Review of Unit 2

ENGM030
„ Limit State Design
Bridge Deck Loading and Analysis „ Influence Lines
„ Dead and Superimposed Dead Loads
„ Terminologies (relevant to Live Loads)
Unit 3: „ Pi
Primary Li
Live L
Loads
d ffor Hi
Highway
h B
Bridges
id
Highway Bridge Loads – EC1 „ Secondary Live Loads

Dr. Muhammad Imran Rafiq

(c) Dr. Muhammad Imran Rafiq 2

Overview of Unit 3 Overview of Unit 3

„ Bridge Loading categories – EC1 „ Bridge Loading – EC1
„ Symbol and terms of reference „ Symbol and terms of reference
„ Design Situations „ Design Situations
„ Representative and Design values „ Representative and Design values
„ Li it St
Limit State
t requirements
i t „ Li it St
Limit State
t requirements
i t
„ Carriageway and notional lanes „ Carriageway and notional lanes
„ Vertical traffic actions „ Vertical traffic actions
„ Horizontal traffic actions „ Horizontal traffic actions
„ Group of traffic actions „ Group of traffic actions

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Bridge Loading – EC1

Actions

„ Recommended Reading Permanent Accidental

Variable
„ BS EN 1990: Basis of Structural Design
Seismic
„ NA to BS EN 1990
Self Weight ENVIRONMENT TRAFIC CONSTRUCTION
Wind Plant, Equipment
Snow and Ice and Erection
„ Guide to the use of EN 1990 Road Surfacing
g Earthquake method.
Temperature
Flood, etc. Explosion Earth Quake
Ground motion
Fixed Equipment

„ BS EN 1991-
1991-2: Traffic loads on Bridges Vertical Loads Horizontal Loads Vehicle
MATERIALS Vertical loads Horizontal loads Impact
„ NA to BS EN 1991-
1991-2 Creep due to the mass due to change in
…
Geotechnical
Shrinkage of traffic. speed or direction.

SETTLEMENT FILLING MATERIAL

Differential Load Load Load Load Vertical Earth Pressure
settlement of Model 1 Model 2 Model 3 Model 4 Horizontal Earth Pressure
supports etc. Ground Water Pressure
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1
 Other Action Categories Overview of Unit 3
Actions „ Bridge Loading – EC1
Based on Position / „ Symbol and terms of reference
distribution Fixed Free
„ Design Situations
Actions
„ Representative and Design values
Based on application „ Li it St
Limit State
t requirements
i t
on member / structure Direct Indirect
„ Carriageway and notional lanes
Actions
„ Vertical traffic actions
Based on nature of „ Horizontal traffic actions
load
Static Dynamic Quasi-
Dynamic
„ Group of traffic actions

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Key Symbols Other Terminologies

„ G = permanent actions
„ Q = variable actions
„ A = accidental actions
Subscripts „ Strength vs Resistance
k = characteristic
„ Strength is a material property
d = design
m = mean „ Resistance relates to member / structure

„ AE = Seismic actions
„ E = effect of actions
„ X = material property
„ a = geometric property
„ R = resistance of member / structure
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Lead and accompanying

Overview of Unit 3
variable actions
„ Eurocode uses concept of lead and „ Bridge Loading – EC1
accompanying variable for combining „ Symbol and terms of reference
different variable actions for design.
design. „ Design Situations
„ Lead variable action have most „ Representative and Design values
predominant effects on structures „ Li it St
Limit State
t requirements
i t
„ Carriageway and notional lanes
„ All variable actions other than the Lead „ Vertical traffic actions
variable are accompanying variable actions „ Horizontal traffic actions
„ If unsure, have to try different possibilities to „ Group of traffic actions
obtain most unfavourable effects.
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2
 Design Situations Overview of Unit 3
„ Persistent Design Situations „ Bridge Loading – EC1
„ For periods of the same order as design life. „ Symbol and terms of reference
„ Conditions of normal use. „ Design Situations
„ Transient Design
g Situations „ Representative and Design values
„ Li it St
Limit State
t requirements
i t
„ For very short periods relative to design life.
„ e.g. during repairs and maintenance
„ Carriageway and notional lanes
„ Vertical traffic actions
„ Accidental Design Situations
„ Horizontal traffic actions
„ Situations involving exceptional conditions
„ Group of traffic actions
„ Impact, explosion, fire, etc.

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Representative values, Representative value,

actions actions
„ Representative value of variable action, Frep
„ Characteristic value, Qk
„ Combination value, ψ0 Qk
„ Frequent value, ψ1 Qk
„ Q
Quasii permanentt value,
l ψ 2 Qk

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Design values Overview of Unit 3

„ Design value for actions,
actions, Fd = γf Frep „ Bridge Loading – EC1
„ Design value for effects of actions, actions, Ed „ Symbol and terms of reference
Ed = γ Sd E{γ f ,i Frep,i ; ad }
„ Design Situations
„ Representative and Design values
γSd is equivalent to γf3 in BS code.
code „ Li it St
Limit State
t requirements
i t
„ Design value of material properties „ Carriageway and notional lanes
Xd = η Xk / γm „ Vertical traffic actions
„ Design resistance „ Horizontal traffic actions
„ Group of traffic actions
1 ⎧⎪ X ⎫⎪
Rd = R⎨η k ,i ; ad ⎬
γ Rd ⎪⎩ γ m,i ⎪⎭
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3
 Design Requirements Ultimate Limit States
„ Safety requirements (ULS) „ EQU: Loss of static equilibrium
EQU:
„ Fitness for purpose (SLS) „ STR:: Internal failure or excessive
STR
„ Structural resistance adequate for required deformation
period of time in fire (fire resistance) „ GEO:: failure or excessive deformation of
GEO
„ Damage proportional to event (Robustness) the ground
„ Deterioration should not impair the „ FAT:: fatigue failure of the structure
FAT
performance over design working life „ Rd > Ed for each case.
(Durability) „ Sec. 6.4.3 of EN 1990 defines combination
of actions for various design situations.
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Serviceability Limit State Overview of Unit 3

„ Two categories of SLS „ Bridge Loading – EC1
„ Irreversible limit states, e.g. crack width „ Symbol and terms of reference
„ Reversible limit states, e.g. deflection „ Design Situations
„ Three different combination of loads „ Representative and Design values
„ Characteristic combination
„ Li it St
Limit State
t requirements
i t
„ Irreversible limit states

„ Frequent combination
„ Carriageway and notional lanes
„ Reversible limit states
„ Vertical traffic actions
„ Quasi--permanent combination
Quasi „ Horizontal traffic actions
„ Long
Long--term, e.g. appearance „ Group of traffic actions

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Carriageway width Notional lanes

„ Carriageway width is the width between „ No. of Notional lanes and their width is
raised curbs or vehicle restraint systems. defined in Table 4.1 of EN1991-
EN1991-2.
„ For removable central reserve,
reserve, carriageway
width is the total width,, including
g central
reservation.
„ For permanent central reserve,
reserve, each part of
the carriageway should be separately
divided into notional lanes.
„ Width of notional lane is fixed, contrary to
BS 5400 (one exception).
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4
 Notional Lanes Overview of Unit 3
„ Concept of remaining area is introduced. „ Bridge Loading – EC1
„ Lane nos. are interchangable
interchangable,, similar to BS5400. „ Symbol and terms of reference
„ A lane no. should appear only once on two „ Design Situations
separate parts on the same deck
deck.. „ Representative and Design values
„ Separate lane numbering for each carriageway, „ Li it St
Limit State
t requirements
i t
for two separate parts on two independent decks
decks.. „ Carriageway and notional lanes
„ If two decks supported on same piers
piers,, one „ Vertical traffic actions
numbering for the two parts for substructure „ Horizontal traffic actions
design..
design „ Group of traffic actions

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Vertical Traffic Actions Load Model 1

„ Four Load models are defined in EN1991-
EN1991-2. „ This loading mode is similar to HA loading of BS5400.
„ Two parts load model.
„ Two more predominant are LM1 and LM2, „ UDL System, αq qk
which represents the normal traffic loads for „ Tandem System (TS), αQ Qk
bridges.
g
„ LM3 refers to special vehicle.
„ LM4 is a crowd loading model.

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Load Model 1 Load Model 1

„ Adjustment factors given in National Annex. „ TS placed centrally for global analysis.
„ Placed for most unfavourable effects for local analysis,
Spacing can also be reduced.
„ Dispersal through pavement and concrete slab at 1:1.

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5
 Load Model 2 Load Model 3
„ Single axle load, βQ Qak „ Also termed as Special vehicle.
„ Qak = 400kN „ To be used for main route bridges.
„ Distributed equally between two wheels „ Not actual loads but models.
„ One or both wheel may be applied. „ NA2.16 defines the special vehicles
„ βQ =1.0
=1 0 „ 3 SV models for STGO (Special type general order

„ National Annex choose wheel size as vehicles)

0.4 x 0.4m „ 4 SOV models (Special order vehicles).

„ Dispersal at 1:1 through pavement and „ Reflects abnormal and exceptional vehicle loads (in
concrete deck slab. BS5400 terms).
„ Additional amplification factor „ Details available in NA to BS EN 1992-
1992-1, cl. 2.16

„ D = distance in m of x-
x-section under consideration.
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Load Model 4
„ Also termed as Crowed loading.
„ Be applied on bridges where crowd load is
more likely, e.g. Bridges serving sports
stadium,, or close to town centres.
„ Be used for general verification only.
„ For Transient design situations only. Example
„ kN/m2.
UDL of 5 kN/m
„ Include dynamic amplification.

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Overview of Unit 3 Horizontal Traffic Actions

„ Bridge Loading – EC1 „ Longitudinal forces
„ Symbol and terms of reference „ Breaking and acceleration forces
„ Design Situations
„ Transverse forces
„ Representative and Design values
„ Centrifugal forces
„ Li it St
Limit State
t requirements
i t
„ Due to Skewed breaking / acceleration
„ Carriageway and notional lanes
„ Vertical traffic actions „ Actions for accidental design situations
„ Horizontal traffic actions „ From vehicle under the bridge
„ Group of traffic actions „ From vehicle on the bridge deck

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6
 Group of Bridges
Overview of Unit 3
Characteristic actions
„ Bridge Loading – EC1
„ Symbol and terms of reference
„ Design Situations
„ Representative and Design values
„ Li it St
Limit State
t requirements
i t
„ Carriageway and notional lanes
„ Vertical traffic actions
„ Horizontal traffic actions
„ Group of traffic actions

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Group of Bridges
Frequent values actions

End of Unit 3

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Learning Outcomes
On attending the session, participants are expected to be
able to
„ Demonstrate an understanding of the Limit State
Philosophy as applied to the analysis and design
„ apply
pp y various load combinations for the analysis
y
and design as specified in British Codes.
„ Understand and utilise ‘influence lines method’ for
the analysis and to establish loaded lengths
„ Demonstrate an understanding of
„ Primary loads on Highway Bridges
„ Secondary loads on Highway Bridges
„ application of loads to get maximum loading effects

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