, of natural length 3mand modulus ZN. The ends of the string are attached to two points 4 and Bon the same horizontal level with 4B = 3m. The particle is held at the midpoint of 4B and released from rest. ‘The particle falls vertically and comes to instantaneous rest at a point which is 1m below the midpoint of AB. Find fa the value of 2 (S marks) bb the speed of P when itis 0.5m below the initial position, (5 marks) GP 7 A light elastic string of natural length 2m and modulus of elasticity 117.6 N has one end altached to a fixed point O. A particle P of mass 3kg is attached to the other end. The particle is held at O and released from rest. ‘a Find the distance fallen by P before it first comes to rest. (marks) Find the greatest speed of P during the fall, (4marks) ee ‘Pill be travelling at its greatest speed when the acceleration is zero. GP) 8 A particle P of mass 2 kg is attached to one end of a light elastic string of natural length 1m and modulus of elasticity 40N. The other end of the string is fixed to a point 0 ona rough 3 plane which is inclined at an angle a, where tana = >. The particle is held at O and released 4 from rest. Given that P comes to rest after moving 2m down the plane, find the coefficient of friction between the particle and the plane. (4marks) {An elastic string of natural length /m is suspended from a fixed point 0. ‘When a mass of Mkgis attached to the other end of the string, its extension ish 1m, An additional kg is then attached to the end of the string, te ee eee etreeRh ald ELASTIC STRINGS AND SPRINGS EID vnc © 1 A particte of mass m is supported by two light elastic strings, each of natural length a and 15; modulus of elasticity “77. The other ends of the strings are attached to two fixed points 4 and B where A and B are in the same horizontal line with AB = 2a. When the particle hangs at rest in equilibrium below 4B, each string makes an angle 6 with the vertical 4 a Verify that cos 4 = 3. b How much work must be done to raise the particle to the midpoint of AB? 2 A light elastic spring is such that a weight of magnitude resting on the spring produces a compression a, The weight Hs allowed to fall onto the spring from a height of % above it Find the maximum compression of the spring in the subsequent motion, 3 A light elastic string of natural length 0.5 m is stretched between two points Pand Q ona smooth horizontal table, The distance PQ is 0.75 m and the tension in the string is 1S. a Find the modulus of elasticity of the string. A particle of mass 0.5 kg is attached to the midpoint of the string. The particle is pulled 0.1m towards Q and released from rest b Find the speed of the particle as it passes through the midpoint of PO. © 4 A particle of mass m is attached to two strings AP and BP, The points 4 and Bare on the same horizontal evel and 42 = 5 The string AP is inextensible and A The string BP is elastic and BP = a. Sia ‘The modulus of elasticity of BP is 4, Show that the natural length of BP is =—"*— Ing + 31 ©® 5 Aight clastic string, of natural length a and modulus of elasticity Sing, has one end attached to the base of a vertical wall, The other end of the string is attached to a small ball of mass m. ‘The ball is held ata distance 3 from the wall, on a rough horizontal plane, and released from rest. The coefficient of friction between the ball and the plane is +. a Find, in terms of and g, the speed V of the ball ast hits the wall, The ball rebounds (ie. Bounces back) from the wall with speed 2¥-. The string stays slack. b Find the distance from the wall at which the ball comes to rest.EPS eee UPR sy aed @®) 6 A light clastic string has natural length / and modulus 2mg. Onc end of the string is attached to a particle P of mass m. The other end is attached to a fixed point C on a rough horizontal plane. Initially P is at rest a a point D on the plane where CD =“ 4 Given that Ps in limiting equilibrium, find the coefficient of friction between P and the plane, marks) ‘The particle P is now moved away from C to a point E on the plane where CE = 21 b Find the speed of P when the string returns to its natural length. (S marks) ¢ Find the total distance moved by P before it comes to rest. (4marks) GB) 7 A light elastic string of natural length 0.2m has its ends attached to two fixed points A and B which are on the same horizontal level with AB = 0.2m. A particle of mass 5 kg is attached to the string at the point P where AP = 0.15m. The system is released and P hangs in equilibrium below AB with ZAPB= 90°, a If ZBAP =0, show that the ratio of the extension of AP and BP is 4cos# 3 aaapoT (marks) Hence show that 050 (4.cos@— 3) = 3sin8 (4sin 9 ~ 1) (4 marks) DB A particle of mass 3kg is attached to one end of a ight elastic string, of natural length Lm and modulus of elasticity 14.7 N. The other end of the string is attached to a fixed point. ‘The particle is held in equilibrium by a horizontal force of magnitude 9.8 N with the string inclined to the vertical at an angle @. ‘a Find the value of 6. (GB marks) b Find the extension of the string. (marks) © If the horizontal force is removed, find the magnitude of the least force that will keep the string inclined at the same angle, (2 marks) GP 9 Two points 4 and Bare on the same horizontal level with AB = 3a. A particle P of mass i is, joined 10 4 by a light inextensible string of length 4a and is joined to B by a light el string, of natural length «and modulus of elasticity "=. The particle P is held at a point C, such that BC= a and both strings are taut, The particle Pis released from rest. a Show that when 4 is vertical the speed of P is 2/ga 6 marks) b Find the tension in the elastie string inthis position (4 marks)Ua sry BS ES TU in Crs ‘A bungee jumper attaches one end of an elastic rope to both ankles. The other end is attached to the platform on which he stands, ‘The bungee jumper is modelled as a particle of mass mt kg attached to an elastic string of natural length 7m with modulus of elasticity 2N, ‘a Show that the maximum distance the jumper descends after img jumping off the platform is + k + 2kT+K? where k = "= b Suggest a refinement to this model that would result in 1 agreater maximum descent ia smaller maximum descent. Summary of key points 1 When an elastic string or spring is stretched, the tension, 7, produced is proportional to the extension, x: +Tax .x, where kis a constant The constant k depends on the unstretched length of the spring or string, J, and the modulus. of elasticity of the string or spring, 2 de. 1 This relationship is called Hooke's law. 2 The area under a foree-distance graph is the work done in stretching an elastic string or spring. The work done in stretching or compressing an elastic string or spring with modulus of elasticity 2 from its natural length, /to a length (+ x) is When 4 is measured in newtons and x and / are measured in metres, the work done is in joules (J). 3. The elastic potential energy (E.PE) stored in a stretched string or spring is exactly equal to the amount of work done to stretch the string or spring, The EPE. stored in a string or spring of modulus of elasticity 4 which has been stretched from itsnaellengh ta length +9 2 4 When no extemal forces (other than gravity) act on a particle, then the sum of its kinetic energy, gravitational potential energy and elastic potential energy remains constant,After completing this chapter you should be able to: © Use calculus to apply Newton's laws to a particle moving in a straight line ¢ > pages 41-46 © Use Newton's law of gravitation to solve problems involving a particle moving away from (or towards) the Earth’s surface > pages 46-49 © Solve problems involving a particle moving in a straight line with simple harmonic motion > pages 50-59 © Investigate the motion of a particle attached to an elastic spring or string and oscillating ina horizontal ine pages 59-64 | © Investigate the motion of a particle attached to an elastic spring or string and oscillating ina vertical line + pages 64-76 f : A car of mass 1500 kg moves in a straight line. The total resistance to motion of the car is modelled as a constant force of magnitude 80N. The car brakes with a constant force, bringing it to rest from a speed of 305+ in a distance of 60 m. a Find the magnitude of the braking force bb Find the total work done in bringing the car to rest. ‘+ Mechanics 2 Section 4.1 A particle travels along the positive x-axis et a3r with acceleration a at time rs, 5 The particle starts from rest at the origin, O. Find These toys can be modelled as particles hanging vertically athe velocity of the particle when ¢=35 yemeteet «tring, Wren b the displacement from O when t= 2s stretched then released o + Mechanics 2 Section 2.3, they will experience simple An elastic string of natural length 2.5 m is fixed at one end and is harmonic motion, and their stretched to a length of 3.4m by a force of SN. Find the modulus displacement-time graphs wil of elasticity of the string. ‘@ Mechanis3 Section 2.1 be in the shape of a sine curve. Le! iwCease) Dye) You can use calculus to apply Newton's second law iD wiamencmnns P=matoa particle moving in a straight line when Fe ae een the applied force is variable. dy dy | dex ast yt og ‘The applied force F can be a function of the displacement x, a ar ortime 4 Mechanics Sections 1.1,1.2 Suppose Fis a function of time, then using « = 2" |mav= fra Separate the variables w= Jee itegte bot sides Mass sumed 0 be constant Now suppose Mis a function of displacement, then using @ = v & dy * mm SF Jow dye [rox Separate the variables. Sof mv? = Jide ——_____________ integrate both sides. When you work out [Fd or [dx you must remember to add a constant of integration. You will often be given boundary condition’ that allow you to work out the value ofthis constant. EET) ED vers A particle P of mass 0.5kg is moving along the x-axis, At time s seconds the force acting on P has ‘magnitude (5¢? + e!2) N and acts in the direction OP, When = 0, Pisat rest at O. Calculate a the speed of P when = 2 b the distance OP when ¢=3 a Fema | Bi + = 05a 5 21 O54 = 58 +eDYE) ak) ee “ 3 “ ome ——¥_ anne When t= 2 the speed of Ps 31.6ms-1(3 5.) 105 v= 2p 4 1060-10 b B19 + 10. ae Monee an! ° ‘o_______|aGOEP IS 1010 4 19 poz tors aaa tore K 120,.x2040=0+50-04K +3 02 = 101-50 10x 3-50 = 7660...4 When t= 3, OP is 786m (3 si) GED) ED wore A rock of mass 0.2 kg is moving on a smooth horizontal sheet of ice, At time 1 seconds (where (= 0) a horizontal force of magnitude 2° N and constant direction acts on the rock. When / = 0 the rock is moving in the same direction as the force and has speed 6ms“!, When # = T the rock has speed 36m s!, Calculate the value of Fame “ ae aa Oi o2r=24c noreoess¢ 0: <~ eee . Seas c= 12 md o20= Ze 412 fe Tiy236s 025364 278412 3 rade T= 2.080, T= 208 (3 30 meh Jinvdy = jx Separate the variables. Fame = [Fx + dime = [Fbx+ C where Cis the constant of integration mis constant so jinv dy jit c rrCOM atsiky DT sy GEES) ED vosusae A particle P of mass 1.5kg.is moving in a straight line. The force acting on P has magnitude (8 = 2cos.a)N, where x metres is the distance OP, and acts in the direction OP. When P passes through O its speed is 4ms~!, Calculate the speed of P when > 7502 = (8 x 2)- 2sin2 +12. 208. When x = 2 the speed of Pis S91ms-! (3 GEE!) HED ore 100 ‘A stone S of mass 0.5 kg is moving in a straight line on a smooth horizontal floor. When Sis a distance x metres from a fixed point on the line, A, a force of magnitude (5 + 7cos.x)N acts on Sin the direction AS. Given that 5 passes through d with speed 2ms"', calculate a the speed of S.as it passes through the point B, where x b the work done by the force in moving from A to B. osrdt Josvay Osx ladavwvaee 2so0sxluae Ore 205% bx2 Se Stand Dy@= Sx 4 Pine tt C=tand $y? = 58475 3 4115 +7503 +1) 6.243... I S passes through B with speed 8.24 ms~! (3 54) b Work done = increase in KE. 1 x05 %6795- 1x05 x 2% 3x05 x 67.95 ~ 5x05 x2» = 1598. The work done is 16.0, (3 of)DYE) ak) * In forming an equation of motion, forces that tend to decrease the displacement are negative and forces that tend to increase the displacement are positive. 1A particle P of mass 0.2kg is moving on the x-axis, At time ¢ seconds P is x metres from the origin 0. The force acting on P has magnitude 2cos/N and acts in the direction OP. When 1= 0, Pis at rest at O, Calculate a the speed of P when ¢= 2 b the speed of P when ¢= 3 © the time when P first comes to instantaneous rest the distance OP when € the distance OP when P first comes to instantaneous rest, 2 A van of mass 1200kg moves along a horizontal straight road. At time ¢ seconds, the resultant force acting on the car has magnitude woe and acts in the direction of motion of the van. 1437 When = 0, the van is at rest, The speed of the van approaches a limiting value Vms-'. Find. a the value of V the distance moved by the van in the first 4 seconds of its motion. 3A particle P of mass 0.8kg is moving along the x-axis. At time / = 0, P passes through the origin O, moving in the positive x direction, At time / seconds, OP =x metres and the velocity of Pis vms-. The resultant force acting on P has magnitude 4 5 —x)N, and acts in the positive x direction, The maximum speed of P is 12ms“! a Explain why the maximum speed of P occurs when x = 15 b Find the speed of P when 1= 0 4A particle P of mass 0.75kg is moving in a straight line. At time r seconds after it passes through a fixed point on the line, O, the distance OP is x metres and the force acting on P has magnitude (2e"* + 2)N and acts in the direction OP. Given that P passes through O with speed Sms", calculate the speed of P when axe bx © Calculate the work done by the force in moving the particle from the point where x= 3 to the point where x =7 5A particle P of mass 0.5kg moves away from the origin O along the positive x-axis. When OP = x metres the force acting on P has magnitude —}-5.N and is directed away from 0. When x = 0 the speed of P is 1.5ms~!. Find the value of x when the speed of P is 2ms"!.COC ati k) Dye) 6 A particle P of mass 250g moves along the x-axis in the positive direction. At time (= 0, P passes through the origin with speed 10ms"', At time ¢ seconds, the distance OP is.x metres and the speed of Pis ys, The resultant force acting on P'is directed towards the origin and has magnitude 8 mr 16 1a ') (S marks) bb Find the value of x when 1 = 5 (marks) 7 A particle P of mass 0.6 kg moves along the aeaxis in the positive direction, A single force acting on P is directed towards the origin, O, a Show that ‘The boundary conditions give the velocity for two. different displacements, You need to set up and and has magnitude 'N where solve two simultaneous equations. k w42p OP = x metres and k is a constant. Attime ¢ = 0, P passes through the origin, When x= 3 the speed of P is Sms", when x =8 the speed of P is y3 ms". Find the value of &. (6 marks) Carrs You can use Newton's law of gravitation to solve problems involving a particle moving away from {or towards) the Earth's surface, Newton's law of gravitation states «= The force of attraction between two bodies of masses Mf, and M, is directly proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them. ‘This law is sometimes referred toas the inverse QRS , square law It can be expressed mathematically ; by the following equation GM.M, : raoO where G is a constant known as the constant of gravitation.DYE) ak) ‘This force causes particles (and bodies) to fall to ‘The numerical value of G was First the Earth and the Moon to orbit the Earth. ‘determined by Henry Cavendish in 1798. In SL Relationship between Gand ¢ Units, Gis 6.67 x 10-* kg" m's-? Example 5 demonstrates the extremely small ‘When a particle of mass mis resting on the surface gravitational attraction between two everyday of the Earth, the force with which the Earth attracts _gbjects. You can ignore the gravitational force the particle has magnitude mg and is directed between small objects in your calculations. towards the centre of the Earth. By modelling the Earth as a sphere of mass M and radius R and using Newton's law of gravitation GM and F=mg so mg. This relationship means you can answer questions, involving gravity without using G explicitly. ‘When a particle is moving away from or towards the Earth, the distance d between the two particles is GMM, & is a function of displacement. Therefore, the methods of Section 3.1 must be used to solve problems. EO 5) ED vroouen sou ‘Two particles of masses 0.5 kg and 2.5kg ate 4em apart. Calculate the magnitude of the gravitational force between them. changing. As the force of attraction between them is given by F= it follows that the force S67 x10" 05 x25 ‘004 = 5.210... x 10% The magritude of the gravitational for between the particles Is 5.21 x 10°°N (3 sf Example @ ESOIED cama. ranans Above the Earth's surface, the magnitude of the force on a particle due to the Earth's gravitational force is inversely proportional to the square of the distance of the particle from the centre of the Barth, The acceleration due to gravity on the surface of the Earth is g and the Earth can be modelled as a sphere of radius R. A particle P of mass m is a distance (x — R), (where x= R), above the surface of the Earth, mg A spacecraft S is fired vertically upwards from the surface of the Earth, When it is at a height 2R above the surface of the Earth its speed is 3,7. Assuming that air resistance can be ignored and that the rocket’s engine is turned off immediately after the rocket is fired, b find, in terms of g and R, the speed with which $ was fired. a Prove that the magnitude of the gravitational force acting on P is aCe atk) Dye) (On the surtace of the Earth the magnitude of the k 5 mg =e mg the magnitude of the gravitational force ip gk bb F=ma 2 i ae) : “eal ETI orca @® 1 Above the Barth's surface, the magnitude of the force on a particle due to the Earth’s gravitational force is inversely proportional to the square of the distance of the particle from. the centre of the Earth. The acceleration due to gravity on the surface of the Earth is g and the Earth can be modelled as a sphere of radius R. A particle P of mass m is a distance (x ~ R) (where x > R) above the surface of the Earth, Prove that the magnitude of the gravitational mgR? force acting on Pis @® 2 The Barth can be modelled as a sphere of radius R. Ata distance x (where x > R) from the centre of the Barth the magnitude of the acceleration due to the Earth's gravitational force is A On the surface of the Earth, the magnitude of the acceleration due to the Earth’s R gravitational force is g. Prove that aDYE) ak) GB) 3 A spacecraft 5 is fired vertically upwards from the surface Camp of the Earth. When itis ata height & where Risthe radius MMMM, lala ot mays of the Earth, above the surface of the Earth its speed is, prterlinaesinetar cl VER. Model the spacecraft as a particle and the Earth as a sphere of radius R and find, in terms of g and R, the speed with which S was fired. (You may assume that air resistance can be ignored and that the rocket's engine is turned off immediately after the rocket is fired.) (7 marks) @® _ 4 A rocket of mass mris fired vertically upwards from the surface of the Earth with initial speed U. The Earth is modelled as a sphere of radius R and the rocket as a particle, Find an expression for the speed of the rocket when it has travelled a distance ¥ metres. (You may assume that air resistance can be ignored and that the rocket’s engine is turned off immediately after the rocket is fired.) ® 5 A particle is fired vertically upwards from the Earth’s surface. The initial speed of the particle is where w? = 3gR and R is the radius of the Earth, Find, in terms of gand R, the speed of the particle when it is at a height 4X above the Earth’s surface. (You may assume that air resistance can be ignored.) ® 6 A panticte is moving in a straight line towards the centre of the Earth, which is assumed to be a sphere of radius &. The partiele starts from rest when its distance from the centre of the Earth is 3R. Find the speed of the particle as it hits the surface of the Earth. (You may assume that air resistance can be ignored.) 7A space shuttle S of mass m moves in a straight line towards the centre of the Earth. The Earth is modelled as a sphere of radius R and Sis modelled as a particle. When is at a distance x(x > R) from the centre of the Earth, the gravitational force exerted by the Earth on Sis directed towards the centre of the Earth. The magnitude of this force is inversely proportional to x2 a Prove that the magnitude of the gravitational foree on Sis mg When Sis ata height of 32 above the surface of the Earth, the speed of Sis /2¢R Assuming that air resistance can be ignored, b find, in terms of g and R, the speed of as it hits the surface of the Earth. (7 marks) Challenge Given that G= 6.67 x 10-"' kg~!m?s~, g = 9.81 ms~and that the radius of the Earth is 63781 x 10m, estimate ‘athe mass of the Earth bb the average density of the EarthEO atck) Dye) ©) simple harmonic motion You can solve problems about a particle which is moving in a straight line with simple harmonic motion. = Simple harmonic motion (S.H.M) is motion CEEIED the point ois called the centre in which the acceleration ofa particle Ps of oscillation. always towards a fixed point O on the line of motion of P and has magnitude proportional CP tothe placement of Prom 0. ED evcresingenomeic ‘The minus sign means that the acceleration is We write x= wx always directed towards O. This can be shown on a diagram. ns é ” As {isa function of x, we use & = v$" to derive an expression for the velocity of P. ex footrdx 1 weds c 2 ‘The speed of P is the modulus of v or the modulus of. ae This speed is zero when has its maximum or minimum value. Let the maximum displacement of P from 0 be a. This gives 1p, o= nuda se a luza Ca pw a Lee Tua lux Hence z i x 2 ae or rau? -x) You can derive an expression for the displacement of P at time r by considering v = ana =, then JS = w fay Using the substitution x =« sind with dx = a cos#d0 leads to | Jae First consider that 9 = wa? = ar e050 ay. fy a = a sin? 8 Then [avDYE) ak) Integrating gives 6 = wr + a then sin# nwt +a Since % = sin@ this leads tox = a sinwt +a) ‘So the motion of the particle is a sine function with maximum and minimum values ta and period 2%. The value ais called the amplitude of the motion, and ~a = x 0) for which P's speed is 4ms" (3marks) € Calculate the least value of # (1 > 0) for which (2 marks)DYE) ak) @®) 14 A particle P is moving along the »-axis, At time / seconds the displacement, x metres, of P from the origin Q is given by x= 3sin(4r + 4) 2, a Prove that P is moving with simple harmonic motion. (S marks) b Write down the amplitude and period of the motion (2 marks) ¢ Calculate the value of x when ¢= 0 (2 marks) Calculate the value of 1 (¢ > 0) the first time P passes through 0. GB marks) ©@15 Onacertain day, low tide in a harbour is at 10 a.m. and the dept ofthe water is Sm. High tide on the same day is at 4.15 p.m, and the water is then 15m deep. A ship which needs a depth of water of 7m needs to enter the harbour. Assuming that the water can be modelled as rising and falling with simple harmonic motion, calculate the earliest time, to the nearest minute, after 10 a.m, at which the ship can enter the harbour (marks) b the time by which the ship must leave, marks) GP) 16 Points 4, O and B lic in that order in a straight line. A particle ? is moving on the line with simple harmonic motion with centre O. The period of the motion is 4 and the amplitude is 0.75m. The distance OA is 0.4m and AB is 0.9m. Calculate the time taken by P to move directly from B to A. (5 marks) rs Apatticle P is moving along the x-axis with simple harmonic motion, The origin O's the centre of oscillation. When the displacements from Oare x, and x5 the particle has speeds of v, and respectively (Le. n the same order as things already mentioned). Find the period of the mation in terms of x, v; and ¥2 © Horizontal oscillation You can investigate the motion of a particle which is attached to an elastic spring or string and is oscillating in a horizontal line. If an elastic spring has one end attached to a fixed point 4 on a smooth horizontal surface a particle P can be attached to the free end. ‘When Ps pulled away from 4 and released P will move towards . r x ‘ 24x Hookes tow: T=“) PED 4s the modtus of eastcity ofthe spring Fema and is its natural length, -T=m¥ ‘Mechanics 3 Section 2.1 mit = A a 4,m and Lare ll postive constants, so the ml ~~ equation is of the form = uxCm ak} Dye) So Pis moving with HM. The initial extension is the maximum value of x, so is the same as the amplitude. When the particle is attached to an elastic spring, the particle will perform complete oscillations. This is because there will always be a force acting - a tension when the spring is stretched and a thrust when the spring is compressed. The centre of the oscillation is where the tension is zero; that is the point when the spring has returned to its natural length. When the particle is attached to an elastic string, the particle will move with SH.M. only while the string is taut, Once the string becomes slack there is no tension and the particle continues to move with constant speed until the string becomes taut again. For a particle moving on a smooth horizontal surface attached to one end of an elastic spring, + the particle will move with S.H.M. + the particle will perform complete oscillations. For a particle moving on a smooth horizontal surface attached to one end of an elastic string + the particle will move with S.H.M. while the string is taut + the particle will move with constant speed while the string is slack. To solve problems involving elastic springs and strings + use Hooke's law to find the tension + use F= mato obtain + use information given in the question to obtain the amplitude, ‘Sometimes the particle is attached to two springs or strings which are stretched between two fixed points. When this happens you will need to find the tensions in both the springs or strings. [sous A particle P of mass 0.6kg rests on a smooth horizontal floor attached to one end of a light elastic string of natural length 0.8m and modulus of elasticity 16N. The other end of the string is fixed to a point A on the floor. The particle is pulled away from A until AP measures 1.2m and released. a Show that, while the string remains taut, P moves with simple harmonic motion. b Calculate the speed of P when the string retu sto its natural length, € Calculate the time that elapses between the point where the string becomes slack and the point where it next becomes taut 4 Calculate the time taken by the particle to return to its starting point for the first time. iDYE) ak) _20,,__100, ae The particle 's moving with SHIM. 100 b xn 02x = 2,309. ‘At the natural length P has speed 2.31ms"!(3 sf) The particle now moves a distance 146m at 2.309...ms" kaa =e 02 Twe taken = 316 = 0.6928. The string is slack for 0.6935 (3 5. 2x x po 4 Period of the SMM, 2a « Fg 088. Total time = 1088... + (2 x 0.6928...) = 2.473. The time taken is 2.475 (3 30), ERTLEM 13) LETTE) wrevenersnon A particle P of mass 0.8kg is attached to the ends of two identical light elastic springs of natural length 1.6m and modulus of elasticity 16N. The free ends of the springs are attached to two points, A and B which are 4m apart on a smooth horizontal surface. ‘The point C lies between A and B such that ABCis a straight line and AC= 2.4m ‘The particle is held at Cand then released from rest. a Show that the subsequent motion is simple harmonic motion. b Find the period and amplitude of the motion, € Calculate the maximum speed of P. Cl62 CHAPTER 3 Dye) Geen Use Hooke’s law to find the tensions in each spring, Use your diagram to work out the extensions. 1610.4 + 3) 7, = 04- Ty= O04 =D P's maximum speed Is 2ms~ ED) LED rewrcvinow 1A particle P of mass 0.5kg is attached to one end of a light elastic spring of natural length 0.6m and modulus of elasticity 60N. The other end of the spring is fixed to a point 4 on the smooth horizontal surface on which P rests. The particle is held at rest with AP = 0.9m and then released. a Show that P moves with simple harmonic motion. b Find the period and amplitude of the motion, € Calculate the maximum speed of P. 2 A particle P of mass 0.8kg is attached to one end of a light elastic string of natural length 1.6m and modulus of elasticity 20N. The other end of the string is fixed to a point O on the smooth. horizontal surface on which P rests. The particle is held at rest with OP = 2.6m and then released. a Show that, while the string is taut, P moves with simple harmonic motion. Calculate the time from the instant of release until P returns to its starting point for the first time,DYE) ak) A particle P of mass 0.4kg is attached to one end of a light elastic string of modulus of elasticity 24N and natural length 1.2m. The other end of the string is fixed to a point 4 on the smooth horizontal table on which P rests, Initially P is at rest with AP = 1m The particle receives an impulse of magnitude 1.8Ns in the direction AP. a Show that, while the string is taut, P moves with simple harmonic motion. b Calculate the time that elapses between the moment P receives the impulse and the next time the string becomes slack. The particle comes to instantaneous rest for the first time at the point B © Calculate the distance AB. A particle P of mass 0.8kg is attached to one end of a light clastic spring of natural length 1.2m and modulus of elasticity 80'N, The other end of the spring is fixed to a point O on the smooth horizontal surface on which P rests. The particle is held at rest with OP = 0.6m and then released. a Show that P moves with simple harmonic motion. b Find the period and amplitude of the motion. © Calculate the maximum speed of P. A particle P of mass 0.6kg is attached to one end of a light elastic spring of modulus of elasticity 72N and natural length 1.2m. The other end of the spring is fixed to a point 4 on the smooth horizontal table on which P rests, Initially P is at rest with AP = 1.2m, The particle receives an impulse of magnitude 3Ns in the direction AP. Given that 1 seconds after the impulse the displacement of P from its initial position is x metres, a find an equation for x in terms of ¢ b calculate the maximum magnitude of the acceleration of P. A particle of mass 0.9kg rests on a smooth horizontal surface attached to one end of a light elastic string of natural length 1.5m and modulus of elasticity 241. The other end of the string is attached to a point on the surface. The particle is pulled so that the string measures 2m and released from rest a State the amplitude of the resulting oscillation, b Calculate the speed of the particle when the string becomes slack. Before the string becomes taut again the particle hts a vertical surface which i a right angles to the particle’ direction of motion. The coefficient of restitution between the particle and the vertical surface is 3 © Calculate i the period ii theamplitude of the oscillation which takes place when the string becomes taut one more A smooth cylinder is fixed with its axis horizontal. A piston of mass 2.5kg is inside the cylinder, attached to one end of the cylinder by a spring of modulus of elasticity 400N and natural length 50cm. The piston is held at rest in the cylinder with the spring compressed to a length of 42cm. The piston is then released. The spring can be modelled as a light clastic spring and the piston can be modelled as a particle. a Find the period of the resulting oscillations, b Find the maximum value of the kinetic energy of the piston. cyCaley Dye) ® 8 A particle P of mass 0.5kg is attached to one end of a light elastic string of natural length 0.4m and modulus of elasticity 30N. The other end of the string is attached to a point on the smooth horizontal surface on which P rests. The particle is pulled until the string measures 0.6m and then released from rest. a Calculate the speed of P when the string becomes slack for the first time. The string breaks at the instant when it returns to its natural length for the first ime. When Phas travelled a distance 0.3m from the point at which the string breaks the surface becomes rough. The coefficient of friction between P and the surface is 0.25. The particle comes to rest T seconds after it was released. b Find the value of 7 9A particle Pof mass 0.4kg is attached to two identical light caste springs each of natural Iength 1.2m and modulus of elasticity 12N. The free ends of the strings are attached to points A and B which are 4m apart on a smooth horizontal surface. The point Clies between 4 and B with AC= 1.4m and CB = 2.6m. The particle is held at C and released from rest. a Show that P moves with simple harmonic motion. (Smarks) b Calculate the maximum value of the kinetic energy of P. (marks) 10 A particle P of mass m is attached to two identical light strings of natural length / and modulus of elasticity 3mg. The free ends of the strings are attached to fixed points A and B which are 5? apart on a smooth horizontal surface. The particle is held at the point C, where AC = Land A, B and Clie on a straight line, and is then released from rest. a Show that P moves with simple harmonic motion. (marks) b Find the period of the motion. (2 marks) © Write down the amplitude of the motion (Amarks) Find the speed of P when AP = 3 (2 marks) A light clastic string has natural length 2.5m and modulus of elasticity 15N. A particle P of ‘mass 0.5kg is attached to the string at the point K where K divides the unstretched string in the ratio 2:3. The ends of the string are then attached to the points A and B which are Sm apart ona smooth horizontal surface. The particle is then pulled along 4 and held at rest in contact with the surface at the point C where AC = 3m and ACB is a straight line. The particle is then released from rest a Show that P moves with simple harmonic motion of period (marks) b Find the amplitude of the motion (Amarks) ©) vertical oscillation You can investigate the motion of a particle which is attached to an elastic spring or string and is oscillating in a vertical line A particle which is hanging in equilibrium attached to one end of an elastic spring or string, the other end of which is fixed, can be pulled downwards and released. The particle will then oscillate in a vertical line about its equilibrium position.DYE) ak) eT natural length in the equilibrium position. In this position, the weight of the particle causes an extension, ¢, in the spring or string. Equilibrium position me Taking downwards as the positive direction, when the particle isa distance x below its equilibrium position it has acceleration ¥ At the equilibrium position, the tension in the spring or string is mg. Using Hooke’s law pe Axextension x | is the modulus of elasticity and /is the natural mg =F length of the spring or string. isthe extension gl of the spring or string in the equilibrium position. Now consider the particle at a distance x below its equilibrium position. Ax extension 7 pesto T= The particle is a distance x below the equilibrium position, so the extension is.x +e IED When using = ma the weight of the mg Particle must be included as well as the tension. mm —(2+me) ax 4, mand are all positive constants, so the equation Is of the form = —w*x, Is the same result as obtained for a horizontal oscillation. The particle is moving with SHM. Asin the case of horizontal oscillations, a particle attached to one end of a spring will perform complete oscillations. Ifthe particle is attached to one end of an elastic string it will only move with SH.M. while the string is taut. if the amplitude is greater than the extension at the equilibrium position, the string will become slack before the particle reaches the upper end of the oscillation. Once the string becomes slack, the oscillatory motion ceases and the particle moves freely under gravity until it falls back to the position where the string is once again taut. Ca66 CHAPTER 3 Dye) Fora particle hanging in equilibrium attached to one end of an elastic spring and displaced vertically from its equilibrium position + the particle will move with simple harmonic motion. + the particle will perform complete oscillations + the centre of the oscillation will be the equilibrium position. = Fora particle hanging in equilibrium attached to one end of an elastic string and displaced vertically from its equilibrium position + the particle will move with simple harmonic motion while the string is taut + the particle will perform complete oscillations if the amplitude is no greater than the equilibrium extension + if the amplitude is greater than the equilibrium extension, the particle will move freely under gravity while the string is slack. A particle can be attached to two springs or strings which are hanging side by side or stretched ina vertical line between two fixed points. The basic method of solution remains the same. Example @) Pros sone A particle P of mass 1.2kg is attached to one end of a light clastic spring of modulus of elasticity 60N and natural length 60cm. The other end of the spring is attached to a fixed point A on a ceiling. The particle hangs in equilibrium at the point B. a Find the extension of the spring. ‘The particle is now raised vertically a distance of 15cm and released from rest b Prove that P will move with simple harmonic motion. ¢ Find the period and amplitude of the motion, 4 Find the speed of Pas it passes through B. ¢ Find the speed of P at the instant when the spring has returned to its natural length. i oe oe 5 = 60 12g = $0 = 12298208 . on76 The extension is O.118m (3 af) or thBcm (3 58)DYE) ak) 06m 12. F=ma 7s cote) mg — EO ni ste 29) oe ore “ae ¥= 0.8500. The speed at the natural length is 0.850ms" (3 sf),Ce ats UT Tes EID scorn A particle P of mass 0.2kg is attached to one end of a light elastic string of natural length 0.6m and modulus of elasticity 8 N. The other end of the string is fixed to a point 4 on a ceiling. When the particle is hanging in equilibrium the length of the string is Lm. a Calculate the value of . The particle is held at A and released from rest. It first comes to instantaneous rest when the length of the string is Km, b Use energy considerations to calculate the value of K. © Show that while the string is taut, P is moving with simple harmonic motion. ‘The string becomes slack again for the first time 7 seconds after P was released from A. 4 Calculate the value of T. 02x98 x06 on47 _ K-06 Senn einem TENET part using conservation of energy. The 2x 90K Iinetic energy szetoat both points under 06x02 «96K Consideration, so the elastic potential energy gained is equal to the gravitational potential energylost. «Mechanics 3 Section 23 8 0.294K aga 4 KOBE 11918... or 0.3020. K = 119 (3 94) ——_________DYE) ak) Obs pa dkestension _ atx +e) Oz Be _ Bix +e) oe” Oe ¥ bx SMM, d Time to fall 0.6m from rest a+ Sar 06 =0+3x 9.80 444 cosust when x = 0147, 0.147 = 0.444 cosut Time for which string ts taut G95 — 2 x SIO = 0.4675. Total time = 0.4675... + 0.349% T=0817 3 sf) ae ua Because ofthe symmetry of SHM. there are several ways to obtain the time for which the string is taut. Whichever method you use {you must show your working clearly. Csay DT sy ‘Whenever a numerical value of g is required, take g 9.8ms? 1A particle P of mass 0.75kg is hanging in equilibrium attached to one end of a light elastic spring of natural length 1.5m and modulus of elasticity 80NN. The other end of the spring is, attached to a fixed point A vertically above P. a Calculate the length of the spring. (Bmarks) ‘The particle is pulled downwards and held at a point B which is vertically below 4 The particle is then released from rest. b Show that P moves with simple harmonic motion. (4marks) © Calculate the petiod of the oscillations, (2 marks) ‘The particle passes through its equilibrium position with speed 2. 4 Calculate the amplitude of the oscillations. (4marks) A particle P of mass 0.5kg is attached to the free end of a light elastic spring of natural length 0.5m and modulus of elasticity SON. The other end of the spring is attached to a fixed point 4 and P hangs in equilibrium vertically below 4. a Calculate the extension of the spring. (3marks) ‘The particle is now pulled vertically down a further 0.2m and released from rest. b Calculate the period of the resulting oscillations, (2 marks) © Calculate the maximum speed of the particle (2 marks) 3A particle P of mass 2kg is hanging in equilibrium attached to the free end of a light elastic spring of natural length 1.5m and modulus of elasticity ZN, The other end of the spring is fixed to a point A vertically above P. The particle receives an impulse of magnitude 3Ns in the direction AP. a Find the speed of P immediately after the impact. b Show that P moves with simple harmonic motion. ‘The period of the oscillations is $s ¢ Find the value of 2 d Find the amplitude of the oscillations 4 A piston of mass 2kg moves inside a smooth cylinder which is fixed with its axis vertical. The piston is attached to the base of the cylinder by a spring of natural length 12cm and modulus of elasticity SOON. The piston is released from rest at a point where the spring is compressed toa length of Sem. Assuming that the spring can be modelled as a light elastic spring and the piston as a particle, ealculate athe period of the resulting oscillations (marks) the maximum speed of the piston (2 marks)DYE) ak) 5 A light elastic string of natural length 40cm has one end A attached to a fixed point. A particle P of mass 0.4kg is attached to the free end of the string and hangs freely in equilibrium, vertically below A. The distance 4P is 45cm, a Find the modulus of elasticity of the string. (GB marks) The particle is now pulled verti from rest m and then released ily downwards until AP measures b Show that, while the string is taut, P moves with simple harmonic motion. (4 marks) © Find the period and amplitude of the motion. G marks) Find the greatest speed of P during the motion. (2 marks) € Find the time taken by P to rise 1] em from the point of release GB marks) 6 A particle P of mass 0.4kg is attached to one end of a light elastic string of natural length 0.5m and modulus of elasticity 10N. The other end of the string is attached to a fixed point A and P is initially hanging freely in equilibrium vertically below A. The particle is then pulled vertically downwards a further 0.2m and released from rest a Calculate the time from release until the string becomes slack for the first time, (4 marks) b Calculate the time between the string first becoming slack and the next time it becomes taut, (4marks) 7 A particle P of mass 1.5kg is hanging freely attached to one end of a light elastic string of natural length 1m and modulus of elasticity 40N. The other end of the string is attached to a fixed point A on a ceiling. The particle is pulled vertically downwards until AP is 1.8m and released from rest, When P has risen a distance 0.4m the string is cut. a Calculate the greatest height P reaches above its equilibrium position, (4 marks) b Calculate the time taken from release to reach that greatest height. (GB marks) A particle P of mass 1.5kg is attached to the midpoint of a light elastic string of natural length 1.2m and modulus of elasticity ISN. The ends of the string are fixed to the points 4 and B where 4 is vertically above Band AB = 2.8m a Given that P is in equilibrium calculate the length AP. (GB marks) The particle is now pulled downwards a distance 015m from its equilibrium position and released from rest b Prove that P moves with simple harmonic motion. (4 marks) T seconds after being released P is 0.1m above its equilibrium position. © Find the value of 7 GB marks) A rock climber of mass 70kg is attached to one end of a rope. He falls from a place which is 8m vertically below the point to which the other end of the rope is fixed. The climber falls vertically without hitting the rock face. Assuming that the climber can be modelled as a particle and the rope as a light elastic string of natural length 16m and modulus of elasticity 40000N, calculate a the climber’s speed at the instant when the rope becomes taut GB marks) b the maximum distance of the climber below the ledge (GB marks) € the time from falling from the ledge to reaching his lowest point. (2 marks) nLaat) Dye) A particle P of mass m kg is attached to one end of a light elastic string of natural length /™m ‘and modulus of elasticity 5mg. the other end of the string is attached to a fixed point 4 on 2 ceiling, The particle is pulled vertically downwards and released to oscillate with period T's, ‘Asecand particle Q of mass km kg is then also attached to the end of the string, The system then oscillates with period 37's. Find the value of k. CE 2) ELIE vrontcn sourme ‘Whenever a numerical value of g is required, take g = 9.8ms* @® 1 Apanticte P of mass 0.6kg moves along the positive x-axis under the action of a single force N where OP which is directed towards the origin O and has magnitude x metres (+3) and k is a constant. Initially P is moving away from O, At x = 2 the speed of P is $s“! and at 10 the speed of P is 2ms"! a Find the value of k (6 marks) ‘The particle first comes to instantaneous rest at the point B. b Find the distance OB. (4 marks) © 2 Apanice P of mass0.5kg is moving along the x-axis, inthe postive » direction. At time 5 seconds (where £ > 0) the resultant force acting on P has magnitude N and is VGr=4) directed towards the origin O. When ‘= 0, P is moving through O with speed 12ms-!, a Find an expression for the velocity of Pat time r seconds. (S marks) b Find the distance of P from O when P is instantaneously at rest. (S marks) 2A spacecraft of mass m is moving ina straight line towards the centre ofthe Earth, When the distance of S$ from the centre of the Earth is x metres, the force exerted by the Earth on S has magnitude 4, where & is a constant, and is directed towards the centre of the Earth a By modelling the Earth as a sphere of radius R and S as a particle, show that k= mg ® (2 marks) The spacecraft starts from rest when x= 5R b Assuming that air resistance can be ignored, find the speed of as it erashes onto the Earth's surface. (7 marks) © 4 A particle ? is moving with simple harmonic motion between two points A and B which are 0.4m apart on a horizontal line, The midpoint of ABis O. At time (= 0, P passes through O, moving towards 4, with speed wms~!, The next time P passes through Q is when t= 2.55, a Find the value of 1 (4 marks) b Find the speed of P when 1 = 35 (2 marks) ¢ Find the distance of P from 4 when = 38 (S marks)DYE) @®5 ak) A particle P of mass 1.2kg moves along the x-axis, At time 1 = 0, P passes through the origin 0, moving in the positive x direction. At time # seconds, the velocity of P is yms“! and OP = x mettes. The resultant force acting on P has magnitude 6(2.5 ~ x)N and acts in the positive x direction. The maximum speed of P is 8 ms! a Find the value of x when the speed of P is Sms“! (S marks) b Find an expression for »? in terms of x. (marks) A particle P moves along the x-axis in such a way that at time ¢ seconds its distance x metres from the origin Q is given by x a Prove that P moves with simple harmonic motion. (marks) b Write down the amplitude and the period of the motion. (GB marks) © Find the maximum speed of P. (2 marks) The points A and Bare on the same side of O with OA = 1.2m and OB = 2m. Find the time taken by P to travel directly from A 10 B. (4marks) A particle P moves on the x-axis with simple harmonic motion such that its centre of oscillation is the origin, 0. When P is a distance 0.09 m from O, its speed is 0.3ms~! and the magnitude of its acceleration is 1.5m 5 a Find the period of the motion. (3 marks) The amplitude of the motion is a metres. Find b the value of a (3 marks) ¢ the total time, within one complete oscillation, for which the distance OP is greater than $ metres. (Smarks) A particle P of mass 0.6kg is attached to one end of a light elastic spring of natural length. 2.5m and modulus of elasticity 25N. The other end of the spring is attached to a fixed point A on the smooth horizontal table on which P lies, The particle is held at the point B where AB = 4m and released from rest. a Prove that P moves with simple harmonic motion. (4marks) b Find the period and amplitude of the motion. (GB marks) © Find the time taken for P to move 2m from B. (2 marks) A particle P of mass 0.4kg is attached to the midpoint of a light elastic string of natural length 1.2m and modulus of elasticity 2.5N, The ends of the string are attached to points A and Bon smooth horizontal table where AB = 2m, The particle P is released from rest at the point C on the table, where A, Cand B lie in a straight line and AC=0.7m a Show that P moves with simple harmonic motion, (4marks) b Find the period of the motion, (marks) The point D lies between A and Band AD =0.85m € Find the time taken by P to reach D for the first time. (4 marks) Ayee atck) Dye) © 10 A and Bare two points on a smooth horizontal floor, where 4B = 12m A particle P has mass 0.4 kg. One end of a light elastic spring, of natural length Sm and ‘modulus of elasticity 20N, is attached to P and the other end is attached to A. The ends of another light elastic spring, of natural length 3m and modulus of elasticity 18 N, are attached to Pand B. 1 Find the extensions in the two springs when the particle is at rest in equilibrium. (5 marks) Initially P is at rest in equilibrium. It is then set in motion and starts to move towards B. In the subsequent motion P does not reach A or B. b Show that P oscillates with simple harmonic motion about the equilibrium position. (Amarks) € Given that P stays within 0.4m of the equilibrium position for + of the time within each complete oscillation, find the initial speed of P. 3 (marks) GD 11 A particle P of mass 0.5kg is attached to one end of a light elastic string of natural length. 1.2m and modulus of elasticity 2. The other end of the string is attached to a fixed point A The particle is hanging in equilibrium at the point O, which is 1.4m vertically below 4 a Find the value of 2 (3 marks) ‘The particle is now displaced to a point B, 1.75m vertically below A, and released from rest. b Prove that while the string is taut P moves with simple harmonic motion. (A marks) Find the period of the simple harmonic motion (marks) 4 Calculate the speed of P at the first instant when the string becomes slack (A marks) € Find the greatest height reached by P above O. (4 marks) GP 12 A particle P of mass m is attached to the midpoint of a light elastic string of natural length 4Tand modulus of elasticity Smg. One end of the string is attached to a fixed point and the other end to a fixed point B, where A and B lie on a smooth horizontal surface and AB = 61. or OF and released ‘The particle is held at the point C, where A, Cand B are collinear and A from rest * a Prove that P moves with simple harmonic motion. marks) Find, in terms of gand / b the period of the motion marks) ¢ the maximum speed of P. (2 marks)DYE) ak) crs ‘The motion of a space shuttle which is launched from a paint Q.on the surface of the Earth can be modelled as a particle of mass m moving ina straight line, subject MG where to the universal law of gravitation using, (Rex ‘Mis the mass ofthe Earth ‘mis the mass of the space shuttle Ris the radius of the Earth -+is the height of the space shuttle above the Earth Gis the universal constant of gravitation, Given a space shuttle is launched with initial velocity ums", show that the ‘maximum height, H, above the Earth that the spaceship reaches can be Rue G- ‘The minimum velocity required to project the space shuttle into space is called the ‘escape velocity, This is the value of w for which H tends to infinity. b Use M=598 x 10% 4x10 G=67 10" to work out the escape velocity for the space shuttle correct to 3 significant Figures, Cee ae 1 _ Informing an equation of motion, forces that tend to decrease the displacement are negative and forces that tend to increase the displacement are positive, 2 Newton's law of gravitation states that the force of attraction between two bodies of mass ‘4M, and M, is directly proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them. GMM, where G is a constant known as the constant of gravitation 3. Simple harmonic motion (S.H.M) is motion in which the acceleration of a particle is always towards a fixed point O on the line of motion of P, and has magnitude proportional to the displacement of P fram 0, 7cM aa} Dye) 4 For SHM. of amplitude a defined by the equation = —u?x Hae =x") If Pis at the centre of the oscillation when f= 0, use x=asinwt # If Pis at an end point of the oscillation when # If Pis at some other point when t = 0, use 2x Ouse. asin (wt +a) cost The period of the oscillation is 7 5 Fora particle moving on a smooth horizontal surface attached to one end of an elastic spring ‘© the particle will move with S.H.M. ‘© the particle will perform complete oscillations. 6 For apparticle moving on a smooth horizontal surface attached to one end of an elastic string. ‘© the particle will move with S.HM. while the string is taut ‘© the particle will move with constant speed while the string is slack. 7 To solve problems involving elastic springs and strings ‘® use Hooke’s law to find the tension ® use F'= mato obtain w + use information given in the question to obtain the amplitude 8 Fora particle hanging in equilibrium attached to one end of an elastic spring and displaced vertically from its equilibrium position ‘© the particle will move with S.H.M. © the particle will perform complete oscillations «© the centre of the oscillation will be the equilibrium position. 9 Foraparticle hanging in equilibrium attached to one end of an elastic string and displaced vertically from its equilibrium position «the particle will move with S.HM. while the string is taut «© the particle will perform complete oscillations if the amplitude is no greater than the equilibrium extension «if the amplitude is greater than the equilibrium extension the particle will move freely under gravity while the string is slack4 Attime REVIEW EXERCISE Review exercise 1A particle P moves in a straight line. At time ¢ seconds, the acceleration of P is ems? where (> 0. When f= 0, Pisat rest, Show that the speed, vms-!, of P at time 1 seconds is given by ) @ ‘€ Mechanies 3 Section 1.1 1 3t 2A particle P moves along the x-axis in the positive direction, At time f seconds, the velocity of P is rms“! and its acceleration is be !ms~, When £0 the speed of Pis 10ms"!, a Express vin terms of 1 © b Find, to 3 significant figures, the speed of Pwhen = 3. @ © Find the limiting value of v. wo “€ Mechanics 3 Section 1.1 3. A particle P moves along the x-axis. At time 1 seconds the velocity of Pis yms-! 1 and its acceleration is 2 sin ¢ms~ 3 both measured in the direction Ox. Given that v=4 when 1=0, a find y in terms of ¢ © b calculate the distance travelled by P between the times 1=Oand¢=5 (7) ‘€ Mechanies 3 Section 1.1 0, a particle P is at the origin O and is moving with speed 18ms~ along the x-axis in the positive x direction. At time 1 seconds (1 > 0), the acceleration of Phas magnitude and is directed towards 0. a Show that, at time 1 seconds, the velocity of Pis (30-6/7+4)ms"!. (6) b Find the distance of P from Q when P comes to instantaneous rest o aa + Mechanics 3 Set A particle moving in a straight line starts from rest at a point O at time ¢ = 0. At time ¢ seconds, the velocity vm sis iven by 3-4), OS TS “\15e, $ R) gk @) from the centre of the Earth is aiae © 2 (GDR A particle is fired vertically upwards from the surface of the Earth with initial speed 3 2k Ignoring air resistance, b find, in terms of g and R, the speed of the particle when it is at a height 2R above the surface of the Earth. om ‘€ Mechanics 3 Seetion3.2 u, where 1° A projectile P is fited vertically upwards from a point on the Earth’s surface. When P is at a distance x from the centre of the Barth its speed is v, Its acceleration is directed towards the centre of the Earth and has magnitude 4 where k isa constant, The Earth is assumed to be a sphere of radius R. a Show that the motion of P may be modelled by the differential equation ak ~ @) The initial speed of Pis U, where U> <2gR. The greatest distance of P from the centre of the Earth is X. b Find Vin terms of U,Randg. (7) ‘Mechanics 3 Section3.2 A particle P moves in a straight line with simple harmonic motion about a fixed centre O with period 2s. At time seconds the speed of P is rms-! When 1 Oand Pis ata point 4 where 04 = 0.25m Find the smallest positive value of ¢ for which AP = 0.375m © ‘© Mechanics 3 Section 3.3 A piston P in a machine moves in a straight line with simple harmonic motion about a fixed centre O. The period of the oscillations is rs. When P is 0.5m from O, its speed is 2.4ms“!, Find @s REVIEW EXERCISE the amplitude of the motion the maximum speed of P during its @ motion @ © the maximum magnitude of the acceleration of P during the motion @ the total time, in seconds to 2 decimal places, in each complete oscillation for which the speed of Pis greater than 24mst, ® & Mechanies 3 Section 3.3 The points O, 4, Band Clie in a straight line, in that order, with OA = 0.6m, OB=0.8m and OC= 1.2m. A particle P, ‘moving in a straight line, has speed (3. g)ms-' at 4, (LyS) nee! (7p3] ms tat 4, (3.5 ]ms" at Band is instantaneously at rest at C. a Show that this information is consistent with P performing harmonic motion with centre 0. (4) Given that P is performing simple harmonic motion with centre O, b show that the speed of P at O is 0.6ms ey © Find the magnitude of the acceleration of Pas it passes 4 4) Find, to 3 significant figures, the time taken for P to move directly from A to B. “ € Mechanies 3 Section 3.3 ‘A piston in a machine is modelled as a particle of mass 0.2kg attached to one end 4 of a light elastic spring, of natural length 0.6m and modulus of elasticity 48N. The other end B of the spring. fixed and the piston is free to move in a horizontal tube which is assumed to be smooth. The piston is released from rest when AB= 0.9mREVIEW EXERCISE @* a Prove that the motion of the piston is simple harmonic with period 758 @) b Find the maximum speed of the piston, @ © Find, in terms of =, the length of time during each oscillation for which the length of the spring is less than 075m. © + Mechanics 3 Section 3.4 A particle P of mass 0.8kg is attached to one end A of a light elastic spring OA of natural length 60cm and modulus of elasticity 12. The spring i placed on a smooth table and the end Q is fixed. The particle is pulled away from O toa point B, where OB = 85cm, and is released from rest. a Prove that the motion of P is simple harmonic motion with period 54) b Find the greatest magnitude of the acceleration of P during the motion. (2) ‘Two seconds after being released from rest, P passes through the point C. € Find, to 2 significant figures, the speed of Pas it passes through C. 2 d State the direction in which P is moving 2s after being released.) ‘€ Mechanics 3 Section 3.4 A particle P of mass 0.3kg is attached to one end of a light elastic spring. The other end of the spring is attached to a fixed point 0 on a smooth horizontal table, The spring has natural length 2m and modulus of elasticity 21.6N. The particle P is placed on the table at a point A, where O4 = 2m, The particle Pis now pulled away from O to the point B, where OABisa straight line with OB = 3.5m Its then released from rest 38 a Prove that P moves with simple harmonic motion of period 3 « b Find the speed of P when it reaches A 2 The point Cis the midpoint of AB. ‘¢ Find, in terms of =, the time taken for Pro reach Cfor the first ime. (4) Later in the motion, P collides with a particle Q of mass 0.2kg which is at rest at A. After impact, P and Q coalesce to form a single particle R 4d Show that R also moves with simple harmonic motion and find the amplitude of this motion, o « Mechanies 3 Section 3.4 A light elastic string, of natural length 4a and modulus of elasticity 8g, has one end attached to a fixed point A. A particle P of mass nr is attached to the other end of the string and hangs in equilibrium at the point 0. a Find the distance 40. The particle is now pulled down toa point C vertically below O, where OC = d It is released from rest. In the subsequent motion the string does not become slack, b Show that P moves with simple __ a @) harmonic motion of period my“ (3) The greatest speed of P during 1 motion is 5 © Find din terms of a @ Instead of being pulled down a distance d, the particle is pulled down a distance a. Without further calculation, describe briefly the subs of P. juent motion @) 35 ‘Mechanics 3 Secti 831 REVIEW EXERCISE 1 Aparticle P travels on the x-axis, passing the origin at time r= O with velocity kms vinere kis a positive constant. At time rthe particle isa distance xm from the origin and eek dx its acceleration, ams is given by a= 8x ey dt ‘Show that the distance of the particle from the origin never exceeds Lf metres. ‘Mechanics 3 Section 1.2 2 a Using integration, show that the work done in stretching a light elastic string of natural length /and modulus of elasticity 4, from ax? length Ito length (+3) is 4° b The same string is stretched from a length (+ a) toa length (1+ b) where b = a, Show that the work done is the product of the mean tension and the distance moved. ‘© Mechanics 3 Section 2.2rae tena)" eee After completing this chapter you should be able to: Understand and calculate angular speed of an object moving ina circle “+ pages 05-08 Understand and calculate angular acceleration of an object moving on a circular path + pages 89-94 Solve problems with objects moving in horizontal circles + pages 95-102 Solve problems with objects moving in vertical circles + pages 103-109 Solve problems when objects do not stay on a circular path + pages 110-119 ‘A smooth ring is threaded (ie. passed onto a long thin piece of string or thread) on a light inextensible string, The ends of the string are attached toa horizontal ceiling, and make angles of 30° and 60° with the ceiling respectively. The ring is held in equilibrium by a horizontal force of magnitude 8 N. aN Find a the tension in the string Bb the mass of the ring «Mechanics 1 Section 7.2 Acar travelling @ around a bend can be modelled asa particle ona 2 Abox of mass 4kg is projected with speed 10m5~ up the line of greatest slope of a rough plane, which is inclined at an angle of 20° to the horizontal. The circular path. Police coefficient of friction between the box and the plane is 0.15. Find use models such as a the distance travelled by the box before it comes to instantaneous rest {this to determine the work done against friction as the box reaches instantaneous rest. likely speeds of cars «© Mechanies 2 Section 4.1 following accidents.ales CU GQ) Angutar speed When an object is moving in a straight line, the speed, usually measured in m s-! or km h~!, describes the rate at which distance is changing. For an object moving on a circular path, you can use the same method for measuring speed, but it is often simpler to measure the speed by considering the rate at which the radius is turning, B ‘As the particle P moves from point 4 to point Bon the circumference of a circle of radius rm, the radius of the circle turns through an angle ¢ radians. The distance moved by P is rm, so if Pis moving at vm s"* Jo. de =rxé {is the rate at which the radius is turning about O. Itis called the angular speed of the particle about 0. ‘The angular speed of a particle is usually denoted by w, and measured inrads = Ifa particle is mo wrads* then » IO 1) TED voc soume A particle moves in a circle of radius 4m with speed 2ms~!, Calculate the angular speed. 1g around a circle of radius rm with linear speed » ms-* and angular speed Express an angular speed of 200 revolutions per minute in radians per second. Each complete revolution is 2r radians, so 200 eevehronsin 400n dane per neue, CRIED Sometimes an angularspende Therefore tie anduropeeas ‘described in terms of the number of revolutions ae ‘completed in a given time, AQOE = p09 rade" (3 st ae 9rd )Pe RU ei Deva EEE we sass A particle moves round a circle in 10 seconds at a constant speed of 15 ms“! Calculate the angular speed of the particle and the radius of the circle. The particle rotates through an angle of 2x radians 10 seconds, sou = 2% = 0.626rads* (3 st) i 10 seconds, sow = 2% = 06281045" (3 at) Using EI menses 1 Express an angular speed of 5 revolutions per minute in rads-! b an angular speed of 120 revolutions per minute in rad st © an angular speed of 4 rad s* in revolutions per minute an angular speed of 3 rads“! in revolutions per hour. 2. Find the speed in ms of a particle moving on a circular path of radius 20m at a 4rads"! b d0rev min 3A particle moves on a circular path of radius 25em at a constant speed of 2ms-! Find the angular speed of the particle a in rads b in revmin-! 4 Find the speed in ms~! of a particle moving on a circular path of radius 80m at a 25rads b 25 revmin~! 5. Anathlete is running round a circular track of radius 50m at 7 ms a How long does it take the athlete to complete one circuit (ie, complete lap) of the track? b Find the angular speed of the athlete in rad s“! 6 A dise of radius 12cm rotates at a constant angular speed, completing one revolution every 10 seconds, Find athe angular speed of the dise in rads“! b the speed of a particle on the outer rim of the d © the speed of a particle at a point 8em from the centre of the disc in ms! cinmsCaley CU 7 A cyclist completes two circuits of a circular track in 45 seconds. Calculate a his angular speed in rad. the radius of the track given that his speed is 40 kmh! 8 Aalia and Bethany are on a fairground roundabout. Aalia is 3m from the centre and Bethany is Sm from the centre. If the roundabout completes 10 revolutions per minute, calculate the speeds with which Aalia and Bethany are moving 9 A model train completes one circuit of a circular track of radius 1.5m in 26 seconds, Calculate the angular speed of the train in rads“! bb the linear speed of the train in ms~!, 10 A train is moving at 150 km h~! round a circular bend of radius 750m. Calculate the angular speed of the train in rad s“ ©® 11 The hour hand on a clock has radius 10¢m, and the minute hand has radius 1Sem, Calculate a the angular speed of the end of each hand D the linear speed of the end of each hand. 12. The drum of a washing machine has diameter 50cm. The drum spins at 1200 rev mi Find the linear speed of a point on the drum. 13 A gramophone record rotates at 45 rev min-!, Find a the angular speed of the record in rad s* bb the distance from the centre of a point moving at 12cm s“. ©® 14 The Earth completes one orbit of the sun in a year. Taking the orbit to be a circle of radius 1.5 x 10°'m, and a year to be 365 days, calculate the speed at which the Earth is moving. ©® 15 A bead moves around a hoop of radius rm with angular velocity 1 rads“. The bead moves at a speed greater than Sms~!, Find the range of possible values for r cr “Two separate circular turntables, with different radi, are mounted horizontally on a common vertical axis which acts as the centre of rotation for both. The smaller turntable, of radius 18 cm, is uppermost and rotates clockwise (Le. in the same direction as clock hands), The larger turntable has radius 20 cm and rotates anticlockwise‘. in the opposite direction). Both turntables have constant angular velocities, with magnitudes in the same ratio as their radi. ‘Ablue dot is placed at a point on the circumference of the smaller turntable, and a red dot at the same point on the larger one. Starting from the instant that the two dots are at their closest possible distance apart, itis known that 10 seconds later these dots are at their maximum distance apart for the first time, Find the exact angular velocity of the larger turntable.Ce Cae) ©) Acceleration of an object moving on a horizontal circular path ‘When an object moves round a horizontal circular path at constant speed, the direction of the motion is changing. If the direction is changing, then, although the speed is constant, the velocity is not constant. If the velocity is changing then the object must have an acceleration. Suppose that the object is moving on a circular path of radius r at constant speed v. Let the time taken to move from A to B be dr, and the angle AOB be id. At A, the velocity is v along the tangent AT. At B, the velocity is v along the tangent TB. The velocity at B can be resolved into components ¥c05 60 parallel to AT and sin 60 perpendicular to AT. change in velocity time ‘when it passes point 4, we need to consider what happens to. ‘We know that acceleratior $0 to find the acceleration of the abject at the instant Vand ”sin 6d — 0 and Pinot ‘These will be the components of the acceleration parallel to 47’ and perpendicular to 47 respectively. as5¢—0 For a small angle 49 measured in radians, cos 0 ~ 1 and sin4@ ~ 49, so the acceleration parallel to ATs zero, and the acceleration perpendicular to AT is 2 =e Using v = nu, nocan be written as ruzor 2 = An object moving on a circular path with constant linear speed v and constant angular speed «e has acceleration rw? or ™ towards the centre of the circle. EEOC 4) ECE) eroatew-soume A particle is moving on a horizontal circular path of radius 20cm with constant angular speed. 2rad s-!, Calculate the acceleration of the particle ‘AccelerationSatie) CU Gx) ren sma A particle of mass 150g moves in a horizontal circle of radius 50cm at a constant speed of 4m s“ Find the force towards the centre of the circle that must act on the particle. —=$== ——_ EEE eee TION ©) LIED rrosien-scusme One end of a light inextensible string of length 20cm is attached to a particle P of mass 250g, ‘The other end of the string is attached to a fixed point 0 on a smooth horizontal table. P moves in a horizontal circle centre at constant angular speed 3 rad s“!. Find the tension in the string, Explore circular motion of a & "particle attached toa light inextensble string using GeoGebra, Suppose thet the tension in the string is TN. GE) ED woe A smooth wire is formed into a circle of radius 15cm, A bead of mass 50 g is threaded onto the wire, The wire is horizontal and the bead is made to move along it with a constant speed of 20ems", Find the horizontal component of the foree on the bead due to the wire. ens ust Looking at the wi Looking at the wire from above: from the side: }O.2ms- a + i el occa aeCe Cae) Let the horizont ‘omporent of the force exerted on the bead by the wire be Ht 0.05 x 0.2? O15 EEO 8) ETD rros.en sume A particle P of mass 10 rests on a rough horizontal dise at a distance 15.em from the centre, ‘The disc rotates at constant angular speed of 1.2 rad s*, and the particle does not slip. Calculate the force due to the friction acting on the particle. O.013N (2 sf) P Ootkg 12rad s Suppose that the frictional force is FN. 0.01 x 0.15 x 1.2? = 0.00216 N Then OM 2) LEED wereneriron Acar of mass M kg is travelling on a flat road round a bend which is an are of a circle of radius 140m. The greatest speed at which the car can travel round the bend without slipping is 45km h!, Find the coefficient of friction between the tyres of the car and the road 140m Mg Let the frictional force between the car tyres and the road be F, and the coefficient of friction be j. The normal reaction between the car and the road fo R 1Caley CU w= Oey TON 29D Problem-solving You can cancel &M from both sides of the equation. This tells you that the answer is independent of the mass of the car. ‘Whenever a numerical value of g is required take g = 9.8ms? 1A particle is moving on a horizontal circular path of radius 16cm with a constant angular speed of Srad s+. Calculate the acceleration of the particle. 2. A particle is moving on a horizontal circular path of radius 0.3m at a constant speed of 2.5ms-'. Calculate the acceleration of the particle. 3A particle is moving on a horizontal circular path of radius 3m. Given that the acceleration of the particle is 75 ms towards the centre of the cirele, find a the angular speed of the particle bb the linear speed of the particle. 4A particle is moving on a horizontal circular path of diameter 1.2m. Given that the acceleration of the particle is 100m s-® towards the centre of the cirele, find the angular speed of the particle bb the linear speed of the particle. 5. Acar is travelling round a bend which is an arc of a circle of radius 90m, ‘The speed of the car is 50km h-, Calculate its acceleration. 6 A car moving along a horizontal road which follows an are of a circle of radius 75m has an acceleration of 6 ms~ directed towards the centre of the citele. Calculate the angular speed of the car. 7 One end of a light inextensible string of length 0.15 m is attached to a particle P of mass 300g, ‘The other end of the string is attached to a fixed point O on a smooth horizontal table. P moves ina horizontal circle centre O at constant angular speed 4 rad s~!. Find the tension in the string,Ce Cae) 8 One end of a light inextensible string of length 25 cm is attached to a particle P of mass 150. The other end of the string is attached to a fixed point O on a smooth horizontal table. P moves in a horizontal circle centre O at constant speed 9 ms-!. Find the tension in the string. 9 A smooth wire is formed into a circle of radius 0.12m. A bead of mass 60g is threaded onto the wire. The wire is horizontal and the bead is made to move along it with a constant speed of 3m". Find the vertical component of the force on the bead due to the wire b the horizontal component of the force on the bead due to the wire. 10 A particle P of mass 15g rests on a rough horizontal dise at a distance 12cm from the centre. The dise rotates at a constant angular speed of 2rads-!, and the particle does not Calculate a the linear speed of the particle b the force due to the friction acting on the particle. 11 A particle P rests on a rough horizontal dise at a distance 20 em from the centre. When the disc rotates at constant angular speed of 1.2 rad s", the particle is just about to slip. Calculate the value of the coefficient of friction between the particle and the d 12. A particle P of mass 0.3 kg rests on a rough horizontal disc at a distance 0.25 m from the centre of the disc. The coefficient of friction between the particle and the disc is 0.25. Given that P is on the point of slipping, find the angular speed of the disc. 13. A cars travelling round a bend on a flat road which is an are of a cirele of radius 80m. The greatest speed at which the car can travel round the bend without slipping is 40 km h-! Find the coefficient of friction between the tyres of the ear and the road. 14 A car is travelling round a bend on a flat road which is an are of a circle of radius 60m. The coeflicient of friction between the tyres of the car and the road is 4 Find the greatest angular speed at which the ear can travel round the bend without slipping. ©® 15 A centrifuge (i.e. a machine that spins around to separate what it contains, eg. liquids from solids) consists of a vertical hollow cylinder of radius 20em rotating about a vertical axis, through its centre at 90 revs Calculate the magnitude of the normal reaction between the cylinder and a particle of mass 5 gon the inner surface of the cylinder. b Given that the particle remains at the same height on the cylinder, calculate the least possible coeflicient of friction between the particle and the cylinder, ©) 16 A fairground ride consists of a vertical hollow cylinder of diameter $m which rotates about a vertical axis through its centre. When the ride is rotating at Fra! the floor of the cylinder opens, Without slipping, the people on the ride remain, in contact with the inner surface of the cylinder. Given that the coefficient of friction between a person and the inner surface of the cylinder is 3 find the minimum value for W. (marks) b State, with a reason, whether this would be a safe speed at which to operate the ride. (I mark)Cars CU © 17 Woo particles P and Q, both of mass 80 g, are attached to the ends of a light inextensible string of length 30cm. Particle ? is on a smooth horizontal table, the string passes through a small smooth hole in the centre of the table, and particle Q hangs freely below the table at the other end of the string. P is moving on a circular path about the centre of the table at constant linear speed. Find the linear speed at which P must move if Q is in equilibrium 10cm below the table (4 marks) © 18 A car travels travels around a bend on a flat road. The car is modelled as a particle travelling at a constant speed of yms~ along a path which is an are of a circle of radius Rm. Given that the car does not slip. a find the minimum value for the coefficient of friction between the car and the road, giving. your answer in terms of R and g. (4marks) b Describe one weakness of the model. (1 mark) @® 19 One end of a light extensible string of natural length 0.3m and modulus of elasticity 10N is attached to a particle P of mass 250 g. The other end of the string is attached to a fixed point 0 on a smooth horizontal table. P moves in a horizontal circle centre O at constant angular speed 3rad s-!. Find the radius of the circle. 20 A particle P of mass 4kg rests on a rough horizontal disc, centre O, which is rotating at «rad s-!. The coefficient of friction between the particle and the disc is 0.3. The particle is attached to O by means of a light clastic string of natural length 1.5m and modulus of elasticity 12. The distance OP is 2m. Given that the particle does not slide across the surface of the dise, find the maximum possible value of w. (7 marks) rs ‘particle is moving inthe horizontal x-y planets x- and y-coordinates at time 1 seconds are given by the parametric equations xepty=get=0 where sis the time in seconds, and p and gare positive constants. 2 Sketch the path of Pand write its equation in the form y= f(x) b Find the acceleration of the particle and its speed, vm s~, at the origin. Find the equation of the lower half of a circle with centre 0, R) and radius R giving your answer inthe form y= atx) d_ By comparing second derivatives, find, in terms of p and g, the value of R for which this circle most closely matches the path of Pat the origin ‘Asecond particle @ moves around this circle with linear speed vm s~ Find the acceleration of @. f Comment on your answer.Ce Cae) ©) Three-dimensional problems with objects moving in horizontal circles In this section you will find out how the method of resolving forces can be used to solve a problem about an object moving in a horizontal circle. EON 29) TED wreronearon A particle of mass 2 kg is attached to one end of a light inextensible string of length 50cm. ‘The other end of the string is attached to a fixed point 4, The particle moves with constant angular speed in a horizontal circle of radius 40cm. The centre of the cirele is vertically below 4. Calculate the tension in the string and the angular speed of the particle, EDD vier circular motion in ‘three dimensions using GeoGebra. ee the circle, the string follows the surface of a cone - this madel s called a conical pendulum. Let the tension In the string be T, and the angular speed be w. ‘Suppose that the string is inclined at angle # to the: horizontal Then R(1): sind = 2g and Ri}: T cos = 2x04 xa? But from the dimensions given we know that cos = $ and sn 20 T= 2g x $= 32.66...N Teos8 _ 3266... x08 a and u? = T6058 _ 3266..,%08 _ 30.66, w= S7rads" (2 sh) O22) LEED wrcroncrnon A particle of mass m is attached to one end of a light inextensible string of length /. The other end of the string is attached to a fixed point 4. The particle moves with constant angular speed in a horizontal circle, The string is taut and the angle between the string and the vertical is 9. The centre of the circle is vertically below 4. Find the angular speed of the particle.Cates CU ‘Suppose that the sion in the string is T, and that # ne angular speed of the particle is wz Ret): Teosd = mg The radius of the circular path is fsin@. —— nx tin x ue emotes — vetoes ~ Stamm Bauer ils? cos = mg OM 12) LEED voc sours ‘A car travels round a bend of radius 500m on a flat road which is banked at an angle 0 to the horizontal. The car is assumed to be moving at constant speed in a horizontal circle and there is no tendency to slip. If there is no frictional force acting on the car down the slope when it is travelling at 90km hr", find the value of 0. ie Problem-solving There is no sideways frictional force between the car and the road, This means that the angular acceleration must be entirely due to the component 2 of the reaction that acts towards the centre ofthe circle Suppose that the mass of the car is m, and that the normal reaction ip RCe Cae) 20bmi- = 20,%1000 - 25 ms: sa vee a oo | mei Ri): Rein = MAE = tani = 0.126..., 0= 7.3° (2 sf) = 500 xe | ETI 13) IED crea rs ‘The diagram shows a particle P of mass m attached by two strings to fixed points 4 and B, where A is vertically above B. The strings are both taut and P is moving in a horizontal circle with constant angular speed 2\’3g rads Both strings are 0.5m in length and inclined at 60° to the vertical. a Calculate the tensions in the two strings ‘The strings will break if the tension in them exceeds 8mg N. ‘The angular speed of the particle is increased until the strings break. [o> 0.5m b State which string will break first. ¢ Find the maximum angular speed of the particle before the string breaks. ww 0m 5 Rit): Tycos 6 Tq, = T,cosGO + mg ame) Rie): T4c05.30 + Tycos 30 = mrw’ 3 3 Bx ax 3g Ty+Ts=Gme (2) | Ty + Ty) = m x + Ty = 4mgN and Ty = 2mgNCates CU b The upper string will aways have gre: tension 30 will break first © Let maximum angular speed be wna At this speed, T, = mg, 50 trom (), Ty = 6mg Grote 90 come + 6m) =m Dent Fepeat Werk rom part a when answering parte Allo the working in prt a upto the pl 268 = where w is substituted still applies, so use eet V2BG = 17rads" (2 58) Ty= Ty= ri and Fcos30" + T0530" = ma? (example QQ) sus See ‘An aircraft of mass 2 tonnes flies at 500 km h-! on a path which follows a horizontal circular are in order to change course from due north to due east. The aircraft turns in the clockwise direction from due north to due east. It takes 40 seconds to change course, with the aircraft banked at an angle o to the horizontal. Calculate the value of « and the magnitude of the lift force perpendicular to the surface of the aircraft's wings. Senn In normal fight, the ft force acts vertically and balances the weight of the aircraft. By banking the aircraft the lift force is now doing two things the vertical component is balancing the weight, and the horizontal component isthe force which causes the acceleration towards the centre ofthe circular are thatthe aircraft isto follow. 500 x 1000 _ 5000... Speed = 5O0kmhr = 300 * 1000 . 500 The aireralt completes one quarter of the circle in 40 seconds, 20 “tne 0 ——_} WP > OGgx2 u> \12e Hence the minimum value of wis 12 Geen Note that if u= {12g then the speed of the particle at the top of the circle would be zero, In this case the rod would be in thrust, with the force in the rod balancing the weight of the particle. rrSte aise CIRCULAR MOTION A particle 4 of mass 0.4 kg is attached to one end of a light inextensible string of length 0.3 m. ‘The other end of the string is attached to a fixed point B. The particle is hanging in equilibrium when it is set in motion with a horizontal speed of wm s-!. Find 8 an expression for the tension in the string, in terms of u, when it is at an angle @ to the downward vertical through B b the minimum value of u for which the particle will perform a complete circle, OBLEM-SOLYING a Take the lowest point of the circle as the zero level for potential eneray. At the lowest level the particle has Kew bxOa ni? 2020 a8 Mien the string at angle to the verte the partie oe 1 p=lx04x v2 Re = 3x0. FE = O4 x g x O3(1 - cosd) O.2u2 = O2v2 + 0.12¢11 ~ cos) Resolving towards the centre of the circ! RO): T- 0450000 = ME 5% io 2 6g + 06gc038) Ais T= O4gcos0 + Siw Aue = 12gcosa + 4 obs .ch to top of the circle EEE 160" b If the particle s to re then we require T > O when po? In the previous example the rod could be in Sala OO thrust and could suppor the particle In tis AE > 2g example the string must remain taut for the a> particle to perform a complete circle. The were condition forthe string to remain taut is that the tension on the string remains positive.Ce Cae) Examples 17 and 18 above illustrate the difference between particles attached to strings and rods. You can use these conditions to determine whether particles moving in a vertical circle perform complete circles. = Aparticle attached to the end of alight rod will perform complete vertical circles ifit has speed > O at the top of the circle. = Asmall bead threaded on to a smooth circular wire will perform complete vertical circles if it has speed > O at the top of the circle. = Aparticle attached to a light inextensible string will perform complete vertical circles if the tension in the string > 0 at the top of the circle. This means that the speed of the particle when it reaches the top of the circle must be large enough to keep the string taut at the top of the circle, ETE rrcnune Whenever @ numerical value of g is required take g = 9.8ms~ 1A particle of mass 0.6 kg is attached to end A of a light rod AB of length 0.5m. The rod is free to rotate in a vertical plane about B. The particle is held at rest with 4B horizontal. The particle is released. Calculate the speed of the particle as it passes through the lowest point of the path b the tension in the rod at this point. 2 A particle of mass 0.4 kg is attached to end A of a light rod 4B of length 0.3 m. The rod is free to rotate in a vertical plane about B. The particle is held at rest with 4 vertically above B. The rod is slightly displaced so that the particle moves in a vertical circle. Calculate athe speed of the particle as it passes through the lowest point of the path b the tension in the rod at this point. 3A particle of mass 0.4 kg is attached to end A of a light rod AB of length 0.3 m. The rod is free to rotate in a vertical plane about B. The particle is held at rest with 4B at 60° to the upward vertical, The particle is released. Calculate a the speed of the particle as it passes through the lowest point of the path b the tension in the rod at this point. 4A particle of mass 0.6 kg is attached to end A of a light rod AB of length 0.5m. The rod is free to rotate in a vertical plane about B. The particle is held at rest with 4B at 60° to the upward vertical, The particle is released. Calculate athe speed of the particle as it passes through the point where 4B is horizontal b the tension in the rod at this point. 5 A smooth bead of mass 0.5 kg is threaded onto a circular wire ring of radius 0.7 m that lies in a vertical plane, The bead is at the lowest point on the ring when it is projected horizontally with speed 10ms-, Calculate a the speed of the bead when it reaches the highest point on the ring b the reaction of the ring on the bead at this point. rdaes CU ©® 6 A particle of mass 0.5 kg moves around the interior of a sphere of radius 0.7m, The particle ‘moves in a circle in the vertical plane containing the centre of the sphere. The line joining the centre of the sphere to the particle makes an angle of 0 with the vertical. The particle is resting. on the bottom of the sphere when it is projected horizontally with speed wm s, Find an expression for the speed of the particle in terms of wand @ bb the restriction on w if the particle is to reach the highest point of the sphere. ©® 7 A particle A of mass 1.5kgis attached to one end of a light inextensible string of length 2m, The other end of the string is attached to a fixed point B. The particle is hanging in equilibrium when it is set in motion with a horizontal speed of ums-!, Find a an expression for the tension in the string when itis at an angle 4 to the downward vertical through B (3 marks) b the minimum value of u for which the particle will perform a complete circle, (marks) 8 A small bead of mass 50g is threaded on a smooth circular wire of radius 75cm which is fixed in a vertical plane. The bead is at rest at the lowest point of the wire when itis hit with an impulse of IN s horizontally causing it to start to move round the wire. Find the value of Fit a the bead just reaches the top of the circle (4 marks) b the bead just reaches the point where the radius from the bead to the centre of the circle kes an anal of wlan th the upwad ete and hen at ost Bac ot original position. (marks) 9 A particle of mass 50 g is attached to one end of a light inextensible string of length 75 cm. The other end of the string is attached to a fixed point. The particle is hanging at rest when itis hit with an impulse of IN s horizontally causing it to start to move in a vertical circle. Find the value of Tif the particle just reaches the top of the circle (marks) the string goes slack at the instant when the particle reaches the point where the string makes anand o aan with he ua eri CSmarh) € Describe the subsequent motion in part b qualitatively. (1 mark) 10 A particle of mass 0.8 kg is attached to end A of a light rod AB of length 2m. The end Bis attached to a fixed point so that the rod is free to rotate in a vertical circle with its cemtre at B. ‘The rod is held in a horizontal position and then released. Caleulate the speed of the particle and the tension in the rod when a the particle is at the lowest point of the circle b the rod makes an angle of arctan with the downward vertical through B. 11_A particle of mass 500 g describes complete vertical circles on the end of a light inextensible string of length 1.5m. Given that the speed of the particle is 8m s“! at the highest point, find a the speed of the particle when the string is horizontal b the magnitude of the tangential acceleration when the string is horizontal © the tension in the string when the particle is at the lowest point of the circle.Ce Cae) @n © A light rod 48 of length 1 m has a particle of mass 4 ke attached at 4. End B is pivoted to a fixed point so that ABis free to rotate in a vertical plane, When the rod is vertical with A below B the speed of the particle is 6.5 ms~! Find the angle between 4B and the vertical at the instant, when the tension in the rod is zero, and calculate the speed of the particle at that instant. (T marks) A particle P of mass mr kg is attached to one end of a light rod of length rm which is free to rotate in a vertical plane about its other end. The particle describes complete vertical circles. Given that the tension at the lowest point of P's path is three times the tension at the highest point, find the speed of P at the lowest point on its path, A particle P of mass m kgs attached to one end of a light inextensible string of length rm, The other end of the string is attached to a fixed point O, and P describes complete vertical circles about 0, Given that the speed of the particle at the lowest point is one-and-a-half times the speed of the particle at the highest point, find the speed of the particle at the highest point b the tension in the string when the particle is at the highest point. A light inelastic string of length r has one end attached to a fixed point O. A particle P of mass mg is attached to the other end. P is held with OP horizontal and the string taut. P is then projected vertically downwards with speed yar Find, in terms of 0, m and g, the tension in the string when OP makes an angle 6 with the horizontal, (4 marks) b Given that the string will break when the tension in the string is 2mg N, find, to 3 significant figures the angle between the string and the horizontal when the string breaks, (3 marks) The diagram shows the cross-section of an industrial roller, s The roller is modelled as a cylinder of radius 4m. The cylinder is oriented with its long axis horizontal, and is free to spin about this axis, A handle of mass 0.4 kg is attached to the outer surface of the cylinder at a point S, which is 3.8m vertically above O. The cylinder is held in place by this handle, then released from rest. The handle is modelled as a particle, P. In the subsequent motion, OP moves in part of a vertical rele, making an angle 4 above the horizontal, a show that the linear speed of the handle at any point in its motion is given by 76g — Be sind (S marks) b According to the model, state the height of the handle above O at the point where the cylinder next comes to rest. (mark) € State, with a reason, how this answer is likely to differ in reality (1 mark)ae CU ©) objects not constrained on a circular path In some models, (for example a bead threaded on a ring or a particle attached to the end of a light rod), the object has to stay on the circular path. Ifthe initial speed is not sufficient for the object to reach the top of the circular path, then it will fall back and oscillate about the lowest point of the path, Other particles may not be constrained (ie. forced limit) to stay on a circular path. For example, a particle moving on the convex (Le. curving out) surface of a sphere. ™ If an object is not constrained to stay on its circular path then as soon as the contact force associated with the circular path becomes zero, the object can be treated as a projectile moving freely under gravity. A particle P of mass m is attached to one end of a light inextensible string of length /, The other end of the string is attached to a fixed point 0. The particle is hanging in equilibrium at point A, directly below O, when itis set in motion with a horizontal speed 2/7. When OP has turned through an angle 0 and the string is still taut, the tension in the string is 7. Find a anexpression for T’ b the height of P above 4 at the instant when the string goes slack ¢ the maximum height above A reached by P before it starts to fall to the ground again. Explore mation of a particle not constrained on a circular path using GeoGebra. a When 240) -d v and the tension in the string is T. Let A be the zero level for FE. 1 At A, Phas FE, = Oand KE= bx mx u?= dmx 4gf When LAOP = 0, P has PE. = mgl(t — cos) and c= da? kead ag = ght = 2008) + Lv gilt + co 8) Resolving parallel to OP: _ my? _mx 24lt) +2090) RA): T- mgcoso = MF = MX BETTS coo =r img + 2mgcosO + mgcosd = 2mg + SmgcoseCe Cae) b When T=0, aie —— 2 From the energy equation ne now ha abe hs Seen Pinon mening ly ce ny fetis pole the torte convene of te vty | RE rocky i chan 's veos (180 — ‘At the maximum height the vertical Ut the additional height before the particle begins to component of the velocity is zero. tis hthen a a sr CED te he Bpe poh ast total height above original leve EEE 20) TED rrnerev sourmec A smooth hemisphere with radius 5m and centre Q is resting in a fixed position on a horizontal plane. Its flat face is in contact with the plane. A particle P of mass 4 kg is slightly disturbed from rest at the highest point of the hemisphere. When OP has turned through an angle 0 and the particle is still om the surface of the hemisphere the normal reaction of the sphere on the particle is R. Find a anexpression for R b the angle between OP and the upward vertical when the particle leaves the surface of the hemisphere © the distance of the particle from the centre of the hemisphere when it hits the ground. When OP is at an angle @ to the upward vertical, Ke = daw? = 2¥? xcot —— i m1eases CU v2 = 10g(t ~ cosa) Resolving parallel to PO: RO): 4egc050 = R= = Oxt1 — cos) 50 R= 4gcos0— Bg +8gcos0 = |2¢cos0 8g ‘The particle leaves the hemisphere when there is no contact force b The particle leaves the hemisphere when R =O This is when cos@ = 2 3 0 = arcosé = 48.2°(3 si) € When the particle leaves the hemisphere vertical distance OP = 50s: horizontal distance OP = 5 sin? 108 intial vertical speed = vsin 10_ BOF 4 St + See Bv3gr + 2V50g0 - 20v3 =0 04976. Horizontal distance travelled in this time wm =f 2. 04976... = 1896. = veo x t= SE x2 x 0.4976... = 1896... Total distance trom SY, 1096... = 5.6m (2 EXENE) AD wean Whenever a numerical value of g is required take ¢ 8ms2 © 1 A particle P of mass m is attached to one end of a light inextensible string of length / The other end of the string is attached to a fixed point O. The particle is hanging in equilibrium at a point 4, directly below O, when it is set in motion with a horizontal speed \3gl. When OP has turned through an angle @ and the string is still taut, the tension in the string is 7. Find aan expression for T b the height of P above A at the instant when the string goes slack © the maximum height above A reached by P before it starts to fall to the ground again,Ce Cae) ®2 ®3 A smooth solid hemisphere with radius 6m and centre Q is resting in a fixed position on a horizontal plane, Its flat face is in contact with the plane. A particle P of mass 3 kg is slightly disturbed from rest at the highest point of the hemisphere, When OP has turned through an angle @ and the particle is still on the surface of the hemisphere the normal reaction of the sphere on the particle is R. Find a_an expression for R b the angle, to the nearest degree, between OP and the upward vertical when the particle leaves the surface of the hemisphere © the distance of the particle from the centre of the hemisphere when it hits the ground. A smooth solid hemisphere is fixed with its plane face on a horizontal table and its curved surface uppermost. The plane face of the hemisphere has centre O and radius r. The point 4 is the highest point on the hemisphere. A particle P is placed on the hemisphere at A. Itis then 7 given an initial horizontal speed u, where «# =", When OP makes an angle @ with OA, and while P remains on the hemisphere, the speed of P is v. Find a anexpression for b the value of cos when P leaves the hemisphere © the value of v when P leaves the hemisphere, After leaving the hemisphere P strikes the table at B, find @ the speed of Pat B € the angle, to the nearest degree, at which P strikes the table. A smooth sphere with centre O and radius 2m is fixed to a horizontal surface. A particle P of mass 3 kg is slightly disturbed from rest at the highest point of the sphere and starts to slide down the surface of the sphere. Find a the angle, to the nearest degree, between OP and the upward vertical at the instant when P leaves the surface of the sphere the magnitude and direction, to the nearest degree, of the velocity of the particle as it hits the horizontal surface. A particle of mass mr is projected with speed w from the top of the outside of a smooth sphere of radius a. In the subsequent motion the particle slides down the surface of the sphere and leaves V3ea the surface of the sphere with speed". Find, a the vertical distance travelled by the particle before it loses contact with the surface of the sphere (4marks) bu (4 marks) © the magnitude and direction, to the nearest degree, of the velocity of the particle when it is at the same horizontal level as the centre of the sphere, (S marks) rr)aes CU @s« A smooth hemisphere with centre O and radius 50 cm is fixed with its plane face in contact with. a horizontal surface, A particle P is released from rest at point 4 on the sphere, where OA is inclined at 10° to the upward vertical. The particle leaves the sphere at point B. a Find the angle, to the nearest degree, between OB and the upward vertical b Describe the subsequent motion qualitatively. ‘A smooth laundry chute (ie. a tube that laundry can be thrown down) is builtin two sections, PQ and QR. Each section is in the shape of an are of a circle, PQ has radius 5m and subtends an angle of 70° at its centre, A. QR has radius 7m and subtends an angle of 40° at its centre, B. The points 4, Qand Bare ina vertical straight line. The laundry bags are collected in a large bin Lm below R. To test the chute, a beanbag of mass 2kg is released from rest at P B ‘The beanbag is modelled as a particle and the laundry chute is modelled as being smooth, a Calculate the speed with which the beanbag reaches the laundry bin, (2 marks) b Show that the beanbag loses contact with the chute before it reaches R (Smarks) In practice, laundry bags do remain in contaet with the chute throughout, € State a possible refinement to the model which could account for this discrepancy, (I mark) Part of a hollow spherical shell, centre O and radius a, is removed to form a smooth bowl with a plane circular rim, The bow! is fixed with the rim uppermost and horizontal, The centre of the circular rim is “* vertically above the lowest point of the bowl. A marble is placed inside the bowl and projected horizontally from the lowest point of the bow! with speed a Find the minimum value of u for which the marble will leave the bow! and not Fall back in to it (10 marks) In reality the marble is subject to frictional forces from the surface of the bowl and air resistance. b State how this will affect your answer to part a. (1 markCe Cae) — SEED wrenpaeranon 1A particle of mass m moves with constant speed 1 in a horizontal cirele of radius on the inside of a fixed smooth hollow sphere of radius 2a. Show that 9ag = 2v7u2 2A particle P of mass mis attached to one end of a light inextensible string of length 3a. The other end of the string is attached to a fixed point 4 which is a vertical distance a above a smooth. horizontal table. The particle moves on the table in a circle whose centre 0 is vertically below 4, as shown in the diagram. The string is taut and the speed of P is 2/ag. Find a the tension in the string b the normal reaetion of the table on P. 3 A light inextensible string of length 25/ has its ends, fixed to two points A and B, where A is vertically above B. A small smooth ring of mass m is threaded on the string. The ring is moving with constant speed in a horizontal circle with centre B and radius 12/, as shown in the diagram, Find a the tension in the string b the speed of the ring. 4. A car moves round a bend which is banked at a constant angle of 12° to the horizontal. When the car is travelling at a constant speed of 15 ms~! there is no sideways (i.e. to or from the side) frictional force on the car. The car is modelled as a particle moving in a horizontal circle of radius r metres, Calculate the value of @® § A particle P of mass mis attached to the ends of two light inextensible strings 4P and BP each of length /. The ends A and Bare attached to fixed points, with 4 vertically above Band AB = |, as shown in the diagram. The particle P moves in a horizontal circle with constant angular speed w. The centre of the circle is the midpoint of 4B and both strings remain taut a Show that the tension in AP is 92g +L?) (3 marks) b Find, in terms of m, J, w and g, an expression for the tension in BP. (2 marks) © that ut > (mark) 115ae CU ® 6 A particle ? of mass mis atached to oneend of a light string of length f, The other end of the string is attached to a fixed point 4. The particle moves in a horizontal circle with constant angular speed w and with the string inclined at an angle of 45° to the vertical, as shown in the diagram. a Show that the tension in the string is 2mg b Find win terms of g and L. 7 A particle P of mass 0.6 kg is attached to one end of a light inextensible string of length 1.2m. ‘The other end of the string is attached to a fixed point 4. The particle is moving, with the string taut, in a horizontal circle with centre O vertically below A. The particle is moving with constant angular speed 3 rad s-!. Find athe tension in the string. b the angle, to the nearest degree, between 4? and the downward vertical. © 8 A particle P of mass m moves on the smooth inner surface of a spherical bowl of internal radius r. The particle moves with constant angular speed in a horizontal circle, which is at a depth % below the centre of the bowl. Find a a the normal reaction of the bow! on P (2 marks) the time it takes P to complete three revolutions of its circular path, (marks) 9 A bend of a race track is modelled as an are of a horizontal cirele of radius 100m. The track is not banked at the bend. The maximum speed at which a motoreyele can be ridden round the bend without slipping sideways is 21 ms“. The motorcycle and its rider are modelled as particles, 1a Show that the coefficient of friction between the motorcycle and the track is 0.45. (6 marks) ‘The bend is now reconstructed so that the track is banked at an angle a to the horizontal, ‘The maximum speed at which the motorcycle can now be ridden round the bend without, slipping sideways is 28 ms. The radius of the bend and the coefficient of friction between the motorcycle and the track are unchanged. b Find the value of tana (8 marks) 10 A light rod rests on the surface of a sphere of radius r, as shown in the diagram. The rod is attached to a point vertically above the centre of the sphere, a distance r from the top of the sphere. A particle, P. of mass mis attached to the rod at the point where the rod meets the sphere ‘The rod pivots freely such that the particle completes horizontal circles on the smooth outer surface of the sphere with angular speed wo a Find the tension in the rod above the particle, giving your answer in terms of m, g,wandr. (8 marks)Ce Cae) 2 Given that the rod remains on the surface of the sphere, _ bb show that the time taken for the particle to make one complete revolution is at least mj SF (marks) © Without further calculation, state how your answer to part b would change if the particle ‘was moved i up the rod towards the pivot ii down the rod away from the pivot. (2 marks) ‘A rough disc rotates in a horizontal plane with constant angular velocity w about a fixed vertical axis A particle P of mass mt lies on the disc at a distance 3a from the axis, The coefficient of friction between P and the dise is 3. Given that P remains at rest relative to the disc, a prove that 2 « 3 (7 marks) ‘The particle is now connected tothe axis by a horizontal light elastic string of natural length a Sm and modus of lasicy 2, The dc gan roles with cont angular loc about the axis and P remains at rest relative to the disc ata distance 3 from the axis. b Find the range of possible values of w. (8 marks) A particle P of mass mis attached to one end of a light inextensible string of length a. The other end of the string is fixed at a point O. The particle is held with the string taut and OP horizontal. It is then projected vertically 8g When OP has tured through an angle # and the string is still taut, the speed of P is v and the tension in the string is 7, as shown in the diagram, Find aan expression for vin terms of a, g and 6 b an expression for Tin terms of m, ¢ and 0 © the value of @ when the string becomes slack to the nearest degree. d_ Explain why P would not complete a vertical circle if the string were replaced by a light rod. downwards with speed u, where 12 A particle P of mass 0.4kg is attached to one end of a light inelastic string of length 1m The other end of the string is fixed at point O. P is hanging in equilibrium below O when it is projected horizontally with speed ums-!. When OP is horizontal it meets a small smooth peg at Q, where OQ = 0.8m. Calculate the minimum value of wif P is to describe a complete circle about Q. ‘A smooth solid hemisphere is fixed with its plane face on a horizontal table and its curved surface uppermost. The plane face of the hemisphere has centre O and radius a. The point A is, the highest point on the hemisphere. A particle P is placed on the hemisphere at 4 [Lis then given an initial horizontal speed u, where u? = S', When OP makes an angle 0 with OA, and while P remains on the hemisphere, the speed of P is v raaes CU a Find an expression for r°, (2 marks) b Show that P is still on the hemisphere when @ = arccos 0.9 (2 marks) © Find the value of i cos when P leaves the hemisphere fi y when P leaves the hemisphere. (Bmarks) After leaving the hemisphere P strikes the table at B, find the speed of Pat B (2 marks) € the angle, to the nearest degree, at which P strikes the table. (3 marks) (@)15 Partof a hollow spherical shel, centre O and radius r is removed to form a bow! with a plane cireular rim. ‘The bowl is fixed with the circular rim uppermost and horizontal. The point Cis the lowest point of the bow ‘The point Bs on the rim of the bow! and OB is at an angle a to the upward vertical as shown in the diagram, Angle e satisfies tan = 4. A smooth small marble of mass is placed inside the bowl at Cand given an initial horizontal speed w. The direction of motion of the marble lies in the vertical plane COB. The marble stays in contact with the bow! until it reaches B ‘When the marble reaches Bit has speed a Find an expression for v°. (4 marks) b If 12 = 4gr find the normal reaction of the bow! on the marble as the marble reaches B. (3 marks) Find the least possible value of u for the marble to reach B. (3 marks) ‘The point A is the other point of the rim of the bow! Iying in the vertical plane COB. Find the value of te which will enable the marble to leave the bow! at B and meet it, again at A. (4 marks) © 16 A partcteis at the highest point 4 on the outer surface 4 of a fixed smooth hemisphere of radius a and centre O. B ‘The hemisphere is fixed to a horizontal surface with the plane face in contact with the surface, ‘The particle is projected horizontally from 4 with speed u, where u < jag. The particle leaves the sphere at the point B, where OB makes an o angle @ with the upward vertical, as shown in the diagram. a Find an expression for cos in terms of u, ¢ and a (3 marks) (Sag 2 b Find the value of 8, to the nearest degree. (4 marks) ‘The particle strikes the horizontal surface with speedCe ae Challenge Gren ‘The diagram shows the curve with fisa strictly increasing equation y= flx).x> O,where isa function, so F(x) > Ofor strictly increasing function. allx>0 ‘The curve is rotated through 2m radians This means that the particle about the y-axis to form a smooth will be able to complete surface of revolution, which is oriented Cece ee Retinthetees ororaine Veron the inside of the surface, fearateevseerscist eed ore and that the height ofthe inside ofthe surface and completes particle will be uniquely horizontal circles ata Fixed vertical height, with angular speed a, determined by its horizontal a Inthe case where f(x) = x? show that wis independent of the CRAB vertical height of the particle, and thatw = /2g Conversely (ie. in an opposite way), show that if is independent of the height ofthe particle, then fix) must be of the form px?+q where pand q are constants. ‘Summary of key points 1. Ifa particle is moving around a circle of radius rm with linear speed vm s~! and angular speed wrads* then y= rw 2. An object moving on a circular path with constant linear speed v and constant angular speed w has acceleration rw? or + towards the centre of the circle. 3. For motion in a vertical circle of radius r, the components of the acceleration are rw? or = towards the centre of the circle and ré = along the tangent. ‘4 Aparticle attached to the end of a light rod will perform complete vertical circles if it has speed > O at the top of the circle. 5 Assmall bead threaded on to a smooth circular wire will perform complete vertical circles iit has speed > 0 at the top of the circle. 6 Aparticle attached to a light inextensible string will perform complete vertical circles if the tension in the string > 0 at the top of the circle. This means that the speed of the particle ‘when it reaches the top of the circle must be large enough to keep the string taut at the top of the circle, 7 fan object is not constrained to stay on its circular path then as soon as the contact force associated with the circular path becomes zero the object can be treated as a projectile moving freely under gravity. 8 For motion in a vertical circle, using the conservation of energy principle will allow you to relate the initial speed with the speed at any point on the circle.ee ate) SSS toed ‘After completing this chapter you should be able to: © Use calculus to find the centre of mass of a lamina > pages 120-130 Find centres of mass of uniform bodies “> pages 130-131 Use symmetry and calculus to find the centre of mass of a uniform solid of revolution “> poges 131-161 Find centres of mass of non-uniform bodies > pages 141-147 Geman kansas 1. Find the area under the curve y =? from x= 1 to x= + Pure2 Section 8.2 The region bounded by the curve with equation y= vx nx, the x-axis and the line x = 4 is rotated through 360° about the x-axis, Show that volume of the resulting solid is (d\n 4 — B) where A and B are positive rational constants to be found, + Pure 4 Section 6.1 [x2er When a breakdancer balances, Given that y = (1 + 2x), evaluate- = ct 9 breehoence! eats they adjust their body position = so that their centre of mass is ina favourable position.Ro} ae ©) Using calculus to find the centre of mass of a lamina In the M2 syllabus you found the centres of mass of laminas by considering moments and symmetry. For a system of particles m,, m,, ... positioned at (x,, 14), (xp 2) -.- respectively in the plane: = Simsy= 8 Emand Emp = Fm You used this result to find the centre of mass of a composite lamina by considering the centres ‘of mass of its component parts as particles. You can also use these results in conjunction with integration to find the position of the centre of mass of @ uniform lamina, Suppose you need to find the centre of mass of the uniform lamina bounded by the curve with (.), the x-axis and the lines x = a and x = b shown shaded in the diagram below. y =f) D oa 2 7 * * Consider the lamina as made up of small rectangular strips such as PORS, where PQ (REP Te ctangie PORS of wath is is parallel to the x-axis. Let P have coordinates "sometimes called an elemental strip ofthe lamina (%,) and let the width of the strip be dx. The height of the strip is y so its area is yx. The mass of the strip (m) is pvsx, where pis CEETERG the mass per unit area of the lamina, ‘As the lamina is uniform, as dx —> 0 the centre of mass of the strip (x33) Let the coordinates of the centre of mass of the whole lamina be the point (FF) Smx,=2Em, So SUipyda)x) = Npvsx The summation is taken across al the strips between x = a and x= DLllovdxa) Lovdx PTrea) URS Le any ‘As 6x — 0 the summations become integrals, giving Power Pov ['xtooax - [leoes Similarly Yn =FEm, So E(vr593) =3¥pyax eo. FF lpedw © ftooae = The centre of mass of a uniform lamina may be found using the formulae: favde / [rae Ji var [yds +e + Mis ['pxydx and My'= [5 py*dy, where M= |” py dx is the total mass ofthe lamina, and pis the mass per unit area of the lamina,Ro} ae SEN) ED rene scams Use calculus to find the position of the centre of mass of a y right-angled triangular lamina OPQ with base d and height A, as shown in the diagram. =e i scent S25 —_ fanaa The mass M of the triangular lamina - zpxtan a a nce Using the formula tor 3, M= | pxyax are [pctesr = bof de ~ie be] EEA) ED vononnie Find the coordinates of the centre of mass of the ’ uniform lamina bounded by the curve with a equation y= 4 ~.%, the x-axis and the y-axis, as shown. 9, pre)a) RUE. aa [ow [anne [x¢-mare [ar- eax =e ‘ee-424 [4 -s ae = [ax- pe]? ast], The coordinates of the centre of mass are 3 8 EXD orctme A uniform semicircular lamina has radius rem, Find the position of its centre of mass. o | to z Sea Let PORS be an elemental strip with width dx, where P has coordinates (x,y)Ro} ae The centre of mass of this strip is point (x, O) The centres of mass ofall such strips are on the x-avis and so the centre of mass of the lamina is also on the x-axis. As point P les on the circumference of the circle radius r, x2 + y? = r2, and The area of the strip ts 2y dx and 90 its mass is 2py dx, where pis the mass per unit area of the lamina The mass M of the lamina is xr2p and ¥ is ‘obtained from tx = (20m = Fas ofa at =-tbe- vill, a2 a Lome 3 Cs The centre oF mass Is onthe axis of symmetry 4 chanel Shenk thesia ise diameter, o % The diagram shows a uniform lamina occupying the shaded region bounded by the curve with equation y = /X, and the straight line with equation y = 5 Find the coordinates of the centre of mass of the lamina, Ped