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!FRICAN !FFAIRS /UTSIDE )NTERVENTION IN
!FRICAN ,ANGUAGES IN !FRICAN 3CHOOLS
!)$3 $RUGS FOR $EVELOPING #OUNTRIES
!LCOHOL "ANNING OF
!MERICAN #ULTURE 3HOULD )T "E &EARED
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!RTS 3UBSIDIES !BOLITION OF
!SSASSINATION OF A $ICTATOR
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#ORPORAL 0UNISHMENT !DULTS
#ORPORAL 0UNISHMENT #HILDREN
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$EBATABASE IS A STARTING POINT ON THE ROAD TO PARTICI #OMMUNICATION RHETORIC ARGUMENTATION AND
PATING IN DEBATES 4HE VOLUME PROVIDES A BEGINNING FOR DEBATE
THOSE DEBATERS WHO WOULD LIKE TO LEARN ABOUT IMPORTANT
TOPICS BEING ARGUED IN THE PUBLIC SPHERE $EBATERS CAN #OMMUNICATION RHETORIC ARGUMENTATION AND
USE THIS VOLUME AS A METHOD OF DISCOVERING THE BASIC DEBATE ARE RELATED CONCEPTS 3TARTING WITH COMMUNICA
ISSUES RELEVANT TO SOME OF THE MORE IMPORTANT TOPICS TION AND PROCEEDING TO DEBATE THE CONCEPTS BECOME
BEING DISCUSSED IN VARIOUS PUBLIC FORUMS )T WILL PROVIDE PROGRESSIVELY NARROWED "Y BEGINNING WITH THE BROADEST
DEBATERS A BRIEF LOOK AT SOME OF THE CLAIMS THAT CAN BE CONCEPT COMMUNICATION AND ENDING AT THE NARROWEST
USED TO SUPPORT OR TO OPPOSE MANY OF THE ISSUES ARGUED DEBATE ) INTEND TO SHOW HOW ALL THESE TERMS ARE INTER
ABOUT BY PERSONS IN DEMOCRATIC SOCIETIES IT WILL ALSO PRO RELATED
VIDE SOME SKETCHES OF EVIDENCE THAT CAN BE USED TO SUP #OMMUNICATION MAY BE DElNED AS THE PROCESS
PORT THESE CLAIMS 4HIS VOLUME IS HOWEVER ONLY A START WHEREBY SIGNS ARE USED TO CONVEY INFORMATION &OLLOWING
ING POINT $EBATERS INTERESTED IN BECOMING VERY GOOD THIS DElNITION COMMUNICATION IS A VERY BROAD CONCEPT
DEBATERS OR EXCELLENT DEBATERS WILL NEED TO GO BEYOND THIS RANGING FROM HUMAN SYMBOLIC PROCESSES TO THE MEANS
VOLUME IF THEY INTEND TO BE ABLE TO INTELLIGENTLY DISCUSS THAT ANIMALS USE TO RELATE TO ONE ANOTHER 3OME OF THESE
THESE ISSUES IN DEPTH MEANS ARE A PART OF THE COMPLEX BIOLOGY OF BOTH HUMAN
4HIS INTRODUCTION IS INTENDED TO PROVIDE A THEORETICAL AND NONHUMAN ANIMALS &OR INSTANCE THE BEHAVIORS OF
FRAMEWORK WITHIN WHICH INFORMATION ABOUT ARGUMEN CERTAIN SPECIES OF BIRDS WHEN STRANGERS APPROACH A NEST
TATION AND DEBATE CAN BE VIEWED NO ATTEMPT HAS BEEN OF THEIR YOUNG ARE A PART OF THE BIOLOGY OF THOSE SPECIES
MADE TO PROVIDE A GENERAL THEORY OF ARGUMENTATION ) 4HE REASON WE KNOW THESE ARE BIOLOGICAL TRAITS IS THAT ALL
BEGIN WITH SOME BASIC DISTINCTIONS AMONG THE TERMS MEMBERS OF THE SPECIES USE THE SAME SIGNS TO INDICATE
COMMUNICATION RHETORIC ARGUMENTATION AND DEBATE INTRUSION !LTHOUGH ALL OF OUR COMMUNICATION ABILITIES
PROGRESS TO A DESCRIPTION OF THE ELEMENTS OF ARGUMENT INCLUDING RHETORICAL COMMUNICATIONARE SOMEHOW
THAT ARE MOST CENTRAL TO DEBATE AND THEN TO A DISCUSSION BUILT INTO OUR SPECIES BIOLOGICALLY ALL COMMUNICATION IS
OF HOW THESE ELEMENTS CAN BE STRUCTURED INTO CLAIMS TO NOT RHETORICAL
SUPPORT DEBATE PROPOSITIONS &OLLOWING THE DISCUSSION 4HE FEATURE THAT MOST CLEARLY DISTINGUISHES RHETO
OF ARGUMENT STRUCTURES ) MOVE TO A MORE DETAILED DIS RIC FROM OTHER FORMS OF COMMUNICATION IS THE SYMBOL
CUSSION OF CLAIMS AND PROPOSITIONS AND lNALLY DISCUSS !LTHOUGH THE ABILITY TO USE SYMBOLIC FORMS OF COMMU
THE KINDS OF EVIDENCE NEEDED TO SUPPORT CLAIMS AND NICATION IS CERTAINLY A BIOLOGICAL TRAIT OF HUMAN BEINGS
PROPOSITIONS OUR ABILITY TO USE SYMBOLS ALSO ALLOWS US TO USE CULTURALLY
! CAVEAT IS NEEDED BEFORE PROCEEDING TO THE THEORETI AND INDIVIDUALLY SPECIlC TYPES OF SYMBOLS 4HE CLEAR
CAL PORTION OF THIS INTRODUCTION 4HIS INTRODUCTION DOES EST EVIDENCE THAT DIFFERENT CULTURES DEVELOPED DIFFERENT
NOT INTEND TO BE A PRACTICAL HOW TO GUIDE TO THE CREATION SYMBOLS IS THE PRESENCE OF DIFFERENT LANGUAGES AMONG
OF ARGUMENTS )T DOES INTEND TO PROVIDE THE CONCEPTUAL HUMAN BEINGS SEPARATED GEOGRAPHICALLY %VEN THOUGH ALL
GROUNDWORK NEEDED FOR DEBATERS TO LEARN HOW TO CREATE HUMANS ARE BORN WITH THE ABILITY TO USE LANGUAGE SOME
ARGUMENTS ACCORDING TO A VARIETY OF METHODS OF US LEARN 2USSIAN OTHERS &RENCH AND OTHERS %NGLISH
)NTRODUCTION \
4HE CLEAREST EXAMPLE OF SYMBOLIC COMMUNICATION IS LAN MENTS OF RHETORIC NAMELY METAPHOR AND NARRATIVE ARE
GUAGE ,ANGUAGE IS AN ABSTRACT METHOD OF USING SIGNS TO VERY USEFUL TO DEBATERS BUT THEY ARE NOT INCLUDED IN THIS
REFER TO OBJECTS 4HE CONCEPT OF A SYMBOL DIFFERENTIATES INTRODUCTION BECAUSE THEY ARE LESS CENTRAL TO DEBATE THAN
RHETORIC FROM OTHER FORMS OF COMMUNICATION 3YMBOLS IS ARGUMENTATION "EYOND NOT INCLUDING SEVERAL RHETORI
HENCE RHETORIC ARE ABSTRACT METHODS OF COMMUNICATION CAL ELEMENTS THAT SOMETIMES ARE USEFUL IN DEBATE THIS
3TILL ALL RHETORIC IS NOT ARGUMENTATION 2HETORICAL INTRODUCTION ALSO EXCLUDES MANY ELEMENTS OF ARGUMENTA
COMMUNICATION CAN BE DIVIDED INTO VARIOUS CATEGORIES TION CHOOSING JUST THE ONES THAT ARE MOST CENTRAL 4HOSE
TWO OF WHICH ARE NARRATIVE AND METAPHOR *UST TO GIVE CENTRAL ELEMENTS ARE EVIDENCE REASONING CLAIMS AND
A COUPLE OF EXAMPLES THE NARRATIVE MODE OF RHETORIC RESERVATIONS 4HESE ELEMENTS ARE THOSE THAT PHILOSOPHER
FOCUSES ON SEQUENTIAL TIME THE METAPHORIC MODE OF 3TEPHEN 4OULMIN INTRODUCED IN AND REVISED
RHETORIC FOCUSES ON COMPARING ONE THING TO ANOTHER AND YEARS LATER
THE ARGUMENTATIVE MODE OF RHETORIC FOCUSES ON GIVING
REASONS !LL OF THESE MODES OF RHETORIC ARE USEFUL IN 4HE %LEMENTS OF !RGUMENT
DEBATE BUT THE MODE OF RHETORIC THAT IS MOST CENTRAL TO
DEBATE IS ARGUMENTATION !LTHOUGH IN THIS INTRODUCTION SOME OF 4OULMINS
!RGUMENTATION IS THE PROCESS WHEREBY HUMANS USE TERMINOLOGY HAS BEEN MODIlED BECAUSE OF ITS POPULAR
REASON TO COMMUNICATE CLAIMS TO ONE ANOTHER !CCORDING USAGE THE MODEL WILL STILL BE REFERRED TO AS THE 4OULMIN
TO THIS DElNITION THE FOCUS ON REASON BECOMES THE FEA MODEL "ECAUSE IT IS ONLY A MODEL THE 4OULMIN MODEL
TURE THAT DISTINGUISHES ARGUMENTATION FROM OTHER MODES IS ONLY A ROUGH APPROXIMATION OF THE ELEMENTS AND THEIR
OF RHETORIC 7HEN PEOPLE ARGUE WITH ONE ANOTHER NOT RELATIONSHIPS TO ONE ANOTHER 4HE MODEL IS NOT INTENDED
ONLY DO THEY ASSERT CLAIMS BUT THEY ALSO ASSERT REASONS AS A DESCRIPTIVE DIAGRAM OF ACTUAL ARGUMENTS FOR A VARI
THEY BELIEVE THE CLAIMS TO BE PLAUSIBLE OR PROBABLE !RGU ETY OF REASONS &IRST IT DESCRIBES ONLY THOSE ELEMENTS OF
MENTATION IS A PRIMARY TOOL OF DEBATE BUT IT SERVES OTHER AN ARGUMENT RELATED TO REASONING )T DOES NOT DESCRIBE
ACTIVITIES AS WELL !RGUMENTATION IS FOR INSTANCE AN OTHER IMPORTANT ELEMENTS SUCH AS EXPRESSIONS OF FEELINGS
IMPORTANT TOOL IN NEGOTIATION CONmICT RESOLUTION AND OR EMOTIONS UNLESS THOSE EXPRESSIONS ARE DIRECTLY RELATED
PERSUASION $EBATE IS AN ACTIVITY THAT COULD HARDLY EXIST TO REASONING 3ECOND THE MODEL DESCRIBES ONLY THE LIN
WITHOUT ARGUMENTATION GUISTIC ELEMENTS OF REASONING 4O THE EXTENT THAT AN ARGU
!RGUMENTATION IS USEFUL IN ACTIVITIES LIKE NEGOTIATION MENT INCLUDES SIGNIlCANT NONVERBAL ELEMENTS THEY ARE
AND CONmICT RESOLUTION BECAUSE IT CAN BE USED TO HELP NOT COVERED BY THE MODEL 4HIRD THE MODEL APPLIES
PEOPLE lND WAYS TO RESOLVE THEIR DIFFERENCES "UT IN SOME ONLY TO THE SIMPLEST OF ARGUMENTS )F AN ARGUMENT IS
OF THESE SITUATIONS DIFFERENCES CANNOT BE RESOLVED INTER COMPOSED OF A VARIETY OF WARRANTS OR A CLUSTER OF EVI
NALLY AND AN OUTSIDE ADJUDICATOR MUST BE CALLED 4HESE DENCE RELATED TO THE CLAIM IN DIFFERENT WAYS THE MODEL
ARE THE SITUATIONS THAT WE CALL DEBATE 4HUS ACCORDING MAY NOT APPLY WELL IF AT ALL $ESPITE THESE SHORTCOMINGS
TO THIS VIEW DEBATE IS DElNED AS THE PROCESS OF ARGUING THIS MODEL HAS PROVEN ITSELF USEFUL FOR DESCRIBING SOME
ABOUT CLAIMS IN SITUATIONS WHERE THE OUTCOME MUST BE OF THE KEY ELEMENTS OF ARGUMENTS AND HOW THEY FUNCTION
DECIDED BY AN ADJUDICATOR 4HE FOCUS OF THIS INTRODUC TOGETHER 4HE DIAGRAMS SHOWN ON THE FOLLOWING PAGES
TION IS ON THOSE ELEMENTS OF ARGUMENTATION THAT ARE MOST ILLUSTRATE THE 4OULMIN MODEL
OFTEN USED IN DEBATE 4HE BASIC 4OULMIN MODEL IDENTIlES FOUR BASIC ELE
)N SOME REGARDS THIS FOCUS IS INCOMPLETE BECAUSE MENTS OF ARGUMENT CLAIM DATA WHICH WE CALL EVIDENCE
SOME NONARGUMENTATIVE ELEMENTS OF COMMUNICATION WARRANT AND RESERVATION 4HE MODEL OF ARGUMENT IS MOST
AND RHETORIC OFTEN ARE USED IN DEBATE EVEN THOUGH THEY EASILY EXPLAINED BY A TRAVEL ANALOGY 4HE EVIDENCE IS THE
ARE NOT THE MOST CENTRAL FEATURES OF DEBATE 3OME ELE ARGUMENTS STARTING POINT 4HE CLAIM IS THE ARGUERS DES
!S FAR AS ) KNOW NO ONE HAS SUCCESSFULLY ORGANIZED MODES OF RHETORIC INTO A COHERENT TAXONOMY BECAUSE THE VARIOUS MODES OVERLAP
SO MUCH WITH ONE ANOTHER &OR INSTANCE NARRATIVES AND METAPHORS ARE USED IN ARGUMENTS AS METAPHORS AND ARGUMENTS ARE FREQUENTLY
FOUND IN NARRATIVES
4HIS IS NOT TO SAY THAT OTHER FORMS OF RHETORIC DO NOT INVOLVE THE USE OF REASON JUST THAT THE FORM OF RHETORIC WHERE THE FOCUS ON
REASON IS MOST CLEARLY IN THE FOREGROUND IS ARGUMENTATION
4HE 5SES OF !RGUMENT #AMBRIDGE #AMBRIDGE 5NIVERSITY 0RESS
!LBERT 2 *ONSEN AND 3TEPHEN 4OULMIN 4HE !BUSE OF #ASUISTRY ! (ISTORY OF -ORAL 2EASONING "ERKELEY 5NIVERSITY OF #ALIFORNIA
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TINATION 4HE WARRANT IS THE MEANS OF TRAVEL AND THE RES )N ADDITION TO THE SIMPLE ARGUMENT SUGGESTED ABOVE
ERVATION INVOLVES QUESTIONS OR CONCERNS THE ARGUER MAY OTHER ARGUMENT STRUCTURES INCLUDE CONVERGENT AND INDE
HAVE ABOUT ARRIVAL AT THE DESTINATION 4OULMINS MODEL PENDENT ARGUMENTS !LTHOUGH THESE DO NOT EVEN BEGIN TO
CAN BE USED TO DIAGRAM THE STRUCTURE OF RELATIVELY SIMPLE EXHAUST ALL POTENTIAL ARGUMENT STRUCTURES THEY ARE SOME
ARGUMENTS OF THE MORE COMMON ONES ENCOUNTERED IN DEBATE
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! SIMPLE ARGUMENT FOR INSTANCE CONSISTS OF A SINGLE ! CONVERGENT ARGUMENT IS ONE WHEREIN TWO OR MORE
CLAIM SUPPORTED BY A PIECE OF EVIDENCE A SINGLE WARRANT BITS OF EVIDENCE CONVERGE WITH ONE ANOTHER TO SUPPORT A
AND PERHAPS BUT NOT ALWAYS A SINGLE RESERVATION 4HE CLAIM )N OTHER WORDS WHEN A SINGLE PIECE OF EVIDENCE IS
FOLLOWING DIAGRAM ILLUSTRATES 4OULMINS DIAGRAM OF A NOT SUFlCIENT IT MUST BE COMBINED WITH ANOTHER PIECE
SIMPLE ARGUMENT OF EVIDENCE IN THE EFFORT TO SUPPORT THE CLAIM
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BORN IN "ERMUDA (ERE IS HOW THE STRUCTURE OF THAT ARGU OF PLACEBOS IN DRUG TESTING RESEARCH INVOLVES LYING BECAUSE
MENT WAS DIAGRAMED BY 4OULMIN SOME OF THE SUBJECTS ARE LED FALSELY TO BELIEVE THEY ARE BEING
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ACT IS LIKEWISE IMMORAL )F LYING IS IMMORAL IN GENERAL CAPITAL PUNISHMENT
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THE CLAIM DOES NOT HOLD THEN THE ARGUER ADDS A RESERVA TAL PUNISHMENT OUGHT TO BE ABOLISHED BECAUSE UNLIKE OTHER
TION TO THE ARGUMENT )N THIS CASE A RESERVATION SEEMS PUNISHMENTS IT ALONE IS IRREVERSIBLE )F EVIDENCE IS DISCOVERED
PERFECTLY APPROPRIATE %VEN THOUGH THE ARGUER MAY AFTER THE EXECUTION THERE IS NO WAY TO BRING THE UNJUSTLY
GENERALLY OBJECT TO LYING AND TO THE USE OF PLACEBOS THE EXECUTED PERSON BACK TO LIFE
ARGUER MAY WISH TO EXEMPT SITUATIONS WHERE THE USE OF A
PLACEBO IS THE hONLY METHOD OF TESTING A POTENTIALLY LIFE 4HIS ARGUMENT ABOUT CAPITAL PUNISHMENT CAN BE REP
SAVING DRUGv RESENTED IN THE FOLLOWING DIAGRAM
4HE UNIQUE FEATURE OF THE CONVERGENT STRUCTURE OF
ARGUMENT IS THAT THE ARGUER PRODUCES A COLLECTION OF EVI
DENCE THAT IF TAKEN TOGETHER SUPPORTS THE CLAIM 4HE
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STRUCTURE OF THE ARGUMENT IS SUCH THAT ALL OF THE EVIDENCE Kh"c"owtfgt"ku"ytqpi"
MUST BE BELIEVED FOR THE ARGUMENT TO BE SUPPORTED )F dgecwug"kv"vcmgu"c"nkhg."
THE AUDIENCE DOES NOT ACCEPT ANY ONE PIECE OF EVIDENCE ecrkvcn"rwpkujogpv"ku"
THE ENTIRE ARGUMENT STRUCTURE FALLS /N THE OTHER HAND ytqpi"hqt"vjg"ucog"
THE INDEPENDENT ARGUMENT STRUCTURE IS SUCH THAT ANY tgcuqp0
SINGLE PIECE OF EVIDENCE CAN PROVIDE SUFlCIENT SUPPORT Gxkfgpeg
FOR THE ARGUMENT Ecrkvcn"rwpkuj/
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)NDEPENDENT !RGUMENTS Okuvcmgu"kp"
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!N ARGUER USING AN INDEPENDENT ARGUMENT STRUCTURE ujqwnf"dg"eqt/
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PRESENTS SEVERAL PIECES OF EVIDENCE ANY ONE OF WHICH tgevcdng0
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PROVIDES SUFlCIENT SUPPORT FOR THE ARGUMENT )N OTHER Ecrkvcn"rwpkujogpv"
WORDS A DEBATER MAY PRESENT THREE PIECES OF EVIDENCE ngcxgu"pq"rquukdknkv{"
AND CLAIM THAT THE MEMBERS OF THE AUDIENCE SHOULD hqt"eqttgevkqp"qh"cp"
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ACCEPT THE CLAIM EVEN IF THEY ARE CONVINCED ONLY BY A
SINGLE PIECE OF EVIDENCE 4HE FOLLOWING DIAGRAM ILLUS
TRATES THE STRUCTURE OF AN INDEPENDENT ARGUMENT

4HIS EXAMPLE OF AN INDEPENDENT ARGUMENT STRUCTURE 4YPES OF #LAIMS AND 0ROPOSITIONS
IS BASED ON TWO PIECES OF EVIDENCE EITHER OF WHICH IS -OST AUTHORS DIVIDE CLAIMS AND PROPOSITIONS INTO THE
STRONG ENOUGH TO SUPPORT THE CLAIM THAT CAPITAL PUN TRADITIONAL CATEGORIES OF FACT VALUE AND POLICY ) HAVE
ISHMENT OUGHT TO BE ABOLISHED 4HE lRST PIECE OF EVI CHOSEN NOT TO USE THESE TRADITIONAL CATEGORIES FOR TWO
DENCE INVOLVES THE VALUE OF TAKING A HUMAN LIFE WHILE REASONS &IRST THE TRADITIONAL CATEGORIES HAVE NO PLACE
THE SECOND INVOLVES THE VALUE OF BEING ABLE TO CORRECT FOR SOME IMPORTANT KINDS OF PROPOSITIONS THAT ARE NOT
A MISTAKE !CCORDING TO THIS ARGUMENT CAPITAL PUNISH FACTS OR VALUES OR POLICY -ORE SPECIlCALLY THE TRADI
MENT OUGHT TO BE ABOLISHED EVEN IF ONLY ONE OF THE ITEMS TIONAL CATEGORIES HAVE NO PLACE FOR PROPOSITIONS THAT
OF EVIDENCE IS BELIEVED BY THE AUDIENCE 4HE MORAL STRIC SEEK TO DElNE CONCEPTS NOR FOR PROPOSITIONS THAT SEEK
TURE AGAINST TAKING A LIFE IS BY ITSELF A SUFlCIENT REASON TO ESTABLISH RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN OR AMONG CONCEPTS
TO OPPOSE CAPITAL PUNISHMENT AS IS THE DANGER OF MAKING 3ECOND THE TRADITIONAL CATEGORIES SEPARATE EVALUATIVE AND
AN UNCORRECTABLE MISTAKE 4HE STRATEGIC ADVANTAGE OF THIS POLICY PROPOSITIONS WHILE THE SYSTEM USED HERE WILL CON
FORM OF ARGUMENT STRUCTURE IS OBVIOUS 7HEREAS WITH SIDER PROPOSITIONS OF POLICY AS A SPECIlC KIND OF EVALUA
CONVERGENT STRUCTURES THE LOSS OF ONE PART OF THE ARGU TIVE PROPOSITION ) USE FOUR MAIN CATEGORIES OF PROPOSI
MENT ENDANGERS THE ENTIRE ARGUMENT IN THE INDEPENDENT TIONS DElNITION DESCRIPTION RELATIONSHIP AND EVALUA
STRUCTURE THE ARGUMENT CAN PREVAIL EVEN IF ONLY A PART OF TION 4HESE CATEGORIES WHILE THEY MAY NOT BE EXHAUSTIVE
IT SURVIVES OR MUTUALLY EXCLUSIVE PROVIDE A COHERENT SYSTEM FOR THE
4HE 4OULMIN DIAGRAM OF AN ARGUMENT IS USEFUL DISCUSSION OF CLAIMS
BECAUSE IT ILLUSTRATES THE VARIOUS PARTS OF AN ARGUMENT
AND SHOWS HOW THEY FUNCTION TOGETHER AS A WHOLE 4HE $ElNITIONS
MODIlCATIONS WITH REGARD TO ARGUMENT STRUCTURE MAKE IT $ElNITIONS ANSWER THE QUESTION h$OES IT SERVE OUR
EVEN MORE USEFUL 3TILL THE MODEL HAS ITS SHORTCOMINGS PURPOSES TO SAY THAT : IS THE PROPER DElNITION OF 8v
/NE DIFlCULTY WITH THE 4OULMIN DIAGRAM IS THAT IT DOES !RGUING FOR A CLAIM OF DElNITION INVOLVES TWO STEPS POS
NOT PROVIDE ANY DETAILS REGARDING SOME OF THE ELEMENTS ITING THE DElNITION AND MAKING AN ARGUMENT FOR THAT
3OME QUESTIONS THAT THE DIAGRAM LEAVES UNANSWERED DElNITION )N CARRYING OUT THE lRST STEP ONE SIMPLY STATES
INCLUDE THAT h8v IS DElNED IN THIS WAY h2HETORIC IS AN ACTION
HUMANS PERFORM WHEN THEY USE SYMBOLS FOR THE PURPOSE
s 7HAT ARE THE DIFFERENT KINDS OF CLAIMS OF COMMUNICATING WITH ONE ANOTHERv 4HIS SENTENCE
s (OW CAN DIFFERENT CLAIMS BE COMBINED TO SUPPORT POSITS A DElNITION OF RHETORIC
VARIOUS PROPOSITIONS -UCH OF THE TIME ARGUERS PERFORM THE lRST STEP OF
s 7HAT ARE THE DIFFERENT FORMS OF EVIDENCE POSITING A DElNITION WITHOUT CONSTRUCTING AN ARGUMENT
s 7HAT ARE THE DIFFERENT KINDS OF ARGUMENTATIVE WAR TO SUPPORT IT 4HEY MAY DO THIS BECAUSE THEIR AUDIENCE
RANTS DOES NOT REQUIRE THEM TO MAKE AN EXPLICIT ARGUMENT IN
s 7HAT DISTINGUISHES GOOD ARGUMENTS FROM BAD FAVOR OF THE DElNITION 4HE DElNITION MAY BY ITSELF
ONES CREATE A FRAME OF MIND IN THE AUDIENCE THAT DOES NOT
LEAD THE AUDIENCE TO DEMAND AN ARGUMENT IN SUPPORT OF
#LAIMS AND 0ROPOSITIONS THE DElNITION &OR INSTANCE ANTIABORTION FORCES IN THE
5NITED 3TATES SUCCEEDED IN DElNING A PROCEDURE PHYSI
#ONCEPTUALLY CLAIMS AND PROPOSITIONS ARE THE SAME CIANS CALLED hINTACT DILATION AND EXTRACTIONv AS hPARTIAL
KIND OF ARGUMENTATIVE ELEMENTS "OTH ARE CONTROVERSIAL BIRTH ABORTIONv 4HEIR DElNITION WAS SUCCESSFUL BECAUSE
STATEMENTS THAT NEED REASON FOR SUPPORT "OTH CLAIMS IT DOMINATED THE DISCOURSE ON ABORTION AND TURNED THE
AND PROPOSITIONS ARE CREATED BY A RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CONTROVERSY AWAY FROM THE ISSUE OF CHOICE AND TOWARD
EVIDENCE AND A WARRANT &REQUENTLY DEBATERS COMBINE A PARTICULAR MEDICAL PROCEDURE THAT ANTIABORTION FORCES
SEVERAL OF THESE STATEMENTS TO SUPPORT ANOTHER STATEMENT COULD USE MORE SUCCESSFULLY /N THE SURFACE THE DElNI
%ACH OF THE INITIAL STATEMENTS IS A CLAIM AND THE CONCLUD TION OF hINTACT DILATION AND EXTRACTIONv AS hPARTIAL BIRTH
ING STATEMENT IS CALLED A PROPOSITION ABORTIONv MAY HAVE SEEMED SO SENSIBLE THAT NO FURTHER
0ERHAPS A MORE ACCURATE WAY OF STATING THE QUESTION IS h$OES IT BEST SERVE OUR PURPOSES TO SAY THAT : IS THE PROPER DElNITION OF
8v 4HIS WAY OF PHRASING THE QUESTION MORE CLEARLY IDENTIlES THE VALUE DIMENSIONS OF DElNITIONSDIMENSIONS THAT WILL BE DISCUSSED
MORE FULLY LATER
3ONJA + &OSS +AREN ! &OSS AND 2OBERT 4RAPP #ONTEMPORARY 0ERSPECTIVES ON 2HETORIC 0ROSPECT (EIGHTS ), 7AVELAND

$AVID :AREFSKY h$ElNITIONSv KEYNOTE ADDRESS 4ENTH .#!!&! 3UMMER !RGUMENTATION #ONFERENCE !LTA 5TAH !UGUST

)NTRODUCTION \
ARGUMENT WAS REQUIRED TION SHORTCUTS THE ARGUMENTATIVE PROCESS BY AVOIDING
!N ARGUMENT TO SUPPORT A CLAIM OF DElNITION CONTROVERSY
BECOMES NECESSARY WHEN THE AUDIENCE REFUSES TO ACCEPT $ElNITIONS IMPLY VALUES BY INCLUDING TERMS THAT
THE DElNITION THAT WAS POSITED WITHOUT A SUPPORTING ARE VALUE LADEN &OR INSTANCE WHEN ANTIABORTION ADVO
ARGUMENT !N ARGUERS OPPONENT WILL FREQUENTLY ENCOUR CATES DElNE THE MEDICAL PROCEDURE OF INTACT DILATION AND
AGE THE AUDIENCE TO DEMAND SUPPORT FOR A DElNITION EXTRACTION AS hPARTIAL BIRTH ABORTIONv OR EVEN AS hPARTIAL
7HEN ANTIABORTION ADVOCATES DElNED THEIR POSITION AS BIRTH INFANTICIDEv THE VALUES ASSOCIATED WITH BIRTH AND
hPRO LIFEv SOME IN THE hPRO CHOICEv MOVEMENT OBJECTED WITH INFANTICIDE ARE LIKELY TO BE TRANSFERRED TO THE MEDI
CLAIMING THAT hPRO CHOICEv IS ALSO hPRO LIFEv )N CASES LIKE CAL PROCEDURE AS WELL )N THIS CASE ANTIABORTION FORCES
THIS ONE THE ENTIRE ARGUMENT CAN TURN ON WHETHER OR SUCCEEDED IN SHORTCUTTING THE ARGUMENTATIVE PROCESS BY
NOT THE ARGUER IS ABLE TO SUCCESSFULLY SUPPORT A CLAIM OF AVOIDING THE VALUE CONTROVERSY THAT IS INHERENT IN THEIR
DElNITION DElNITION
)N THOSE INSTANCES WHEN AN ARGUER CHOOSES TO CON 3O CLAIMS OF DElNITION ARE IMPORTANT )RONICALLY
STRUCT AN ARGUMENT TO SUPPORT A DElNITION THE ARGU THEY PROBABLY ARE LESS IMPORTANT WHEN THEY ARE ACTUALLY
MENT FREQUENTLY REVOLVES AROUND THE REASONABLENESS OF COMPLETED WITH SUPPORTING EVIDENCE THAN WHEN THEY ARE
THE SCOPE AND BREADTH OF THE DElNITION )S THE DElNITION IMPLICITLY USED AS DESCRIPTIVE AND VALUE EVIDENCE FOR FUR
SO NARROW THAT IT EXCLUDES INSTANCES OF THE CONCEPT THAT THER ARGUMENTS
OUGHT TO BE INCLUDED )S THE DElNITION SO BROAD THAT IT
FAILS TO EXCLUDE INSTANCES THAT DO NOT PROPERLY BELONG TO $ESCRIPTIONS
THE CONCEPT 4HUS IN CONSTRUCTING AN ARGUMENT FOR A $ESCRIPTIONS MAY CHARACTERIZE SOME FEATURE OF AN
DElNITION AN ARGUER MIGHT POSIT A DElNITION THEN ARGUE OBJECT CONCEPT OR EVENT OR MAY DESCRIBE THE OBJECT
THAT THE DElNITION IS REASONABLE IN TERMS OF ITS SCOPE CONCEPT OR EVENT ITSELF %XAMPLES OF DESCRIPTIVE CLAIMS
AND BREADTH )N FACT THIS IS THE CRITERION IMPLICIT IN THE INCLUDE
OBJECTION TO DElNING hANTIABORTIONv AS hPRO LIFEv #HOICE s 4HE RImE PURPORTED TO HAVE KILLED 0RESIDENT +EN
ADVOCATES CLAIMED THAT THE DElNITION OF hPRO LIFEv WAS SO NEDY REQUIRES A MINIMUM OF SECONDS BETWEEN
NARROW IN SCOPE THAT IT EXCLUDED PRO CHOICE ADVOCATES SHOTS
3O IN SOME CASES THE ARGUMENTS SUPPORTING A CLAIM OF s !FlRMATIVE ACTION PROGRAMS MUST BY THEIR NATURE
DElNITION ARE IMPORTANT )N OTHER CASES THE DElNITION INCLUDE HIRING QUOTAS
BECOMES EVIDENCE SOMETIMES IMPLICIT FOR FURTHER ARGU s *ACK 2UBY WAS SPOTTED IN 0ARKLAND (OSPITAL THIRTY
MENTS ABOUT WHETHER A CLAIM OF DElNITION WAS ACTUALLY MINUTES AFTER 0RESIDENT +ENNEDY WAS MURDERED
MADE "
$ElNITIONS THEMSELVES FREQUENTLY ARE IMPORTANT %ACH OF THESE STATEMENTS ARE DESCRIPTIVE BECAUSE
BUT THEY ARE ALSO IMPORTANT TO SUBSEQUENT ARGUMENTA THEY PROVIDE A VERBAL ACCOUNT OR CHARACTERIZATION OF
TIVE MOVES $ElNITIONS ARE IMPORTANT BECAUSE THEY OFTEN SOMETHING 4HEY ARE CLAIMS IN THE ARGUMENTATIVE SENSE
DO THE WORK OF ARGUMENT WITHOUT OPENING THE ARGUERS BECAUSE THEY ARE CONTROVERSIAL AND BECAUSE THEY REQUIRE
POSITION TO AS MUCH CONTROVERSY AS WOULD OTHERWISE REASONS FOR SUPPORT "ECAUSE SOME DESCRIPTIONS ARE
BE EXPECTED $ElNITIONS MAY AVOID CONTROVERSY IN TWO NOT CONTROVERSIAL ALL DESCRIPTIONS ARE NOT DESCRIPTIVE
WAYS BY IMPLYING DESCRIPTIONS AND BY IMPLYING VALUES ARGUMENTS -ANY OR EVEN MOST DESCRIPTIONS ARE NOT
$ElNITIONS IMPLY DESCRIPTIONS BY INCLUDING ELEMENTS ARGUMENTATIVE BECAUSE THEY ARE NOT CONTROVERSIAL &OR
IN THE DElNITION THAT PROPERLY REQUIRE EVIDENTIARY SUP INSTANCE IF A PERSON SIMPLY DESCRIBES OBSERVATIONS OF
PORT &OR INSTANCE AN ARGUER MIGHT CLAIM THAT AFlRMA THE COLORS OF mOWERSROSES ARE RED VIOLETS BLUETHAT
TIVE ACTION IS UNFAIR AND MIGHT DElNE AFlRMATIVE ACTION PERSON WOULD NOT ORDINARILY GIVE REASONS TO SUPPORT
AS hRACIAL PREFERENCE QUOTASv 7HETHER AFlRMATIVE ACTION THESE DESCRIPTIONS
PROGRAMS REQUIRE RACIAL PREFERENCE QUOTAS IS A MATTER OF /NE KIND OF DESCRIPTIVE CLAIM IS A CLAIM OF HISTORI
MUCH CONTROVERSY "UT IF THE DElNITION IS NOT CONTESTED CAL FACT !LL STATEMENTS ABOUT HISTORY ARE NOT HISTORICAL
BY AN AUDIENCE MEMBER OR BY AN ADVERSARY THE DElNI CLAIMS 4O BE A HISTORICAL CLAIM A STATEMENT MUST BE CON
7ITH REGARD TO THE lRST EXAMPLE SOME PEOPLE CLAIM THAT THIS ACTION REQUIRES CLOSER TO FOUR SECONDS WHEN ONE TAKES INTO ACCOUNT
THE FACT THAT A SHOOTER MUST REACQUIRE THE SUBJECT IN THE SCOPE 2EGARDING THE SECOND EXAMPLE SOME SUPPORTERS OF AFlRMATIVE ACTION
ARGUE THAT HIRING QUOTAS ARE REQUIRED ONLY FOR A COMPANY WITH A PAST RECORD OF DISCRIMINATION )N THE THIRD EXAMPLE THE PRIMARY
SOURCE OF THE CLAIM REGARDING *ACK 2UBY WAS !0 REPORTER 3ETH +ANTOR THE 7ARREN #OMMISSION CLAIMED THAT +ANTOR WAS MISTAKEN
IN HIS REPORT

TROVERSIAL AND MUST REQUIRE REASON FOR ITS SUPPORT 4HE ! SCIENTIlC DESCRIPTION CAN BE THE lNAL PRODUCT OF
STATEMENT h/ * 3IMPSON WON THE (EISMAN 4ROPHYv AN ARGUMENT OR CAN BE USED AS EVIDENCE FOR THE FURTHER
IS NOT CONTROVERSIAL AND THEREFORE NOT AN ARGUMENTATIVE DEVELOPMENT OF ANOTHER KIND OF ARGUMENT 7HETHER
CLAIM /N THE OTHER HAND THE STATEMENT h/ * 3IMPSON THE PRIMARY DETERMINANT OF HOMOSEXUALITY IS GENETIC OR
KILLED .ICOLE "ROWN 3IMPSONv NOT ONLY IS CONTROVERSIAL CULTURAL IS AN INTERESTING CLAIM FROM A PURELY SCIENTIlC
BUT ALSO REQUIRES AN ARGUER TO PRESENT TO REASONS SUPPORT PERSPECTIVE 0EOPLE CAN ARGUE THE FACTS THAT SUPPORT THE
ING OR DENYING IT GENETIC EXPLANATION OR THE CULTURAL ONE (OWEVER THIS
!NOTHER KIND OF DESCRIPTION IS A CLAIM OF SCIENTIlC CLAIM FREQUENTLY HAS BEEN USED IN THE DEBATE ABOUT THE
FACT 3CIENTIlC FACTS ARE STATEMENTS THAT COMMAND THE MORALITY OF HOMOSEXUALITY 3O IN THE CASE OF THE DETER
BELIEF OF THE SCIENTIlC COMMUNITY h4HE %ARTH IS THE MINANTS OF HOMOSEXUALITY THE DESCRIPTIVE CLAIM IS BOTH
THIRD PLANET FROM THE SUNv ! CLAIM OF SCIENTIlC FACT IS IMPORTANT FOR ITS OWN SAKE AND FOR THE SAKE OF OTHER
A CONTROVERSIAL SCIENTIlC STATEMENT BELIEVED BY A SCIEN POTENTIAL CLAIMS AS WELL
TIST OR A GROUP OF SCIENTISTS BUT NOT YET ACCEPTED BY THE $ESCRIPTIVE HISTORICAL CLAIMS ARE INTERESTING BOTH
ENTIRE SCIENTIlC COMMUNITY h#OLD FUSION CAN BE PRO BECAUSE THEY MAKE STATEMENTS ABOUT WHETHER OR NOT AN
DUCED IN THE LABORATORYv ,IKE OTHER FACTUAL STATEMENTS EVENT OCCURRED AS ASSERTED AND BECAUSE THEY CAN BE USED
ALL SCIENTIlC STATEMENTS ARE NOT CLAIMS OF SCIENTIlC FACT AS EVIDENCE IN MAKING FURTHER ARGUMENTS
EITHER BECAUSE THEY ARE NOT CONTROVERSIAL OR BECAUSE THEY s ,EE (ARVEY /SWALD KILLED 0RESIDENT *OHN +EN
DO NOT REQUIRE REASONS TO BE GIVEN IN THEIR SUPPORT 4O NEDY
SAY h4HE %ARTH IS THE THIRD PLANET FROM THE SUNv IS NOT A s / * 3IMPSON MURDERED .ICOLE "ROWN 3IMPSON
CLAIM BECAUSE IT IS NOT CONTROVERSIAL AND BECAUSE A PERSON AND 2ONALD 'OLDMAN
MAKING THAT STATEMENT WOULD NOT BE EXPECTED TO GIVE s 53 SHIPS -ADDOX AND 4URNER *OY WERE ATTACKED BY
REASONS TO SUPPORT IT "UT THE STATEMENT h#OLD FUSION THE .ORTH 6IETNAMESE IN THE 'ULF OF 4ONKIN "
CAN BE PRODUCED IN A LABORATORYv IS A CONTROVERSIAL STATE
MENT AND THE SCIENTIlC COMMUNITY WOULD CHALLENGE %ACH OF THESE ARE INTERESTING AND CONTROVERSIAL CLAIMS
ANYONE MAKING THAT STATEMENT TO SUPPORT IT WITH REASON OF HISTORICAL FACT 4HESE AND OTHER CLAIMS OF HISTORICAL FACT
AND EVIDENCE ALSO CAN BE USED AS EVIDENCE FOR RELATIONAL AND EVALUATIVE
)LLUSTRATING DIFFERENT EXAMPLES OF DESCRIPTIVE CLAIMS ARGUMENTS &OR INSTANCE THE ARGUMENT THAT THE -ADDOX
IS IMPORTANT IN AND OF ITSELF BECAUSE PEOPLE FREQUENTLY AND 4URNER *OY WERE ATTACKED BY THE .ORTH 6IETNAMESE
ARGUE ABOUT DESCRIPTIVE CLAIMS WITH NO GOAL OTHER THAN TO WAS USED BY 0RESIDENT *OHNSON TO PERSUADE THE 3ENATE
TRY TO SETTLE A CONTROVERSY REGARDING AN ACCOUNT OF SCIENCE AND THE (OUSE OF 2EPRESENTATIVES TO PASS THE 4ONKIN
OR HISTORY !S JUST ONE EXAMPLE SEVERAL HUNDRED BOOKS 'ULF 2ESOLUTION GIVING *OHNSON A BLANK CHECK TO PURSUE
AND ARTICLES HAVE BEEN WRITTEN PRESENTING MANY DIFFERENT THE WAR IN 6IETNAM 3UBSEQUENTLY ARGUMENTS THAT THE
ACCOUNTS OF THE ASSASSINATIONS OF *OHN +ENNEDY 2OBERT ATTACK WAS AT BEST PROVOKED AND AT WORSE FAKED WERE
+ENNEDY AND -ARTIN ,UTHER +ING "UT BEYOND BEING USED BY OPPONENTS OF THE 6IETNAM 7AR TO SHOW THAT
IMPORTANT FOR THEIR OWN SAKE DESCRIPTIVE CLAIMS ALSO ARE *OHNSONS ACTIONS WERE IMPROPER AND EVEN IMMORAL
IMPORTANT BECAUSE THEY ARE NEEDED WHEN ARGUING ABOUT
SUBSEQUENT KINDS OF CLAIMS AS WELL 2ELATIONSHIP 3TATEMENTS
$ESCRIPTIVE CLAIMS FREQUENTLY ARE USED AS EVIDENCE IN $ESCRIPTIVE CLAIMS ARE ABOUT THE NATURE OF REALITY
RELATIONAL AND EVALUATIVE ARGUMENTS ! CLAIM DESCRIBING WHAT IS THE ESSENCE OF 8 OR 9 #LAIMS OF RELATIONSHIP
THE NATURE OF AN OBJECT FREQUENTLY IS NEEDED BEFORE ARGU DEPEND ON BUT GO BEYOND THE ESSENCE OF 8 OR 9 TO THE
ING THAT ONE OBJECT IS RELATED TO ANOTHER OBJECT 0EOPLE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN 8 AND 9 #LAIMS OF RELATIONSHIP
MIGHT NEED TO ARGUE FOR INSTANCE THAT HIRING QUOTAS ASSERT A CONNECTION BETWEEN TWO OR MORE OBJECTS EVENTS
ARE ESSENTIAL FEATURES OF AFlRMATIVE ACTION A DESCRIPTIVE OR PHENOMENA ,IKE DESCRIPTIVE CLAIMS CLAIMS OF RELA
CLAIM BEFORE THEY CAN ARGUE THAT AFlRMATIVE ACTION LEADS TIONSHIP CAN BE IMPORTANT IN THEIR OWN RIGHT OR THEY
TO DIFFERENTIAL TREATMENT OF PERSONS IN HIRING POOLS RELA CAN SERVE AS EVIDENCE FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF EVALUATIVE
TIONAL CLAIM 3IMILARLY PEOPLE MAY NEED TO DESCRIBE AN CLAIMS #ONSIDER THESE CLAIMS
OBJECT OR PHENOMENON PRIOR TO EVALUATING THAT OBJECT s 3ECONDHAND SMOKE CONTRIBUTES SIGNIlCANTLY TO
)N THIS EXAMPLE THEY WOULD NEED TO DESCRIBE AFlRMATIVE HEALTH PROBLEMS
ACTION BEFORE THEY ARGUE THAT IT IS EITHER GOOD OR BAD s 4HE SCANDALS OF THE #LINTON ADMINISTRATION ARE LIKE
3OME ARGUE FOR INSTANCE THAT BECAUSE THE TENDENCY FOR HOMOSEXUALITY IS GENETIC IT IS NOT A hCHOICEv AND THEREFORE CANNOT BE
CONSIDERED MORAL OR IMMORAL
)NTRODUCTION \
THOSE OF THE .IXON ADMINISTRATION WAS A SIGN OF 3IMPSONS GUILT !CCORDING TO THE DEFENSES
s !DVERTISING HAS CHANGED THE ROLE OF WOMEN IN THE CLAIM THE GLOVE SIGNALED HIS INNOCENCE 4HIS WAS A CLEAR
5NITED 3TATES CASE WHERE THE ARGUMENT CENTERED AROUND THE RELATION
SHIP BETWEEN THE BLOODY GLOVE AND 3IMPSONS GUILT OR
!LL OF THESE ARE CLAIMS OF RELATIONSHIP BECAUSE THEY INNOCENCE
ASSERT A RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN TWO OBJECTS OR CONCEPTS )N THE 3IMPSON EXAMPLE THE CLAIM OF SIGN IS IMPOR
SECONDHAND SMOKE AND HEALTH #LINTON AND .IXON TANT BECAUSE IF IT WERE BELIEVED THE CLAIM ALONE IS SUF
ADVERTISING AND WOMEN 4HE RELATIONSHIPS ASSERTED IN lCIENT TO ESTABLISH GUILT OR INNOCENCE DEPENDING ON
THESE EXAMPLES ARE OF TWO KINDS OF CONTINGENCY AND OF THE NATURE OF THE ARGUMENT "UT LIKE OTHER CLAIMS A
SIMILARITY CLAIM OF SIGN ALSO CAN BE USED AS EVIDENCE TO ESTABLISH A
DIFFERENT CLAIM 3AY FOR INSTANCE THAT A PERSON CLAIMS
#ONTINGENCY THAT h0HOTOGRAPHS FROM THE YACHT @-ONKEY "USINESS
3OME CLAIMS OF RELATIONSHIP ASSERT A RELATIONSHIP OF SHOWED THAT PRESIDENTIAL CANDIDATE 'ARY (ART WAS AN
CONTINGENCY 4HE SECONDHAND SMOKING EXAMPLE AND THE ADULTERERv 4HE PHOTOGRAPHS ARE NOT DIRECT EVIDENCE OF
ADVERTISING EXAMPLE ARE OF THIS KIND )N EACH CASE THESE ADULTERY BUT GIVEN THEIR NATURE THEY ARE STRONG SIGNS OF
CLAIMS ASSERT THAT ONE OBJECT OR PHENOMENON IS DEPEN INlDELITY /NE COULD THEN USE THIS CLAIM OF SIGN TO SUP
DENT ON ANOTHER IN ONE WAY OR ANOTHER 3IGN AND CAUSE PORT AN EVALUATIVE ARGUMENT h'ARY (ART IS NOT WORTHY
ARE TWO WAYS OBJECTS CAN BE DEPENDENT ON ONE ANOTHER OF BEING PRESIDENT SINCE HE IS AN ADULTERERv )N THIS CASE
VIA SOME FORM OF CONTINGENCY THE CLAIM OF SIGN BECOMES EVIDENCE TO SUPPORT AN EVALU
2ELATIONSHIPS OF SIGN ARE ONE WAY TO SHOW THAT ONE ATIVE CLAIM
THING IS DEPENDENT ON ANOTHER THING 2ELATIONSHIPS OF SIGN MAY OR MAY NOT INVOLVE RELA
#ONSIDER THESE TIONSHIPS OF CAUSE 4HE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PAIN AND
s 4HE PAIN IN YOUR CHILDS ABDOMEN PROBABLY MEANS APPENDICITIS IS ONE OF BOTH SIGN AND CAUSE 4HE PAIN IS
SHE HAS APPENDICITIS A SIGN OF THE APPENDICITIS AND THE APPENDICITIS IS A CAUSE
s 4HE PALM PRINT ON THE -ANNLICHER #ARCANO RImE OF THE PAIN ! CAUSAL RELATIONSHIP IS NOT DIRECTLY INVOLVED
PROVES THAT /SWALD HANDLED THE RImE SUPPOSEDLY USED IN THE EXAMPLE OF THE DOUBLE MURDER OF 'OLDMAN AND
TO SHOOT 0RESIDENT +ENNEDY "ROWN 3IMPSON OR IN THE EXAMPLE ABOUT /SWALDS PALM
PRINT ON THE RImE !LTHOUGH THE PALM PRINT AND THE
"OTH OF THE PREVIOUS STATEMENTS ARE CLAIMS ABOUT RELA BLOODY GLOVE WERE SIGNS OF MURDER THEY WERE NOT CAUSES
TIONSHIPS OF SIGN 4HE PAIN IN THE ABDOMEN AS A SIGN OF THE MURDER 4HUS RELATIONSHIPS OF SIGN ARE DIFFER
OF APPENDICITIS IS DEPENDENT ON THE BELIEF THAT THE CHILD ENT FROM RELATIONSHIPS OF CAUSE AT LEAST IN TERMS OF THEIR
ACTUALLY HAS ABDOMINAL PAIN AND A BELIEF IN THE RELATION FOCUS
SHIP BETWEEN THAT PAIN AND HER APPENDIX 4HE BELIEF THAT #AUSAL RELATIONSHIPS ARE IMPORTANT IN MANY FORMS
/SWALD HANDLED THE RImE THAT SUPPOSEDLY WAS USED TO OF ARGUMENT 4HE KIND OF CAUSAL CLAIM VARIES FROM ONE
SHOOT 0RESIDENT +ENNEDY IS DEPENDENT ON THE BELIEF THAT INSTANCE TO THE NEXT ! FEW EXAMPLES INCLUDE CONTRIBU
HE ACTUALLY LEFT HIS PALM PRINT ON THE MURDER WEAPON TORY CAUSES NECESSARY AND SUFlCIENT CAUSES BLOCKING
!RGUMENTS OF SIGN PLAYED A VERY IMPORTANTPER CAUSES AND MOTIVE OR RESPONSIBILITY
HAPS CRUCIALROLE IN THE CRIMINAL TRIAL OF / * 3IMPSON #ONTRIBUTORY CAUSES ARE SPECIAL KINDS OF CAUSAL STATE
FOR THE MURDERS OF 2ON 'OLDMAN AND .ICOLE "ROWN MENTS )N MANY OR MOST CASES A SINGLE EVENT IS NOT THE
3IMPSON 4HE PROSECUTION CLAIMED THAT THE PRESENCE OF CAUSE OF AN EFFECT #ERTAIN CONDITIONS PREDISPOSE CER
A BLOODY GLOVE NEAR 3IMPSONS HOME WAS A SIGN THAT HE TAIN EFFECTS OTHER CONDITIONS INmUENCE THE OCCURRENCE OF
WAS THE MURDERER )N A DRAMATIC TURN OF EVENTS 3IMP THOSE EFFECTS &INALLY SOME CONDITION PRECIPITATES THAT
SON TRIED ON THE GLOVE IN THE PRESENCE OF THE JURY IT EFFECT &OR EXAMPLE CONSIDER THESE THREE POSSIBLE CLAIMS
APPEARED TO BE TOO SMALL TO lT ON HIS HAND 4HIS EVI ABOUT THE CAUSES OF HEART ATTACKS
DENCE ALLOWED THE DEFENSE TO SUPPORT ITS OWN CLAIM IN s 'ENETICS ARE THE CAUSE OF HEART ATTACKS
QUITE POETIC LANGUAGE h)F THE GLOVE DOESNT lT YOU MUST s ! HIGH CHOLESTEROL DIET CAN CAUSE HEART ATTACK
ACQUITv !CCORDING TO THE PROSECUTIONS CLAIM THE GLOVE s 6IGOROUS EXERCISE CAUSES HEART ATTACKS
/NE CAN MAKE A CASE FOR A CAUSAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE MURDER AND THE BLOODY GLOVE IN THAT THE ACT OF COMMITTING THE
MURDER CAUSED BLOOD TO GET ON THE GLOVE 4HE CAUSAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE PALM PRINT AND THE +ENNEDY MURDER IS LESS DIRECT
ALTHOUGH ONE COULD SAY THAT THE ACT OF MURDERING 0RESIDENT +ENNEDY CAUSED /SWALDS PALM PRINT TO BE ON THE MURDER WEAPON 4HIS
LAST CLAIM IS A WEAK ONE SINCE THE PALM PRINT COULD HAVE BEEN ON THE RImE LONG BEFORE THE ASSASSINATION

7E KNOW THAT SOME PEOPLE ARE GENETICALLY MORE PRE THOSE ALREADY DISCUSSED ARE RELATED TO PHYSICAL OR BIO
DISPOSED TO HEART ATTACKS THAN OTHERS )F A PERSON WHO LOGICAL PHENOMENA 4HE RELATIONSHIPS AMONG GENETICS
ALREADY IS PREDISPOSED TO HEART ATTACKS REGULARLY CON DIET EXERCISE AND HEART DISEASE ARE BIOLOGICAL RELATION
SUMES A DIET HIGH IN CHOLESTEROL THAT DIET CONTRIBUTES SHIPS 6ARIOUS ELEMENTS IN A BIOLOGICAL SYSTEM AFFECT
TO THE LIKELIHOOD OF HEART ATTACK 3UPPOSE A PERSON DIES OTHER ELEMENTS IN THAT SAME SYSTEM )N A SIMILAR MANNER
OF A HEART ATTACK WHILE ON A MORNING JOG 7HAT WAS THE MOTIVES ARE A KIND OF CAUSAL EXPLANATION WHEN HUMAN
CAUSE 'ENETICS $IET %XERCISE 4HE ANSWER IS THAT ALL CHOICE IS INVOLVED IN CREATING EFFECTS 7HY FOR INSTANCE
THREE FACTORS MAY HAVE BEEN CONTRIBUTORY CAUSES .O DO SENATORS AND REPRESENTATIVES STALL LEGISLATION FOR CAM
SINGLE CAUSE MAY HAVE CAUSED THE HEART ATTACK BUT ALL PAIGN lNANCE REFORM 7HY DO CORPORATIONS KNOWINGLY
THREE CONDITIONS IN COMBINATION MAY HAVE RESULTED IN A PRODUCE DANGEROUS PRODUCTS 4HE ANSWERS TO THESE QUES
HEART ATTACK TIONS INVOLVE CAUSAL CLAIMS BUT CAUSAL CLAIMS OF A DIFFER
.ECESSARY AND SUFlCIENT CAUSES FREQUENTLY DEAL WITH ENT ORDER FROM THOSE DISCUSSED EARLIER
SINGULAR CAUSES RATHER THAN CONTRIBUTORY CAUSES h-ONEY )N AN EARLIER EXAMPLE GENETICS DIET AND EXERCISE DID
IS ESSENTIAL TO HAPPINESSv IS AN EXAMPLE OF A CLAIM OF NEC NOT hCHOOSEv TO CAUSE HEART DISEASE "UT IN HUMAN SYS
ESSARY CAUSATION 4O SAY THAT MONEY IS A NECESSARY CAUSE TEMS CHOICE IS FREQUENTLY AN IMPORTANT ELEMENT IN DETER
OF HAPPINESS IS NOT TO SAY THAT THE PRESENCE OF MONEY MINING WHAT ACTIONS LEAD TO WHAT EFFECTS /NE MIGHT
AUTOMATICALLY LEADS TO HAPPINESS 4HE CLAIM DOES HOW CLAIM THAT hREPRESENTATIVES AND SENATORS SELF INTEREST
EVER IMPLY THAT WITHOUT MONEY HAPPINESS IS IMPOSSIBLE MOTIVATE THEM TO STALL CAMPAIGN lNANCE REFORMv OR THAT
)F ONE WANTED TO MAKE A CLAIM OF SUFlCIENT CAUSATION THE hPROlT MOTIVE INDUCES CORPORATIONS KNOWINGLY TO
USING THE SAME EXAMPLE ONE MIGHT CLAIM THAT hMONEY PRODUCE DANGEROUS PRODUCTSv 4HE KINDS OF CAUSAL QUES
IS THE KEY TO HAPPINESSv $EPENDING ON HOW ONE INTER TIONS THAT DEAL WITH MOTIVES ARE VERY USEFUL WHEN ARGUING
PRETED THAT CLAIM IT MIGHT MEAN THAT MONEY BRINGS HAP ABOUT THE EFFECTS OF HUMAN ACTIONS
PINESS REGARDLESS OF OTHER CONDITIONS )N THAT CASE ONE ,IKE OTHER CAUSAL CLAIMS CLAIMS ABOUT MOTIVE ARE
WOULD HAVE MADE A CLAIM ABOUT A SUFlCIENT CAUSE USEFUL AS EVIDENCE IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF EVALUATIVE
.ECESSARY AND SUFlCIENT CAUSES ARE USEFUL WHEN ARGU CLAIMS ! CLAIM BASED ON A SENATORS MOTIVE FOR STALLING
ING ABOUT RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN AND AMONG VARIOUS PHE CAMPAIGN lNANCE REFORM MIGHT FOR INSTANCE BE USED
NOMENA 4HEY ARE ALSO USEFUL AS EVIDENCE FROM WHICH TO AS EVIDENCE TO CONSTRUCT A FURTHER CLAIM RELEVANT TO THE
CONSTRUCT OTHER KINDS OF CLAIMS PARTICULARLY CLAIMS THAT WISDOM OF REELECTING THAT SENATOR ! CLAIM THAT A PARTICU
EVALUATE A COURSE OF ACTION 7HEN AN ARGUER PROPOSES LAR CORPORATIONS DESIRE FOR PROlTS LED TO THE PRODUCTION
A STRATEGY TO ELIMINATE AN UNDESIRABLE EFFECT EVIDENCE OF UNSAFE PRODUCTS MIGHT BE USED AS FURTHER EVIDENCE
DERIVED FROM A CLAIM ABOUT A NECESSARY CONDITION OF THAT TO SUPPORT A CLAIM ASKING FOR A BOYCOTT OF THAT CORPORA
EFFECT IS USEFUL (AVING MADE A CLAIM ABOUT A NECESSARY TION
CAUSE ONE CAN FORWARD A PROPOSAL TO ELIMINATE THAT NEC 4HE CLAIMS OF RELATIONSHIP THAT HAVE BEEN DISCUSSED
ESSARY CAUSE AND THUS ELIMINATE THE EFFECT &OR INSTANCE SO FAR HAVE INVOLVED RELATIONSHIPS OF CONTINGENCY )N
IF PEOPLE BELIEVE THAT OVEREATING IS A NECESSARY CONDITION RELATIONSHIPS OF CONTINGENCY ONE PHENOMENON DEPENDS
OF OBESITY THEY COULD USE THIS CAUSAL CLAIM AS EVIDENCE TO ON OR AFFECTS ANOTHER 4HESE CLAIMS OF RELATIONSHIPS HAVE
CONVINCE OTHERS THAT THEY NEED TO QUIT OVEREATING 4HUS GENERALLY BEEN DIVIDED INTO THE CATEGORIES OF SIGNS AND
MAKING A CLAIM ABOUT A NECESSARY CAUSE IS A GOOD WAY TO CAUSE (OWEVER CLAIMS OF CONTINGENCY ARE NOT THE ONLY
SUPPORT A PLAN FOR ELIMINATING AN EFFECT KIND OF CLAIMS OF RELATIONSHIP #LAIMS OF SIMILARITY ARE
3IMILARLY EVIDENCE DERIVED FROM A CLAIM ABOUT A SUFl EQUALLY IMPORTANT KINDS OF RELATIONAL CLAIMS
CIENT CAUSE IS A GOOD WAY TO SUPPORT A PLAN FOR PRODUCING
AN EFFECT )F ONE CAN PRESENT A PROPOSAL THAT ADDS A SUF 3IMILARITY
lCIENT CAUSE ONE CAN THEN CLAIM THAT THE PROPOSAL WILL )N ADDITION TO RELATIONSHIPS BASED ON CONTINGENCY
PRODUCE SOME GOOD EFFECT &OR INSTANCE SOME DIET COM OTHER STATEMENTS OF RELATIONSHIP ASSERT A RELATIONSHIP OF
MERCIALS CLAIM THAT THEIR PRODUCTS ARE SUFlCIENT TO CAUSE SIMILARITY ! CLAIM OF SIMILARITY ASSERTS THAT TWO OR MORE
ONE TO LOSE WEIGHT 4HIS CLAIM OF A SUFlCIENT CAUSAL CON OBJECTS OR CONCEPTS ARE SIMILAR IN IMPORTANT WAYS #LAIMS
DITION CAN THEN BE USED AS EVIDENCE TO CONVINCE BUYERS OF SIMILARITY ARE FREQUENTLY FOUND IN WHAT IS CALLED ARGU
TO TRY THEIR DIET PROGRAMS )MPLIED IN SUCH A CLAIM IS THAT MENT BY ANALOGY OR ARGUMENT BY PARALLEL CASE %XAMPLES
REGARDLESS OF WHAT ELSE ONE DOES FOLLOWING THE PROPOSED OF CLAIMS OF SIMILARITY INCLUDE
DIET WILL LEAD TO WEIGHT LOSS s !BORTION IS VIRTUALLY THE SAME AS INFANTICIDE
3TATEMENTS ABOUT MOTIVE ARE CAUSAL CLAIMS ABOUT s 4HE #LINTON ADMINISTRATION IS LIKE THE .IXON
THE EFFECTS OF HUMAN AGENTS -ANY CAUSAL CLAIMS LIKE ADMINISTRATION
)NTRODUCTION \
s #APITAL PUNISHMENT IS STATE SANCTIONED MURDER %VALUATIVE CLAIMS BEAR A FAMILY RESEMBLANCE TO ONE
ANOTHER BECAUSE THEY ATTACH A VALUE TO ONE OR MORE
%ACH OF THESE EXAMPLES SHARE CERTAIN CHARACTERIS OBJECTS OR EVENTS 3TILL EVALUATIVE CLAIMS ARE SO VAST IN
TICS &IRST EACH EXAMPLE INCLUDES TWO OBJECTS OR CON NUMBER AND IN CHARACTERISTICS THAT THEY CAN BE MORE
CEPTS #LINTON AND .IXON ABORTION AND INFANTICIDE AND EASILY VIEWED IN THESE THREE CATEGORIES THOSE THAT EVALU
CAPITAL PUNISHMENT AND MURDER 3ECOND EACH EXAMPLE ATE A SINGLE OBJECT THOSE THAT COMPARE TWO OBJECTS WITH
STATES THAT THE TWO CONCEPTS OR OBJECTS ARE SIMILAR IN RESPECT TO SOME VALUE AND THOSE THAT SUGGEST AN ACTION
IMPORTANT REGARDS WITH RESPECT TO SOME OBJECT
#LAIMS OF SIMILARITY ARE USEFUL WHEN AN ARGUER WANTS
TO DO NOTHING MORE THAN SUPPORT THE IDEA THAT TWO OR #LAIMS THAT %VALUATE A 3INGLE /BJECT
MORE OBJECTS AND CONCEPTS ARE SIMILAR !LTHOUGH THE 3OME EVALUATIVE CLAIMS SIMPLY ARGUE THAT AN OBJECT
CLAIM FOCUSES ON THE SIMILARITY BETWEEN THE OBJECTS IT IS ATTACHED IN SOME WAY POSITIVELY OR NEGATIVELY WITH
FREQUENTLY CARRIES ANOTHER IMPLIED CLAIM OF EVALUATION SOME VALUE 4HESE KINDS OF CLAIMS INVOLVE BOTH AN OBJECT
4HE CLAIM THAT CAPITAL PUNISHMENT IS STATE SANCTIONED OF EVALUATION AND SOME VALUE JUDGMENT TO BE APPLIED TO
MURDER IS NOT A VALUE NEUTRAL STATEMENT 7HEN CON THE OBJECT
FRONTED WITH SUCH A CLAIM MOST AUDIENCES BEGIN WITH s #APITAL PUNISHMENT IS IMMORAL
THE ASSUMPTION THAT MURDER IS A NEGATIVELY VALUED CON s 0RIVATE PROPERTY IS THE ROOT OF ALL EVIL
CEPT !N ARGUER WHO SUCCEEDS IN SUPPORTING THE CLAIM OF s #APITALISM IS GOOD
SIMILARITY ALSO SUCCEEDS IN TRANSFERRING THE NEGATIVE VALUE
ASSOCIATED WITH MURDER TO THE CONCEPT OF CAPITAL PUNISH 4HESE EXAMPLES OF CLAIMS THAT ATTACH A VALUE TO A
MENT )N ALL OF THE ABOVE EXAMPLES OF CLAIMS OF SIMILAR SINGLE OBJECT ALL CONTAIN SOME OBJECT TO BE EVALUATED
ITY THE ARGUER HAS TWO DIFFERENT PURPOSES TO SHOW THAT CAPITAL PUNISHMENT PRIVATE PROPERTY CAPITALISM AND
THE TWO CONCEPTS OR OBJECTS HAVE SIMILAR CHARACTERISTICS SOME VALUE JUDGMENT THAT IS APPLIED TO THE OBJECTS
OR TO SHOW THAT THE TWO CONCEPTS OR OBJECTS ARE EVALUATED IMMORAL EVIL GOOD
IN SIMILAR WAYS 3OME CLAIMS LIKE THOSE MENTIONED ABOVE IMPLY
)N SOME CASES THE AUDIENCE MAY NOT HAVE ENOUGH RATHER BROAD VALUE JUDGMENTS /THERS MAY CONTAIN
FAMILIARITY WITH EITHER OF THE TWO OBJECTS TO UNDERSTAND MORE SPECIlC ONES
THE VALUES ASSOCIATED WITH THEM )N SUCH A CASE A CLAIM s #APITAL PUNISHMENT IS UNFAIR IN ITS APPLICATION TO
OF SIMILARITY IS SOMETIMES THE lRST STEP TOWARD PROVING A MINORITIES
CLAIM OF EVALUATION #ONSIDER A HYPOTHETICAL CLAIM THAT s 0RIVATE PROPERTY HAS LED TO AN UNCONTROLLED AND
STATES h3ENATOR 8S MEDICAL CARE PLAN IS SIMILAR TO ONE IMMORAL RULING CLASS
INSTITUTED IN #ANADAv )F THE AUDIENCE KNEW NOTHING s #APITALISM PROVIDES INCENTIVE FOR INDIVIDUAL ENTER
ABOUT EITHER 3ENATOR 8S PLAN OR THE #ANADIAN ONE THE PRISE
ARGUER MIGHT ESTABLISH THIS CLAIM TO BE USED AS EVIDENCE
IN A LATER EVALUATIVE CLAIM THAT h3ENATOR 8S PLAN SHOULD 4HESE EXAMPLES CONTAIN VALUE JUDGMENTS THAT ARE
BE ACCEPTED OR REJECTED v )N THIS CASE THE ARGUER MIGHT MORE SPECIlC THAN THE BROAD ONES CITED EARLIER
PRESENT AN EVALUATIVE CLAIM REGARDING THE SUCCESS OF THE
#ANADIAN PLAN AND THEN COMBINE THE TWO CLAIMSONE #LAIMS THAT #OMPARE 4WO /BJECTS
OF SIMILARITY AND ONE REGARDING ACCEPTANCE OR REJECTION )NSTEAD OF EVALUATING A SINGLE OBJECT SOME CLAIMS
4HUS CLAIMS OF RELATIONSHIP FALL INTO THREE BROAD CAT COMPARE TWO OBJECTS WITH RESPECT TO SOME VALUE TO CON
EGORIES SIGN CAUSATION AND SIMILARITY )N SOME CASES STITUTE A SECOND CATEGORY OF EVALUATIVE CLAIM 5NLIKE THE
CLAIMS OF RELATIONSHIP ARE SUPPORTED BY EVIDENCE BUILT ON PREVIOUS CATEGORY OF EVALUATIVE CLAIMS CLAIMS IN THIS CAT
CLAIMS OF FACT ,IKEWISE RELATIONAL CLAIMS CAN BE USED TO EGORY INCLUDE AT LEAST TWO OBJECTS OF EVALUATION AND AT
ESTABLISH EVALUATIVE CLAIMS LEAST ONE VALUE JUDGMENT TO BE APPLIED TO THOSE OBJECTS
#ONSIDER THESE CLAIMS
#LAIMS OF %VALUATION s ,YING IS MORE PROPER THAN HURTING SOMEONES FEELINGS
%VALUATIVE CLAIMS GO BEYOND DESCRIPTIVE CLAIMS AND s 2EAGAN WAS A BETTER PRESIDENT THAN #LINTON
CLAIMS OF RELATIONSHIP TO THE EVALUATION OF AN OBJECT
EVENT OR CONCEPT %VALUATIVE CLAIMS ARE MORE COMPLEX %ACH OF THESE EXAMPLES CONTAINS TWO OBJECTS LYING
KINDS OF CLAIMS BECAUSE THEY ORDINARILY REQUIRE SOME AND HURTING SOMEONES FEELINGS 2EAGAN AND #LINTON
COMBINATION OF OTHER DElNITIONS DESCRIPTIONS AND RELA AND ONE VALUE JUDGMENT TO BE APPLIED TO EACH OBJECT
TIONAL STATEMENTS MORE PROPER AND BETTER PRESIDENT

#LAIMS OF !CTION ARE DEPENDENT ON EARLIER DESCRIPTIVE CLAIMS AND RELATIONAL
#LAIMS OF ACTION SOMETIMES CALLED CLAIMS OF POLICY CLAIMS $EPENDING ON WHETHER OR NOT THE AUDIENCE IS
ARE YET ANOTHER CATEGORY OF EVALUATIVE CLAIM FAMILIAR WITH AND ACCEPTS THE ARGUERS DESCRIPTIVE OF THE
s #APITAL PUNISHMENT SHOULD BE ABOLISHED CONCEPT TO BE EVALUATED THE ARGUER MAKING AN EVALUATIVE
s 4HE 5NITED 3TATES SHOULD ADOPT A POLICY OF FREE CLAIM MAY ALSO WANT TO EXPLICITLY MAKE PRIOR DESCRIPTIVE
TRADE WITH #UBA CLAIMS AS WELL )N THE PREVIOUS EXAMPLES FOR INSTANCE
ONE CAN EASILY SEE HOW AN ARGUER MIGHT NEED TO DESCRIBE
4HESE CLAIMS EVALUATE A CONCEPT BY SUGGESTING THAT CERTAIN FEATURES OF CAPITAL PUNISHMENT PRIVATE PROP
ACTION BE TAKEN WITH RESPECT TO THAT CONCEPT "ECAUSE ERTY LYING #LINTON 2EAGAN FREE TRADE OR #UBA BEFORE
AN ACTION CAN BE EVALUATED ONLY BY COMPARISON OR CON LAUNCHING INTO AN EVALUATION OF THOSE CONCEPTS
TRAST TO OTHER POSSIBLE ACTIONS CLAIMS OF ACTION BY NECES )N MANY BUT NOT ALL INSTANCES AN ARGUER ALSO WOULD
SITY COMPARE AT LEAST TWO OBJECTS 4HE CLAIM THAT CAPITAL NEED TO USE A CLAIM OF RELATIONSHIP AS EVIDENCE TO SUP
PUNISHMENT SHOULD BE ABOLISHED COMPARES THE PRES PORT THE EVALUATIVE CLAIM 4O ILLUSTRATE INSTANCES WHEN
ENCE OF CAPITAL PUNISHMENT WITH ITS ABSENCE 4HE CLAIM A RELATIONAL CLAIM IS AND IS NOT NEEDED CONSIDER THE
REGARDING FREE TRADE WITH #UBA IMPLIES A COMPARISON OF TWO EXAMPLES OF CLAIMS EVALUATING A SINGLE OBJECT 4HE
A POLICY OF FREE TRADE WITH THE PRESENT POLICY OF TRADE CLAIM THAT hCAPITAL PUNISHMENT IS IMMORALv CAN BE
EMBARGO )N THIS REGARD CLAIMS OF ACTION ARE SIMILAR TO SUPPORTED BY DESCRIBING A FEATURE OF CAPITAL PUNISH
CLAIMS THAT COMPARE TWO OBJECTS MENT THAT IT IS THE INTENTIONAL TAKING OF A HUMAN LIFE
)N A DIFFERENT REGARD CLAIMS OF ACTION ARE DIFFERENT AND EVALUATING THAT FEATURE NEGATIVELY THE INTENTIONAL
FROM THE OTHER CATEGORIES OF EVALUATIVE CLAIMS IN THAT THEY TAKING OF A HUMAN LIFE IS AN IMMORAL ACT ! DESCRIP
RARELY STATE THE VALUE JUDGMENT USED TO COMPARE THE TWO TION AND AN EVALUATION ARE ALL THAT ARE NECESSARY RELA
OBJECTS 4HE REASON THE VALUE JUDGMENT IS NOT ORDINARILY TIONAL EVIDENCE IS NOT NEEDED 4HE SECOND CLAIM THAT
STATED IN THE CLAIM IS THAT AN ACTION CLAIM IS FREQUENTLY hPRIVATE PROPERTY IS THE ROOT OF ALL EVILv IS DIFFERENT 4O
SUPPORTED BY A VARIETY OF OTHER CLAIMS OF EVALUATION EACH MAKE THIS CLAIM ONE lRST MIGHT DESCRIBE THE CONCEPT
OF WHICH MAY BE RELYING ON A DIFFERENT VALUE JUDGMENT OF PRIVATE PROPERTY THEN ARGUE THAT PRIVATE PROPERTY
4HE CLAIM ABOUT THE ABOLITION OF CAPITAL PUNISHMENT FOR LEADS TO GREED AND SELlSHNESS A RELATIONAL CLAIM THEN
EXAMPLE MIGHT BE SUPPORTED BY OTHER EVALUATIVE CLAIMS ARGUE THAT GREED AND SELlSHNESS ARE EVIL ! SIGNIlCANT
LIKE DIFFERENCE EXISTS BETWEEN THE lRST ARGUMENT AND THE
s #APITAL PUNISHMENT IS IMMORAL SECOND ONE 4HE lRST REQUIRES RELATIONAL EVIDENCE AND
s #APITAL PUNISHMENT CONTRIBUTES TO THE BRUTALIZA THE SECOND DOES NOT )N THE lRST INSTANCE THE ARGU
TION OF SOCIETY MENT IS EVALUATING AN INHERENT FEATURE OF CAPITAL PUN
s #APITAL PUNISHMENT IS RACIST " ISHMENT IN THE SECOND THE ARGUMENT EVALUATES AN
EFFECT OF PRIVATE PROPERTY 7HEN ARGUING AN INHERENT
4O COMPLICATE MATTERS EVEN MORE EVALUATIVE CLAIMS FEATURE OF A CONCEPT RELATIONAL EVIDENCE IS UNNECESSARY
OF ACTION INHERENTLY ARE COMPARATIVE CLAIMS 4O ARGUE IN BECAUSE THE EVALUATION IS OF THE FEATURE RATHER THAN OF
FAVOR OF A PARTICULAR ACTION IS POSSIBLE ONLY IN COMPARISON AN EFFECT OF THE FEATURE "UT MANY TIMES BY THE NATURE
TO OTHER ACTIONS &OR INSTANCE THE PREVIOUS CLAIMS IMPLY OF THE CLAIM AN ARGUER IS FORCED TO EVALUATE AN EFFECT OF
THAT CAPITAL PUNISHMENT IS LESS MORAL MORE BRUTAL AND A CONCEPT )N THOSE INSTANCES THE ARGUER IS REQUIRED TO
MORE RACIST THAN THE ALTERNATIVES "ECAUSE ACTION CLAIMS ESTABLISH THE EFFECT BY MEANS OF RELATIONAL EVIDENCE
USUALLY REQUIRE MULTIPLE COMPARATIVE CLAIMS AS EVIDENCE )N SUMMARY FOUR CATEGORIES OF EVIDENCE AND CLAIMS
TO SUPPORT THEM ACTION CLAIMS GENERALLY ARE MORE COM INCLUDE DElNITIONS DESCRIPTIONS RELATIONAL STATEMENTS
PLICATED THAN THE OTHER CATEGORIES OF CLAIMS OF CONTINGENCY AND OF SIMILARITY AND EVALUATIONS
!CCORDING TO THIS CATEGORY SYSTEM EVALUATIVE CLAIMS 3OMETIMES CLAIMS ARE THE END PRODUCTS OF ARGUMENTS AT
ARE GENERALLY DIVIDED INTO THREE TYPES CLAIMS THAT EVALUATE OTHER TIMES THEY ARE USED AS EVIDENCE FOR THE CONSTRUC
A SINGLE OBJECT CLAIMS THAT EVALUATE TWO OR MORE OBJECTS TION OF FURTHER CLAIMS 4HIS INTRODUCTION HAS PRESENTED A
AND ACTION CLAIMS !S INDICATED ONE EVALUATIVE CLAIM CATEGORY SYSTEM AND BEGUN TO EXPLAIN HOW VARIOUS TYPES
CAN SOMETIMES BE USED AS SUPPORT FOR ANOTHER EVALUATIVE OF CLAIMS ARE RELATED TO ONE ANOTHER WHEN ONE IS USED AS
CLAIM LEADING EVENTUALLY TO COMPLICATED CLAIMS BUILT ON EVIDENCE FOR ANOTHER 4HIS INTRODUCTION HAS DONE LITTLE
A WEB OF OTHER CLAIMS OR NOTHING TOWARD EXPLAINING HOW ONE CONSTRUCTS ARGU
)N ADDITION TO THE FACT THAT EVALUATIVE CLAIMS ARE USED MENTS FOR THESE VARIOUS TYPES OF CLAIMS 4HE METHODS
BOTH AS THE END PRODUCT OF AN ARGUMENT AND AS EVIDENCE AND PROCESSES OF CONSTRUCTING THESE CLAIMS ARE THE TOPICS
FOR OTHER EVALUATIVE CLAIMS ALMOST ALL EVALUATIVE CLAIMS OF LATER CHAPTERS
)NTRODUCTION \
4HEORY AND 0RACTICE 7HEN USING THIS VOLUME DEBATERS NEED TO REMEMBER
THAT IT IS ONLY A STARTING POINT 'OOD DEBATERS MUCH LESS
4HIS ESSAY HAS PROVIDED SOME THEORETICAL BACKGROUND EXCELLENT DEBATERS WILL NEED TO GO BEYOND THIS VOLUME
RELEVANT TO ARGUMENTATION IN DEBATING 3PECIlCALLY IT HAS 4HEY WILL NEED TO ENGAGE IN INDIVIDUAL AND PERHAPS COL
PROVIDED A DISCUSSION OF THE 4OULMIN MODEL OF ARGUMENT LECTIVE RESEARCH INTO THE DETAILS OF OTHER CLAIMS AND EVI
AND A MORE DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF TWO OF 4OULMINS ELE DENCE
MENTS CLAIMS AND EVIDENCE 4HE REASON FOR FOCUSING ON 4HEN OF COURSE COMES THE ACTUAL PRACTICE OF DEBATING
THESE TWO ELEMENTS IS THAT THE REMAINDER OF THIS VOLUME WHERE DEBATERS WILL BE REQUIRED TO COMBINE THE EVIDENCE
PROVIDES INFORMATION THAT CAN BE TRANSFORMED INTO EVI PROVIDED IN THIS VOLUME AND FROM THEIR OWN RESEARCH
DENCE AND CLAIMS TO SUPPORT PROPOSITIONS #LAIMS AND WITH WARRANTS AND RESERVATIONS TO SUPPORT CLAIMS AND
EVIDENCE ARE THE FOUNDATIONAL ELEMENTS OF SUPPORTING TO COMBINE THOSE CLAIMS INTO ARGUMENTS SUPPORTING OR
PROPOSITIONS 7ARRANTS AND RESERVATIONS WHICH ARE MORE REFUTING PROPOSITIONS
LIKELY TO BE INDIVIDUAL CREATIONS THAN FOUNDATIONS DID NOT
RECEIVE THE SAME DETAILED DISCUSSION
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02/3 #/.3
7OMEN SHOULD HAVE CONTROL OVER THEIR OWN BODIESTHEY /F COURSE HUMAN RIGHTS SHOULD BE RESPECTED BUT NO ONE
HAVE TO CARRY THE CHILD DURING PREGNANCY AND UNDERGO HAS A RIGHT TO MAKE A DECISION WITH NO REFERENCE TO THE
CHILDBIRTH .O ONE ELSE CARRIES THE CHILD FOR HER IT WILL RIGHTS AND WISHES OF OTHERS )N THIS CASE DOES THE FATHER
BE HER RESPONSIBILITY ALONE AND THUS SHE SHOULD HAVE THE HAVE ANY RIGHTS IN REGARD TO THE FATE OF THE FETUS -ORE
SOLE RIGHT TO DECIDE )F A WOMAN DOES NOT WANT TO GO IMPORTANT THOUGH PRO CHOICE GROUPS ACTIVELY IGNORE THE
THROUGH THE FULL NINE MONTHS AND SUBSEQUENT BIRTH THEN MOST IMPORTANT RIGHTTHE CHILDS RIGHT TO LIFE 7HAT IS
SHE SHOULD HAVE THE RIGHT TO CHOOSE NOT TO DO SO 4HERE MORE IMPORTANT THAN LIFE !LL OTHER RIGHTS INCLUDING THE
ARE FEWIF ANYOTHER CASES WHERE SOMETHING WITH SUCH MOTHERS RIGHT TO CHOICE SURELY STEM FROM A PRIOR RIGHT
PROFOUND CONSEQUENCES IS FORCED UPON A HUMAN BEING TO LIFE IF YOU HAVE NO RIGHT TO ANY LIFE THEN HOW DO YOU
AGAINST HER OR HIS WILL 4O APPEAL TO THE CHILDS RIGHT TO HAVE A RIGHT TO AN AUTONOMOUS ONE ! WOMAN MAY ORDI
LIFE IS JUST CIRCULARWHETHER A FETUS HAS RIGHTS OR NOT OR NARILY HAVE A REASONABLE RIGHT TO CONTROL HER OWN BODY
CAN REALLY BE CALLED A hCHILDv IS EXACTLY WHAT IS AT ISSUE BUT THIS DOES NOT CONFER ON HER THE ENTIRELY SEPARATE AND
%VERYONE AGREES THAT CHILDREN HAVE RIGHTS AND SHOULDNT INSUPPORTABLE RIGHT TO DECIDE WHETHER ANOTHER HUMAN
BE KILLED .OT EVERYONE AGREES THAT FETUSES OF TWO FOUR LIVES OR DIES
EIGHT OR EVEN TWENTY WEEKS ARE CHILDREN
.OT ONLY IS BANNING ABORTION A PROBLEM IN THEORY 5NBORN CHILDREN CANNOT ARTICULATE THEIR RIGHT TO LIFE THEY
OFFENDING AGAINST A WOMANS RIGHT TO CHOOSE IT IS ALSO A ARE VULNERABLE AND MUST BE PROTECTED -ANY LAWS ARE
PRACTICAL PROBLEM ! BAN WOULD NOT STOP ABORTION BUT DIFlCULT TO IMPLEMENT BUT DEGREE OF DIFlCULTY DOES NOT
WOULD DRIVE IT ONCE AGAIN UNDERGROUND AND INTO CON DIMINISH THE VALIDITY AND UNDERLYING PRINCIPLE 0EOPLE
DITIONS WHERE THE HEALTH AND SAFETY OF THE WOMAN ARE WILL KILL OTHER PEOPLE REGARDLESS OF THE LAW BUT IT DOES
ALMOST CERTAINLY AT RISK 7OMEN WOULD ALSO CIRCUMVENT NOT FOLLOW THAT YOU SHOULDNT LEGISLATE AGAINST MURDER
THE BAN BY TRAVELING TO COUNTRIES WHERE ABORTION IS LEGAL 7HETHER THE STATE SHOULD RESTRAIN WOMEN FROM TRAVEL
%ITHER THE STATE WOULD HAVE TO TAKE THE DRACONIAN MEA ING FOR ABORTIONS IS A SEPARATE QUESTION BUT ONE THAT CAN
SURE OF RESTRICTING FREEDOM OF MOVEMENT OR IT WOULD BE ANSWERED IN THE AFlRMATIVE GIVEN WHAT IS AT STAKE
HAVE TO ADMIT THAT ITS LAW IS UNWORKABLE IN PRACTICE AND 2ESTRICTING SOMEONES FREEDOM IS A SMALL PRICE TO PAY FOR
ABOLISH IT PROTECTING AN INNOCENT LIFE
!RE WE REALLY TAKING ABOUT A hLIFEv !T WHAT POINT DOES A 4HE QUESTION OF WHAT LIFE IS CAN CERTAINLY BE ANSWERED )T
LIFE BEGIN )S TERMINATING A FETUS WHICH CAN NEITHER FEEL IS SACRED INVIOLABLE AND ABSOLUTE 4HE FETUS AT WHATEVER
NOR THINK AND IS NOT CONSCIOUS OF ITS OWN hEXISTENCEv STAGE OF DEVELOPMENT WILL INEVITABLY DEVELOP THE HUMAN
REALLY COMMENSURATE WITH THE KILLING OF A PERSON )F YOU ABILITIES TO THINK FEEL AND BE AWARE OF ITSELF 4HE UNBORN
\
02/3 #/.3
AFlRM THAT HUMAN LIFE IS A QUALITY INDEPENDENT OF AND CHILD WILL HAVE EVERY ABILITY AND EVERY OPPORTUNITY THAT
PRIOR TO THOUGHT AND FEELING YOU LEAVE YOURSELF THE AWK YOU YOURSELF HAVE GIVEN THE CHANCE TO BE BORN
WARD TASK OF EXPLAINING WHAT TRULY hHUMANv LIFE IS
)N CASES WHERE TERMINATING A PREGNANCY IS NECESSARY TO 7HILE EMERGENCIES ARE TRAGIC IT IS BY NO MEANS OBVI
SAVE A MOTHERS LIFE SURELY ABORTION IS PERMISSIBLE OUS THAT ABORTION IS PERMISSIBLE 4HE hMOTHER VS CHILDv
DILEMMA IS ONE THAT DElES SOLUTION AND ABORTING TO
PRESERVE ONE OF THE LIVES SETS A DANGEROUS PRECEDENT THAT
KILLING ONE PERSON TO SAVE ANOTHER IS ACCEPTABLE 4HIS IS A
CLEAR AND UNPALATABLE CASE OF TREATING A HUMAN BEING AS
A MEANS TO AN END
.OT ONLY MEDICAL EMERGENCIES PRESENT COMPELLING 7HILE RAPE IS AN APPALLING CRIME IS IT THE FAULT OF THE
GROUNDS FOR TERMINATION 7OMEN WHO HAVE BEEN RAPED UNBORN CHILD 4HE ANSWER IS NO $ENYING SOMEONE LIFE
SHOULD NOT HAVE TO SUFFER THE ADDITIONAL TORMENT OF BECAUSE OF THE CIRCUMSTANCES OF CONCEPTION IS AS UNFAIR AS
BEING PREGNANT WITH THE PRODUCT OF THAT ORDEAL 4O FORCE ANYTHING ELSE IMAGINABLE
A WOMAN TO PRODUCE A LIVING CONSTANT REMINDER OF THAT
ACT IS UNFAIR TO BOTH MOTHER AND CHILD
&INALLY ADVANCES IN MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY HAVE ENABLED US 7HAT RIGHT DOES ANYONE HAVE TO DEPRIVE ANOTHER OF LIFE
TO DETERMINE DURING PREGNANCY WHETHER THE CHILD WILL BE ON THE GROUNDS THAT HE DEEMS THAT LIFE NOT WORTH LIVING
DISABLED )N CASES OF SEVERE DISABILITY IN WHICH THE CHILD 4HIS ARROGANT AND SINISTER PRESUMPTION IS IMPOSSIBLE TO
WOULD HAVE A VERY SHORT VERY PAINFUL AND TRAGIC LIFE IT JUSTIFY GIVEN THAT MANY PEOPLE WITH DISABILITIES LEAD FUL
IS SURELY RIGHT TO ALLOW PARENTS TO CHOOSE A TERMINATION lLLING LIVES 7HAT DISABILITIES WOULD BE REGARDED AS THE
4HIS AVOIDS BOTH THE SUFFERING OF THE PARENTS AND OF THE WATERSHED BETWEEN LIFE AND TERMINATION !LL CIVILIZED
CHILD COUNTRIES ROUNDLY CONDEMN THE PRACTICE OF EUGENICS
3AMPLE -OTIONS
4HIS (OUSE WOULD FORBID ABORTION ON DEMAND
4HIS (OUSE BELIEVES IN A WOMANS RIGHT TO CHOOSE
7EB ,INKS
s !MERICAN #IVIL ,IBERTIES 5NION 2EPRODUCTIVE &REEDOM HTTPWWWACLUORGISSUESREPRODUCTHMRRHTML
0ROVIDES INFORMATION ON THE STATUS OF REPRODUCTIVE ISSUES AND REPRODUCTIVE RIGHTS FROM A PRO CHOICE PERSPECTIVE
s 4HE .ATIONAL 2IGHT TO ,IFE #OMMITTEE HTTPWWWNRLCORG
0RESENTS INFORMATION ON THE STATUS OF ISSUES LIKE ABORTION HUMAN CLONING EUTHANASIA AND 25
s 2ELIGIOUS4OLERANCE/RG !BORTION HTTPWWWRELIGIOUSTOLERANCEORGABORTIONHTM
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02/3 #/.3
4ARGETING 46 ADVERTISEMENTS TO CHILDREN IS UNETHICAL #HILDREN ARE NOT NAÉVE INNOCENTS BUT CANNY CONSUMERS
#HILDREN CANNOT DISTINGUISH ADVERTISING FROM PROGRAM WHO CAN DISTINGUISH BETWEEN ADVERTISEMENTS AND PRO
MING AND CANNOT JUDGE WHETHER AN ADVERTISEMENT IS MIS GRAMS AT A VERY EARLY AGE -OREOVER THEY CAN LEARN TO
LEADING -OREOVER THEY ARE NOT YET ABLE TO RESIST SALES EVALUATE ADVERTISING ONLY BY BEING EXPOSED TO IT 2ESPON
PITCHES SIBLE PARENTS SHOULD TEACH CHILDREN HOW TO BE GOOD CON
SUMERS BY WATCHING TELEVISION WITH THEM AND DISCUSSING
WHAT THEY HAVE SEEN
!DVERTISING SPECIlCALLY TO CHILDREN IS UNETHICAL BECAUSE !DVERTISING DOES NOT CREATE UNNATURAL DESIRES FOR MATE
THEY HAVE LITTLE OR NO MONEY OF THEIR OWN AND HAVE TO RIAL POSSESSIONS #HILDREN WHO NAG ARE BADLY BROUGHT UP
PERSUADE THEIR PARENTS TO BUY THE PRODUCTS FOR THEM -OREOVER ADVERTISING IS NOT THE ONLY FORCE STIMULATING
2ATHER THAN ADVERTISING DIRECTLY TO PARENTS COMPANIES THE DESIRE FOR TOYS ETC #HILDREN FREQUENTLY WANT THINGS
ENCOURAGE CHILDREN TO NAG AND WHINE FOR WHAT THEY SEE BECAUSE THEIR FRIENDS HAVE THEM !LSO MANY CHILDREN
SUCH BEHAVIOR INEVITABLY LEADS TO BAD FEELING BETWEEN HAVE MONEY EITHER THROUGH ALLOWANCES OR IN THE CASE
PARENTS AND CHILDREN !DVERTISING THAT PRESENTS PROD OF TEENAGERS THROUGH JOBS ,EARNING HOW TO MANAGE
UCTS TO CHILDREN AS hMUST HAVEv IS ALSO SOCIALLY DIVISIVE )T lNANCES IS PART OF GROWING UP AND ADVERTISEMENTS HELP
MAKES CHILDREN WHOSE PARENTS CANNOT AFFORD THE NEWEST CHILDREN AND TEENAGERS MAKE SPENDING DECISIONS
FADS FEEL INFERIOR 4HESE PARENTS OFTEN GO INTO DEBT TO SAT
ISFY THEIR CHILDREN
!DVERTISING AIMED AT CHILDREN HAS NEGATIVE SOCIAL CONSE #HILDREN NATURALLY LIKE FOODS THAT ARE RICH IN FATS CARBO
QUENCES %NCOURAGING GULLIBLE CHILDREN TO CONSUME JUNK HYDRATES AND SUGAR THEY GIVE THEM THE ENERGY THEY NEED
FOOD CREATES OBESE UNHEALTHY YOUNGSTERS 3OCIETY PAYS A TO PLAY AND GROW 9ES EATING ONLY JUNK FOOD IS BAD BUT
HIGH PRICE IN TERMS OF THE EXTRA MEDICAL CARE SUCH CHIL PARENTS SHOULD TAKE RESPONSIBILITY FOR TEACHING CHILDREN
DREN WILL EVENTUALLY REQUIRE #ONSEQUENTLY GOVERNMENT PROPER EATING HABITS
HAS A DIRECT INTEREST IN BANNING ADVERTISEMENTS THAT CON
TRIBUTE TO THIS PROBLEM
%XPLOITATIVE ADVERTISING BRAINWASHES CHILDREN INTO "ANNING ADVERTISEMENTS IS A SEVERE RESTRICTION ON FREE
BECOMING EAGER CONSUMERS #OMPANIES DELIBERATELY DOM OF SPEECH #OMPANIES SHOULD BE ABLE TO TELL THE
ENCOURAGE THEM TO BE MATERIALISTIC SO THAT THEY ASSOCIATE PUBLIC ABOUT ANY LEGAL PRODUCTS BECAUSE ADVERTISING HELPS
HAPPINESS WITH PURCHASING POWER AND THE POSSESSION OF COMPANIES SUCCEED AND INNOVATE #HILDREN ALSO HAVE A
PARTICULAR GOODS ! STUDY RECENTLY FOUND THAT CHILDREN IN HUMAN RIGHT TO RECEIVE AND EVALUATE INFORMATION FROM
3WEDEN WHERE MARKETING CAMPAIGNS TO UNDER S ARE A WIDE RANGE OF SOURCES 4HEY ARE FAR FROM BEING BRAIN
BANNED WANTED SIGNIlCANTLY FEWER TOYS THAN CHILDREN IN WASHED BY ADVERTISEMENTS WHICH FORM ONLY A SMALL PART
"RITAIN WHERE THERE ARE NO RESTRICTIONS OF THEIR EXPERIENCES FAMILY FRIENDS SCHOOL AND OTHER
TELEVISION PROGRAMS ARE MUCH MORE IMPORTANT IN SHAP
ING THEIR VIEWS OF THE WORLD
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02/3 #/.3
2ESTRICTING ADVERTISING TO CHILDREN WILL NOT AFFECT BROAD !DVERTISEMENTS ARE THE MAJOR SOURCE OF TELEVISION STA
CAST REVENUES SIGNIlCANTLY )T WILL LEAD TO BETTER PRO TION REVENUES )F GOVERNMENT RESTRICTS OR BANS ADVERTIS
GRAMMING -UCH OF CHILDRENS TELEVISION CENTERS AROUND ING TO CHILDREN BROADCASTERS WILL STOP SHOWING CHILDRENS
PRODUCT PLACEMENT AND ADVERTISING TIE INS WHICH RESULT PROGRAMS OR GREATLY REDUCE THEIR QUALITY AND QUANTITY
IN POOR PROGRAMS AND UNIMAGINATIVE FORMATS #LEARLY THIS IS NOT IN THE PUBLIC INTEREST #ONSUMERS ALSO
BENElT FROM CHILDRENS ADVERTISING )N 'REECE CHILDREN
HAVE A LIMITED SELECTION OF TOYS BECAUSE OF A GOVERNMENT
BAN ON TOY ADVERTISEMENTS
3AMPLE -OTIONS
4HIS (OUSE WOULD BAN TELEVISION ADVERTISING TO CHILDREN
4HIS (OUSE WOULD RESTRICT ADVERTISING AIMED AT CHILDREN
4HIS (OUSE WOULD PROTECT CHILDREN
4HIS (OUSE BELIEVES CHILDREN HAVE A RIGHT TO THEIR CHILDHOOD
7EB ,INKS
s 4HE #ENTER FOR THE .EW !MERICAN $REAM HTTPWWWNEWDREAMORGCAMPAIGNKIDSINDEXHTML
3TATISTICS ABOUT ADVERTISING AND MARKETING TARGETED AT CHILDREN
s 4HE #HILDRENS !DVERTISING 2EVIEW 5NIT HTTPWWWFTCGOVPRIVACYSAFEHARBORCARUSELFREGPDF
3ELF REGULATORY GUIDELINES FOR CHILDRENS ADVERTISING
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)NFORMATION ON THE EFFECTS OF ADVERTISING AND SPECIlCALLY THE IMPACT OF ADVERTISING FOOD CLOTHES AND TOYS ON CHILDREN
&URTHER 2EADING
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02/3 #/.3
7OMEN AND MINORITIES HAVE FREQUENTLY FACED OBSTACLES !LL DISCRIMINATION IS NEGATIVE )T IS ALWAYS WRONG TO SELECT
AND DIFlCULTIES IN ACCESS TO EDUCATION AND EMPLOYMENT ON ANY BASIS OTHER THAN MERIT AND ABILITY !FlRMATIVE
THAT WHITE MALES DID NOT !FlRMATIVE ACTION LEVELS THE ACTION LEADS TO ABLE APPLICANTS BEING UNFAIRLY PASSED
PLAYING lELD OVER

02/3 #/.3
!FlRMATIVE ACTION UNLOCKS THE UNREALIZED POTENTIAL OF !FlRMATIVE ACTION RESULTS IN LESS ABLE APPLICANTS lLLING
MILLIONS -INORITY APPLICANTS ARE JUST AS SKILLED AS THOSE POSITIONS %MPLOYERS MUST HAVE THE mEXIBILITY TO EMPLOY
FROM THE MAJORITY BUT THEIR TALENTS ARE UNTAPPED BECAUSE THE BEST CANDIDATES TO ENSURE EFlCIENCY AND PRODUCTIV
OF LACK OF OPPORTUNITY 4HE COUNTRY GAINS ENORMOUSLY BY ITY
USING THE TALENTS OF ALL OUR CITIZENS
3UCCESSFUL MINORITY MEMBERS ARE ROLE MODELS WHO WILL !FlRMATIVE ACTION UNDERMINES THE ACHIEVEMENTS OF
ENCOURAGE THE DEVELOPMENT OF MINORITY YOUNGSTERS MINORITY MEMBERS BY CREATING THE IMPRESSION THAT SUC
CESS WAS UNEARNED 3OME MEMBERS OF MINORITIES SEE
AFlRMATIVE ACTION AS PATRONIZING AND AS TOKENISM ON THE
PART OF THE MAJORITY
"RINGING MORE MINORITY APPLICANTS INTO THE WORKPLACE !FlRMATIVE ACTION CAUSES RESENTMENT AMONG THOSE WHO
WILL CHANGE RACIST AND SEXIST ATTITUDES BECAUSE WORKERS DO NOT BENElT FROM IT AND CREATES A BACKLASH AGAINST
WILL BEGIN TO KNOW EACH OTHER AS INDIVIDUALS RATHER THAN MINORITIES
STEREOTYPES
4HE PROPORTION OF MINORITIES IN PARTICULAR JOBS SHOULD 'RANTED WE SHOULD AIM FOR IMPROVING MINORITY REPRE
MIRROR THAT OF THE MINORITY IN THE GENERAL POPULATION SENTATION IN HIGH PROlLE POSITIONS BUT WE SHOULD NOT
4HE UNDERREPRESENTATION OF MINORITIES AND WOMEN IN SACRIlCE OUR EMPHASIS ON MERIT AND ABILITY )NSTEAD WE
CERTAIN lELDS LEADS TO PERCEPTIONS OF INSTITUTIONAL RACISM SHOULD GIVE EVERYONE BETTER ACCESS TO EDUCATION SO THAT
AND SEXISM WE CAN CHOOSE ON MERIT AND WITHOUT DISCRIMINATION
'ETTING MINORITY CANDIDATES INTO TOP JOBS WILL ENABLE %DUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS ARE BECOMING MORE DIVERSE
THEM TO CHANGE THE SYSTEM hFROM THE INSIDEv TO MAKE IT 4HIS DIVERSITY ULTIMATELY WILL LEAD TO INCREASING MINORITY
FAIRER FOR ALL REPRESENTATION IN SENIOR POSITIONS IN BUSINESS EDUCATION
AND GOVERNMENT !LTHOUGH THE PACE OF CHANGE IS NOT AS
FAST AS IT MIGHT BE WE HAVE SEEN IMPROVEMENT #ONTIN
UED IMPLEMENTATION OF AFlRMATIVE ACTION COULD LEAD TO A
BACKLASH THAT STOPS PROGRESS
3AMPLE -OTIONS
4HIS (OUSE BELIEVES IN AFlRMATIVE ACTION
4HIS (OUSE BELIEVES RACE DOES MATTER
4HIS (OUSE WOULD ACT AFlRMATIVELY
7EB ,INKS
s !FlRMATIVE !CTION AND $IVERSITY 0ROJECT HTTPAADENGLISHUCSBEDU
3ITE MAINTAINED BY THE 5NIVERSITY OF #ALIFORNIA 3ANTA "ARBARA OFFERING ARTICLES AND THEORETICAL ANALYSIS PUBLIC DOCUMENTS CURRENT
LEGISLATIVE INITIATIVES AND RESOURCES ON AFlRMATIVE ACTION
s !FlRMATIVE !CTION 3PECIAL 2EPORT HTTPWWWWASHINGTONPOSTCOMWP SRVPOLITICSSPECIALAFlRMAFlRMHTM
7ASHINGTON 0OST SITE OFFERING OVERVIEW OF ISSUE KEY STORIES FROM THE 0OST AND LINKS TO OTHER RESOURCES
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02/3 #/.3
!FTER THE 3EPTEMBER ATTACKS THE 53 WAS FULLY JUSTI %VEN THOUGH BIN ,ADEN MASTERMINDED THE 3EPTEMBER
lED IN WAGING WAR TO PUNISH THOSE RESPONSIBLE AND TO ATROCITIES THIS WAS NO REASON FOR THE INVASION OF !FGHANI
PREVENT FUTURE ATTACKS 4HE 4ALIBAN GOVERNMENT WAS NOT STAN 'IVEN THE FRAGMENTARY NATURE OF GOVERNMENT THE
A PASSIVE HOST OF BIN ,ADEN BUT WAS CLOSELY ASSOCIATED 4ALIBAN WAS PROBABLY INCAPABLE OF SEIZING HIM EVEN HAD
WITH HIM IDEOLOGICALLY "Y SHELTERING HIM AND HIS TERROR IT WISHED TO DO SO
IST NETWORK AND BY REFUSING TO GIVE HIM UP THE 4ALIBAN
BECAME HIS ACCOMPLICES IN TERRORISM AND DESERVED TO BE
OVERTHROWN
4HE INVASION OF !FGHANISTAN WAS AIMED AT CAPTURING BIN %VEN IF THE 4ALIBAN WAS JUDGED TO BE EQUALLY GUILTY WITH
,ADEN AND OVERTHROWING THE 4ALIBAN WHICH HARBORED BIN ,ADEN THE !FGHAN PEOPLE WERE NOT 9ET THEY ARE THE
HIM )T WAS NOT A WAR AGAINST THE !FGHAN PEOPLE 4HE ONES WHO HAVE SUFFERED THROUGH THE INVASION AND THE
!FGHAN PEOPLE ESPECIALLY WOMEN AND ETHNIC AND RELI ONGOING POWER STRUGGLES AMONG THE LOCAL WARLORDS
GIOUS MINORITIES SUFFERED GREATLY UNDER 4ALIBAN RULE
4HEIR LIVES HAVE IMPROVED SINCE THE INVASION
)NVASION WAS THE ONLY WAY TO CAPTURE BIN ,ADEN AND )NVADING !FGHANISTAN DID NOT LEAD TO BIN ,ADENS CAPTURE
DESTROY HIS TERRORIST ORGANIZATION 7ITHOUT THE COM DESPITE AN EXTENSIVE ON THE GROUND SEARCH AND BOMBING
MITMENT OF LAND FORCES THE GLOBAL COALITION FORMED BY CAMPAIGN
THE 53 COULD NOT HAVE HOPED TO ACHIEVE ITS OBJECTIVES
)N ADDITION BECAUSE THE 4ALIBAN REGIME WAS SO ISOLATED
BEFORE 3EPTEMBER NO MEANINGFUL DIPLOMATIC SANC
TIONS COULD HAVE BEEN APPLIED IN AN ATTEMPT TO ACHIEVE
THESE AIMS PEACEFULLY
)NVASION WAS THE ONLY WAY TO PREVENT TERRORISTS USING !N INVASION USING CONVENTIONAL MILITARY TACTICS WILL
!FGHANISTAN AS A BASE IN THE FUTURE 4HE 4ALIBAN PROVIDED NEVER BE EFFECTIVE AGAINST A DIFFUSE HIGHLY SECRETIVE INTER
A SUPPORTIVE BASE FOR A RANGE OF TERRORIST GROUPS SEEKING NATIONAL NETWORK SUCH AS !L 1AEDA !S WE HAVE SEEN THE
TO OVERTHROW REGIMES IN #ENTRAL !SIA #HINA AND +ASH ORGANIZATION MAY HAVE BEEN DRIVEN OUT OF !FGHANISTAN
MIR AS WELL AS FOR THE GLOBAL TERRORIST CAMPAIGN OF !L BUT CONTINUES ITS ACTIVITIES FROM BASES ELSEWHERE 4O HAVE
1AEDA 4HE STABILITY OF THE WHOLE #ENTRAL !SIAN REGION MADE THE WHOLE POPULATION OF !FGHANISTAN SUFFER IN THE
DEPENDED ON THE INSTALLATION IN !FGHANISTAN OF A NEW VAIN HOPE OF DAMAGING SUCH AN ELUSIVE ORGANIZATION WAS
GOVERNMENT DEDICATED TO PEACEFUL COEXISTENCE WITH ITS AND IS UNACCEPTABLE
NEIGHBORS 4HIS COULD ONLY HAVE BEEN ACHIEVED THROUGH
AN INVASION

02/3 #/.3
3WIFT AND DECISIVE ACTION AGAINST !FGHANISTAN WAS NECES )LL CONSIDERED ACTION AGAINST !FGHANISTAN HAS MADE THE
SARY AS A DETERRENT TO OTHER REGIMES THINKING OF SUPPORT 53 MORE WIDELY FEARED AND HATED 4HE INVASION HAS
ING TERRORISM )F IT IS CLEAR THAT ALLOWING ATTACKS ON OTHER INCREASED SYMPATHY FOR BIN ,ADEN ESPECIALLY IN )SLAMIC
COUNTRIES WILL RESULT IN MASSIVE RETALIATION AND THE SWIFT COUNTRIES 4HIS IN ITSELF SERIOUSLY INCREASES THE RISK OF
OVERTHROW OF THE SPONSORING REGIME THEN THE WORLD WILL FUTURE TERRORIST ATTACKS BUT IT ALSO THREATENS MODERATE
HAVE BECOME A SAFER PLACE AND SOME GOOD WILL HAVE COME AND PRO 7ESTERN )SLAMIC NATIONS
OUT OF THE TRAGEDY OF 3EPTEMBER
3AMPLE -OTIONS
4HIS (OUSE SUPPORTS THE INVASION OF !FGHANISTAN
4HIS (OUSE CELEBRATES THE TOPPLING OF THE 4ALIBAN
4HIS (OUSE WOULD OVERTHROW REGIMES THAT SUPPORT TERRORISM
7EB ,INKS
s h!CROSS THE 'REAT $IVIDEv HTTPNEWYORKERCOM&2/-?4(%?!2#()6%!2#()6%3FR?ARCHIVE
!N ARTICLE FROM THE .EW 9ORKER MAGAZINE -AY PROVIDING BACKGROUND ON THE 4ALIBAN
s h4HE 4ALIBAN !FGHANS &UNDAMENTALIST ,EADERSv HTTPWWWCBCCANEWSINDEPTHBACKGROUNDTALIBANHTML
#ANADIAN "ROADCASTING #OMPANY ARTICLE ON THE 4ALIBAN INCLUDING A PARTIAL LIST OF WHAT WAS BANNED UNDER ITS REGIME
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!RTICLE PROVIDING BACKGROUND ON THE 4ALIBAN THE PROBLEMS BIN ,ADEN POSED FOR IT AND THE POLITICS OF THE AREA
s 5NITED 3TATES $EPARTMENT OF $EFENSE HTTPWWWDEFENSELINKMIL
0ROVIDES UP TO DATE NEWS ON THE MILITARY ASPECTS OF THE CAMPAIGN AGAINST TERRORISM INCLUDING THE INVASION OF !FGHANISTAN
s 53 )NVASION OF !FGHANISTAN HTTPENWIKIPEDIAORGWIKI53?INVASION?OF?!FGHANISTAN
! HISTORY OF THE INVASION
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02/3 #/.3
/FTEN ONLY NEIGHBORING COUNTRIES ARE ABLE TO RESPOND TO )S THE INVOLVEMENT OF !FRICAN COUNTRIES REALLY WITHOUT
CRISES IN A TIMELY MANNER ! CASE IN POINT WAS THE 3OUTH SELF INTEREST &OR EXAMPLE :IMBABWES INVOLVEMENT
!FRICAN INTERVENTION IN AN UPRISING IN ,ESOTHO )T STA IN THE WAR IN THE $EMOCRATIC 2EPUBLIC OF THE #ONGO
BILIZED THE COUNTRY AND RESTORED THE RIGHTFUL RULER THUS $2# WAS AT LEAST IN PART TO ENABLE IT TO GAIN ACCESS TO
PREVENTING A POTENTIAL CIVIL WAR THE DIAMOND MINES AND OTHER RESOURCES IN THE WAR ZONES
3OME NEIGHBORING COUNTRIES HAVE A GREATER VESTED INTER
EST IN FUELING WARS THAN IN STOPPING THEM
2EGIONAL INTERVENTION IS OFTEN MORE EFFECTIVE IN PRODUC 4HE EFFECT OF REGIONAL BLOCS ON MANY !FRICAN DESPOTS
ING CHANGE 7HILE INTERNATIONAL GROUPS SUCH AS THE 5. HAS BEEN NIL &OR EXAMPLE :IMBABWES 0RESIDENT 2OBERT
MAY BE SUCCESSFUL IN KEEPING THE PEACE THEIR PHILOSOPHY -UGABE HAS CONSISTENTLY IGNORED CONDEMNATION FROM
LEAVES ONCE THEIR SOLDIERS GO HOME "Y HAVING REGIONAL NEIGHBORING COUNTRIES 4HE INmUENCE WORKS BOTH WAYS
GROUPS INTERVENE THE CHANGES THEY IMPOSE REMAIN AFTER -ANY CORRUPT BUT POLITICALLY POWERFUL COUNTRIES FORCE
THE SOLDIERS DEPART 2EGIONAL POLITICS WILL ENSURE POLITICAL THEIR NEIGHBORS TO CONDONE THEIR ACTS )N THE CASE OF
PROGRESS :IMBABWE CRONYISM ESPECIALLY IN THE 3OUTHERN !FRICAN
$EVELOPMENT #OMMUNITY 3!$%# HAS RESULTED IN
MANY !FRICAN NATIONS CONDONING HUMAN RIGHTS ABUSES
IN THE COUNTRY
4HE UNIQUE SITUATIONS AND POWER ORGANIZATIONS PRESENT 4HE hUNIQUE UNDERSTANDINGv OF !FRICAN POLITICS IS OFTEN
IN MANY !FRICAN CONmICTS ARE BEST UNDERSTOOD BY THE NO MORE THAN CRONYISM OR DICTATORS ENSURING EACH OTHERS
COUNTRIES INVOLVED AND THEIR IMMEDIATE NEIGHBORS ! CONTINUED POWER )N THESE CASES AN IMPARTIAL INTERNA
ONE SIZE lTS ALL INTERNATIONAL RESPONSE FAILS TO TAKE INTO TIONAL INTERVENTION IS FAR PREFERABLE )N OTHER CASES THIS
ACCOUNT SPECIAL CIRCUMSTANCES AND FREQUENTLY RESULTS IN UNIQUE UNDERSTANDING MEANS THE SURROUNDING COUNTRIES
THE BREAKDOWN OF NEGOTIATIONS OR MEDIATION !FRICAN HAVE ALIGNED THEMSELVES WITH DIFFERENT SIDES IN THE WAR
LEADERS ARE ALSO MORE LIKELY TO TRUST AND COOPERATE WITH ESCALATING IT RATHER THAN CONTRIBUTING TO PEACE
REGIONAL ORGANIZATIONS SUCH AS 3!$%# THAN WITH INTER
NATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS
!FRICAN COUNTRIES MUST BE SEEN TO BE SUCCESSFULLY PUR 7E NEED TO BE SURE THAT THE INTERVENTION IS JUSTIlED
SUING DEMOCRATIC AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT -ANY 7HILE MANY COUNTRIES MAY BE DEMOCRATIC IN NAME ONLY
!FRICAN LEADERS STILL CARRY COLONIAL RESENTMENTS THAT MAKE IT IS GENERALLY THE ROLE OF THE INTERNATIONAL COMMUNITY TO
FOREIGN INTERVENTION DIFlCULT OR IMPOSSIBLE 4HESE LEAD DETERMINE WHETHER VIOLATING THE SOVEREIGNTY OF ANOTHER
ERS WILL BE WILLING TO LISTEN TO !FRICAN APPROACHES TO A COUNTRY IS JUSTIlED !SSUMING THAT SUCH DECISION COULD
PROBLEM WHILE AUTOMATICALLY DISTRUSTING FOREIGN ONES BEST BE MADE BY THE COUNTRIES CLOSEST TO THE hDESPOTSv
HOWEVER WELL INTENTIONED WOULD BE A MISTAKE BECAUSE THOSE COUNTRIES WOULD PROB
ABLY BE THE LEAST IMPARTIAL -ANY ONGOING CONmICTS HAVE
BEEN STARTED OR SUSTAINED ON THE BELIEF OF NEIGHBORS THAT
IT WAS THE MORAL THING TO DO

02/3 #/.3
-OST OF THE POWERFUL COUNTRIES AND INTERNATIONAL ORGA *UST BECAUSE THE INTERVENING COUNTRY USES INFANTRY OR
NIZATIONS ARE LOATHE TO BECOME INVOLVED IN THE SORT OF TANKS INSTEAD OF NEGOTIATION OR AERIAL BOMBARDMENT
PEACEMAKING AS OPPOSED TO PEACEKEEPING NEEDED IN DOESNT MAKE IT ANY MORE LIKELY TO RESTORE PEACE 6IETNAM
!FRICAN COUNTRIES !CTIVE AND DIRECT PARTICIPATION OF IS THE CLASSIC EXAMPLE OF HOW USING INFANTRY TO INTERVENE
INFANTRY AND OTHER ELEMENTS OF ARMIES IS REQUIRED TO IN A GUERRILLA WAR IS FUTILE /N AN !FRICAN STAGE INFANTRY
lGHT GUERRILLA WARS SUCH AS THAT IN THE $2# 4HE CUR INTERVENTION BY NEIGHBORING COUNTRIES HAS INCREASED ONLY
RENT TREND AWAY FROM THIS SORT OF MILITARY INTERVENTION IS THE DEATH TOLL NOT THE SUCCESS AT ENDING THE WAR
ILL SUITED TO ADDRESSING !FRICAN PROBLEMS !FRICAN COUN
TRIES BY CONTRAST HAVE ALREADY ILLUSTRATED THAT THEY ARE
WILLING AND ABLE TO BECOME INVOLVED IN THIS CAPACITY AS
EVIDENCED IN THE $2#
3AMPLE -OTIONS
4HIS (OUSE WOULD KEEP ITS OWN PEACE
4HIS (OUSE DOESNT NEED THE 5.53
4HIS (OUSE WOULD SOLVE ITS OWN PROBLEMS
7EB ,INKS
s !MNESTY )NTERNATIONAL $EMOCRATIC 2EPUBLIC OF #ONGO 7AR !GAINST 5NARMED #IVILIANS HTTPWWWWEBAMNESTYORGAINSF
INDEX!&2
/VERVIEW OF HUMAN RIGHTS ISSUES IN THE $EMOCRATIC 2EPUBLIC OF #ONGO BY LEADING HUMAN RIGHTS ORGANIZATION
s 7HEN !LL %LSE &AILS -UGABE 'ETS 2OUGH HTTPWWWLOWELLEDUUSERSGRUNDYPUBLICOPEDHTML
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02/3 #/.3
4HE USE OF NON !FRICAN LANGUAGES SUCH AS &RENCH AND &LUENCY IN %NGLISH CONFERS MANY ACADEMIC ADVANTAGES
%NGLISH IN !FRICAN SCHOOLS IS A THROWBACK TO COLONIALISM %NGLISH IS THE LANGUAGE OF MOST ACADEMIC PUBLICATIONS
4HEY WERE ADOPTED MORE BY THE ORDER OF THE RULERS OF THE OF WORLD BUSINESS AND OF OTHER MODERN RESOURCES SUCH AS
DAY THAN FOR ANY PRACTICAL ADVANTAGE THEY MIGHT GIVE THOSE ON THE )NTERNET 0EOPLE WHO DO NOT KNOW %NGLISH
ARE HANDICAPPED
)F THE ISSUE IS ONE OF UNDERSTANDING THEN IT IS A WEAK $EVELOPING !FRICAN COUNTRIES ARE NOT IN THE SAME POSI
ARGUMENT -ANY COUNTRIES EG *APAN AND 'ERMANY TION AS HIGHLY INDUSTRIALIZED AND COMPUTERIZED *APAN
HAVE PROVED THAT THEY CAN BE POWERFUL BOTH ACADEMI AND 'ERMANY $EVELOPING COUNTRIES DO NOT HAVE THE
CALLY AND ECONOMICALLY BY TEACHING PUPILS IN THEIR RESOURCES TO TEACH A SECOND LANGUAGE TO THE LEVEL OF HIGH
MOTHER TONGUE WHILE PROVIDING EARLY AND COMPREHENSIVE PROlCIENCY THAT IS POSSIBLE IN DEVELOPED NATIONS 4RANS
INSTRUCTION IN %NGLISH AS A SECOND LANGUAGE )NSTRUCTION LATION IS NOT ONLY TEDIOUS BUT ALSO DELAYS THE ACCESSIBILITY
IN THE LANGUAGE OF THE COUNTRY SERVES TO MAINTAIN CULTURAL OF IMPORTANT SCIENTIlC AND ACADEMIC TEXTS FOR EXPERTS IN
IDENTITY TRANSLATION IS AN EASY OPTION FOR TURNING %NGLISH THE COUNTRY 4RANSLATION IS ALSO NOT AN ACCEPTABLE OPTION
TEXTS INTO THE REQUIRED LANGUAGE 4HIS MAY NOT EVEN BE IN CONVERSATION SUCH AS CONFERENCES AND SPEECHES
NECESSARY IF SCHOOLS ENCOURAGE PROlCIENCY IN %NGLISH AS
A SECOND LANGUAGE
)NSTEAD OF LOOKING AT HOW INDIGENOUS LANGUAGES CAN lT 4HE SUCCESS OF &IRST 7ORLD NATIONS SHOULD NOT BE USED
INTO THE GLOBAL SOCIETY WE SHOULD LOOK AT HOW %NGLISH AS EVIDENCE FOR THE SUCCESS OF INSTRUCTION IN ANOTHER
lTS INTO OTHER SOCIETIES 4HE VAST MAJORITY OF !FRICANS LANGUAGE BECAUSE IT IS BASED ON HIGHLY DEVELOPED EDUCA
HAVE GROWN UP SPEAKING LANGUAGES OTHER THAN %NGLISH TIONAL SYSTEMS THAT ARE LACKING IN MOST !FRICAN NATIONS
AS THEIR lRST LANGUAGE THUS BY ADOPTING %NGLISH AS THE
STANDARD LANGUAGE OF YOUR COUNTRY YOU ARE ESSENTIALLY
DISEMPOWERING MOST CITIZENS IN ACADEMIC COMMERCIAL
AND EVEN SOCIAL SPHERES
0ERHAPS %NGLISH MAY HAVE A ROLE IN THE FUTURE OF DEVEL 4HE INmUENCES OF THE WORLD ON A COUNTRY CANNOT BE
OPING COUNTRIESWHEN THEY ARE POWERFUL ENOUGH TO IGNORED "Y ADOPTING AN INDIGENOUS LANGUAGE YOU ARE
COMPETE GLOBALLY &OR THE MOMENT HOWEVER MANY ARE ISOLATING YOUR COUNTRY LINGUISTICALLY FROM THE REST OF THE
DIVIDED INTERNALLYMOST OFTEN ON ETHNIC LINES /NLY WORLD .O MATTER HOW GOOD THAT MAY BE FOR COHESION
BY RESPECTING PEOPLES ETHNICITY OF WHICH LANGUAGE IS WITHIN A COUNTRY YOUR COUNTRY WILL BE HELD HOSTAGE
AN IMPORTANT COMPONENT WILL !FRICANS EVER BE ABLE TO IN INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS BY THOSE FEW WHO ARE ABLE TO
ACHIEVE THE SORT OF NATIONAL STRENGTH TO COMPETE GLOBALLY UNDERSTAND AND NEGOTIATE IN %NGLISH
5NTIL THEN THE USE OF %NGLISH WILL HANDICAP NOT HELP
!FRICAN NATIONS
-AKING AN INDIGENOUS LANGUAGE A lRST LANGUAGE DOES NOT -ANY !FRICAN COUNTRIES DO NOT HAVE ONE OR EVEN TWO
EXCLUDE MAKING %NGLISH A SECOND LANGUAGE 4HE STANDARD INDIGENOUS LANGUAGES 3OUTH !FRICA FOR EXAMPLE HAS
OF EDUCATION FOR EACH LANGUAGE MUST REMAIN HIGH BUT WE OFlCIAL LANGUAGES THAT ARE NOT %NGLISH )F YOU ALLOW

02/3 #/.3
ARE RESPECTING PUPILS RIGHTS TO BECOME MORE PROlCIENT PEOPLE TO OPT FOR ONE OF THESE AS A lRST LANGUAGE YOU ARE
IN THE LANGUAGE THEY COMMONLY USE IN THEIR SOCIETY THIS DIVIDING YOUR COUNTRY )F YOU DECLARE ONE LANGUAGE TO BE
IS FAR MORE BENElCIAL TO THEM THAN HAVING IT RELEGATED TO THE NORM IT WOULD HAVE TO BE %NGLISH BECAUSE IT HAS THE
SECOND LANGUAGE STATUS %NGLISH BY CONTRAST IS SPOKEN MOST PRACTICAL USE FOR YOUR COUNTRY !DOPTING A LANGUAGE
MUCH LESS FREQUENTLY IN !FRICAN COUNTRIES AND MAKING IT OTHER THAN %NGLISH WOULD LEAVE A COUNTRY WITH THE SAME
A SECOND LANGUAGE RECOGNIZES THIS PROBLEM OF GLOBAL ISOLATION RAISED EARLIER
3AMPLE -OTIONS
4HIS (OUSE WOULD PLACE ITS OWN CULTURE lRST
4HIS (OUSE WOULD PUT ITSELF lRST
4HIS (OUSE BELIEVES IN A LANGUAGE BARRIER
4HIS (OUSE WOULD PUT %NGLISH LAST
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02/3 #/.3
7ITHOUT A DOUBT MANY OF THE WORLDS PHARMACEUTICAL *UST LIKE ANY BUSINESS THE PHARMACEUTICAL COMPA
COMPANIES ARE MAKING LARGE PROlTS BY SELLING DRUGS TO NIES NEED TO RECOUP SIGNIlCANT lNANCIAL INVESTMENT IN
POOR NATIONS THAT HAVE A GREAT PORTION OF THEIR POPU RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT 4HE DEVELOPMENT OF !)$3
LATION INFECTED WITH ()6!)$3 4HIS IS AN IMMORAL DRUGS IS HIGHLY TECHNICAL AND A MEASURABLE RETURN ON
EXPLOITATION OF THOSE !)$3 SUFFERERS WHO CAN LEAST AFFORD INITIAL lNANCIAL INVESTMENT IS NEEDED IF COMPANIES ARE TO
TO PAY FOR TREATMENT AND WHO HAVE THE LEAST POWER INTER CONTINUE DRUG RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
NATIONALLY TO NEGOTIATE CHEAPER PRICES
4HE COUNTRIES WITH THE BIGGEST !)$3 PROBLEMS ARE A $RUG COMPANIES ARE AS MUCH SUBJECT TO THE FORCES OF THE
CAPTIVE MARKET AND ARE FORCED TO PAY WHATEVER THE DRUG FREE MARKET AS ANY OTHER BUSINESS 4HE THREAT OF ILLEGALLY
COMPANIES DEMAND FOR THEIR PRODUCTS 0OOR NATIONS ARE PRODUCING GENERIC DRUGS ONLY FURTHER SERVES TO DISCOURAGE
THUS JUSTIlED IN USING THE THREAT OF PRODUCING GENERIC DRUG COMPANIES FROM CREATING NEW AND MORE EFFECTIVE
DRUGS TO FORCE DRUG COMPANIES TO LOWER PRICES MEDICINES BECAUSE THE DEVELOPING NATIONS HAVE SHOWN
THEM THAT PATENT PROTECTIONS WILL BE IGNORED
'ENERIC DRUGS WOULD BE FAR CHEAPER TO PRODUCE AND "ECAUSE MOST OF THE DRUG COMPANIES ARE BASED IN RICHER
WOULD AVOID THE SHIPPING COSTS FROM FACTORIES IN %UROPE &IRST 7ORLD NATIONS THEY HAVE BOTH THE TECHNOLOGY TO
OR !MERICA 'ENERIC DRUGS HAVE NO RESEARCH AND DEVEL PRODUCE EFFECTIVE MEDICINES AND THE FUNDING TO ENSURE
OPMENT COSTS TO RECOUP SO THEY COULD BE SOLD FOR A PRICE THAT NO CORNERS ARE CUT IN THE PROCESS 0OORER NATIONS
\
02/3 #/.3
GREATLY REDUCED FROM CURRENT LEVELS 4HE COST OF KEEPING WOULD ALMOST CERTAINLY CUT CHEMICAL CORNERS IN MANU
A PERSON ON !:4 OR OTHER DRUG COCKTAILS IS EXORBITANT FACTURING GENERIC DRUGS SHOULD THE TECHNOLOGY FOR LARGE
SUCH COST WOULD BE GREATLY REDUCED THROUGH THE USE OF SCALE MANUFACTURE EVEN BE AVAILABLE )N ADDITION BY CON
GENERIC DRUGS TRAVENING INTERNATIONAL TREATIES COVERING PATENTS THEY
WOULD NOT BENElT FROM THE NEXT GENERATION OF !)$3
DRUGS BECAUSE COMPANIES WOULD BE RELUCTANT TO SUPPLY
THE NEWER DRUGS TO A COUNTRY THAT STEALS A DRUG FORMULA
TO MANUFACTURE GENERIC DRUGS
-ILLIONS OF PEOPLE WILL CONTINUE TO SUFFER WHILE DRUG )S IT RIGHT THAT THOSE INFECTED WITH ()6 IN THE 4HIRD
COMPANIES REFUSE TO MAKE !)$3 MEDICATION AVAILABLE TO 7ORLD GET HUGE DISCOUNTS WHILE THOSE IN THE &IRST 7ORLD
POORER NATIONS AT A PRICE THEY CAN AFFORD !RE THEY TRYING PAY FULL PRICE $EVELOPED NATIONS MAY EVEN HAVE TO PAY
TO USE THE MILLIONS OF ()6 SUFFERERS AS HOSTAGES IN THEIR MORE IF THE DRUG COMPANIES DECIDE TO SUBSIDIZE THEIR
BATTLE TO GET THE PRICES THEY WANT hCHARITY SALESv TO POOR COUNTRIES !RE NOT POOR COUNTRIES
THEMSELVES USING SUFFERERS AS HOSTAGES -ANY DEVELOPING
NATIONS COULD REALIZE SIGNIlCANT LONG TERM SAVINGS BY
BUYING AND USING PREVENTIVE MEDICINES TO STOP MOTHER
TO CHILD TRANSMISSION ETC
$RUG COMPANIES WILL NOT LOSE MONEY BY REDUCING PRICES 4HE MAJORITY OF 4HIRD 7ORLD COUNTRIES WOULD BE UNABLE
THEIR MARKET WILL EXPAND )F PRICES ARE REDUCED THE DRUGS TO AFFORD THE DRUGS EVEN AT A BREAKEVEN PRICE /NE OFF
WILL BECOME AFFORDABLE TO MILLIONS OF SUFFERERS MANY OF TREATMENTS TO PREVENT MOTHER TO CHILD TRANSMISSION FOR
WHOM WILL BE USING PRODUCTS LIKE !:4 FOR THE REST OF EXAMPLE WOULD BE EXPENSIVE ENOUGH 4HE COST FOR COM
THEIR LIVES PLEX DRUG COCKTAILS WOULD STILL BE COMPLETELY OUT OF REACH
OF DEVELOPING NATIONS $RUG COMPANIES WOULD HAVE TO
SELL THEIR MEDICATIONS AT A LOSS TO MAKE THEM AFFORDABLE
TO MOST DEVELOPING NATIONS
()6!)$3 TREATMENTS ARE AS CHEAP AS THEY CAN BE AT .O MATTER HOW LOW THE DRUG COMPANIES PRICE ()6
PRESENT "Y BUYING THE MEDICINES NOW ESPECIALLY FOR !)$3 TREATMENTS THEY ARE UNLIKELY TO EVER BE CHEAP
PREVENTIVE PURPOSES DEVELOPING NATIONS CAN REDUCE THE ENOUGH !S THE NUMBER OF ()6 INFECTED PEOPLE IN !FRICA
CHANCE OF FUTURE ()6 INFECTION IN THEIR POPULATIONS AND GROWS THE STRAIN ON NATIONAL HEALTH BUDGETS WILL BECOME
THUS NOT NEED TO BUY THE NEXT GENERATION OF INEVITABLY UNBEARABLE $EVELOPING COUNTRIES ARE BETTER OFF PURSUING
MORE EXPENSIVE DRUGS PREVENTATIVE MEASURES AND EDUCATION 'OVERNMENTS WILL
NEED TO USE THEIR HEALTH CARE FUNDS CAREFULLYPRODUCING
GENERIC MEDICINES OFFERS SIGNIlCANT SAVINGS
3AMPLE -OTIONS
4HIS (OUSE WOULD INSIST ON CHEAPER DRUGS
4HIS (OUSE BELIEVES THAT CAPITALISM LETS THE SICK SUFFER
4HIS (OUSE WANTS THE &IRST 7ORLD TO HELP
4HIS (OUSE NEEDS HELP WITH !)$3
4HIS (OUSE WOULD lGHT !)$3
7EB ,INKS
s %ARTH 3UMMIT HTTPWWWEARTHSUMMITORGESISSUES!)$3HIVHTM
/FFERS LINKS TO A WIDE VARIETY OF ORGANIZATIONS AND PAPERS ON ()6!)$3 ISSUES
s (%!,4( #HEAPER !)$3 $RUGS A -YTH 3AYS -EDICAL !ID !GENCY HTTPWWWAEGISCOMNEWSIPS)0HTML
)NTERNATIONAL 0RESS 3ERVICE ARTICLE ON THE CONTROVERSY SURROUNDING PHARMACEUTICAL COMPANY AGREEMENTS TO SUPPLY INEXPENSIVE ()6
!)$3 DRUGS TO POOR COUNTRIES

&URTHER 2EADING
(OPE +EMPE 2 !)$3 AND $EVELOPMENT IN !FRICA ! 3OCIAL 3CIENCE 0ERSPECTIVE (AWORTH
)NTENSIFYING !CTION !GAINST (IV!)$3 IN !FRICA 2ESPONDING TO A $EVELOPMENT #RISIS 7ORLD "ANK
7EBB $OUGLAS ()6 AND !)$3 IN !FRICA 0LUTO 0RESS
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02/3 #/.3
!LCOHOL IS JUST AS POTENTIALLY ADDICTIVE AS MANY ILLEGAL 4HE PERFECT SOCIETY MIGHT PROHIBIT THE PRODUCTION AND
DRUGS 4HOSE WHO BECOME ADDICTED OFTEN LOSE THEIR MAR SALE OF ALCOHOL (OWEVER IN MOST CULTURES ALCOHOL
RIAGES JOBS FAMILIES AND EVEN THEIR LIVES ! LARGE PROPOR UNLIKE OTHER DRUGS IS AN INTEGRAL PART OF SOCIAL LIFE AND
TION OF HOMELESS PEOPLE WERE MADE SO BECAUSE OF ALCO CULTURE 4O BAN IT IS COMPLETELY IMPRACTICAL $OING SO
HOLISM !NY DRUG THIS ADDICTIVE AND DESTRUCTIVE SHOULD WOULD MAKE CRIMINALS OF BILLIONS OF PEOPLE AND CREATE
BE ILLEGAL THE BIGGEST BLACK MARKET THE WORLD HAS EVER SEEN
)N MANY COUNTRIES ALCOHOL IS A CONTRIBUTORY FACTOR IN n (UMAN BEINGS ARE NATURALLY INCLINED TO VIOLENCE AND
OF VIOLENT CRIMES INCLUDING CHILD ABUSE DOMESTIC CONmICT 3EX AND VIOLENCE ARE PRIMAL PARTS OF OUR GENETIC
VIOLENCE SEXUAL ASSAULT AND MURDER )N ADDITION ALCOHOL MAKE UP AND WE DO NOT NEED ALCOHOL TO BRING THEM TO
IS FAR AND AWAY THE LEADING CAUSE OF PUBLIC DISORDER STREET THE SURFACE !T WORST ALCOHOL MAY SLIGHTLY EXAGGERATE
lGHTS ETC )N SHORT ALCOHOL IS ONE OF THE PRIME CAUSES THESE TENDENCIESBUT THAT MAKES IT THE OCCASION NOT
OF VIOLENCE AND CRIME IN MODERN SOCIETY AND ITS BAN THE UNDERLYING CAUSE OF VIOLENT CRIMES 4HE UNDERLY
NING WOULD IMMEDIATELY REDUCE THE INCIDENCE OF THESE ING CAUSES ARE BIOLOGICAL AND SOCIAL -AKING RAPE AND
CRIMES MURDER ILLEGAL DOES NOT ERADICATE RAPE AND MURDER SO IT
IS UNLIKELY THAT MAKING ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION ILLEGAL WILL
DO SO EITHER
!LTHOUGH ORGANIZATIONS LIKE -OTHERS !GAINST $RUNK 4HE PROGRESS MADE AGAINST DRUNK DRIVING IN RECENT
$RIVING HAVE SUCCESSFULLY REDUCED THE NUMBER OF DRUNK DECADES HAS BEEN VERY ENCOURAGING 7E SHOULD CONTINUE
DRIVING DEATHS IN THE 5NITED 3TATES DEATHS AND SERIOUS TO CAMPAIGN AGAINST IT AND HAVE EVERY REASON TO HOPE THAT
INJURIES CAUSED BY DRUNK DRIVERS STILL RUN TO THE THOU CAMPAIGNS TO RESTRICT DRINKING AND DRIVING WILL EVENTU
SANDS EACH YEAR 4HIS IS UNACCEPTABLE !LCOHOL SHOULD ALLY ERADICATE THE PROBLEM )NJURIES AND DEATHS WHILE
SIMPLY BE BANNED TRAGIC ARE NOT A GOOD ENOUGH REASON TO TAKE AWAY THE
CIVIL LIBERTIES OF THE VAST MAJORITY OF LAW ABIDING CITIZENS
BY DEPRIVING THEM OF THE PLEASURE OF DRINKING ALCOHOL
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02/3 #/.3
7E NEED CONSISTENCY IN OUR DRUG LAWS )F MARIJUANA 9ES WE SHOULD HAVE CONSISTENT DRUG LAWS WHICH IS WHY IT
WHICH IS NOT VERY ADDICTIVE AND WHICH RESULTS IN VIRTUALLY IS ABSURD FOR MARIJUANA TO BE ILLEGAL -ARIJUANA AND ALCO
NO VIOLENT CRIME OR PUBLIC DISORDER NEEDS TO BE BANNED HOL SHOULD BOTH BE LEGAL DRUGS BECAUSE THE VAST MAJORITY
BECAUSE OF ITS MIND ALTERING EFFECTS THEN HOW MUCH OF PEOPLE KNOW HOW TO USE THEM SAFELY AND RESPONSIBLY
MORE SO SHOULD ALCOHOL BE BANNED
#URRENTLY THOUSANDS OF PEOPLE ARE EMPLOYED BY THE ALCO 4HE ALCOHOL INDUSTRY IS AN ENORMOUS GLOBAL INDUSTRY
HOL INDUSTRY (OWEVER THE FACT THAT AN IMMORAL INDUSTRY 4HUS NOT ONLY WOULD BANNING ALCOHOL INFRINGE ON PEO
EMPLOYS A LOT OF PEOPLE IS NEVER A GOOD ARGUMENT TO KEEP PLES CIVIL LIBERTIES TO A UNACCEPTABLE DEGREE IT WOULD ALSO
THAT IMMORAL INDUSTRY GOING )NSTEAD THE GOVERNMENT PUT THOUSANDS OF PEOPLE OUT OF WORK
SHOULD FUND PROGRAMS TO RETRAIN WORKERS
4AX REVENUES WOULD BE LOST IF ALCOHOL WERE BANNED #URRENTLY GOVERNMENTS RAISE LARGE AMOUNTS OF REVENUE
!GAIN HOWEVER THIS IS NOT A PRINCIPLED REASON TO REJECT FROM TAXES AND DUTIES PAYABLE ON ALCOHOL 4O BAN ALCOHOL
THE PROPOSITION SIMPLY A PRACTICAL PROBLEM 'OVERN WOULD TAKE AWAY A MAJOR SOURCE OF FUNDING FOR PUBLIC
MENTS COULD SIGNIlCANTLY REDUCE SPENDING ON POLICE SERVICES )N ADDITION ENFORCING THE BAN WOULD CALL FOR
AND HEALTH THROUGH THE REDUCTION IN CRIME AND ALCOHOL MUCH ADDITIONAL POLICING )T WOULD ALSO CREATE A NEW
RELATED ILLNESS RESULTING FROM AN ALCOHOL BAN CLASS OF ILLEGAL DRUG USERS TRAFlCKERS AND DEALERS THAT
WOULD BE UNPRECEDENTED IN SIZE
3AMPLE -OTIONS
4HIS (OUSE WOULD BAN ALCOHOL
4HIS (OUSE WOULD HIT THE BOTTLE
4HIS (OUSE BELIEVES THAT ALCOHOL IS THE ROOT OF ALL EVIL
7EB ,INKS
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/FFERS INFORMATION ON THE ORGANIZATIONS PROGRAM AND SERVICES
s -OTHERS !GAINST $RUNK $RIVING -!$$ HTTPWWWMADDORG
'OOD SOURCE FOR STATISTICS LAWS AND INITIATIVES ON DRUNK DRIVING AND UNDERAGE DRINKING
s 4HE .ATIONAL #LEARING (OUSE FOR !LCOHOL AND $RUG )NFORMATION HTTPWWWNCADISAMHSAGOV
%XCELLENT SOURCE FOR LINKS TO A LARGE NUMBER OF ARTICLES ON ALCOHOL ALCOHOLISM AND THE SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC IMPACT OF PROBLEM DRINK
ING
&URTHER 2EADING
0LANT -ARTIN AND $OUGLAS #AMERON EDS 4HE !LCOHOL 2EPORT &REE !SSN "OOKS
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02/3 #/.3
!MERICAN CULTURE IS MATERIALISTIC AND INDIVIDUALISTIC $EMOCRACY HAS FUNCTIONED IN !MERICA LONGER THAN ANY
!MERICANS ARE CONCERNED PRIMARILY WITH THEIR OWN PER WHERE ELSE IN THE WORLD !MERICAN SOCIETY IS FOUNDED ON
SONAL WEALTH AND WELL BEING AND GIVE INSUFlCIENT REGARD THE IMPORTANCE OF INDIVIDUAL LIBERTY AND IS DEVOTED TO
TO THE GOOD OF SOCIETY AS A WHOLE PROTECTING INDIVIDUAL RIGHTS AND FREEDOMS
!MERICAN CULTURE HAS A STRONG COMPONENT OF VIOLENCE 4HE 5NITED 3TATES OFFERS REAL OPPORTUNITIES FOR ITS CITIZENS
EVIDENCED BY WIDESPREAD GUN OWNERSHIP THE DEATH PEN TO IMPROVE THEIR LIVES !MERICANS ARE NOT BOUND TO STAY
ALTY AND THE FOCUS ON CRIME AND VIOLENCE IN !MERICAN IN THE SAME SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC CLASS AS THEIR PARENTS
ENTERTAINMENT %UROPEAN CULTURES IN PARTICULAR ARE OR GRANDPARENTS 7ITH UNIVERSAL PUBLIC EDUCATION AND A
MORE PEACEFUL AND HUMANE SYSTEM OF HIGHER EDUCATION THAT ACCOMMODATES MILLIONS
OF STUDENTS MANY OF THEM FROM FOREIGN LANDS !MERICA
HELPS HARD WORKERS TO GET AHEAD
!MERICAN SOCIETY IS DRIVEN BY CONSUMPTIONNOT JUST OF !MERICA PRIZES AND REWARDS CREATIVITY AND LEADS THE
GOODS AND SERVICES BUT ALSO OF FOOD 4HE !MERICAN DIET WORLD IN INNOVATION !MERICA CONTINUALLY DEVELOPS NEW
FAST FOOD FOR THE MOST PART IS UNHEALTHY AND ACCOUNTS FOR PRODUCTS AND NEW TECHNOLOGIES !MERICAN ADVANCES IN
THE EPIDEMIC OF OBESITY IN !MERICA "Y COPYING !MER MEDICINE AND PHARMACEUTICALS HAVE IMPROVED HEALTH
ICA OTHER COUNTRIES ARE JEOPARDIZING THE HEALTH OF THEIR AND LENGTHENED LIVES THE WORLD OVER
CITIZENS
!MERICAN CULTURE IS IGNORANT AND ARROGANT !MERICANS 4HE 5NITED 3TATES IS ONE OF THE WORLDS MOST DIVERSE AND
HAVE LITTLE UNDERSTANDING OF OTHER PARTS OF THE WORLD TOLERANT SOCIETIES 4HE NATION WAS FOUNDED BY PEOPLE
BUT REmEXIVELY ASSUME THAT !MERICAN CULTURE IS SUPERIOR WHO CAME FROM DIFFERENT COUNTRIES AND PRACTICED DIFFER
TO EVERYTHING ELSE !MERICANS ARE INTENT UPON IMPOSING ENT RELIGIONS THROUGHOUT ITS HISTORY !MERICA HAS WEL
THEIR CULTURE ON THE WORLD COMED IMMIGRANTS FROM ALL OVER THE WORLD !MERICAN
IDENTITY IS NOT BASED ON ETHNICITY
!MERICA SEEKS TO DOMINATE THE WORLD BUT IT DOES NOT 4HE !MERICAN COMMITMENT TO IMPROVING THE WORLD
RECOGNIZE ITS RESPONSIBILITIES TO THE WORLD !MERICA HAS BEGAN WITH THE -ARSHALL 0LAN WHICH REBUILT %UROPE
NOT DONE ENOUGH TO PROTECT THE ENVIRONMENT OR TO ELIMI AFTER 7ORLD 7AR )) 4HE 5NITED 3TATES HAS BEEN A LEADER
NATE DISEASE AND POVERTY IN OTHER COUNTRIES IN HELPING TO DEVELOP THE ECONOMIES OF POORER NATIONS
3AMPLE -OTIONS
4HIS (OUSE SUPPORTS THE RESTRICTION OF FOREIGN PROGRAMS ON NATIONAL TELEVISION
4HIS (OUSE WOULD FORBID FURTHER CONSTRUCTION OF GOLDEN ARCHES
\
7EB ,INKS
s !NTI !MERICANISM (AS 4AKEN THE 7ORLD BY 3TORM
HTTPWWWGUARDIANCOUKCOMMENTSTORY###HTML
!N ESSAY BY AUTHOR 3ALMAN 2USHDIE ABOUT REASONS FOR ANTI !MERICAN SENTIMENT
s #ANADIAN .ATIONALISM AND !NTI !MERICANISM HTTPWWWUNITEDNORTHAMERICAORGINDEXSHTML
! 7EB SITE THAT EXAMINES THE POSSIBILITY OF THE POLITICAL AMALGAMATION OF THE 53 AND #ANADA ALSO DISCUSSES QUESTIONS OF #ANADIAN
IDENTITY AND !MERICAN CULTURAL INmUENCE
s 7HY !NTI !MERICANISM HTTPWWWEMPOWERORGPATRIOTISMPODHORETZPDF
!N ESSAY BY CONSERVATIVE WRITER .ORMAN 0ODHORETZ THAT OFFERS A DEFENSE OF !MERICAN VALUES
&URTHER 2EADING
"ARBER "ENJAMIN *IHAD VS -C7ORLD (OW 'LOBALISM AND 4RIBALISM !RE 2ESHAPING THE 7ORLD "ALLANTINE
(ARDT -ICHAEL AND !NTONIO .EGRI %MPIRE (ARVARD 5NIVERSITY 0RESS
(UNTINGTON 3AMUEL 0 4HE #LASH OF #IVILIZATIONS AND THE 2EMAKING OF THE 7ORLD /RDER 4OUCHSTONE
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02/3 #/.3
(UMAN BEINGS ARE ACCORDED RIGHTS ON THE BASIS THAT THEY (UMAN BEINGS ARE INlNITELY MORE COMPLEX THAN ANY
ARE ABLE TO THINK AND TO FEEL PAIN -ANY OTHER ANIMALS OTHER LIVING CREATURES 4HEIR ABILITIES TO THINK AND TALK TO
ARE ALSO ABLE TO THINK TO SOME EXTENT AND ARE CERTAINLY FORM SOCIAL SYSTEMS WITH RIGHTS AND RESPONSIBILITIES AND
ABLE TO FEEL PAIN 4HEREFORE NONHUMAN ANIMALS SHOULD TO FEEL EMOTIONS ARE DEVELOPED WELL BEYOND ANY OTHER
ALSO BE ACCORDED RIGHTS EG TO A FREE AND HEALTHY LIFE ANIMALS 4RYING TO PREVENT THE MOST OBVIOUS CASES OF
UNNECESSARY SUFFERING OR TORTURE OF ANIMALS IS REASONABLE
BUT BEYOND THAT NONHUMAN ANIMALS DO NOT DESERVE TO
BE GIVEN hRIGHTSv
%VER SINCE THE PUBLICATION OF #HARLES $ARWINS /RIGIN 4HAT WE ARE INCREDIBLY DISTANTLY RELATED TO OTHER ANI
OF 3PECIES IN WE HAVE KNOWN THAT HUMAN BEINGS MALS DOES NOT MEAN THAT THEY HAVE hRIGHTSv 4HIS SORT OF
ARE RELATED BY COMMON ANCESTRY TO ALL OTHER ANIMALS 7E THINKING WOULD LEAD TO ABSURDITIES 3HOULD WE RESPECT
OWE A DUTY OF CARE TO OUR ANIMAL COUSINS THE hRIGHTv TO LIFE OF BACTERIA 7E MIGHT WISH TO REDUCE
UNNECESSARY ANIMAL SUFFERING BUT NOT BECAUSE ALL CREA
TURES TO WHICH WE ARE DISTANTLY RELATED HAVE RIGHTS
7E SHOULD ERR ON THE SIDE OF CAUTION IN ASCRIBING RIGHTS /NLY HUMAN BEINGS WHO ARE MEMBERS OF SOCIETY HAVE
TO HUMAN OR NONHUMAN CREATURES )F WE PLACE HIGH STAN RIGHTS 2IGHTS ARE PRIVILEGES THAT COME WITH CERTAIN SOCIAL
DARDS SUCH AS THE ABILITY TO THINK SPEAK OR EVEN TO ENTER DUTIES AND MORAL RESPONSIBILITIES !NIMALS ARE NOT CAPA
INTO A SOCIAL CONTRACT ON THE ASCRIPTION OF RIGHTS THERE BLE OF ENTERING INTO THIS SORT OF hSOCIAL CONTRACTvTHEY
IS A DANGER THAT NOT ONLY ANIMALS BUT ALSO HUMAN INFANTS ARE NEITHER MORAL NOR IMMORAL THEY ARE AMORAL 4HEY
AND MENTALLY HANDICAPPED ADULTS WILL BE CONSIDERED TO DO NOT RESPECT OUR hRIGHTSv AND THEY ARE IRRATIONAL AND
HAVE NO RIGHTS ENTIRELY INSTINCTUAL !MORAL AND IRRATIONAL CREATURES HAVE

02/3 #/.3
NEITHER RIGHTS NOR DUTIESTHEY ARE MORE LIKE ROBOTS THAN
PEOPLE !LL HUMAN BEINGS OR POTENTIAL HUMAN BEINGS
EG UNBORN CHILDREN CAN POTENTIALLY BE GIVEN RIGHTS
BUT NONHUMAN ANIMALS DO NOT FALL INTO THAT CATEGORY
#RUELTY TO ANIMALS IS THE SIGN OF AN UNCIVILIZED SOCIETY IT 5SING ANIMALS FOR OUR OWN NUTRITION AND PLEASURE IS
ENCOURAGES VIOLENCE AND BARBARISM IN SOCIETY MORE GEN COMPLETELY NATURAL )N THE WILD ANIMALS STRUGGLE TO SUR
ERALLY ! SOCIETY THAT RESPECTS ANIMALS AND RESTRAINS BASE VIVE ARE HUNTED BY PREDATORS AND COMPETE FOR FOOD AND
AND VIOLENT INSTINCTS IS A MORE CIVILIZED ONE RESOURCES (UMAN BEINGS HAVE BEEN SUCCESSFUL IN THIS
STRUGGLE FOR EXISTENCE AND DO NOT NEED TO FEEL ASHAMED
OF EXPLOITING THEIR POSITION AS A SUCCESSFUL SPECIES IN THE
EVOLUTIONARY PROCESS
4HAT A SMALL NUMBER OF EXTREMISTS AND CRIMINALS HAVE !NIMAL RIGHTS ACTIVISTS ARE HYPOCRITES EXTREMISTS AND TER
ATTACHED THEMSELVES TO THE ANIMAL RIGHTS MOVEMENT DOES RORISTS WHO DONT CARE ABOUT HUMAN LIFE /RGANIZATIONS
NOT INVALIDATE THE CAUSE 7HY SHOULDNT ANIMAL RIGHTS LIKE THE !NIMAL ,IBERATION &RONT USE TERRORIST TACTICS
SUPPORTERS AND ACTIVISTS TAKE MEDICINE 4HEY ARE MORALLY AND DEATH THREATS 0EOPLE FOR THE %THICAL 4REATMENT OF
OBLIGATED TO TAKE CARE OF THEMSELVES IN THE BEST WAY THEY !NIMALS IS ALSO AN EXTREMIST ORGANIZATION 4HESE EXTREM
CAN UNTIL MORE HUMANE RESEARCH METHODS ARE DEVELOPED ISTS STILL AVAIL THEMSELVES OF MODERN MEDICINE HOWEVER
AND IMPLEMENTED WHICH COULD NOT HAVE BEEN DEVELOPED WITHOUT EXPERI
MENTS AND TESTS ON ANIMALS !NIMAL WELFARE IS A REASON
ABLE CONCERN BUT TALKING OF ANIMAL hRIGHTSv IS A SIGN OF
EXTREMISM AND IRRATIONALITY
3AMPLE -OTIONS
4HIS (OUSE BELIEVES THAT ANIMALS HAVE RIGHTS TOO
4HIS (OUSE WOULD RESPECT ANIMALS RIGHTS
4HIS (OUSE CONDEMNS THE EXPLOITATION OF ANIMALS
7EB ,INKS
s !NIMAL 2IGHTS &!1 HTTPWWWANIMAL RIGHTSCOMARPAGEHTM
)NCLUDES ABOUT &!1S BIOGRAPHIES OF ANIMAL RIGHTS ACTIVISTS LISTS OF 53 AND 5+ ORGANIZATIONS BIBLIOGRAPHY AND LINKS TO OTHER
ANIMAL RIGHTS GROUPS
s %THICS5PDATES%DU 4HE -ORAL 3TATUS OF !NIMALS HTTPETHICSACUSDEDUANIMALHTML
)NCLUDES ESSAYS ON THE MORAL STATUS OF ANIMALS AS WELL AS LINKS TO 3UPREME #OURT DECISIONS ON ANIMALS AND SITES RELATING TO ANIMAL
RIGHTS
s 0EOPLE FOR THE %THICAL 4REATMENT OF !NIMALS HTTPWWWPETA ONLINEORG
(OME PAGE FOR RADICAL ANIMAL RIGHTS ORGANIZATION INCLUDES NEWS STORIES ON ANIMALS AND ANIMAL RIGHTS
&URTHER 2EADING
3INGER 0ETER !NIMAL ,IBERATION !VON
7ISE 3TEVEN - AND *ANE 'OODALL 2ATTLING THE #AGE 4OWARD ,EGAL 2IGHTS FOR !NIMALS 0ERSEUS
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02/3 #/.3
!RRANGING MARRIAGE IS AN INSULT TO THE VERY NATURE OF MAR !RRANGED MARRIAGES ARE OFTEN VERY SUCCESSFUL ONLY A
RIAGE WHICH SHOULD BE ABOUT CREATING A LOVING AND LAST VERY SMALL NUMBER END IN DIVORCE -ILLIONS OF PEOPLE
ING PARTNERSHIP AND FAMILY )T REDUCES MARRIAGE TO A COM MARRY FOR THE hWRONGv REASONS lNANCIAL SECURITY DESIRE
MERCIAL TRANSACTION AND THEREFORE UNDERMINES FAMILY FOR CHILDREN PARENTAL PRESSURE AND LACK OF CHOICE AMONG
VALUES )T BECOMES EVEN MORE OF AN ISSUE WHEN IT OCCURS POTENTIAL PARTNERS 4O CLAIM THAT ALL MARRIAGES MUST BE
IN A 7ESTERN SOCIETY THAT VALUES FREEDOM OF CHOICE LOVE MATCHES IS PURE ROMANTICISM
0ARENTS AND THE COMMUNITY OFTEN PUT UNACCEPTABLE PRES !RRANGED MARRIAGES DO INVOLVE CHOICE 4HE DIFFERENCE
SURE ON THEIR CHILDREN TO ACCEPT AN ARRANGED MARRIAGE IS MERELY THAT WHOLE FAMILIES ARE INVOLVED IN THE DECI
-OREOVER THE LINE BETWEEN AN ARRANGED AND A FORCED SION -ANY OF WHAT WE WOULD CALL ARRANGED MARRIAGES
MARRIAGE IS SO HAZY THAT IT CANNOT BE POLICED 7E MUST ARE EITHER PARENTS INTRODUCING THEIR CHILDREN TO POTEN
STOP THE FORMER TO PREVENT THE LATTER TIAL PARTNERS OR ENGAGING IN THE NEGOTIATIONS NECESSARY
FOR MARRIAGE AFTER THEIR CHILDREN HAVE CHOSEN A PARTNER
-OREOVER IT IS TOTALLY ILLOGICAL FOR THE GOVERNMENT TO
INTERVENE TO STOP PEOPLE HAVING THE MARRIAGES THAT THEY
AND THEIR FAMILIES HAVE CHOSEN IN THE NAME OF FREEDOM
OF CHOICE 7E MUST STOP FORCED MARRIAGES BUT IN A FREE
SOCIETY PEOPLE HAVE THE RIGHT TO CHOOSE AN ARRANGED
MARRIAGE
!RRANGED MARRIAGES ARE BAD BOTH FOR THE INDIVIDUAL !RRANGED MARRIAGES IN %UROPE AND .ORTH !MERICA HAVE
WOMEN CONCERNED AND FOR WOMEN GENERALLY )MMI LOW LEVELS OF ABUSE AND MARITAL VIOLENCE 6ULNERABILITY OF
GRANT WOMEN OFTEN ARE VERY VULNERABLE THEY ARE FAR FROM THOSE WITHOUT LANGUAGE SKILLS IS A PROBLEM FOR ALL IMMI
HOME DO NOT SPEAK THE LOCAL LANGUAGE OR DIALECT AND GRANTS NOT JUST THOSE IN ARRANGED MARRIAGES &INALLY
ARE TOTALLY RELIANT ON THE HUSBANDS HOUSE AND FAMILY MOST MARRIAGE ORGANIZERS ARE WOMEN WHO GAIN PRESTIGE
4HE LACK OF A SUPPORT NETWORK THE LANGUAGE TO APPEAL AND AUTHORITY THROUGH THEIR ROLE 7HAT YOU ARE REALLY
FOR HELP OR KNOWLEDGE OF THEIR RIGHTS MAKES WOMEN IN SAYING IS THAT )SLAMIC SOCIETIES ARE PATRIARCHAL AND THAT
ARRANGED MARRIAGES DISPROPORTIONATELY LIKELY TO SUFFER -USLIMS HAVE ARRANGED MARRIAGES
ABUSE !RRANGED MARRIAGES COMMODIFY WOMEN WHO ARE
BARTERED BETWEEN THE MALE HEADS OF HOUSES 4HIS IS NOT
ACCEPTABLE IN AN EGALITARIAN SOCIETY THAT EMPHASIZES INDI
VIDUAL RIGHTS
!RRANGED MARRIAGE SEPARATES IMMIGRANT COMMUNITIES 'ROUPS PRACTICING ARRANGED MARRIAGE ARE NOT THE ONLY
AND THE WIDER SOCIETY )T LEADS TO CULTURAL GHETTOIZATION ONES SET ON MAINTAINING COHESIVE COMMUNITIES MANY
AND DISTRUST IN THE WIDER COMMUNITY WHICH EMPHASIZES GROUPS RETAIN A DISTINCT CULTURAL LIFE WHILE FULLY TAKING
INDIVIDUAL RIGHTS AND FREEDOM OF CHOICE PART IN THE LIFE OF THIS COUNTRY 4HEIR CULTURAL CONTRIBU
TIONS ARE ONE OF THE MOST VALUABLE ADDITIONS TO MODERN

02/3 #/.3
MULTICULTURAL SOCIETIES ! MULTICULTURAL SOCIETY VALUES
PEOPLE WITH DIFFERENT PERSPECTIVES AND TRADITIONS
!RRANGED MARRIAGE IS NOT AN INVIOLATE CULTURAL VALUE %VERY !RRANGED MARRIAGE IS A CULTURAL TRADITION CONlRMED BY
MAJOR RELIGION INCLUDING )SLAM GUARANTEES FREEDOM OF ETHNOGRAPHIC DATA 4HERE IS NO CONmICT BETWEEN ARRANGE
CHOICE IN MARRIAGE &URTHER THE CUSTOM IS A PRODUCT OF A MENT AND A GUARANTEE OF FREE CHOICE THE TWO ARE ENTIRELY
PATRIARCHAL CULTURE THAT OPPRESSES WOMEN !LTHOUGH WE CONSISTENT 7ESTERN SOCIETIES CANNOT DICTATE WHAT IS CUL
CANNOT INTERVENE IN COUNTRIES WITH SUCH VALUE SYSTEMS TURALLY VALID FOR ETHNIC MINORITIES 4O DO SO WOULD BE
WE CAN STOP THE IMPORTATION OF SUCH SYSTEMS 4RUE MUL ETHNOCENTRISM WRIT LARGE &URTHERMORE HOW CAN IMMI
TICULTURALISM RELIES ON SHARED COMMITMENT TO A TOLERANT GRANTS UNDERSTAND THE IMPORTANCE WE PLACE ON TOLERATION
AND FAIR SOCIETY IF WE DENY THEM CULTURAL FREEDOM
!RRANGED MARRIAGE PROVIDES A COVER FOR ILLEGAL IMMIGRA -OST ARRANGED MARRIAGES LAST BEYOND THE TIME REQUIRED
TION !UTHORITIES WILL CHALLENGE MARRIAGES OF CONVENIENCE FOR CITIZENSHIP SO THEY WOULD BE LEGITIMATE UNDER ANY
BETWEEN CITIZENS AND ALIENS BUT ARE RELUCTANT TO INVESTI CIRCUMSTANCES
GATE ARRANGED MARRIAGES BECAUSE OF THE DANGER OF BEING
SEEN AS CULTURALLY INSENSITIVE
3AMPLE -OTIONS
4HIS (OUSE WOULD BAN ARRANGED MARRIAGES
4HIS (OUSE BELIEVES A TRUE MARRIAGE IS A FREE MARRIAGE
4HIS (OUSE BELIEVES MARRIAGE SHOULD BE FOR LOVE
7EB ,INKS
s !RRANGED -ARRIAGE HTTPWWWASKASIAORGFRCLASRMREADINGSRHTM
%SSAY ON ARRANGED MARRIAGE IN *APAN
s !UNTS AND !RRANGED -ARRIAGES IN )NDIA HTTPWWWGEOCITIESCOM#APE#ANAVERAL,ABAUNTHTM
(UMOROUS ESSAY ON THE ROLE OF FAMILY MEMBERS IN ARRANGING MARRIAGES
s &IRST #OMES -ARRIAGE 4HEN #OMES ,OVE HTTPWWWGEOCITIESCOM7ELLESLEYWINAHTM
%SSAY DESCRIBING HOW A MARRIAGE IS ARRANGED
&URTHER 2EADING
3CHWARTZ -ARY !NN AND "ARBARA -ARLIENE 3COTT -ARRIAGES AND &AMILIES $IVERSITY AND #HANGE TH ED 0RENTICE (ALL
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02/3 #/.3
4HE lNANCIAL STRUGGLE THAT ARTISTS EXPERIENCE IS ONE WAY 4HE CREATIVE PROCESS NEEDS TIME )F ARTISTS MUST WORK TO
TO WEED THE GOOD ARTISTS FROM THE BAD /NLY THOSE WHO MAKE ENDS MEET WHEN WILL THEY HAVE THE TIME AND THE
ARE TRULY DEDICATED WILL MAKE THE SACRIlCES NEEDED TO CREATIVE ENERGY TO COMPLETE THEIR PROJECTS 7ITHOUT FED
SUCCEED /THERS WILL ENTER OTHER OCCUPATIONS WHERE THEIR ERAL FUNDING FOR GRANTS FEW ARTISTS WILL BE ABLE TO CON
CREATIVITY AND TALENTS CAN BE REWARDED !RTISTS COULD ALSO TINUE THEIR WORK AND MAINTAIN A REASONABLE STANDARD OF
lND PAID EMPLOYMENT THAT WILL ENABLE THEM TO CONTINUE LIVING !RTISTS WILL BE FORCED TO ENTER THE WORKFORCE AND
WORKING ON THEIR ART )F AN ARTISTS WORK IS WORTHY OF ABANDON ART
lNANCIAL SUPPORT THAT ARTIST WILL lND A PATRON FROM THE
PRIVATE SECTOR WHO WILL SUPPORT HIM OR HER
'OVERNMENT SUBSIDIES FOR ART SIMPLY TAKE MONEY AWAY 4HE .%! COSTS EACH !MERICAN ONLY CENTS A YEAR
FROM MIDDLE CLASS AND LOW INCOME PEOPLE TO SUBSIDIZE A !LTHOUGH SOME .%! MONEY IS USED TO SUPPORT ARTS THAT
SELF INDULGENT HOBBY FOR THE RICH 4HE KIND OF ART THAT THE ARE TRADITIONALLY SUPPORTED BY INDIVIDUALS WITH HIGHER
MAJORITY OF !MERICANS ARE INTERESTED IN POPULAR MOVIES INCOMES MUCH OF THE .%! BUDGET SUPPORTS ARTISTS WHO
AND MUSIC FOR EXAMPLE IS NOT SUBSIDIZED *UST AS A ROCK WORK WITH PROGRAMS LIKE ART EDUCATION IN SCHOOLS AND
BAND SHOULD NOT RECEIVE GOVERNMENT FUNDS TO MAKE TICKET COMMUNITY THEATER 0ROJECTS LIKE THESE BENElT ALL CHIL
PRICES LOWER NEITHER SHOULD OPERAS OR BALLETS ,ET THE RICH DREN AND GIVE PEOPLE ACROSS THE COUNTRY WAYS TO CONTRIB
WHO WANT TO ATTEND THESE KINDS OF PERFORMANCES PAY FULL UTE TO MAKING THEIR COMMUNITY A BETTER PLACE
PRICE WHY SHOULD TAXPAYERS UNDERWRITE BARGAIN PRICES FOR
ENTERTAINMENT FOR THE WEALTHY
3UBSIDIES COULD FUNCTION AS A WAY TO REWARD ARTISTS !RTS IN !MERICA ARE A UNIFYING EXPERIENCE 0EOPLE FROM
WHO ARE CREATING WHAT THE GOVERNMENT PREFERS )N THIS DIFFERENT BACKGROUNDS CAN COMMUNICATE THROUGH ART AND
WAY SUBSIDIES COULD LEAD TO GOVERNMENT CENSORSHIP OF SHARE EXPERIENCES AND TALENTS !RTISTIC EXPRESSION IS CEN
ART TO SILENCE CRITICS #OMMUNIST DICTATORSHIPS SUBSI TRAL TO WHO WE ARE AS !MERICANS AND AS HUMAN BEINGS
DIZED hPATRIOTIC ARTv BUT SQUELCHED INDEPENDENT ARTISTS 3UPPORTING ARTISTS IS CRUCIAL TO PRESERVING OUR VALUES AND
(AVING ARTISTS RELY ON THE GOVERNMENT FOR THEIR hDAILY TRANSMITTING OUR !MERICAN HERITAGE TO FUTURE GENERA
BREADv RISKS THEIR ARTISTIC INTEGRITY HOW COULD THEY BE TIONS )N ADDITION FEDERAL SUPPORT OF ARTISTS IS PATRIOTIC
SOCIAL CRITICS AND ADVOCATE FOR CHANGE IN THE SYSTEM BECAUSE ART BUILDS AND PRESERVES !MERICAN TRADITIONS
WHEN IT IS THE SYSTEM THAT IS PUTTING FOOD ON THE TABLE 4HE GRANT PROCESS BECAUSE IT IS RUN BY ARTISTS ENSURES
4HE STRINGS ATTACHED TO SUBSIDIES MAKE THEM POTENTIAL THE INDEPENDENCE OF THE .%! AND REDUCES THE DANGER
WEAPONS AGAINST DEMOCRACY OF CENSORSHIP

02/3 #/.3
(ISTORICALLY PATRONS DID NOT SUPPORT UNKNOWN AND 4RADITION IS ON THE SIDE OF THOSE IN POWER SUPPORTING THE
UNPROVEN TALENT !RTISTS GAINED PATRONAGE ONLY AFTER PROV ARTS 3INCE THE 2ENAISSANCE COMPOSERS AND ARTISTS HAVE
ING THEIR WORTH )N THE CURRENT SYSTEM OF SUBSIDIES NEW BEEN SUPPORTED BY POPES KINGS AND OTHER PATRONS )N
UNPROVEN AND OFTEN SUBSTANDARD ARTISTS RECEIVE GRANTS OUR DEMOCRACY THIS BURDEN FALLS TO GOVERNMENT TO ENSURE
!RTISTS WHO ARE ALREADY SUCCESSFUL GENERALLY DO NOT NEED THAT THE NEXT -OZART OR "EETHOVEN WILL NOT FORGO HIS OR
THE GRANTS TO MEET THEIR LIVING EXPENSES -OZART AND HER ARTISTIC VISION FOR LACK OF FUNDS
"EETHOVEN IF THEY WERE LIVING TODAY WOULD lND MANY
OPPORTUNITIES IN THE PRIVATE SECTOR AND WOULD NOT NEED
TO RELY ON GOVERNMENT SUBSIDIES
3UBSIDIES USUALLY SUPPORT ARTISTS WHO HAVE CREATED ART 4HE -APPLETHORPE AND 3ERRANO CASES ARE ISOLATED INCI
THAT MOST PEOPLE OBJECT TO 2OBERT -APPLETHORPE WITH DENTS 4HE VAST MAJORITY OF ART THAT IS PRODUCED THROUGH
HIS HOMOEROTIC PHOTOGRAPHS AND !NDRES 3ERRANO WITH SUBSIDIES IS ART THAT MOST TAXPAYERS WOULD SUPPORT 4HE
HIS PHOTOGRAPH OF A CRUCIlX SUBMERGED IN HIS OWN URINE .%! HAS MADE MANY CHANGES IN THE WAY IT AWARDS GRANTS
ARE SPECIlC EXAMPLES OF ARTISTS WHO TAXPAYERS HAVE SUP SINCE THOSE INCIDENTS )N FACT MANY OF THE SAME MEM
PORTED !RTISTS SHOULD HAVE THE FREEDOM TO CREATE ANY BERS OF #ONGRESS WHO CALLED FOR AN ABOLITION OF THE .%!
TYPE OF ART THEY WANT BUT TAXPAYER MONEY SHOULD NOT BE OVER THIS ISSUE VOTED FOR AN INCREASE IN FUNDING IN *ULY
USED TO FUND PROJECTS THAT ARE INDECENT )F PRIVATE FUNDS OF #ONGRESS MANDATES THAT THE CRITERIA OF DECENCY
ARE USED THEN THE !MERICAN PEOPLE CANNOT CLAIM THEY AND RESPECT BE USED IN EVALUATING GRANT PROPOSALS /VER
HAVE INVOLUNTARILY SUPPORTED THE CREATION OF PERVERSE ALL THE ARTWORK SUPPORTED BY SUBSIDIES WOULD MAKE MOST
AND VILE WORKS !MERICANS PROUD
3AMPLE -OTIONS
4HIS (OUSE WOULD TELL #ONGRESS TO STOP FUNDING THE .%!S ARTIST SUBSIDY PROGRAMS
4HIS (OUSE BELIEVES THAT SUBSIDIZING ARTISTS IS DETRIMENTAL TO DEMOCRACY
4HIS (OUSE WOULD INCREASE SUBSIDIES FOR ARTISTS
4HIS (OUSE BELIEVES THAT STOPPING SUBSIDIES WOULD HARM ART IN !MERICA
7EB ,INKS
s ,IBERTARIAN 0ARTY 0OSITION ON 3UBSIDIES HTTPWWWLPORGPRESSARCHIVEPHPFUNCTIONVIEWRECORD
,IBERTARIAN 0ARTY ARGUES AGAINST GOVERNMENT FUNDING OF THE ARTS
s .ATIONAL %NDOWMENT FOR THE !RTS HTTPARTSENDOWGOV
3ITE MAINTAINED BY THE AGENCY IN CHARGE OF DISTRIBUTING FEDERAL GRANTS TO THE ARTS CONTAINS USEFUL INFORMATION ABOUT HOW THE PROCESS
WORKS AND ABOUT THE BENElTS OF ART IN !MERICA
s .02S 4ALK OF THE .ATION !RCHIVE HTTPWWWNPRORGRAMARCHIVESNE RAM
!UDIO RECORDING OF A DEBATE ON .02S 4ALK OF THE .ATION OFFERS MULTIPLE ARGUMENTS ON BOTH SIDES OF THE FUNDING DEBATE
&URTHER 2EADING
"OLTON 2ICHARD ED #ULTURE 7ARS $OCUMENTS FROM THE 2ECENT #ONTROVERSIES IN THE !RTS .EW 0RESS
.ETZER $ICK AND $ICK -IETZER 4HE 3UBSIDIZED -USE 0UBLIC 3UPPORT FOR THE !RTS IN THE 5NITED 3TATES !SHGATE
:EIGLER *OSEPH 7ESLEY ET AL !RTS IN #RISIS 4HE .ATIONAL %NDOWMENT FOR THE !RTS 6ERSUS !MERICA ! #APPELLA "OOKS
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02/3 #/.3
$EATHS AND MUCH SUFFERING COULD BE PREVENTED IF ONE -URDER CAN NEVER BE JUSTIlED )F WE ASSUME THE ROLE OF
MAN IS KILLED 4HE GREATER GOOD DEMANDS A SINGLE EVIL EXECUTIONER WITHOUT THE BACKING OF LAW WE ARE SINKING TO
ACT ESPECIALLY IF IT WOULD AVERT THE IMMEDIATE AND CERTAIN THE LEVEL OF THE DICTATORS !NY NEW GOVERNMENT FOUNDED
DANGER OF MUCH WORSE EVIL UPON SUCH AN ARBITRARY ACT WILL LACK MORAL LEGITIMACY
UNDERMINING ITS POPULAR SUPPORT AND MAKING ITS FAILURE
LIKELY
$ICTATORIAL SYSTEMS ARE HIGHLY PERSONAL SO REMOVING THE +ILLING THE INDIVIDUAL WILL ACHIEVE NOTHING $ICTATORS ARE
DRIVING FORCE BEHIND SUCH A REGIME WILL RESULT IN ITS COL PART OF A WIDER RULING ELITE FROM WHICH SOMEONE SHARING
LAPSE ALLOWING A MORE POPULAR AND LIBERAL GOVERNMENT THE SAME AUTOCRATIC VALUES WILL EMERGE TO TAKE THE ASSAS
TO REPLACE IT SINATED LEADERS PLACE 4HIS SUCCESSOR IS LIKELY TO USE THE
ASSASSINATION AS THE EXCUSE FOR FURTHER REPRESSION
!SSASSINATION OF A DICTATOR MAY BE THE ONLY WAY TO EFFECT !SSASSINATION IS LIKELY TO BE COUNTERPRODUCTIVE RALLY
CHANGE IN A COUNTRY WHERE A REPRESSIVE POLICE STATE PRE ING POPULAR FEELING AROUND A REPRESSIVE REGIME AS EXTER
VENTS ANY POSSIBILITY OF INTERNAL OPPOSITION #OWED NAL ENEMIES OR INTERNAL MINORITIES ARE BLAMED RIGHTLY
POPULACES NEED A SIGNAL IN ORDER TO lND THE COURAGE TO OR WRONGLY FOR THE ACT !N UNSUCCESSFUL ASSASSINATION
CAMPAIGN FOR CHANGE ATTEMPT IS EVEN MORE LIKELY TO BRING ABOUT SUCH A RESULT
$ICTATORS ARE A THREAT TO INTERNATIONAL PEACE NOT JUST TO 3OMETIMES DICTATORSHIP IS PREFERABLE TO THE ALTERNATIVES
THEIR OWN PEOPLE 4HEY TEND TO ATTACK OTHER COUNTRIES TO ESPECIALLY FOR THOSE OUTSIDE THE COUNTRY ITSELF 'REAT
DIVERT ATTENTION FROM THEIR UNPOPULAR ACTIONS AT HOME POWERS HAVE OFTEN SUPPORTED AUTOCRATS WHO PROMOTE
THUS ASSASSINATION IS JUSTIlED AS A MEANS OF PREVENTING A SUCH POWERS GEOPOLITICAL INTERESTS IN A WAY THAT A DEMO
WAR THAT MIGHT RAPIDLY BECOME REGIONAL OR GLOBAL CRATIC REGIME WOULD NOT 3OMETIMES DICTATORS HAVE SUC
CESSFULLY HELD TOGETHER COUNTRIES THAT OTHERWISE MIGHT
HAVE DESCENDED INTO CIVIL WAR AND ETHNIC STRIFE
)F SCRUPLES OVER THE MORALITY OF OUR ACTIONS PREVENT US "Y ASSUMING THE POWER TO TAKE LIFE ARBITRARILY EVEN IN AN
FROM PURSUING A GREATER GOOD EFFECTIVELY OPPOSING EVIL APPARENTLY GOOD CAUSE WE CHEAPEN THE VALUE OF LIFE ITSELF
WILL NEVER BE POSSIBLE $ICTATORS THEMSELVES IGNORE MOST -ANY TERRORISTS CRIMINALS AND DICTATORS COULD AND HAVE
ETHICAL STANDARDS AND INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONS THEREBY CLAIMED SIMILAR LEGITIMACY FOR THEIR VIOLENT ACTIONS /NLY
EFFECTIVELY PLACING THEMSELVES BEYOND THE PROTECTION OF IF WE RESPECT HUMAN RIGHTS ABSOLUTELY WILL OUR PROMOTION
THE LAW OF THESE VALUES SEEM VALID TO OTHERS
4HE ALTERNATIVES TO ASSASSINATION WOULD ALL LEAVE A DICTA !LTERNATIVES SUCH AS CONSTRUCTIVE ENGAGEMENT OR ECO
TOR IN POWER FOR MANY YEARS )N THAT TIME NOT ONLY WILL NOMIC SANCTIONS ARE PREFERABLE AND MUCH MORE LIKELY
MANY MORE PEOPLE SUFFER UNDER A REPRESSIVE SYSTEM BUT TO RESULT IN EVENTUAL LIBERALIZATION OF THE REGIME ALBEIT
ALSO THE POLICIES PURSUED BY AN OUT OF TOUCH AND UNREP SLOWLY 4HE EXAMPLES OF %ASTERN %UROPE IN AND
RESENTATIVE REGIME ARE LIKELY TO DO SERIOUS HARM TO THE 9UGOSLAVIA IN SHOW THAT EVEN IN APPARENTLY HOPE

02/3 #/.3
WHOLE NATION AND ITS ECONOMY MAKING EVENTUAL REBUILD LESS CASES CHANGE CAN COME THROUGH POPULAR ACTION
ING MUCH MORE COSTLY IN BOTH HUMAN AND ECONOMIC OFTEN QUICKLY AND WITHOUT GREAT VIOLENCE
TERMS
3AMPLE -OTIONS
4HIS (OUSE WOULD ASSASSINATE A DICTATOR
4HIS (OUSE WOULD ASSASSINATE SUPPLY NAME OF CURRENT DICTATOR
4HIS (OUSE BELIEVES THAT MURDER ISNT ALWAYS WRONG
4HIS (OUSE BELIEVES THAT VIOLENCE IS SOMETIMES THE ANSWER
&URTHER 2EADING
"OESCHE 2OBERT 4HEORIES OF 4YRANNY &ROM 0LATO TO !RENDT 0ENNSYLVANIA 3TATE 5NIVERSITY 0RESS
"ROOKER 0AUL .ON $EMOCRATIC 2EGIMES 4HEORY 'OVERNMENT 0OLITICS 3T -ARTINS 0RESS
,EE 3TEPHEN %UROPEAN $ICTATORSHIPS n 2OUTLEDGE
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kf^[bZj^[bWm_d(&&*$?d(&&'j^[D[j^[hbWdZiX[YWc[j^[ÓhijYekdjhojeb[]Wb_p[[kj^WdWi_WWdZfôi_Y_Wd#Wii_ij[Zik_Y_Z[$
02/3 #/.3
%VERY HUMAN BEING HAS A RIGHT TO LIFE PERHAPS THE MOST 4HERE IS NO COMPARISON BETWEEN THE RIGHT TO LIFE AND
BASIC AND FUNDAMENTAL OF ALL OUR RIGHTS (OWEVER WITH OTHER RIGHTS 7HEN YOU CHOOSE TO REMAIN SILENT YOU MAY
EVERY RIGHT COMES A CHOICE 4HE RIGHT TO SPEECH DOES NOT CHANGE YOUR MIND AT A LATER DATE WHEN YOU CHOOSE TO
REMOVE THE OPTION TO REMAIN SILENT THE RIGHT TO VOTE DIE YOU HAVE NO SUCH SECOND CHANCE 0ARTICIPATING IN
BRINGS WITH IT THE RIGHT TO ABSTAIN )N THE SAME WAY THE SOMEONES DEATH IS TO PARTICIPATE IN DEPRIVING THEM OF ALL
RIGHT TO CHOOSE TO DIE IS IMPLICIT IN THE RIGHT TO LIFE CHOICES THEY MIGHT MAKE IN THE FUTURE AND IS THEREFORE
IMMORAL
4HOSE IN THE LATE STAGES OF A TERMINAL DISEASE HAVE A HOR )T IS ALWAYS WRONG TO GIVE UP ON LIFE -ODERN PALLIA
RIlC FUTURE THE GRADUAL DECLINE OF THE BODY THE FAILURE OF TIVE CARE IS IMMENSELY mEXIBLE AND EFFECTIVE AND HELPS
ORGANS AND THE NEED FOR ARTIlCIAL LIFE SUPPORT )N SOME TO PRESERVE QUALITY OF LIFE AS FAR AS POSSIBLE 4ERMINALLY
CASES THE ILLNESS WILL SLOWLY DESTROY THEIR MINDS THE ILL PATIENTS NEED NEVER BE IN PAIN EVEN AT THE VERY END
ESSENCE OF THEMSELVES %VEN WHEN THIS IS NOT THE CASE THE 3OCIETYS ROLE IS TO HELP THEM LIVE THEIR LIVES AS WELL AS THEY
HUGE AMOUNTS OF MEDICATION REQUIRED TO hCONTROLv PAIN CAN #OUNSELING WHICH HELPS PATIENTS COME TO TERMS
WILL OFTEN LEAVE THEM IN A DELIRIOUS AND INCAPABLE STATE WITH THEIR CONDITION CAN HELP
&ACED WITH THIS IT IS SURELY MORE HUMANE THAT THESE INDI
VIDUALS BE ALLOWED TO CHOOSE THE MANNER OF THEIR OWN
END AND DIE WITH DIGNITY
\
02/3 #/.3
3OCIETY RECOGNIZES THAT SUICIDE IS UNFORTUNATE BUT ACCEPT 4HOSE WHO COMMIT SUICIDE ARE NOT EVIL AND THOSE WHO
ABLE IN SOME CIRCUMSTANCES 4HOSE WHO END THEIR OWN ATTEMPT TO TAKE THEIR OWN LIVES ARE NOT PROSECUTED (OW
LIVES ARE NOT SEEN AS EVIL 4HE ILLEGALITY OF ASSISTED SUICIDE EVER IF SOMEONE IS THREATENING TO KILL HIMSELF OR HERSELF
IS THEREFORE PARTICULARLY CRUEL FOR THOSE WHO ARE DISABLED YOUR MORAL DUTY IS TO TRY TO STOP THEM 9OU WOULD NOT
AND ARE UNABLE TO DIE WITHOUT ASSISTANCE FOR EXAMPLE SIMPLY IGNORE A MAN STANDING ON A LEDGE
AND THREATENING TO JUMP SIMPLY BECAUSE IT IS HIS CHOICE
AND YOU WOULD DElNITELY NOT ASSIST IN HIS SUICIDE BY
PUSHING HIM )N THE SAME WAY YOU SHOULD TRY TO HELP A
PERSON WITH A TERMINAL ILLNESS NOT HELP HIM TO DIE
3UICIDE IS A LONELY DESPERATE ACT CARRIED OUT IN SECRECY $EMANDING THAT FAMILY MEMBERS TAKE PART IN SUCH A
AND OFTEN IS A CRY FOR HELP 4HE IMPACT ON THE FAMILY CAN DECISION CAN BE AN UNBEARABLE BURDEN -ANY MAY RESENT
BE CATASTROPHIC "Y LEGALIZING ASSISTED SUICIDE THE PROCESS A LOVED ONES DECISION TO DIE AND WOULD BE EITHER EMO
CAN BE BROUGHT OUT INTO THE OPEN )N SOME CASES FAMILIES TIONALLY SCARRED OR ESTRANGED BY THE PROSPECT OF BEING IN
MIGHT HAVE BEEN UNAWARE OF THE TRUE FEELINGS OF THEIR ANY WAY INVOLVED WITH THE DEATH !SSISTED SUICIDE ALSO
LOVED ONE "EING FORCED TO CONFRONT THE ISSUE OF A FAMILY INTRODUCES A NEW DANGER THAT THE TERMINALLY ILL MAY BE
MEMBERS ILLNESS MAY DO GREAT GOOD PERHAPS EVEN ALLOW PRESSURED INTO ENDING THEIR LIVES BY OTHERS WHO ARE NOT
ING THE FAMILY TO PERSUADE THE PATIENT NOT TO END HIS LIFE PREPARED TO SUPPORT THEM THROUGH THEIR ILLNESS %VEN THE
)N OTHER CASES IT MAKES THE FAMILY PART OF THE PROCESS MOST WELL REGULATED SYSTEM WOULD HAVE NO WAY TO ENSURE
4HEY CAN UNDERSTAND THE REASONS BEHIND A PATIENTS DECI THAT THIS DID NOT HAPPEN
SION WITHOUT FEELINGS OF GUILT AND RECRIMINATION AND THE
TERMINALLY ILL PATIENT CAN SPEAK OPENLY TO THEM ABOUT HER
FEELINGS BEFORE HER DEATH
!T THE MOMENT DOCTORS ARE OFTEN PUT INTO AN IMPOS ! DOCTORS ROLE MUST REMAIN CLEAR 4HE GUIDING PRINCIPLE
SIBLE POSITION ! GOOD DOCTOR WILL FORM CLOSE BONDS OF MEDICAL ETHICS IS TO DO NO HARM ! PHYSICIAN MUST
WITH PATIENTS AND WILL WANT TO GIVE THEM THE BEST QUAL NOT BE INVOLVED IN DELIBERATELY HARMING HER PATIENT
ITY OF LIFE POSSIBLE (OWEVER WHEN A PATIENT HAS LOST OR 7ITHOUT THIS PRINCIPLE THE MEDICAL PROFESSION WOULD
IS LOSING HIS ABILITY TO LIVE WITH DIGNITY AND EXPRESSES A LOSE A GREAT DEAL OF TRUST ADMITTING THAT KILLING IS AN
STRONG DESIRE TO DIE DOCTORS ARE LEGALLY UNABLE TO HELP ACCEPTABLE PART OF A DOCTORS ROLE WOULD LIKELY INCREASE
4O SAY THAT MODERN MEDICINE CAN TOTALLY ERADICATE PAIN THE DANGER OF INVOLUNTARY EUTHANASIA NOT REDUCE IT
IS A TRAGIC OVERSIMPLIlCATION OF SUFFERING 7HILE PHYSI ,EGALIZING ASSISTED SUICIDE ALSO PLACES AN UNREASONABLE
CAL PAIN MAY BE ALLEVIATED THE EMOTIONAL PAIN OF A SLOW BURDEN ON DOCTORS 4HE DAILY DECISIONS MADE TO PRE
AND LINGERING DEATH OF THE LOSS OF THE ABILITY TO LIVE A SERVE LIFE CAN BE DIFlCULT ENOUGH 4O REQUIRE THEM TO
MEANINGFUL LIFE CAN BE HORRIlC ! DOCTORS DUTY IS TO ALSO CARRY THE IMMENSE MORAL RESPONSIBILITY OF DECIDING
ADDRESS HIS OR HER PATIENTS SUFFERING BE IT PHYSICAL OR WHO CAN AND CANNOT DIE AND THE FURTHER RESPONSIBIL
EMOTIONAL !S A RESULT DOCTORS ARE ALREADY HELPING THEIR ITY OF ACTUALLY KILLING PATIENTS IS UNACCEPTABLE 4HIS IS
PATIENTS TO DIEALTHOUGH IT IS NOT LEGAL ASSISTED SUICIDE WHY THE VAST MAJORITY OF MEDICAL PROFESSIONALS OPPOSE
DOES HAPPEN )T WOULD BE FAR BETTER TO RECOGNIZE THIS AND THE LEGALIZATION OF ASSISTED SUICIDE %NDING THE LIFE OF A
BRING THE PROCESS INTO THE OPEN WHERE IT CAN BE REGU PATIENT GOES AGAINST ALL THEY STAND FOR
LATED 4RUE ABUSES OF THE DOCTOR PATIENT RELATIONSHIP AND
INCIDENTS OF INVOLUNTARY EUTHANASIA WOULD THEN BE FAR
EASIER TO LIMIT
3AMPLE -OTIONS
4HIS (OUSE WOULD LEGALIZE ASSISTED SUICIDE
4HIS (OUSE WOULD DIE WITH DIGNITY

7EB ,INKS
s $OCTOR !SSISTED 3UICIDE ! 'UIDE TO 7EBSITES AND THE ,ITERATURE HTTPWEBLWCEDUADMINISTRATIVELIBRARYSUICHTM
,INKS TO GENERAL INFORMATION AND SITES PRO AND CON ON PHYSICIAN ASSISTED SUICIDE #ONTAINS AN EXCELLENT CHRONOLOGY
s %ND OF ,IFE #HOICES HTTPWWWHEMLOCKORG
2IGHT TO DIE GROUP PROVIDES INFORMATION ON ORGANIZATION SERVICES AND THE PROGRESS OF LEGISLATION LEGALIZING ASSISTED SUICIDE
s %UTHANASIA#OM HTTPWWWEUTHANASIACOM
0ROVIDES MEDICAL AND LEGAL INFORMATION FROM THOSE OPPOSED TO ASSISTED SUICIDE
s &INAL%XIT/RG HTTPWWWlNALEXITORG
'ENERAL SITE CONTAINING INFORMATION ON LEGISLATION EUTHANASIA IN PRACTICE AND INDIVIDUALS PROMINENT IN THE CAMPAIGN TO LEGALIZE
ASSISTED SUICIDE
&URTHER 2EADING
$WORKIN 'ERALD 2 ' &RY AND 3ISSELA "OK %UTHANASIA AND 0HYSICIAN !SSISTED 3UICIDE #AMBRIDGE 5NIVERSITY 0RESS
(UMPHREY $EREK &INAL %XIT 4HE 0RACTICALITIES OF 3ELF $ELIVERANCE AND !SSISTED 3UICIDE FOR THE $YING $40
3HAVELSON ,ONNY ! #HOSEN $EATH 4HE $YING #ONFRONT !SSISTED 3UICIDE 5NIVERSITY OF #ALIFORNIA 0RESS
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02/3 #/.3
"EAUTY CONTESTS PROMOTE AN IDEAL OF FEMALE BEAUTY THAT 0EOPLE ENJOY BEAUTY CONTESTS .OBODY IS FORCED TO ENTER
MOST WOMEN CANNOT ATTAIN 3OCIETAL ACCEPTANCE OF THIS OR WATCH THEM 4HE BEAUTY OF A FIT HEALTHY WELL
IDEAL CAN HARM WOMEN BY ENCOURAGING DIETING EATING PROPORTIONED HUMAN FORM IS SOMETHING FROM WHICH
DISORDERS AND COSMETIC SURGERY OR SIMPLY BY MAKING WE CAN ALL TAKE PLEASURE AND BEAUTY CONTESTS ALONG WITH
THEM FEEL INADEQUATE AND UGLY OTHER FORMS OF ART ARE VEHICLES THAT ENABLE US TO DO SO
7OMEN IN BEAUTY CONTESTS ARE JUDGED ON THEIR PHYSICAL *UDGING PEOPLE PRIMARILY ON THEIR PHYSICAL PROWESS IS
APPEARANCE RATHER THAN ON ANY OTHER QUALITIES THEY MAY NOT WRONG 7E DO THIS ALL THE TIME IN COMPETITIVE SPORT
POSSESS 4HE EXISTENCE OF A hTALENTv ELEMENT IN MANY WHERE lTNESS AND STRENGTH ARE MAJOR DETERMINANTS OF
SUCH CONTESTS IS ALL VERY WELL BUT UGLY WOMEN SIMPLY SUCCESS %VERY COMPETITION OF EVERY KIND VALUES CERTAIN
ARE NOT GOING TO BE CROWNED AS BEAUTY QUEENS *UDGING QUALITIES OVER OTHERS 7E RECOGNIZE THAT BEING ABLE TO
WOMEN BUT NOT MEN PRIMARILY ON THEIR LOOKS CONTRIB LIFT HEAVY WEIGHTS IS NOT THE PRIME DElNITION OF HUMAN
UTES TO THE SUBJUGATION OF WOMEN BECAUSE OTHER QUALI WORTH BUT WE CAN STILL GIVE PRIZES FOR WEIGHTLIFTING
TIES SUCH AS INTELLIGENCE ARE NOT SEEN AS PART OF IDEAL 3IMILARLY WE CAN GIVE A PRIZE TO A WOMAN FOR HER BEAUTY
FEMININITY 4HE MASCULINE IDEAL WHILE POTENTIALLY DAM WITHOUT IMPLYING THAT BEAUTY IS ALL THAT MATTERS ABOUT
AGING TO MEN TENDS TO BE EXPRESSED IN MUCH WIDER AND ANYONE
LESS RESTRICTIVE TERMS
"EAUTY CONTESTS PROMOTE AN IMAGE OF FEMALE BEAUTY THAT "EAUTY CONTESTS LIKE SPORTS CAN BE AN IMPORTANT FOCUS OF
IS CULTURALLY SPECIlC AND 7ESTERN .O MATTER HOW MANY NATIONAL OR REGIONAL PRIDE $ESPITE THE DECLINING POPU
!SIAN WOMEN WIN -ISS 7ORLD THEY CAN STILL ONLY DO LARITY OF COMPETITIONS SUCH AS -ISS 7ORLD BEAUTY COM
SO IF THEY TAKE PART IN THE SWIMSUIT COMPETITION WHICH PETITIONS HOLD AN IMPORTANT CULTURAL PLACE IN MANY PARTS
\
02/3 #/.3
MAY WELL NOT BE CONSIDERED APPROPRIATE DRESS IN THEIR OF THE WORLD 4HE VICTORIES IN RECENT YEARS OF -ISS )NDIA
CULTURE 4HERE WERE DEMONSTRATIONS AGAINST -ISS 7ORLD -ISS 4URKEY AND -ISS .IGERIA IN -ISS 7ORLD COMPETI
BY FEMINISTS AND (INDU NATIONALISTS WHEN IT WAS HELD TIONS MADE MANY )NDIANS 4URKS AND .IGERIANS PROUD
IN "ANGALORE )NDIA IN 2IOTS IN +ADUNA .IGE AND WERE SEEN AS SYMBOLIC OF THOSE COUNTRIES PROGRESS IN
RIA OVER -ISS 7ORLD LEFT MORE THAN DEAD AND COMPETING WITH MORE POWERFUL COUNTRIES ON THEIR OWN
FORCED THE CONTEST TO RELOCATE TO ,ONDON TERMS
"EAUTY CONTESTS FAIL TO CHALLENGE HARMFUL POLITICAL ATTI )N A SOCIETY IN WHICH WOMEN REALLY ARE VALUED ON THE
TUDES ABOUT WOMEN $ESPITE PAYING LIP SERVICE TO FEMI BASIS OF THEIR LOOKS AND IN WHICH THERE REALLY ARE FEWER
NIST CONCEPTS SUCH AS hEMPOWERMENTv THEY DO NOT FUR OPPORTUNITIES FOR WOMEN THAN FOR MEN BEAUTY CONTESTS
THER THE LIBERATION OF WOMEN )NDEED BY REINFORCING GIVE WOMEN A CHANCE TO BE NOTICED AND TO IMPROVE THEIR
LOOKS AS THE MOST IMPORTANT FEMALE QUALITY THEY HARM SITUATIONS 7INNING A BEAUTY CONTEST CAN BE A ROUTE TO
WOMENS LIBERATION 4HE FACT THAT THE ORGANIZERS OF -ISS SUCCESS -ANY (OLLYWOOD ACTRESSES SUCH AS (ALLE "ERRY
7ORLD HAD NO CONCERNS ABOUT HOLDING THE CON -ICHELLE 0FEIFFER AND 3HARON 3TONE ARE FORMER BEAUTY
TEST IN .IGERIA AT THE SAME TIME AS A HIGH PROlLE CASE QUEENS WHO WOULD NOT HAVE HAD THE OPPORTUNITIES THEY
IN WHICH A WOMAN WAS DUE TO BE STONED FOR ADULTERY HAVE HAD WITHOUT WINNING BEAUTY CONTESTS )N ADDITION
EXPOSES THE COMPETITIONS HYPOCRISY THE WINNERS OF HIGH PROlLE BEAUTY CONTESTS ARE ABLE TO
PUBLICIZE CHARITIES AND CAUSES ABOUT WHICH THEY FEEL
STRONGLY THEY HAVE A PUBLIC PLATFORM THEY COULD NOT
OTHERWISE HAVE GAINED
3AMPLE -OTIONS
4HIS (OUSE WOULD BAN BEAUTY CONTESTS
4HIS (OUSE BELIEVES THAT BEAUTY CONTESTS ARE DEGRADING TO WOMEN
4HIS (OUSE BELIEVES THAT FAT IS A FEMINIST ISSUE
&URTHER 2EADING
"ANET 7EISER 3ARAH 4HE -OST "EAUTIFUL 'IRL IN THE 7ORLD "EAUTY #ONTESTS AND .ATIONAL )DENTITY 5NIVERSITY OF #ALIFORNIA 0RESS

#OHEN #OLLEEN "ALLINERO 2ICHARD 7ILK AND "EVERLY 3TOELTJE EDS "EAUTY 1UEENS ON THE 'LOBAL 3TAGE 'ENDER #ONTESTS AND 0OWER
2OUTLEDGE
'ROGAN 3ARAH "ODY )MAGE 5NDERSTANDING "ODY $ISSATISFACTION IN -EN 7OMEN AND #HILDREN 2OUTLEDGE
7OLF .AOMI 4HE "EAUTY -YTH 0ERENNIAL
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02/3 #/.3
4HE SPECIES (OMO SAPIENS IS UNPRECEDENTED AND UNIQUE 4HE IDEA THAT EXTINCTIONS WILL LEAD TO ECOLOGICAL DISASTER IS
AMONG ALL LIFE ON %ARTH (UMAN SENTIENCE AND INTEL AN EXAGGERATION &OSSIL EVIDENCE SHOWS THAT MASS EXTINC
LIGENCE FAR SURPASS THOSE OF OTHER CREATURES 4HESE GIFTS TIONS HAVE OCCURRED MANY TIMES THROUGHOUT THE HISTORY
HAVE ALLOWED HUMAN BEINGS TO POPULATE THE %ARTH CON OF LIFE ON %ARTH ONE OF THE MOST RECENT BEING THE DIE OUT
STRUCT CIVILIZATIONS AND BUILD INDUSTRY AND AFFECT THE OF THE DINOSAURS !FTER EVERY COLLAPSE OF BIODIVERSITY IT
ENVIRONMENT IN A WAY THAT NO OTHER SPECIES CAN 4HIS HAS REBOUNDED WITH %ARTH COMING TO NO LASTING HARM
GREAT POWER COMES WITH GREAT RESPONSIBILITY AND WE %XTINCTIONS ARE SIMPLY PART OF THE NATURAL EVOLUTIONARY
SHOULD AVOID ABUSING OUR PLANET LEST WE CAUSE IRREPA PROCESS
RABLE DAMAGEDAMAGE LIKE THE EXTINCTION OF SPECIES
AND THE CONSEQUENT REDUCTION IN BIODIVERSITY CAUSED BY
DEFORESTATION OVER lSHING HUNTING AND THE ILLEGAL TRADE
IN ANIMAL PRODUCTS AND EXOTIC ANIMALS
0ROTECTING ENDANGERED SPECIES IS AN EXTENSION OF OUR .O SPECIES ON %ARTH WOULD PUT THE INTEREST OF ANOTHER
EXISTING SYSTEM OF ETHICS *UST AS MODERN CIVILIZATION SPECIES ABOVE ITS OWN SO WHY SHOULD HUMAN BEINGS
PROTECTS ITS WEAKER AND LESS ABLE MEMBERS SO HUMAN &URTHERMORE SINCE THE VERY BEGINNINGS OF LIFE NATURE
ITY SHOULD SAFEGUARD THE WELFARE OF OTHER LESS PRIVILEGED HAS OPERATED BY THE $ARWINIAN PRINCIPLE OF hSURVIVAL OF
SPECIES !NIMALS ARE SENTIENT CREATURES WHOSE WELFARE WE THE lTTESTv ,IFE FORMS WILL ALWAYS RISK EXTINCTION UNLESS
SHOULD PROTECT EVEN IF THEY MAY NOT HAVE THE SAME FULL THEY ADAPT TO NEW CHALLENGES (UMANS HAVE NO OBLIGA
hRIGHTSv THAT WE ACCORD TO HUMAN BEINGS TION TO SAVE THE WEAKER SPECIES IF THEY CANNOT MATCH
OUR PACE THEY DESERVE TO DIE OUT AND BE SUPPLANTED BY
OTHERS
4HE MOST SUCCESSFUL PHARMACEUTICALS HAVE OFTEN USED -ODERN SCIENCE HAS ADVANCED TO THE POINT WHERE INSPI
NATURE AS A STARTING POINT !NTIBIOTICS WERE lRST DISCOV RATION FROM NATURE IS NO LONGER REQUIRED 4ODAY MEDI
ERED THROUGH THE STUDY OF FUNGI AND MANY ANTI CANCER CINES DERIVED FROM NATURAL PRODUCTS ARE IN THE MINORITY
DRUGS ARE DERIVED FROM THE BARK OF !MAZON TREES %VERY )N ANY CASE THE UPCOMING ERA OF GENETIC ENGINEERING
TIME A SPECIES BECOMES EXTINCT SCIENTISTS FOREVER LOSE AN WILL ALLOW HUMANKIND TO RID ITSELF OF DISEASE WITHOUT
OPPORTUNITY TO MAKE A NEW DISCOVERY RESORTING TO MEDICINES
!S OCCUPANTS OF THIS PLANET WE MUST HAVE RESPECT FOR %VEN IF THIS RESPECT WAS JUSTIlED ITS EXPRESSION COMES
OTHER LIFE FORMS ESPECIALLY SINCE LIFE ON %ARTH MAY BE AT A SIGNIlCANT COST "IODIVERSITY POLICIES ARE COSTLY AND
THE ONLY LIFE IN THE UNIVERSE 7E CAN SHOW THIS RESPECT BY SPEND TAXPAYERS MONEY THAT COULD BETTER BE USED ON
MAKING EVERY EFFORT TO PREVENT THE EXTINCTION OF EXISTING HEALTH CARE AND SOCIAL SERVICES )T DOES NOT MAKE SENSE FOR
SPECIES THEREBY PRESERVING BIODIVERSITY US TO CONCENTRATE ON OTHER SPECIES WHEN HUMANITY HAS
NOT YET SORTED OUT ITS OWN WELFARE
\
02/3 #/.3
-AINTAINING BIODIVERSITY IS A GLOBAL PROBLEM AND %NVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AND THE PROTECTION OF BIODI
DEMANDS A GLOBAL SOLUTION 4HE DEVELOPED WORLD SHOULD VERSITY ARE VERY MUCH A LUXURY OF DEVELOPED NATIONS &IRST
APPLY PRESSURE ON THE DEVELOPING WORLD TO ADOPT MORE 7ORLD -ANY OF THESE POLICIES ARE BEYOND THE lNANCIAL
ENVIRONMENTALLY FRIENDLY POLICIES MEANS OF DEVELOPING NATIONS AND IMPLEMENTING THEM
WOULD STUNT ECONOMIC GROWTH AND DISENFRANCHISE THEIR
CITIZENS )T IS HYPOCRITICAL FOR DEVELOPED NATIONS TO CRITI
CIZE THE LACK OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION IN THE DEVELOP
ING WORLD CONSIDERING THAT THE &IRST 7ORLD GOT TO ITS
CURRENT POSITION THROUGH AN )NDUSTRIAL 2EVOLUTION THAT
PAID NO HEED TO BIODIVERSITY POLLUTION AND OTHER SUCH
CONCERNS
3AMPLE -OTIONS
4HIS (OUSE BELIEVES IN BIODIVERSITY
4HIS (OUSE FEARS THE WAY OF THE DODO
7EB ,INKS
s "AGHEERA HTTPWWWBAGHEERACOMINTHEWILDVANISHINGHTM
0RESENTS INFORMATION ON APPROXIMATELY ENDANGERED ANIMALS THE PROBLEMS THEY FACE AND WHAT CAN BE DONE TO SAVE THEM FROM
EXTINCTION
s 4HE "ORN &REE &OUNDATION HTTPWWWBORNFREEORGUK
3ITE DEDICATED TO THE CONSERVATION OF RARE SPECIES IN THEIR NATURAL HABITAT AND THE PHASING OUT OF TRADITIONAL ZOOS
s %%,INK.ET %NDANGERED 3PECIES HTTPEELINKNET%ND3PP
/FFERS INFORMATION ON ENDANGERED AND EXTINCT SPECIES LAWS AND POLICIES ON ENDANGERED SPECIES AND ORGANIZATIONS INVOLVED IN SUP
PORTING BIODIVERSITY
s 4HE .ATURAL (ISTORY -USEUM ,ONDON "IODIVERSITY AND 7ORLD -AP HTTPWWWNHMACUKSCIENCEPROJECTSWORLDMAP
#ONTAINS MAP OF GLOBAL BIODIVERSITY AS WELL AS INFORMATION ON BIOGEOGRAPHY AND CONSERVATION PRIORITIES
s 4OM ,OVEJOYS 2EITH ,ECTURE ON "IODIVERSITY HTTPNEWSBBCCOUKHIENGLISHSTATICEVENTSREITH?LECTURESTM
,ECTURE SUPPORTING ECOSYSTEM MANAGEMENT TO SUSTAIN BIODIVERSITY
s 4HE 6IRTUAL ,IBRARY OF %COLOGY "IODIVERSITY HTTPCONBIONETVL
0ROVIDES LINKS TO HUNDREDS OF SITES ON ECOLOGY AND BIODIVERSITY
&URTHER 2EADING
$OBSON !NDREW #ONSERVATION AND "IODIVERSITY ( 7 &REEMAN
%LDREDGE .ILES ,IFE IN THE "ALANCE (UMANITY AND THE "IODIVERSITY #RISIS 0RINCETON 5NIVERSITY 0RESS
*EFFRIES -IKE "IODIVERSITY AND #ONSERVATION 2OUTLEDGE
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02/3 #/.3
-EDICAL EVIDENCE SUGGESTS THAT EVEN IF A BOXER SURVIVES "OXERS ARE AWARE OF THE SIGNIlCANT RISKS OF THEIR SPORT
INDIVIDUAL BOUTS RELATIVELY UNMARKED THE CUMULATIVE AND ARE PAID WELL FOR ACCEPTING THEM 7E ALLOW INDI
EFFECT OF A CAREER IN BOXING CAN LEAD TO A GREATER SUSCEPTI VIDUALS TO ENGAGE IN KNOWN RISK BEHAVIORSSMOKING
BILITY TO DISEASES SUCH AS 0ARKINSONS !LTHOUGH THE INCI AND HANG GLIDING FOR EXAMPLE 7HY SHOULD WE SINGLE
DENCE OF INJURY IS MUCH HIGHER IN SPORTS SUCH AS BASKET OUT BOXING FOR ABOLITION "OXING AUTHORITIES HAVE MADE
BALL THE RISK OF SERIOUS INJURY IN BOXING IS FAR GREATER )N EVERY ATTEMPT TO MINIMIZE INJURY $OCTORS AND MEDICAL
FACT THAT RISK IS SO GREAT THAT BOXING SHOULD BE BANNED EQUIPMENT ARE PRESENT AT RINGSIDE AND REFEREES INTERVENE
! BAN QUITE SIMPLY WOULD MEAN FEWER PEOPLE DEAD TO STOP lGHTS IF NECESSARY
INJURED OR PERMANENTLY BRAIN DAMAGED
"OXING IS THE ONLY SPORT IN WHICH COMBATANTS INTENTION -OST PEOPLE WHO CALL FOR A BAN ON BOXING HAVE NO
ALLY INJURE EACH OTHER )N THE ST CENTURY IT IS BARBARIC THAT UNDERSTANDING OF THE SPORT BEYOND A GUT DISAPPROVAL OF
WE ALLOW PEOPLE TO INTENTIONALLY INmICT INJURIES ON OTHERS IT "OXINGS APPEAL LIES IN ITS SIMPLICITY THE DISTILLATION
FOR THE SAKE OF PUBLIC ENTERTAINMENT AND PRIVATE PROlT OF THE SPORTING CONTEST TO ITS MOST BASIC FORMA PHYSI
0EOPLE UNDER SHOULD ALSO BE BANNED FROM AMATEUR CAL BATTLE BETWEEN TWO EGOS 4O SAY THAT BOXING IS THE
lGHTS BECAUSE OF THE SPORTS HEALTH RISKS )T SEEMS CURIOUS ONLY SPORT WHERE OPPONENTS INTEND TO INJURE ONE ANOTHER
THAT IN MANY COUNTRIES YOU CAN START BOXING BEFORE YOU IGNORES THE REALITY OF SPORTS LIKE HOCKEY )NTRODUCING AN
ARE LEGALLY ABLE TO DRIVE AGE OR lGHT LIMIT MAY WELL BE SENSIBLE BUT THERE IS NO
COMPELLING ARGUMENT FOR A BAN
"OXING IS EXPLOITATIVE !N AVERAGE BOXER WILL COMPETE ! BAN ON BOXING WOULD ROB MANY TALENTED POOR AND
IN TO PROFESSIONAL BOUTS BEFORE HIS OR EVEN HER WORKING CLASS INDIVIDUALS OF AN OPPORTUNITY TO BECOME
HEALTH AND SKILLS DETERIORATE DRAMATICALLY 7HILE IT MAY RICH AND SUCCESSFUL -OHAMMAD !LI WAS A SANITATION
WELL BE IN A lGHTERS INTEREST TO HANG UP HIS GLOVES THOSE WORKER WHO USED HIS TALENT TO BECOME A GLOBAL LEGEND
AROUND HIM HAVE A lNANCIAL INCENTIVE TO PUSH HIM INTO 7HEN ASKED IN A RECENT INTERVIEW IF HE WOULD DO ANY
MORE lGHTS THING DIFFERENTLY OR IF HE HAD ANY REGRETS HIS ANSWER WAS
A RESOLUTE h.Ov -ANY lGHTERS ACCEPT THEIR INJURIES AS
THE mIP SIDE OF THE COIN OF SUCCESS
4HE CELEBRITY AWARDED BOXERS GLAMORIZES AND LEGITIMIZES "OXING IS ONE OF THE LEAST CULPABLE IN PROMOTING NEGATIVE
VIOLENCE IN SOCIETY "OXERS ARE NOT ROLE MODELS OF WHOM STEREOTYPES &AR MORE DANGEROUS IS THE hSPORTv OF WRES
WE SHOULD BE PROUD TLING WHERE THE VIOLENCE IS NOT PART OF A CONTEST BUT A
MACHO SOAP OPERA -OST BOXING IS ON LATE IN THE EVENING
ANYWAY AND THEREFORE ITS IMPACT ON CHILDREN IS LESS DAM
AGING THAN THAT OF OTHER SPORTS
!SSERTING THAT BOXING WOULD JUST hGO UNDERGROUNDv IS ! BAN ON BOXING WOULD DRIVE IT UNDERGROUND WHERE
NOT A VALID ARGUMENT $OG lGHTING AND COCKlGHTING lGHTS WOULD BE UNREGULATED WITH NO MEDICAL SUPER
WERE BANNED TO PROTECT THE WELFARE OF THE ADMITTEDLY VISION 4HE SAFETY OF BOXERS SHOULD BE PARAMOUNT TO
\
02/3 #/.3
NONCONSENTING COMBATANTS 7HEN THESE lGHTS COME TO MINIMIZE THE RISK OF INJURIES IT SHOULD REMAIN LEGAL BUT
THE ATTENTION OF THE POLICE THE PERPETRATORS RECEIVE HEFTY REGULATED
PENALTIES 4HESE PENALTIES ARE AN EFFECTIVE DETERRENT AND
WOULD BE FOR BOXING ALSO IF IMPLEMENTED
3AMPLE -OTIONS
4HIS (OUSE WOULD BAN BOXING
4HIS (OUSE WOULD BAN CONTACT SPORTS
4HIS (OUSE WOULD END THE lGHT GAME
4HIS (OUSE BELIEVES VIOLENCE IS UNACCEPTABLE
7EB ,INKS
s !THLETES AT 2ISK 3ECOND )MPACT 3YNDROME IN 3PORTS HTTPWWWlRMANICOM3)3 CASEINCIDENTSHTM
%SSAY ON HEAD INJURIES IN SPORTS
s $EATH UNDER THE 3POTLIGHT 4HE -ANUEL 6ELASQUEZ "OXING &ATALITY #OLLECTION
HTTPEJMASCOMJCSJCSART?SVINTH?A?HTM
)NFORMATION ON RING FATALITIES
s *OURNAL OF #OMBATIVE 3PORTS "OXING )NJURY "IBLIOGRAPHY HTTPEJMASCOMJCSJCSART?SVINTH?HTM
0RINT AND ELECTRONIC BIBLIOGRAPHY
&URTHER 2EADING
#ALDER 3MITH $OMINIC 4ARNISHED !RMOUR 4RAFALGAR 3QUARE
(OTTEN *ON 5NLICENSED 2ANDOM .OTES FROM "OXINGS 5NDERBELLY -AINSTREAM 0UBLISHING
-C2AE $ONALD $ARK 4RADE ,OST IN "OXING -AINSTREAM 0UBLISHING
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02/3 #/.3
7ITH CONTRIBUTIONS TO A CANDIDATE DONORS EFFECTIVELY $ONORS GIVE MONEY TO A CANDIDATE BECAUSE THEY AGREE
BUY INmUENCE OR AT LEAST ACCESS WHICH MAY BE THE SAME WITH THE CANDIDATES POSITIONS 4HE DONATION IS IN EFFECT
THING SO THAT THEIR INTERESTS ARE REPRESENTED WHEN LAWS A FORM OF SPEECH AND SHOULD BE PROTECTED BY THE &IRST
ARE MADE 4HE RESULT IS INEQUALITY 4HE WEALTHY HAVE !MENDMENT
MORE INmUENCE THAN THE POOR

02/3 #/.3
-ORE OFTEN THAN NOT TELEVISION CAMPAIGNS ARE SUPERl #ANDIDATES CANNOT CONVEY THEIR IDEAS TO THE VOTING
CIAL AND DISTORTED !DVERTISEMENTS SHOULD BE REPLACED BY POPULACE WITHOUT EXPENSIVE ADVERTISING CAMPAIGNS IN
PUBLICLY lNANCED FORUMS THAT WOULD ALLOW CANDIDATES TO THE ELECTRONIC AND PRINT MEDIA &INANCE REFORM IMPEDES
DISCUSS POLITICAL ISSUES IN A SUBSTANTIVE WAY THEIR ABILITY TO COMMUNICATE WITH VOTERS
4HE COST OF RUNNING POLITICAL CAMPAIGNS HAS GOTTEN SO !S NO LIMIT IS PLACED ON HOW MUCH CAN BE SPENT BY
HIGH THAT ORDINARY CITIZENS CANNOT RUN FOR OFlCE CANDI WEALTHY CANDIDATES TO lNANCE THEIR OWN CAMPAIGNS
DATES NEED TO BE PERSONALLY WEALTHY OR WELL CONNECTED TO lNANCE REFORM WILL PUT POORER CANDIDATES WHO DEPEND
SOURCES OF FUNDS &INANCE REFORM WOULD LEVEL THE PLAYING ON CONTRIBUTIONS AT A DISADVANTAGE
lELD
4HE COST OF POLITICAL CAMPAIGNS HAS FORCED LEGISLATORS TO %XPERIENCE HAS SHOWN THAT INCUMBENTS USUALLY HAVE
SPEND MUCH OF THEIR TIME RAISING MONEY FOR THEIR REELEC AN ADVANTAGE IN ELECTIONS LARGELY BECAUSE THEY ARE WELL
TION CAMPAIGNS ,IMITING CAMPAIGN EXPENSES WOULD KNOWN &INANCE REFORM WILL HURT THE ABILITY OF CHALLENG
ELIMINATE THIS DISTRACTION ERS TO OVERCOME THAT ADVANTAGE
,ARGE CONTRIBUTIONS ARE MADE BY LARGE ORGANIZATIONS ,EGISLATORS PASS LAWS THAT HAVE DIRECT AND IMMEDIATE
CORPORATIONS UNIONS TRADE ASSOCIATIONS AND THE LIKE EFFECTS ON ORGANIZATIONS 4HESE ORGANIZATIONS SHOULD BE
4HE SIZE OF THESE CONTRIBUTIONS MEANS THAT LEGISLATORS PAY FREE TO SUPPORT CANDIDATES WHO ARE SYMPATHETIC TO THEIR
MORE ATTENTION TO THE ORGANIZATIONS AND LESS ATTENTION TO INTERESTS
INDIVIDUAL VOTERS
!LTHOUGH #ONGRESS PASSED LAWS LIMITING CAMPAIGN CON !NY RESTRICTIONS ARE DOOMED TO FAIL BECAUSE INDIVIDU
TRIBUTIONS ALMOST YEARS AGO THE EMERGENCE OF POLITI ALS AND ORGANIZATIONS WILL NEVER SURRENDER THEIR RIGHT TO
CAL ACTION COMMITTEES AND hSOFT MONEYv GIVEN TO PARTIES EXPRESS THEMSELVES POLITICALLY .O RESTRICTIONS SHOULD BE
RATHER THAN CANDIDATES HAS MADE THE ORIGINAL RESTRICTIONS PLACED ON CONTRIBUTIONS WHICH SHOULD HOWEVER BE FULLY
USELESS 2EFORM IS NEEDED TO CLOSE LOOPHOLES DISCLOSED TO THE PUBLIC
3AMPLE -OTIONS
4HIS (OUSE WOULD MAKE ALL POLITICAL CAMPAIGNS PUBLICLY lNANCED
4HIS (OUSE WOULD BAN PAID POLITICAL ADVERTISING ON TELEVISION
7EB ,INKS
s 4HE #ATO )NSTITUTE -ONEY AND 0OLITICS HTTPWWWCATOORGCAMPAIGNlNANCE
-EMBERS OF THE INSTITUTE OFFER ARGUMENTS ON WHY CAMPAIGN lNANCE REFORM IS UNCONSTITUTIONAL
s (OOVER )NSTITUTION 0UBLIC 0OLICY )NQUIRY #AMPAIGN &INANCE HTTPWWWCAMPAIGNlNANCESITEORG
4HE (OOVER )NSTITUTION AT 3TANFORD 5NIVERSITY OFFERS HISTORY 3UPREME #OURT RULINGS PROPOSALS AND CURRENT LEGISLATION
s 0UBLIC #AMPAIGN #LEAN -ONEY #LEAN %LECTIONS HTTPWWWPUBLICAMPAIGNORG
7EB SITE OF AN ADVOCACY GROUP THAT SUPPORTS SWEEPING REFORMS
&URTHER 2EADING
#ORRADO !NTHONY ET AL #AMPAIGN &INANCE 2EFORM ! 3OURCEBOOK "ROOKINGS )NSTITUTION
$ONNELLY $AVID ET AL -ONEY AND 0OLITICS &INANCING /UR %LECTIONS $EMOCRATICALLY "EACON 0RESS
3MITH "RADLEY ! 5NFREE 3PEECH 4HE &OLLY OF #AMPAIGN &INANCE 2EFORM 0RINCETON 5NIVERSITY 0RESS
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02/3 #/.3
4HE PRINCIPLE OF CAPITAL PUNISHMENT IS THAT CERTAIN %XECUTION IS IN SIMPLEST TERMS STATE SANCTIONED KILLING
CRIMES DESERVE NOTHING LESS THAN DEATH AS A JUST PROPOR )T DEVALUES THE RESPECT WE PLACE ON HUMAN LIFE (OW
TIONATE AND EFFECTIVE RESPONSE 4HE PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED CAN WE SAY THAT KILLING IS WRONG IF WE SANCTION KILLING
WITH THE DEATH PENALTY ARE CONCERNED WITH ITS IMPLEMEN CRIMINALS -ORE IMPORTANT IS THE PROVEN RISK OF EXECUT
TATION RATHER THAN ITS PRINCIPLE -URDERERS FORGO THEIR ING INNOCENT PEOPLE !T LEAST INNOCENT PEOPLE WERE
RIGHTS AS HUMANS THE MOMENT THEY TAKE AWAY THE RIGHTS EXECUTED IN THE 53 IN THE TWENTIETH CENTURY 4HE EXECU
OF ANOTHER HUMAN "Y WIELDING SUCH A POWERFUL PUNISH TION OF AN INNOCENT PERSON CAN NEVER BE JUSTIlED
MENT AS THE RESPONSE TO MURDER SOCIETY IS AFlRMING THE
VALUE THAT IS PLACED ON THE RIGHT TO LIFE OF THE INNOCENT
PERSON -ANY MORE INNOCENT PEOPLE HAVE BEEN KILLED BY
RELEASED PAROLED OR ESCAPED MURDERERS THAN INNOCENT
PEOPLE EXECUTED
#APITAL PUNISHMENT IS EFFECTIVE AS A DETERRENT TO (IGHER EXECUTION RATES CAN ACTUALLY INCREASE VIOLENT
THE CRIMINAL BEING EXECUTED THAT KILLER CANNOT COMMIT CRIME RATES #ALIFORNIA AVERAGED SIX EXECUTIONS ANNU
ANY MORE CRIMES !S A DETERRENT TO OTHERS IT DEPENDS ON ALLY FROM TO AND HAD TWICE THE MURDER RATE
HOW OFTEN THE DEATH PENALTY IS APPLIED )N THE 53 WHERE OF THE PERIOD FROM UNTIL WHEN THERE WERE
LESS THAN OF MURDERERS ARE EXECUTED IT IS DIFlCULT TO NO EXECUTIONS )N .EW 9ORK FROM TO THE
ASSESS THE TRUE EFFECT OF DETERRENCE "UT A STUDY 3TE MONTHS IMMEDIATELY FOLLOWING AN EXECUTION SAW MUR
PHEN + ,AYSON 5NIVERSITY OF .ORTH #AROLINA SHOWED DERS INCREASE BY AN AVERAGE OF TWO
THAT ONE EXECUTION DETERRED MURDERS
)F AND WHEN DISCRIMINATION OCCURS IT SHOULD BE COR )MPLEMENTATION OF THE DEATH PENALTY PARTICULARLY IN
RECTED #ONSISTENT APPLICATION OF THE DEATH PENALTY !MERICA CAN SUFFER FROM SOCIAL OR RACIAL BIAS AND CAN BE
AGAINST MURDERERS OF ALL RACES WOULD ABOLISH THE IDEA THAT USED AS A WEAPON AGAINST A CERTAIN SECTION OF SOCIETY )N
IT CAN BE A RACIST TOOL -AKE THE DEATH PENALTY MANDATORY THE 53 NEARLY OF THOSE EXECUTED WERE CONVICTED OF
IN ALL CAPITAL CASES KILLING WHITES DESPITE THE FACT THAT NON WHITES MAKE UP
MORE THAN OF ALL MURDER VICTIMS
/PPONENTS OF THE DEATH PENALTY PREFER TO IGNORE THE FACT #APITAL PUNISHMENT COSTS MORE THAN LIFE WITHOUT PAROLE
THAT THEY THEMSELVES ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR ITS HIGH COSTS 3TUDIES IN THE 53 SHOW THAT CAPITAL CASES FROM ARREST TO
BY lLING A NEVERENDING SUCCESSION OF APPEALS 0RISONS IN EXECUTION COST BETWEEN MILLION AND MILLION ! CASE
MANY COUNTRIES ARE OVERCROWDED AND UNDERFUNDED 4HIS RESULTING IN LIFE IMPRISONMENT COSTS AROUND
PROBLEM IS MADE WORSE BY LIFE SENTENCES OR DELAYED DEATH
SENTENCES FOR MURDERERS 7HY SHOULD THE TAXPAYER BEAR
THE COST OF SUPPORTING A MURDERER FOR AN ENTIRE LIFETIME
$IFFERENT COUNTRIES AND SOCIETIES CAN HAVE DIFFERENT $EFENDANTS WHO ARE MENTALLY INCOMPETENT WILL OFTEN
ATTITUDES TOWARD THE JUSTIlABILITY OF EXECUTING MENTALLY ANSWER h9ESv TO QUESTIONS IN THE DESIRE TO PLEASE OTHERS

02/3 #/.3
INCOMPETENT OR TEENAGED MURDERERS )F SOCIETY OPPOSES 4HIS CAN LEAD TO FALSE CONFESSIONS /VER MENTALLY
SUCH EXECUTIONS THEN IMPLEMENTATION OF THE DEATH PEN RETARDED PEOPLE HAVE BEEN EXECUTED IN THE 53 SINCE
ALTY IN THESE CASES IS A PROBLEM &OR OPPONENTS TO SEIZE
ON SUCH CASES IS TO CLOUD THE ISSUE THIS IS NOT AN ARGU
MENT AGAINST THE PRINCIPLE
3OME CRIMINALS ARE BEYOND REHABILITATION 0ERHAPS CAPI "Y EXECUTING CRIMINALS YOU ARE RULING OUT THE POSSIBIL
TAL PUNISHMENT SHOULD BE RESERVED FOR SERIAL KILLERS TER ITY OF REHABILITATION 9OU HAVE TO CONSIDER THAT THEY MAY
RORISTS MURDERERS OF POLICEMEN AND SO ON REPENT OF THEIR CRIME SERVE A SENTENCE AS PUNISHMENT
AND EMERGE AS USEFUL MEMBERS OF SOCIETY
3AMPLE -OTIONS
4HIS (OUSE SUPPORTS THE DEATH PENALTY
4HIS (OUSE WOULD TAKE AN EYE FOR AN EYE A TOOTH FOR A TOOTH AND A LIFE FOR A LIFE
7EB ,INKS
s !MNESTY )NTERNATIONAL AND THE $EATH 0ENALTY HTTPWWWWEBAMNESTYORGRMPDPLIBRARYNSFINDEXOPENVIEW
0RESENTS FACTS AND lGURES ON THE DEATH PENALTY AS WELL AS CURRENT DEVELOPMENTS ON THE ISSUE
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,INKS TO HUNDREDS OF SITES ON ALL ASPECTS OF THE DEATH PENALTY BOTH PRO AND CON
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/FFERS INFORMATION FROM A PRO DEATH PENALTY POINT OF VIEW ALSO CONTAINS GOOD STATISTICAL INFORMATION
&URTHER 2EADING
#OSTANZO -ARK *UST 2EVENGE #OSTS AND #ONSEQUENCES OF THE $EATH 0ENALTY 3T -ARTINS 0RESS
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02/3 #/.3
5SING A CELL PHONE WHILE DRIVING IS VERY DANGEROUS #LEARLY USING A CELL PHONE WHILE DRIVING CAN BE DANGER
0HYSICALLY HOLDING A HANDSET REMOVES ONE HAND FROM OUS IN SOME CIRCUMSTANCES BUT SUCH USE IS NOT RISKY IN
THE CONTROLS MAKING ACCIDENTS MORE LIKELY WHILE DIAL MANY SITUATIONS FOR EXAMPLE WHILE THE CAR IS AT A STAND
ING IS EVEN WORSE AS IT ALSO REQUIRES USERS TO DIVERT STILL IN GRIDLOCKED TRAFlC WHILE WAITING AT TRAFlC LIGHTS OR
ATTENTION FROM THE ROAD 2ESEARCH SHOWS THAT DRIVERS WHILE DRIVING ON A QUIET ROAD WITH GOOD VISIBILITY /THER
SPEAKING ON A CELL PHONE HAVE MUCH SLOWER REACTIONS IN ACTIONS IN A CAR CAN BE AT LEAST AS DISTRACTINGEATING
BRAKING TESTS THAN NONUSERS SUCH DRIVERS HAVE REACTION CHANGING TAPES RETUNING THE RADIO ARGUING WITH PASSEN
TIMES THAT ARE WORSE EVEN THAN THE REACTION TIMES OF GERS ABOUT DIRECTIONS TRYING TO STOP CHILDREN SQUABBLING
DRUNK DRIVERS ETC 7E SHOULD NOT INTRODUCE A LAW THAT VICTIMIZES CELL
\
02/3 #/.3
PHONE USERS UNDER ALL CONDITIONS WHILE IGNORING MANY
OTHER CAUSES OF ACCIDENTS
2ESEARCH SHOWS VERY LITTLE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN USING (ANDS FREE CELL PHONE SETS WITH EARPIECES AND VOICE
A HANDHELD AND A HANDS FREE CELL PHONE IN TERMS OF AUTOMATED DIALING ARE THE ANSWER 4HESE ALLOW DRIVERS TO
IMPAIRED CONCENTRATION AND SLOWER REACTION TIMES IN COMMUNICATE FREELY WITHOUT TAKING THEIR HANDS OFF THE
BRAKING TESTS &OR SOME REASON THE BRAIN TREATS A TELE CONTROLS OR THEIR EYES OFF THE ROAD %FFECTIVELY THERE IS NO
PHONE CONVERSATION DIFFERENTLY FROM TALKING TO A PASSEN DIFFERENCE BETWEEN TALKING TO SOMEONE ON A HANDS FREE
GER PERHAPS BECAUSE THE PASSENGER IS ALSO AWARE OF POS CELL PHONE AND HOLDING A CONVERSATION WITH A PASSENGER
SIBLE ROAD HAZARDS IN A WAY THE TELEPHONE CALLER CANNOT NEXT TO YOU IN FACT THE LATTER IS MORE DANGEROUS AS YOU
BE AND ACCORDINGLY STOPS TALKING WHEN THE DRIVER NEEDS MAY BE TEMPTED TO TURN YOUR HEAD TO DIRECTLY ADDRESS
TO CONCENTRATE )N ANY CASE VOICE ACTIVATED TECHNOL THE PASSENGER
OGY IS OFTEN UNRELIABLE THUS FRUSTRATING DRIVERS WHO
LOSE CONCENTRATION AS A RESULT "ANNING ONE KIND OF CELL
PHONE WHILE ALLOWING THE USE OF ANOTHER KIND WOULD BE
INCONSISTENT )N ADDITION HANDS FREE CELL PHONES CAUSE
JUST AS MANY ACCIDENTS
%XISTING LAWS ARE INADEQUATE DRIVING WITHOUT DUE CARE 3OCIETY HAS NO NEED FOR A SPECIlC LAW RELATING TO CELL
AND ATTENTION IS A LIMITED CHARGE THAT CAN BE VERY DIF PHONE USE ALMOST EVERY COUNTRY HAS LAWS AGAINST DRIVING
lCULT TO PROVE )N ANY CASE EVERY TIME A DRIVER OF A WITHOUT DUE CARE AND ATTENTION 4HUS IF SOMEONE IS DRIV
MOVING VEHICLE USES A CELL PHONE A POTENTIALLY DANGER ING DANGEROUSLY BECAUSE OF INAPPROPRIATE USE OF A CELL
OUS SITUATION IS CREATED 4HIS JUSTIlES A SPECIlC OFFENSE PHONE THE LAWS TO PROSECUTE ARE ALREADY ON THE BOOKS
BEING INTRODUCED 4HE POLICE SHOULD ENFORCE THE EXISTING RULES MORE CON
SISTENTLY 3UCH ENFORCEMENT COULD BE COUPLED WITH ENER
GETIC ADVERTISING CAMPAIGNS TO WARN PEOPLE OF A RANGE OF
POTENTIALLY DANGEROUS DRIVING HABITS
.EW LAWS WOULD BE ENFORCEABLE BECAUSE BILLING RECORDS "ANNING CELL PHONE USE BY DRIVERS WILL BE UNENFORCE
SHOW WHEN A PHONE HAS BEEN IN USE 4ECHNOLOGICAL ABLEOFTEN IT WILL JUST BE A POLICEMANS WORD AGAINST
IMPROVEMENTS IN PHOTOGRAPHY MAY ALSO ALLOW THE AUTO A DRIVERS 4HIS IS ESPECIALLY TRUE OF HANDS FREE PHONES
MATIC DETECTION OF DRIVERS BREAKING LAWS AGAINST CELL WHERE ACCUSED MOTORISTS COULD SIMPLY CLAIM TO BE SING
PHONE USE AT THE WHEEL )N ANY CASE JUST BECAUSE A LAW IS ING ALONG TO THE RADIO OR TALKING TO THEMSELVES )N ANY
NOT COMPLETELY ENFORCEABLE DOES NOT MEAN THAT IT SHOULD CASE THE WIDESPREAD INTRODUCTION OF SPEED CAMERAS IN
BE SCRAPPED MANY COUNTRIES AND AN INCREASED PUBLIC FEAR OF VIOLENT
CRIME HAVE LED TO THE REDEPLOYMENT OF THE TRAFlC POLICE
WHO WOULD BE NEEDED TO ENFORCE SUCH LAWS
5SING A CELL PHONE IN THE CAR IS UNNECESSARYEVERYONE 5SING CELL PHONES ON THE ROAD COULD IMPROVE SAFETY FOR
COPED WITHOUT THEM YEARS AGO AND LITTLE ELSE ABOUT LIFE EXAMPLE BY ALLOWING DELAYED EMPLOYEES TO CALL THE OFlCE
HAS CHANGED RADICALLY ENOUGH TO MAKE THEM INDISPENS RATHER THAN DRIVE RECKLESSLY IN AN EFFORT TO ARRIVE ON TIME
ABLE SO NO REAL LOSS OF PERSONAL LIBERTY OCCURS WITH THE $RIVERS NOW OFTEN USE CELL PHONES TO REPORT ACCIDENTS
BANNING OF CELL PHONE USE WHILE DRIVING $RIVERS ALWAYS TO THE EMERGENCY SERVICES AND ALERT THE POLICE TO OTHERS
HAVE THE CHOICE OF PULLING OVER AND CALLING FROM A PARKED DRIVING DANGEROUSLY STRAY ANIMALS UNSAFE LOADS ETC
VEHICLE 4HE BAN WILL ALSO PROTECT DRIVERS FROM PRESSURE
FROM BOSSES WHO CALL THEM WHILE ON THE ROAD REQUIRING
EMPLOYEES TO RISK THEIR LIVES FOR THE COMPANY
4HE STATES AUTHORITY TO CONTROL THE ACTIONS OF DRIVERS IS 4HE STATE HAS NO RIGHT TO INTERFERE SO BLATANTLY IN OUR PER
ALREADY ACCEPTED FOR EXAMPLE THROUGH SPEED LIMITS OR SONAL LIBERTIES #ELL PHONES DONT KILL PEOPLE BAD DRIVING
RULES AGAINST DRUNK DRIVING $ANGEROUS DRIVING MEETS DOES AND SIMPLY BANNING THE USE OF PHONES WHILE DRIV

02/3 #/.3
THE CLASSIC LIBERAL TEST BY ENDANGERING NOT JUST THE INDI ING WILL PENALIZE THE MANY GOOD DRIVERS WITHOUT REMOV
VIDUAL BUT OTHERS INCLUDING DRIVERS PASSENGERS AND ING THE DANGEROUS ONES
PEDESTRIANS THUS SOCIETY HAS A RIGHT TO INTERVENE TO PRO
TECT THE INNOCENT ! NEW LAW SIGNALS SOCIAL UNACCEPTABIL
ITY AND WILL SEND A MESSAGE TO DRIVERS THE .EW 9ORK BAN
HAS ALREADY BEEN HIGHLY EFFECTIVE
3AMPLE -OTIONS
4HIS (OUSE WOULD BAN DRIVERS FROM USING MOBILE PHONES
4HIS (OUSE WOULD DO MORE TO PROMOTE ROAD SAFETY
4HIS (OUSE WOULD TAME TECHNOLOGY
7EB ,INKS
s #ELL 0HONES "ANS -AY .OT -AKE 2OADS 3AFER HTTPMYWEBMDCOMCONTENTARTICLE
!RTICLE ON 7EB-$(EALTH DISCUSSING HOW hHANDS FREEv DEVICES SUGGESTED AS ALTERNATIVES TO TRADITIONAL CELL PHONES MAY CAUSE EVEN
MORE PROBLEMS
s )NSURANCE )NSTITUTE FOR (IGHWAY 3AFETY HTTPWWWHWYSAFETYORGSRHTM
#ONTAINS INFORMATION ON ALL ASPECTS OF HIGHWAY SAFETY INCLUDING THE USE OF CELL PHONES
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02/3 #/.3
!N INDIVIDUALS RIGHTS END WHEN THEY IMPINGE ON THE #IVIL RIGHTS SHOULD NOT BE CURTAILED IN THE ABSENCE OF
SAFETY AND RIGHTS OF OTHERS "Y ENACTING LAWS AGAINST A CLEAR AND PRESENT DANGER TO THE SAFETY OF OTHERS &UR
INCITEMENT TO RACIAL HATRED AND SIMILAR HATE SPEECH WE THERMORE AS LONG AS NO ILLEGAL ACTS WERE COMMITTED IN
ACKNOWLEDGE THAT FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION SHOULD HAVE THE CREATIVE PROCESS THE PUBLIC SHOULD HAVE A CHOICE IN
LIMITS !RT SHOULD BE SUBJECT TO THE SAME RESTRICTIONS AS DECIDING WHETHER TO VIEW THE RESULTING CONTENT !RGU
ANY OTHER FORM OF EXPRESSION "Y MAKING AN EXCEPTION MENTS ABOUT CHILD PORNOGRAPHY DISPLAYED AS ART ARE IRREL
FOR ART WE WOULD BE CREATING A LEGAL LOOPHOLE FOR CONTENT EVANT BECAUSE CHILD PORNOGRAPHY IS ILLEGAL
SUCH AS HATE SPEECH WHICH COULD SEEK PROTECTION ON THE
GROUNDS THAT IT WAS A FORM OF ART
#ERTAIN TYPES OF CONTENT EG SEXUAL CONTENT ARE UNSUIT !N AGE RATED SYSTEM IS A VERY BLUNT TOOL )T DOES NOT TAKE
ABLE FOR CHILDREN DESPITE THEIR ARTISTIC MERITS 7E SHOULD INTO ACCOUNT DIFFERING LEVELS OF EDUCATION OR MATURITY
BE ABLE TO DEVELOP A SYSTEM OF CENSORSHIP BASED ON AGE #ENSORSHIP ALSO DEPRIVES PARENTS OF THE RIGHT TO RAISE
THAT PROTECTS OUR CHILDREN THEIR CHILDREN AS THEY SEE lT !DULTS HAVE THE RIGHT TO
VOTE BEAR ARMS AND DIE FOR THEIR COUNTRY 7HY SHOULD
\
02/3 #/.3
THEY BE DEPRIVED OF THE ABILITY TO DECIDE WHAT THEY OR
THEIR CHILDREN SEE &INALLY WE HAVE TO REMEMBER THAT
PEOPLE ARE NOT FORCED TO VIEW ART THEY DONT HAVE TO LOOK
AT SOMETHING THEY THINK IS OFFENSIVE
#ENSORSHIP MAY ACTUALLY HELP ARTISTS 4HE GENERAL PUBLIC #ENSORSHIP IS FAR MORE LIKELY TO HURT THE ARTS )F THE GOV
IS FAR MORE LIKELY TO SUPPORT EROTIC ART IF IT KNOWS THAT ERNMENT LABELS ART AS UNSUITABLE FOR CHILDREN THE GENERAL
CHILDREN WONT SEE IT PUBLIC IS NOT GOING TO WANT TO FUND IT
-ANY FORMS OF MODERN ART PUSH THE BOUNDARIES OF WHAT #ONTENT THAT WE CONSIDER ACCEPTABLE TODAY WOULD HAVE
IS ACCEPTABLE OR AIM FOR THE LOWEST LEVEL OF TASTE 4HIS BEEN REGARDED AS TABOO YEARS AGO )F A NOVEL OR CON
TYPE OF CONTENT IS UNACCEPTABLE AND GOVERNMENTS SHOULD TROVERSIAL PIECE OF ART IS OUT OF TOUCH WITH SOCIETY SOCIETY
HAVE THE RIGHT TO BAN IT WILL REJECT IT
%XCESSIVE SEX AND VIOLENCE IN THE MEDIA LEAD TO SIMILAR 4HE CORRELATION BETWEEN WATCHING VIOLENCE AND COM
BEHAVIOR IN VIEWERS 4HIS ALONE SHOULD JUSTIFY CENSOR MITTING VIOLENT CRIMES IS STILL NOT ESTABLISHED 4HESE
SHIP STUDIES ARE NOT EXHAUSTIVE AND OFTEN ARE FUNDED BY
SPECIAL INTEREST GROUPS 7E MUST ALSO REALIZE THAT COR
RELATION IS DIFFERENT FROM CAUSATION !N ALTERNATIVE
INTERPRETATION IS THAT PEOPLE WITH VIOLENT TENDENCIES ARE
MORE LIKELY TO BE CONNOISSEURS OF VIOLENT ART %VEN IF WE
BELIEVE THAT SOME PEOPLE ARE LIKELY TO BE CORRUPTED WHY
SHOULD ALL OF SOCIETY BE PENALIZED 4HERE ARE FAR BETTER
WAYS OF REDUCING THE CRIME RATE WITH FAR LESS COST IN CIVIL
LIBERTIES THAN CENSORSHIP
%VEN IF SOME INDIVIDUALS MANAGE TO CIRCUMVENT CENSOR #ENSORSHIP IS ULTIMATELY NOT FEASIBLE 4RY CENSORING ART
SHIP LAWS GOVERNMENT HAS SENT AN IMPORTANT MESSAGE ON THE )NTERNET FOR EXAMPLE )N ADDITION CENSORING ART
ABOUT WHAT SOCIETY CONSIDERS ACCEPTABLE 4HE ROLE OF THE MERELY SENDS IT UNDERGROUND AND MIGHT GLAMORIZE THE
STATE IN SETTING SOCIAL STANDARDS SHOULD NOT BE UNDERESTI PROHIBITED ARTWORK )T IS FAR BETTER TO DISPLAY IT SO THAT
MATED AND CENSORSHIP BE IT THROUGH BANS OR MINIMUM PEOPLE CAN JUDGE FOR THEMSELVES
AGE REQUIREMENTS IS AN IMPORTANT TOOL IN THIS PROCESS
3AMPLE -OTIONS
4HIS (OUSE SUPPORTS CENSORSHIP OF THE ARTS
4HIS (OUSE BELIEVES THAT NUDE ART IS LEWD ART
4HIS (OUSE FEARS THAT ARTISTIC LICENSE IS A LICENSE TO KILL
4HIS (OUSE BELIEVES THAT YOU ARE WHAT YOU SEE
7EB ,INKS
s !MERICAN #IVIL ,IBERTIES 5NION HTTPWWWACLUORG
/FFERS INFORMATION ON LAWS COURT CASES AND CHALLENGES TO FREE SPEECH
s 0"3 #ULTURE 3HOCK HTTPWWWPBSORGWGBHCULTURESHOCK
! COMPANION SITE TO A 0"3 SERIES ON ART CULTURAL VALUES AND FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION
s 5NIVERSITY OF 0ENNSYLVANIA "ANNED "OOKS /NLINE HTTPDIGITALLIBRARYUPENNEDUBOOKSBANNED BOOKSHTML
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02/3 #/.3
"ECAUSE SEXUAL ABUSE IS A HORRIlC CRIME DAMAGING ITS /UR JUSTICE SYSTEM HAS REJECTED THE BARBARIC PRACTICE OF
VICTIM BOTH PHYSICALLY AND PSYCHOLOGICALLY CHEMICAL USING PHYSICAL PAIN OR DISlGUREMENT AS PUNISHMENT IN
CASTRATION IS A SUITABLE PUNISHMENT )N MANY INSTANCES FAVOR OF A MORE ENLIGHTENED SYSTEM OF REFORMING THE
COUNSELING CANNOT CURE THE PSYCHOLOGICAL AND PHYSICAL OFFENDER 7HAT WOULD HAPPEN IF THE SUSPECT WERE LATER
URGES BEHIND THESE CRIMES #HEMICAL CASTRATION PRE FOUND TO BE INNOCENT )MPRISONMENT AND COUNSELING TO
VENTS REPEAT OFFENSES ONE OF THE MAIN PURPOSES OF ANY PREVENT RECIDIVISM WOULD BE FAR MORE EFFECTIVE
PUNISHMENT AND IS A STRONG DETERRENT FOR PROSPECTIVE
OFFENDERS
#HEMICAL CASTRATION WILL HELP OFFENDERS BY FREEING THEM %VEN IF CHEMICAL CASTRATION IS COMBINED WITH A JAIL TERM
FROM THE URGES THAT CAUSE THEM TO REPEAT THEIR CRIMES IT IS STILL A FAR CRUDER AND LESS EFFECTIVE TREATMENT THAN
-ANY SEXUAL CRIMINALS HAVE SAID THAT THEY WOULD LIKE TO PROLONGED PSYCHOTHERAPY !LSO THE PROPOSITIONS ARGU
BE FREE OF THESE URGES BUT CANNOT CONTROL THEIR ACTIONS MENT PLACES THE LEGAL EMPHASIS ON HELPING THE OFFENDER
MUCH LIKE HEROIN ADDICTS CANNOT CONTROL THEIRS ! CHEMI AND MAY GIVE THE APPEARANCE OF hCODDLING CRIMINALSv
CAL CURE FOR THESE URGES WILL FREE THE OFFENDER
#HEMICAL CASTRATION WILL ALSO STOP THE WIDESPREAD STIG 4HERE WOULD BE NO SUCH BENElT 7ITCH HUNTS AGAINST SEX
MATIZATION OF AND VIOLENCE AGAINST SEX OFFENDERS )N OFFENDERS ARE NOT MOTIVATED BY RATIONAL CONSIDERATIONS
MANY CASES THEY ARE REQUIRED TO REGISTER WITH THE POLICE #HEMICAL CASTRATION WOULD NOT END PUBLIC ANXIETY !LSO
WHO MAY POST THEIR NAMES AND ADDRESSES ON 7EB SITES VIOLENCE AGAINST SEX OFFENDERS BOTH IN AND OUT OF PRISON
OR NOTIFY THEIR NEIGHBORS 3OME SEX OFFENDERS WHO HAVE IS MOTIVATED BY THE DESIRE TO PUNISH THE ORIGINAL CRIME
SERVED THEIR SENTENCES HAVE BEEN DRIVEN OUT OF THEIR NOT TO PREVENT REPEAT OFFENSES #HEMICAL CASTRATION IS AN
HOMES 3EX OFFENDERS ARE ALSO SUBJECT TO VIOLENCE FROM UNPROVEN AND UNSUBTLE METHOD THAT DESERVES NO PLACE IN
OTHER PRISON INMATES )F CHEMICAL CASTRATION WERE INTRO A MODERN PENAL SYSTEM
DUCED THE PUBLIC WOULD NO LONGER SEE SUCH OFFENDERS AS
A THREAT AND THEY WOULD BE ALLOWED TO GET ON WITH THEIR
LIVES #HEMICAL CASTRATION REMOVES BOTH THE PUBLIC STIG
MATIZATION AND PERSONAL SUFFERING OF SEX OFFENDERS
3AMPLE -OTIONS
4HIS (OUSE WOULD CURE SEX OFFENDERS BY PHYSICAL MEANS
4HIS (OUSE WOULD USE CURE RATHER THAN PREVENTION IN DEALING WITH SEX OFFENDERS
4HIS (OUSE WOULD CHEMICALLY CASTRATE PEDOPHILES
7EB ,INKS
s !MERICAN #IVIL ,IBERTIES 5NION !#,5 #ONDEMNS 'OVERNOR FOR 3IGNING -ANDATORY #HEMICAL #ASTRATION ,AW HTTPWWW
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02/3 #/.3
'OVERNMENTS HAVE A DUTY TO UPHOLD HUMAN DIGNITY !LL 7HILE SANCTIONS ARE EFFECTIVE FOR ENFORCING POLITICAL
PEOPLE HAVE THE RIGHT TO THE BENElTS GAINED FROM EDUCA AND LEGAL STANDARDS THEY ARE LESS EFFECTIVE IN DEALING
TION A GOOD QUALITY OF LIFE AND INDEPENDENT INCOME WITH SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC ONES 4HE WORLD COMMUNITY
#HILD LABOR DESTROYS THE FUTURE OF THE YOUNG AND MUST CANNOT FORCE AN IMPOVERISHED STATE TO MAINTAIN 7ESTERN
BE STOPPED STANDARDS OF EDUCATION AND LABOR LAWS WHICH DID NOT
EXIST WHEN THE 7EST INDUSTRIALIZED
3ANCTIONS PROVIDE THE ONLY MEANS OF FORCING COUNTRIES #ONSUMER POWER HAS PROVED HIGHLY EFFECTIVE IN FORCING
TO TAKE ACTION #ONSUMER PRESSURE IS TOO WEAK TO DO SO TRANSNATIONAL COMPANIES TO INSTITUTE ETHICAL PRACTICES
7HILE PEOPLE SAY THEY ARE WILLING TO PAY MORE FOR PROD "OYCOTTS OF ONE PRODUCER HAVE LED OTHERS TO CHANGE
UCTS MANUFACTURED IN HUMANE CONDITIONS VERY FEW PUT THEIR PRACTICES OUT OF FEAR OF NEGATIVE PUBLICITY AND POS
THIS INTO DAILY PRACTICE SIBLE BOYCOTTS 4HE MARKET TAKES CARE OF THE PROBLEM
ITSELF
0RESSURE ON TRANSNATIONAL COMPANIES IS NOT ENOUGH .OT )MPOSING SANCTIONS ON STATES IS UNFAIR BECAUSE THEY ARE
ALL CHILD LABOR IS IN SWEATSHOPS FOR MULTINATIONALS IN POOR NOT WHOLLY RESPONSIBLE FOR THE ACTIONS OF THEIR CITIZENS
COUNTRIES #HILDREN ALSO WORK ON FAMILY FARMS AND AS 3HOULD WE IMPOSE SANCTIONS ON THE 5NITED 3TATES BECAUSE
PROSTITUTES 3OME COUNTRIES ALSO FORCE CHILDREN INTO THEIR IT HAS ILLEGAL SWEATSHOPS
ARMIES
%NDING CHILD LABOR WILL ALLOW THE YOUNG A GREATER CHANCE 4HE VISION OF ALL FORMER CHILD LABORERS LEAVING WORK
TO GET AN EDUCATION AND TO DEVELOP FULLY BOTH PHYSICALLY FOR SCHOOL IS UTOPIAN %VIDENCE SHOWS THAT MANY EITHER
AND SOCIALLY THUS BENElTING A NATIONS HUMAN RESOURCES CANNOT AFFORD TO PAY SCHOOL TUITION OR CONTINUE TO WORK
AND ENCOURAGING ECONOMIC GROWTH 4HE LARGE NUMBER WHILE ATTENDING SCHOOL )N FACT MANY TRANSNATIONAL COM
OF UNDEREMPLOYED ADULTS IN MOST DEVELOPING COUNTRIES PANIES HAVE NOW SET UP AFTER WORK SCHOOLS WITHIN THE
CAN REPLACE CHILDREN /FTEN THESE WILL BE THE PARENTS OF VERY FACTORIES THAT ACTIVISTS CRITICIZE
CURRENT CHILD WORKERS SO THERE WILL BE LITTLE OR NO OVERALL
EFFECT ON FAMILY INCOME
4HE INTERNATIONAL COMMUNITY WAS ABLE TO PLACE HUMAN 0LACING SANCTIONS ON SOME COMPANIES WILL MERELY PUSH
RIGHTS OVER THE CAUSE OF FREE TRADE IN THE CASES OF 3OUTH CHILD LABOR UNDERGROUND -OVING POOR CHILDREN WHO
!FRICA AND "URMASO WHY NOT HERE HAVE TO WORK INTO UNREGULATED AND CRIMINAL AREAS OF THE
ECONOMY WILL ONLY WORSEN THE SITUATION

02/3 #/.3
4HIS IS AN ARGUMENT FOR A TARGETED AND MORE SOPHISTI 3ANCTIONS HARM THE POOREST IN SOCIETY #OMPANIES WILL
CATED USE OF SANCTIONS NOT AGAINST THEM IN ANY FORM SIMPLY MOVE TO AREAS THAT DO NOT HAVE RESTRICTIONS ON
3OMETIMES FREE MARKET ECONOMICS IS SIMPLY AN EXCUSE CHILD LABOR 0AST EXPERIENCE HAS SHOWN THAT GOVERN
FOR DENYING RESPONSIBILITY MENT INTERFERENCE WITH THE MARKET DOES MORE HARM THAN
GOOD
3AMPLE -OTIONS
4HIS (OUSE BELIEVES THAT CHILDREN SHOULD BE FREE
4HIS (OUSE BELIEVES THAT EDUCATION IS THE BEST ECONOMICS
4HIS (OUSE WOULD END CHILD LABOR
4HIS (OUSE WOULD PUT SANCTIONS ON STATES USING CHILD LABOR
7EB ,INKS
s #HILD ,ABOUR #OALITION HTTPWWWSTOPCHILDLABORORG
)NFORMATION ON CHILD LABOR AROUND THE WORLD AND CAMPAIGNS TO END IT
s )NTERNATIONAL ,ABOUR /RGANIZATION HTTPWWWILOORG
)NFORMATION ON THE )NTERNATIONAL 0ROGRAMME ON THE %LIMINATION OF #HILD ,ABOUR
&URTHER 2EADING
(AASS 2ICHARD ED %CONOMIC 3ANCTIONS AND !MERICAN $IPLOMACY #OUNCIL ON &OREIGN 2ELATIONS
(OBBS 3ANDY -ICHAEL ,AYALETTE AND *AMES -C+ECHNIE #HILD ,ABOUR ! 7ORLD (ISTORY #OMPANION !"# #LIO %UROPE
-IZEN 0HIL ED (IDDEN (ANDS )NTERNATIONAL 0ERSPECTIVES ON #HILDRENS 7ORK AND ,ABOUR 2OUTLEDGE
3CHLEMMER "ERNARD ED 4HE %XPLOITED #HILD :ED "OOKS
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02/3 #/.3
4HE PRIMARY PURPOSE OF A JUSTICE SYSTEM IS THE PREVEN #HILD CRIME IS DIFFERENT FROM ADULT CRIME )N MOST LEGAL
TION OF CRIME AND THE PROTECTION OF THE INNOCENT )T IS SYSTEMS THE OFFENDERS ARE NOT DEEMED TO BE FULLY FUNC
TO ACHIEVE THESE PURPOSES THAT CHILDREN SHOULD NOT BE TIONING AS MORAL AGENTS 4HUS THE BEST WAY TO HANDLE
ENTITLED TO LENIENT PUNISHMENT 4HE PURPOSES OF PUN THEM IS THROUGH REHABILITATION RATHER THAN PUNISHMENT
ISHMENT ARE PROPORTIONAL RETRIBUTION DETERRENCE AND
PREVENTION OF CRIME 2EHABILITATION SHOULD AT BEST BE A
SECONDARY AIM
4HE hJUST DESSERTSv THEORY OF PUNISHMENT ARGUES THAT 3UBJECTIVE CULPABILITY SHOULD PLAY AS IMPORTANT A PART IN
THE RETRIBUTION SOCIETY TAKES AGAINST AN OFFENDER SHOULD PUNISHMENT AS THE HARM PRINCIPLE 4HAT IS WHY MURDER
BE PROPORTIONAL TO THE HARM HE HAS CAUSED THE VICTIM IS PUNISHED MORE SEVERELY THAN NEGLIGENT MANSLAUGHTER
&OR EXAMPLE A PERSON WHO KILLS IS MORE CULPABLE THAN EVEN THOUGH BOTH CAUSE THE SAME HARM #HILDREN ARE NOT
A PERSON WHO ROBS OR HURTS "ECAUSE THE HARM CHILDREN CAPABLE OF MAKING THE SAME MORAL JUDGMENTS AS ADULTS
\
02/3 #/.3
CAUSE IS THE SAME AS THAT CAUSED BY ADULTS COMMITTING A )T IS THE INABILITY OF CHILDREN TO FORM MORAL JUDGMENTS
SIMILAR OFFENSE CHILDREN SHOULD NOT RECEIVE SPECIAL TREAT THAT MAKES THEM LESS CULPABLE AND THEREFORE WORTHY OF
MENT 4HE ASSUMPTION THAT CHILDREN ARE NOT AS MORALLY LIGHTER PUNISHMENT
CULPABLE AS ADULTS IS FALSE
4REATING CHILDREN MORE LENIENTLY THAN ADULTS UNDERMINES 4HE DETERRENCE THEORY ASSUMES THAT ALL CRIME IS COMMIT
THE DETERRENT VALUE OF PUNISHMENT ! SURVEY IN TED AS A RESULT OF RATIONAL EVALUATION )F INDEED OR
6IRGINIA FOR EXAMPLE SHOWED THAT OF YOUTHS HAVE YEAR OLD CHILDREN ARE CAPABLE OF MAKING RATIONAL CAL
AT VARIOUS TIMES EITHER BEEN IN A GANG OR ASSOCIATED WITH CULATIONS THEN THE PROSPECT OF SPENDING SEVERAL YEARS IN
GANG ACTIVITIES /F THESE SAID THEY JOINED BECAUSE REFORM SCHOOL SHOULD BE NO LESS A DETERRENT THEN SPEND
FRIENDS WERE INVOLVED AND JOINED FOR hEXCITEMENTv ING THE TIME IN JAIL )T IS STILL A CURTAILMENT OF THEIR LIB
4HIS CLEARLY SHOWS THAT YOUNG ADULTS DO NOT TAKE CRIME ERTY AND IF THEY WERE RATIONAL THEY WOULD NOT WANT THEIR
SERIOUSLY BECAUSE THEY THINK THE JUSTICE SYSTEM WILL TREAT LIBERTY CURTAILED 4HE REAL PROBLEM IS THAT MOST CRIMES
THEM LENIENTLY ARE COMMITTED BY PEOPLE WHO DO NOT MAKE RATIONAL DECI
SIONS
4HE BEST WAY TO PREVENT CRIME IN THE SHORT RUN IS TO LOCK 4HIS IS AN ARGUMENT THAT WOULD JUSTIFY IMPRISONING
UP THE OFFENDERS 4HIS STOPS THEM FROM IMMEDIATELY PEOPLE FOR LIFE BECAUSE THAT IS THE SUREST WAY TO PREVENT
HARMING SOCIETY )N THE LONG TERM THESE CHILDREN WILL BE THEM FROM HARMING ANYONE "ECAUSE THIS IS PLAINLY RIDIC
RELUCTANT TO RETURN TO CRIME BECAUSE OF THEIR MEMORY OF ULOUS IT MUST BE ACCEPTED THAT LOCKING A PERSON UP IS AT
HARSH PUNISHMENT BEST A SHORT TERM REMEDY 4HE LONG TERM ANSWER LIES IN
REHABILITATION
2EHABILITATION COUNSELING AND PSYCHIATRIC TREATMENT IS 4HE ONLY LONG TERM SOLUTION TO JUVENILE CRIME IS REFORM
TOO LENIENT )T WILL MAKE CHILDREN BELIEVE THAT THEY ARE OF THE CHILD #HILDRENS CHARACTERS ARE LESS FORMED AND
SPENDING SHORT PERIODS OF TIME AT CAMP )N THE 53 MORE THUS THEY ARE MORE AMENABLE TO REFORM 4HE RATE OF
THAN HALF THE BOYS WHO WERE ORDERED TO UNDERGO COUN RECIDIVISM FOR CHILD OFFENDERS IN COUNSELING IN THE 53
SELING RATHER THAN SENTENCED TO DETENTION COMMITTED IS SIGNIlCANTLY LOWER THAN THAT OF ADULT OFFENDERS 3OME
CRIMES WHILE IN THERAPY 2EHABILITATION PROGRAMS SHOULD CHILDREN WHO HAVE HAD COUNSELING DO RETURN TO CRIME
TAKE PLACE IN A DETENTION FACILITY 9OUNG OFFENDERS SHOULD BUT A SIGNIlCANT PROPORTION DOES NOT 0UTTING CHILDREN IN
BE SEPARATED FROM HARDENED ADULT CRIMINALS BUT THEY PRISON WITH HARDENED ADULT OFFENDERS IS LIKELY TO INCREASE
SHOULD NOT BE GIVEN LIGHTER SENTENCES THAN ADULTS WHO RECIDIVISM BECAUSE THEY WILL BE INmUENCED BY AND LEARN
COMMITTED THE SAME CRIMES FROM THE ADULTS
3AMPLE -OTIONS
4HIS (OUSE WOULD LOWER THE AGE OF CRIMINAL RESPONSIBILITY
4HIS (OUSE WOULD PUNISH CHILDREN AS IF THEY WERE ADULTS
4HIS (OUSE BELIEVES THAT SPARING THE ROD SPOILS THE CHILD
7EB ,INKS
s #ORNELL ,AW )NFORMATION 3ERVICE !N /VERVIEW OF *UVENILE *USTICE HTTPWWWLAWCORNELLEDUTOPICSJUVENILEHTML
1UICK SUMMARY OF THE THEORY AND CURRENT STATUS OF JUVENILE JUSTICE WITH LINKS TO SPECIlC STATUTES AND COURT DECISIONS
s *UVENILE #RIME0UNISHMENT 3TATISTICS HTTPCRIMEABOUTCOMNEWSISSUESCRIMELIBRARYBLlLESBLJUVSTATSHTM
/FFERS LINKS TO STATISTICS ON JUVENILE CRIMES AND ARRESTS JUVENILES IN THE COURT SYSTEM JUVENILES IN ADULT JAILS AND JUVENILES AND THE
DEATH PENALTY
s .ATIONAL #RIMINAL *USTICE 2EFERENCE 3ERVICE*UVENILE *USTICE HTTPVIRLIBNCJRSORG*UVENILE*USTICEASP
0ROVIDES LINKS TO RESOURCES ON A WIDE VARIETY OF JUVENILE JUSTICE TOPICS INCLUDING ALTERNATIVES TO INCARCERATION

&URTHER 2EADING
&AGAN *EFFREY AND &RANKLIN % :IMRING EDS 4HE #HANGING "ORDERS OF *UVENILE *USTICE 4RANSFER OF !DOLESCENTS TO THE #RIMINAL #OURT
#HICAGO 5NIVERSITY 0RESS
*ENSEN 'ARY AND $EAN ' 2OJEK $ELINQUENCY AND 9OUTH #RIME 7AVELAND 0RESS
,AWRENCE 2ICHARD AND #HRISTOPHER ,AWRENCE 3CHOOL #RIME AND *UVENILE *USTICE /XFORD 5NIVERSITY 0RESS
-ORRISON "LAKE !S )F ! #RIME A 4RIAL A 1UESTION OF #HILDHOOD 0ICADOR
6ITO 'ENNARO ET AL 4HE *UVENILE *USTICE 3YSTEM #ONCEPTS AND )SSUES 7AVELAND 0RESS
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02/3 #/.3
#HINA IS AN ECONOMIC POWERHOUSE THAT COULD DWARF 7EST #HINAS ECONOMIC GROWTH IS UNREMARKABLE )N IT
ERN NATIONS 4HE BIGGEST MARKET ON %ARTH #HINA ALREADY ACCOUNTED FOR MERELY OF WORLD '$0 AS OPPOSED
PRODUCES ONE THIRD OF THE WORLDS TOYS AND ONE EIGHTH TO THE LEADING ECONOMY THE 5NITED 3TATES REPRESENT
OF ITS TEXTILES "ETWEEN AND THE ECONOMY OF ING )N TERMS OF '$0 PER CAPITA #HINA RANKS
#HINA GREW AT A ANNUAL RATE WHICH IS GREATER EVEN EIGHTY lRST JUST AHEAD OF 'EORGIA AND BEHIND 0APUA
THAN THE ARCHETYPAL h4IGERv ECONOMY OF *APAN !MERICAS .EW 'UINEA )N TERMS OF INTERNATIONAL TRADE #HINA
HUGE TRADE DElCIT WITH #HINA SUGGESTS THAT #HINA COULD IS EQUIVALENT TO 3OUTH +OREA AND DOES NOT EVEN MATCH
DOMINATE THE CONVENTIONAL TRADING RELATIONSHIPS AND THE .ETHERLANDS )N #HINAS PEAK YEAR FOR THE RECEIPT OF
SUCK IN MOST 7ESTERN ECONOMIES hFOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENTv IT RECEIVED 53 BILLION
(OWEVER THIS WAS ACCOMPANIED BY RECORD CAPITAL mIGHT
IN WHICH 53 BILLION LEFT THE COUNTRY
3INCE THE MIDDLE OF THE TWENTIETH CENTURY #HINA HAS 0EOPLE WRONGLY ASSUME THAT A COMMUNIST REGIME IS A
PRESENTED A FORMIDABLE MILITARY THREAT #HINA HAS THE MILITARY THREAT )N TERMS OF DEFENSE SPENDING #HINA IS
WORLDS LARGEST STANDING ARMY AND POSES A THREAT BOTH INSIGNIlCANT ACCOUNTING FOR ONLY OF THE GLOBAL
IN TERMS OF TECHNOLOGY AND REGIONAL AMBITION 4HE #OX TOTAL AS OPPOSED TO SPENT BY THE 5NITED 3TATES
2EPORT REVEALED THAT #HINA HAD ACQUIRED MODERN NUCLEAR 3IMILARLY #HINAS ARMS DEALING IS ALSO NO CAUSE FOR CON
WARHEADS )N ADDITION #HINAS ARMS SALES PARTICULARLY TO CERN !T THE END OF THE TWENTIETH CENTURY #HINAS WEAP
ROGUE STATES THREATEN WORLD PEACE )TS TRANSFER OF WEAP ONS TRANSFERS CONSTITUTED OF THE GLOBAL TOTAL 4HE
ONS TO 0AKISTAN HAS PRECIPITATED AN ARMS RACE WITH )NDIA 5NITED 3TATES BY CONTRAST TRADED OF THE WORLDS
AND CONmICT IN +ASHMIR RESULTED IN TWO CIVIL WARS AND WEAPONS #HINA IS A SIGNATORY TO THE .UCLEAR .ON 0RO
BOLSTERED A MILITARY REGIME 7E NO LONGER HAVE TO FEAR LIFERATION 4REATY AND THE #OMPREHENSIVE 4EST "AN 4REATY
TERROR FROM THE %AST ONLY BUT TERROR FROM AROUND THE )T HAS NEVER DETONATED A NUCLEAR WEAPON IN CONmICT NOR
WORLD THAT mOWS FROM #HINA SHOWN ANY INCLINATION TO DO SO
#HINA ACTS AS A DESTABILIZING INmUENCE IN %AST !SIA 4HE #HINA ACTUALLY ACTS AS A STABILIZING FORCE IN A TURBULENT
THREAT POSED TO 4AIWAN IS CLEAR NOT ONLY IN THE AGGRESSIVE REGION )T HAS CONSIDERABLE INmUENCE OVER ITS NEIGHBORS
STATEMENTS MADE BY #HINESE LEADERS BUT ALSO IN RECENT PARTICULARLY .ORTH +OREA .O ONE WOULD DENY THAT
\
02/3 #/.3
NAVAL MANEUVERS DESIGNED TO INTIMIDATE THE 4AIWANESE #HINA HAS A RIGHT TO PRACTICE MILITARY MANEUVERS -ORE
)N #HINA WENT SO FAR AS TO LAUNCH MISSILES OVER OVER IT IS BY NO MEANS CERTAIN THAT #HINA IS EXERTING
4AIPEI UNDUE INmUENCE ON 4AIWAN "OTH THE 4AIWANESE AND THE
#HINESE NATIONAL CONSTITUTIONS STATE THAT 4AIWAN IS A PART
OF MAINLAND #HINA
#HINA THREATENS THE 7ESTERN POWERS EVEN IN THE 5NITED #HINA ACTUALLY HAS A MUCH BETTER 3ECURITY #OUNCIL RECORD
.ATIONS !S A PERMANENT MEMBER OF THE 3ECURITY #OUN THAN EITHER 2USSIA OR &RANCE $ISAGREEMENTS THAT DIVIDE
CIL #HINA HAS REPEATEDLY VETOED 7ESTERN PROPOSALS OFTEN THE GLOBE SHOULD NOT BE LAID AT #HINAS DOOR #HINA HAS
FOR PETTY POLITICAL OBJECTIVES &OR EXAMPLE IT VETOED PEACE MADE MANY EFFORTS TO PROMOTE INTERNATIONAL PEACE BOTH
KEEPING OPERATIONS FOR 'UATEMALA AND -ACEDONIA ON THE WITHIN AND OUTSIDE THE 5. )N ANY CASE WHATEVER #HINA
GROUND THAT THESE NATIONS TRADE WITH 4AIWAN .!4/ HAD DOES IN THE 5. IS OF LITTLE CONSEQUENCE BECAUSE THE 5.
TO INTERVENE IN +OSOVO IN PART BECAUSE #HINA REFUSED TO HAS VERY LITTLE REAL POWER
AUTHORIZE A 5. OPERATION THERE
#HINA IS CAPABLE OF FORMING A DANGEROUS POWER BLOC IN #HINA EXERTS AN ASTONISHINGLY SMALL INmUENCE OVER OTHER
%AST !SIA THAT THREATENS 7ESTERN INTERESTS #HINA REMAINS NATIONS !S THE LARGEST RECIPIENT OF INTERNATIONAL AID AND
BOTH POLITICALLY AND ECONOMICALLY CLOSE TO MANY STATES A VERY RELUCTANT DONOR #HINA IS CERTAINLY NOT BUYING
THAT LACK THE SUPPORT OF 7ESTERN POWERS 6IETNAM #AM HERSELF ALLIES &OR YEARS #HINA REJECTED THE CON
BODIA "URMA AND .ORTH +OREA CEPT OF INTERNATIONAL INTERDEPENDENCE !LTHOUGH ECO
NOMIC GLOBALIZATION HAS MODIlED THIS APPROACH THERE
IS NO EVIDENCE THAT #HINA HAS ADOPTED AN AGGRESSIVE OR
EXPANSIONIST PHILOSOPHY
3AMPLE -OTIONS
4HIS (OUSE SHOULD REGARD #HINA AS A GLOBAL POWER
4HIS (OUSE THINKS THAT #HINA IS MERELY A REGIONAL POWER
4HIS (OUSE TREATS #HINA AS AN EQUAL POWER
7EB ,INKS
s #OX 2EPORT HTTPWWWCNNCOM!,,0/,)4)#3RESOURCESCOXREPORT
#.. SUMMARY OF #OX 2EPORT ON #HINESE ESPIONAGE
s 3INOMANIACOM HTTPWWWSINOMANIACOM
.EWS RESOURCE DEVOTED TO lGHTING FEAR OF #HINA
s 4HE h3TATE TO 3TATEv &LAP 4ENTATIVE #ONCLUSIONS !BOUT 2ISK AND 2ESTRAINT IN $IPLOMACY !CROSS THE 4AIWAN 3TRAITS HTTPWWW
FASHARVARDEDUÂSIACTRHAQAHTM
3CHOLARLY ARTICLE FROM THE (ARVARD !SIA 1UARTERLY ON RECENT #HINA 4AIWAN RELATIONS
&URTHER 2EADING
,AMPTON $AVID - ED 4HE -AKING OF #HINESE &OREIGN AND 3ECURITY 0OLICY IN THE %RA OF 2EFORM n 3TANFORD 5NIVERSITY
0RESS
-ANN *AMES !BOUT &ACE ! (ISTORY OF !MERICAS #URIOUS 2ELATIONSHIP WITH #HINA 6INTAGE "OOKS
3WAINE -ICHAEL $ AND !SHLEY * 4ELLIS )NTERPRETING #HINAS 'RAND 3TRATEGY 0AST 0RESENT AND &UTURE 2AND #ORPORATION
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02/3 #/.3
%LECTIONS DO NOT GIVE THE PEOPLE SUFlCIENT OPPORTU 4HE hVOICE OF THE PEOPLEv IS HEARD IN MANY WAYS %LECTIONS
NITY TO EXPRESS THEIR WILL )N CERTAIN CIRCUMSTANCES CIVIL TAKE PLACE REGULARLY AND MEMBERS OF THE PUBLIC CAN WRITE
DISOBEDIENCE IS A POWERFUL METHOD OF MAKING THE WILL THEIR LOCAL STATE OR NATIONAL REPRESENTATIVES EXPRESSING
OF THE PUBLIC HEARD )F A LAW IS OPPRESSIVE IT CANNOT BE THEIR OPINION ,EGISLATORS ARE THERE TO REPRESENT AND SERVE
OPPOSED IN PRINCIPLE BY OBEYING IT IN PRACTICE )T MUST THE PEOPLE "ECAUSE CITIZENS HAVE MANY WAYS TO EXPRESS
BE BROKEN THEIR VIEWS CIVIL DISOBEDIENCE IS UNNECESSARY 0ROTESTS
CAN BE MADE PERFECTLY WELL WITHOUT BREAKING THE LAW
#IVIL DISOBEDIENCE HAS A HISTORY OF OVERCOMING OPPRES 0EACEFUL PROTEST IS QUITE POSSIBLE IN ANY SOCIETYTO GO
SION AND UNPOPULAR POLICIES WHERE ALL OTHER METHODS FURTHER INTO ACTUAL LAWBREAKING IS POINTLESS #IVIL DISOBE
HAVE FAILED &OR EXAMPLE -OHANDAS 'ANDHIS CIVIL DIS DIENCE CAN DEVOLVE INTO LAWLESSNESS )NDEED IT CAN BE
OBEDIENCE WAS INSTRUMENTAL IN WINNING LIBERTY FOR )NDIA COUNTERPRODUCTIVE BY ASSOCIATING A CAUSE WITH TERROR AND
AND -ARTIN ,UTHER +INGS TACTICS WON BASIC RIGHTS FOR VIOLENCE
!FRICAN !MERICANS IN THE 5NITED 3TATES )N THESE CASES NO
OTHER AVENUE WAS OPEN TO EXPRESS GRIEVANCES
)N ACTUAL FACT THE CONmICT WITH THE AUTHORITY GIVES ANY 4OO OFTEN THIS hPRODUCTIVE VIOLENCEv IS DIRECTED AGAINST
PROTEST ITS POWER AND URGENCY AND BRINGS AN ISSUE TO A INNOCENT MEMBERS OF THE PUBLIC OR AGAINST THE POLICE
WIDER AUDIENCE 4HE WOMENS SUFFRAGE MOVEMENT IN "RIT OFTEN CAUSING SERIOUS INJURIES .O CAUSE IS WORTH THE SAC
AIN AND THE CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT IN THE 5NITED 3TATES RIlCE OF INNOCENT LIVES PROTEST MUST BE PEACEFUL OR NOT
ARE BOTH EXAMPLES OF AN EVENTUALLY SUCCESSFUL CAMPAIGN AT ALL
THAT WON BY ITS CONFRONTATION WITH AUTHORITY WHERE MORE
SEDATE METHODS WOULD SIMPLY NOT HAVE SUCCEEDED
3AMPLE -OTIONS
4HIS (OUSE SUPPORTS CIVIL DISOBEDIENCE
4HIS (OUSE BELIEVES THE ENDS JUSTIFY THE MEANS
4HIS (OUSE WOULD BREAK THE LAW IN A GOOD CAUSE
7EB ,INKS
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02/3 #/.3
0ROVIDING CONDOMS TO STUDENTS IN PUBLIC SCHOOLS WILL 0ROVIDING STUDENTS WITH CONDOMS ACTUALLY ENCOURAGES
REDUCE THE INCIDENCE OF UNDERAGE PREGNANCY AND THE BEGINNING SEXUAL ACTIVITY EARLIER
SPREAD OF SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES
0ROVIDING CONDOMS TO STUDENTS IS THE PRAGMATIC THING 0RESENTING CONDOMS TO STUDENTS IN PUBLIC SCHOOLS IS
TO DO %DUCATORS NEED NOT ENDORSE SEXUAL ACTIVITY BUT OFFENSIVE TO PEOPLE FROM A VARIETY OF RELIGIONS WHO OPPOSE
THEY CAN ENCOURAGE STUDENTS TO MAKE WISE CHOICES IF THEY BIRTH CONTROL AND SEX OUTSIDE OF MARRIAGE
DECIDE TO HAVE SEX 3UCH AN APPROACH IS SENSIBLE BECAUSE
IT ACCEPTS THE INEVITABILITY THAT SOME YOUNG PEOPLE
REGARDLESS OF THE STRENGTH OF AN ABSTINENCE MESSAGE WILL
STILL HAVE SEX
0ROVIDING CONDOMS TO STUDENTS IS A WISE INVESTMENT OF 4AXPAYERS SHOULD NOT HAVE TO SUPPORT PROGRAMS THAT
GOVERNMENT FUNDS 7ORLD GOVERNMENTS SPEND A FORTUNE THEY lND MORALLY OBJECTIONABLE EVEN IF THERE SEEM TO BE
ANNUALLY ADDRESSING THE PUBLIC HEALTH PROBLEMS CREATED PRAGMATIC JUSTIlCATIONS FOR THE ACTION -OREOVER IF OVER
BY RISKY SEXUAL BEHAVIOR 4HE COST OF RAISING THE MANY ALL SEXUAL ACTIVITY INCREASES AS THE RESULT OF ENCOURAGING
CHILDREN CREATED THROUGH UNINTENDED PREGNANCIES OVER hSAFER SEXv THE NUMBER OF PEOPLE OCCASIONALLY ENGAGING
A LIFETIME CAN BE ASTRONOMICAL 4HE COST OF TREATING A IN RISKY BEHAVIOR WILL INCREASE AND THE RISK OF THESE PROB
PATIENT WITH ()6 CAN BE ENORMOUS LEMS SPREADING WILL INCREASE WITH IT
#ONDOM DISTRIBUTION ENCOURAGES THE RESPONSIBILITY OF 7IDESPREAD CONDOM DISTRIBUTION WILL ESTABLISH SEXUAL
MEN AND INCREASES CHOICES FOR WOMEN )T CAN ALSO ESTAB ACTIVITY AS THE NORM AMONG YOUNG TEENS CREATING PEER
LISH CONDOM USE AS THE NORM NOT SOMETHING THAT WOMEN PRESSURE TO PARTICIPATE IN SEX 4HE ADDED TEMPTATION TO
CONTINUALLY HAVE TO NEGOTIATE OFTEN FROM A POSITION OF ENGAGE IN SEXUAL ACTIVITY THAT IS hPROTECTEDv WILL RESULT IN
WEAKNESS MORE WOMEN HAVING SEX AT A YOUNGER AGE PERHAPS CON
TRIBUTING TO THEIR EXPLOITATION
#ONDOMS ARE ONE OF THE MOST EFFECTIVE AND COST EFFEC 4HE EFFECTIVENESS OF CONDOMS IS GROSSLY EXAGGERATED )F
TIVE MEANS OF PROTECTING AGAINST SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DIS NOT USED PROPERLY CONDOMS CAN BE HIGHLY INEFFECTIVE
EASES ()6 AND PREGNANCY 9OUNG PEOPLE ARE MORE LIKELY TO USE CONDOMS INCORRECTLY
DUE TO LACK OF EXPERIENCE OR BECAUSE THEY ARE DRUNK
-OREOVER THE TEMPTATION TO HAVE SEX WITHOUT A CONDOM
MAY BE SIGNIlCANT WHERE THE SUPPLY OF CONDOMS IS NOT
PLENTIFUL
3AMPLE -OTIONS
4HIS (OUSE WOULD PROVIDE FREE CONDOMS TO ALL HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS
4HIS (OUSE BELIEVES ABSTINENCE BASED SEX EDUCATION IS SUPERIOR TO CONDOM DISTRIBUTION IN SCHOOLS
4HIS (OUSE WOULD GIVE STUDENTS THE OPTION OF FREE ACCESS TO CONDOMS THROUGH THEIR SCHOOLS

7EB ,INKS
s !MERICAN #IVIL ,IBERTIES 5NION 2EPRODUCTIVE 2IGHTS
HTTPWWWACLUORG2EPRODUCTIVE2IGHTS2EPRODUCTIVE2IGHTSCFM)$C
)NFORMATION ON REPRODUCTIVE RIGHTS ISSUES AND CAMPAIGNS
s #ONDOMS IN 3CHOOLS
HTTPWWWLAWUHEDUHEALTHLAWPERSPECTIVES(EALTH0OLICY#ONDOMSHTML
(ISTORY OF 53 COURT DECISIONS ON CONDOM DISTRIBUTION IN SCHOOLS
s 4HE +AISER &AMILY &OUNDATION HTTPWWWKAISERNETWORKORGDAILY?REPORTSPRINT?REPORTCFM$2?)$
2EPORT ON THE EFFECT OF CONDOM AVAILABILITY ON HIGH SCHOOLS
&URTHER 2EADING
)RVINE *ANICE - 4ALK !BOUT 3EX 4HE "ATTLES /VER 3EX %DUCATION IN THE 5NITED 3TATES 5NIVERSITY OF #ALIFORNIA 0RESS
,EVINE *UDITH (ARMFUL TO -INORS 4HE 0ERILS OF 0ROTECTING #HILDREN &ROM 3EX 5NIVERSITY OF -INNESOTA 0RESS
-C+AY !LEXANDER 3EXUAL )DEOLOGY AND 3CHOOLING 4OWARDS $EMOCRATIC 3EXUALITY 3TATE 5NIVERSITY OF .EW 9ORK 0RESS
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02/3 #/.3
4HE REBEL mAGS MODERN ASSOCIATION WITH WHITE SUPREMA 4HIS IS AN ISSUE OF FREEDOM OF SPEECH &IRST !MENDMENT
CISTS MAKES IT A mASHPOINT FOR RACIAL CONFRONTATION -ANY RIGHTS ARE BEING TRAMPLED IN THE NAME OF POLITICAL CORRECT
SUPPORT THE .!!#0 VIEW THAT THE mAG IS A SYMBOL OF NESSHENCE THE LIBERAL !MERICAN #IVIL ,IBERTIES 5NIONS
A SOCIETY BASED ON SLAVERY AND THE DEHUMANIZING OF OPPOSITION TO A BAN &URTHERMORE SLAVES WERE BROUGHT
BLACKS TO THE 5NITED 3TATES ON SHIPS SAILING UNDER THE 3TARS AND
3TRIPES AND THERE IS NO SUGGESTION THAT THE NATIONAL mAG
BE BANNED
7HAT IS THE POSITIVE CONTRIBUTION OF THIS SYMBOL 7HY )N A NATION THAT ENCOURAGES MINORITIES TO CELEBRATE THEIR
SHOULD THE #ONFEDERATE mAG BE REGARDED ANY DIFFERENTLY OWN CULTURES TO DEMAND A CESSATION OF SUCH CELEBRATION
FROM THE SWASTIKA 4HOSE WHO mY OR DISPLAY IT ARE PRO REGARDING THE CULTURE OF THE 3OUTH OF WHICH THE #ONFED
CLAIMING THEIR SUPPORT FOR RACIST PRINCIPLES THAT BELONG ERATE mAG IS THE MOST VIVID AND ENDURING SYMBOL IS LITTLE
IN THE PAST )NDEED THE #ONFEDERATE mAG DID NOT ENJOY SHORT OF PERVERSE 4HE mAG MEANS MORE THAN PRIDE IN THE
RENEWED POPULARITY UNTIL THE CIVIL RIGHTS ERA OF THE S #ONFEDERACY IT ALSO MEANS SOUTHERN PRIDE IN THE 3OUTH
WHEN IT BECAME A SYMBOL OF OPPOSITION TO THE MOVE OF THE PRESENT
MENT
4HOSE WHO WISH TO mAUNT THE #ONFEDERATE mAG IN PUBLIC 3OUTHERNERS WHO RESPECT THEIR #ONFEDERATE HERITAGE AND
ARE BACKWARD LOOKING REJECTING THE DIVERSITY AND DYNA WISH TO PRESERVE TRADITIONAL WAYS ARE NOW AN EMBATTLED
MISM OF THE .EW 3OUTH THAT HAS DEVELOPED SINCE THE CIVIL GROUP ASSAULTED BY POLITICALLY CORRECT LIBERALS AND OTHERS
RIGHTS ERA "Y PERSISTENTLY PROMOTING A DIVISIVE SYMBOL WHO WANT TO PUBLICIZE THEIR OWN MINORITY RIGHTS AGENDA
THEY UNDERMINE CONTINUING EFFORTS AT INTEGRATION AND )F WE VALUE DIVERSITY AND RESPECT ONE ANOTHERS CULTURES
GENERATE NEGATIVE VIEWS OF THE 3OUTH WHY SHOULD THE CULTURE OF THE OLD 3OUTH BE UNIQUELY
SINGLED OUT FOR ATTACK
3AMPLE -OTIONS
4HIS (OUSE WOULD BAN THE #ONFEDERATE mAG
4HIS (OUSE WOULD mY A mAG AGAINST RACISM
\
7EB ,INKS
s .!!#0 HTTPWWWNAACPORGHTTPWWWNAACPORG
)NFORMATION ON .!!#0 CAMPAIGNS FOR THE REMOVAL OF THE mAG
s 3OUTHERN ,EGAL 2ESOURCE #ENTER HTTPWWWSLRC CSAORG
3ITE IN SUPPORT OF RIGHT TO PUBLICLY DISPLAY #ONFEDERATE SYMBOLS
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02/3 #/.3
7E ACCEPT THE NEED FOR NATIONAL SERVICE IN WARTIME SER .O JUSTIlCATION EXISTS FOR COMPULSORY MILITARY SERVICE
VICE IN PEACETIME IS JUST AN EXTENSION OF THE SAME IDEA )T 4HE ARMED FORCES AS THEY STAND ARE CAPABLE OF CARRYING
WOULD MEAN THAT THE COUNTRY WAS PREPARED FOR EMERGEN OUT THEIR ROLE WITHOUT CONSCRIPTS )N FACT THE MILITARY
CIES WHEN THEY HAPPEN RATHER THAN HAVING TO PREPARE PREFERS A VOLUNTEER ARMY
AFTER THE FACT
.ATIONAL SERVICE DEVELOPS VALUABLE CHARACTER TRAITS 9OUNG &ORCING YOUNG PEOPLE TO GO INTO THE ARMED FORCES AGAINST
PEOPLE LEARN RESPECT FOR AUTHORITY SELF DISCIPLINE TEAM THEIR WILL FOSTERS ONLY RESENTMENT AGAINST AUTHORITY AND
WORK AND LEADERSHIP SKILLS UNDERMINES ANY REAL CHANCE AT LEARNING NEW SKILLS
4HE MILITARY TEACHES IMPORTANT SKILLS THAT HELP YOUNG 4HE GOVERNMENT WOULD BE BETTER OFF ESTABLISHING CIVIL
PEOPLE GET JOBS )N THE LONG RUN THIS WILL REDUCE UNEM IAN TRAINING PROGRAMS 4HE MILITARY IS NOT AN EDUCATIONAL
PLOYMENT AND HELP THE ECONOMY INSTITUTION
.ATIONAL SERVICE HELPS TO PROMOTE PATRIOTISM AND A SENSE 0ATRIOTISM SHOULD NOT BE CENTERED ON THE MILITARY 7E
OF NATIONHOOD HAVE SEEN THE DETRIMENTAL EFFECT A FOCUS ON THE MILITARY
HAS HAD IN OTHER NATIONS SUCH AS 'ERMANY .ATIONAL
PRIDE SHOULD BE FOSTERED IN OTHER WAYS
4HE INDIVIDUAL HAS A DUTY TO GIVE SOMETHING BACK TO SOCI ! CITIZEN HAS A DUTY TO PAY TAXES AND FOLLOW THE RULES OF
ETY AND NATIONAL SERVICE ALLOWS THIS 7HETHER THROUGH SOCIETY !NY SERVICE TO THE COMMUNITY SHOULD BE VOL
PROTECTING THE COUNTRY OR HELPING WITH SOCIAL OR ENVIRON UNTARY
MENTAL PROJECTS NATIONAL SERVICE ENCOURAGES THE IDEA OF
WORKING AS A COMMUNITY
3AMPLE -OTIONS
4HIS (OUSE WOULD REINTRODUCE THE DRAFT
7EB ,INKS
s #ORPORATION FOR .ATIONAL 3ERVICE HTTPWWWCNSGOV
53 GOVERNMENT SITE PRESENTING INFORMATION ON PUBLIC SERVICE PROGRAMS
s $RAFT 2EGISTRATION 4HE 0OLITICS OF )NSTITUTIONAL )MMORALITY HTTPWWWCATOORGPUBSPASPA HTML
%SSAY IN SUPPORT OF DISMANTLING THE 3ELECTIVE 3ERVICE 3YSTEM

&URTHER 2EADING
$ANZIG 2ICHARD AND 0ETER 3ZANTON .ATIONAL 3ERVICE 7HAT 7OULD )T -EAN ,EXINGTON "OOKS
%VERS 7ILLIAM - .ATIONAL 3ERVICE 0RO AND #ON (OOVER )NSTITUTE 0RESS
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02/3 #/.3
#RIMINALS MUST BE PUNISHED !LL FORMS OF PUNISH 0UNISHING WITH PAIN IS BARBARIC A THROWBACK TO SOCIET
MENT RECOGNIZE THAT WITH THE COMMISSION OF CRIMINAL IES BUILT ON MILITARY MIGHT SLAVERY AND THE TREATMENT
ACTS INDIVIDUALS SURRENDER SOME OF THEIR HUMAN RIGHTS OF CRIMINALS AS ENTITIES WITHOUT ANY RIGHTS 4HE MARK OF
7HY LOGICALLY IS CORPORAL PUNISHMENT ANY MORE OF AN CIVILIZED SOCIETY IS THAT IT BEHAVES BETTER THAN ITS CRIMI
INFRINGEMENT OF THESE RIGHTS THAN PRISON #ORPORAL PUN NALS 0RISON IS NECESSARY AS A METHOD OF PUNISHMENT PRE
ISHMENT IS AN EASY STRONG VISIBLE AND THEREFORE EFFEC VENTION AND REHABILITATION BUT IT DOES NOT OR AT LEAST
TIVE DETERRENT )T IS ALSO A PROPORTIONATE PUNISHMENT FOR SHOULD NOT STOOP TO CRUELTY 4HIS IS WHY THE 5. $EC
CERTAIN CRIMES LARATION OF (UMAN 2IGHTS FORBIDS hTORTURE OR CRUEL
INHUMAN OR DEGRADING TREATMENT OR PUNISHMENTv
,IKE ALL FORMS OF PUNISHMENT mOGGING AND WHIPPING CAN !NY REGULATION TENDS TO BE ARBITRARY AND ALLOW ABUSE
AND SHOULD BE SUBJECT TO REGULATION )N 3INGAPORE FOR 3INGAPORES LIST OF CRIMES FOR WHICH CANING MAY BE
EXAMPLE CANING IS CONlNED GENERALLY TO MALES BETWEEN IMPOSED INCLUDES THE TRANSPORT OF lREWORKS OR A THIRD
AND WITH A MAXIMUM NUMBER OF STROKES TRAFlC OFFENSE )N A YEAR OLD &RENCHMAN WAS
WHICH MUST BE ADMINISTERED ALL AT ONCE CANED lVE TIMES FOR OVERSTAYING HIS VISA
#ORPORAL PUNISHMENT IS A USEFUL DETERRENT AGAINST PRISON 4HERE ARE ALWAYS ALTERNATIVE PUNISHMENTS THAT CAN BE
ERS BREAKING PRISON RULES 3INCE THEIR FREEDOM IS ALREADY USED IN PRISON SOLITARY CONlNEMENT REMOVAL OF PRIVI
GONE AND THEIR DATE OF RELEASE MAY SEEM DISTANT OR NON LEGES EXTENSION OF SENTENCE AND SO ON 0RISONERS ARE
EXISTENT LITTLE ELSE REMAINS TO HELP MAINTAIN ORDER PARTICULARLY VULNERABLE TO ABUSE FROM PRISON SUPERVISORS
WHO SEEK TO MAINTAIN ORDER THROUGH A CLIMATE OF FEAR
#ORPORAL PUNISHMENT IS APPROPRIATE FOR SOME CULTURES 3OCIETIES WITH A COLLECTIVE MENTALITY NEED LESS STRICT PUN
BUT NOT FOR OTHERS #ITIZENS OF 7ESTERN DEMOCRACIES lND ISHMENT LAWS THAN SOCIETIES WITHOUT 4HE 53 DOESNT
A GREAT DEAL OF STATE CONTROL AND AUTHORITY FRIGHTENING HAVE MORE CRIME THAN 3INGAPORE BECAUSE OF THE LACK OF
AND HOLD VERY DIVERSE VIEWS ON ACCEPTABLE BEHAVIOR AND CORPORAL PUNISHMENT BUT PRECISELY BECAUSE OF THE LACK OF
APPROPRIATE PUNISHMENT )N MANY -IDDLE AND &AR %AST A BEHAVIORAL NORM 4HE 53 AND "RITAIN ALLOWED CORPORAL
ERN COUNTRIES HOWEVER CONSENSUS IS MUCH GREATER ON PUNISHMENT IN THE PAST NEVERTHELESS CRIME mOURISHED
WHAT IS ACCEPTABLEAND A HARSHER COLLECTIVE RESPONSE
EXISTS TOWARD THOSE WHO BREACH SOCIETYS NORMS 3INGA
PORE HAS VERY LITTLE CRIME IN COMPARISON WITH THE 53 ,ET
THE RESULTS OF ITS JUSTICE SYSTEM SPEAK FOR THEMSELVES
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3AMPLE -OTIONS
4HIS (OUSE WOULD mOG CRIMINALS LIVE ON NATIONAL TELEVISION
4HIS (OUSE WOULD BRING BACK THE BIRCH
7EB ,INKS
s 7ORLD #ORPORAL 0UNISHMENT 2ESEARCH HTTPWWWCORPUNCOM
,INKS TO HUNDREDS OF SITES PROVIDING HISTORICAL AND CONTEMPORARY DATA ON THE SUBJECT
&URTHER 2EADING
.EWMAN 'RAEME *UST AND 0AINFUL ! #ASE FOR THE #ORPORAL 0UNISHMENT OF #RIMINALS (ARROW (ESTON
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02/3 #/.3
#ORPORAL PUNISHMENT SPECIlCALLY SPANKING OR SIMILAR (ITTING A CHILD IS NEVER RIGHT 4HE POWER OF PHYSICAL
ACTIONS CAN BE AN EFFECTIVE PUNISHMENT AND DETERRENT PUNISHMENT TO TEACH A CHILD THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN RIGHT
FOR CHILDISH MISBEHAVIOR )F CHILDREN DO NOT RESPOND AND WRONG IS UNPROVEN ! YOUNG CHILD MAY LEARN THAT
SERIOUSLY TO VERBAL WARNINGS OR LIGHT PUNISHMENT FROM THE ADULT IS DISPLEASED BUT NOT WHY 3PANKING WILL CAUSE
TEACHERS OR PARENTS THEN A SHORT SHARP STIMULUS WHICH A STATE OF EXTREME DISTRESS AND CONFUSION THAT MAKES CHIL
INmICTS PAIN BUT NO LASTING DAMAGE IS THE LAST RESORT TO DREN LESS LIKELY TO ANALYZE THEIR BEHAVIOR WITH CLARITY )N
CAUSE THE CHILD TO ASSOCIATE MISBEHAVIOR WITH PUNISH OLDER CHILDREN DISCIPLINED AT SCHOOL A PHYSICAL PUNISH
MENTA CRUCIAL ASSOCIATION IN A CHILDS DEVELOPMENT MENT IS LIKELY TO PROVOKE RESENTMENT AND FURTHER MIS
BEHAVIOR
-UCH OF THE ARGUMENT AGAINST CORPORAL PUNISHMENT HAS .O MATTER HOW ORDERLY YOU MAKE THE BEATING OF A CHILD
A HYSTERICAL EDGE #ORPORAL PUNISHMENT MUST BE USED AS ADVERSE EFFECTS ARE NUMEROUS #HILDREN LOSE TRUST IN THE
PART OF A WIDER STRATEGY AND AT THE CORRECT TIME WHEN ADULTS WHO ADMINISTER THE BEATING THEY LEARN THAT FORCE
OTHER IMMEDIATE DISCIPLINE HAS FAILED AND AFTER AN INITIAL IS ACCEPTABLE IN HUMAN INTERACTION THEY FEEL HUMILIATED
WARNING AND OPPORTUNITY FOR THE CHILD TO REPENT 4HE AND LOSE SELF RESPECT AND THEY BUILD UP RESENTMENT THAT
PERSON DELIVERING THE PUNISHMENT MUST NOT BE ANGRY AT MAY LEAD TO SEVERE MISBEHAVIOR IN THE FUTURE
THE TIME
3ERIOUS PHYSICAL INJURIES OCCUR ONLY WHERE DISCIPLINED 4HE ACTUAL PHYSICAL DAMAGE INmICTED VIA CORPORAL PUN
STRATEGIC CORPORAL PUNISHMENT BECOMES CHILD ABUSE ISHMENT ON CHILDREN CAN BE HORRIFYING %XAMPLES CAN BE
4HERE IS A STRICT LINE BETWEEN THE TWO AND TO IGNORE IT IS FOUND OF STUDENTS NEEDING TREATMENT FOR BROKEN ARMS
DELIBERATELY MISLEADING NERVE AND MUSCLE DAMAGE AND CEREBRAL HEMORRHAGE
3PANKING OF THE BUTTOCKS CAN CAUSE DAMAGE TO THE SCIATIC
NERVE
#ORPORAL PUNISHMENT ADMINISTERED IN THE PRESENCE OF AT 4HE BUTTOCKS ARE A SEXUAL ZONE !DULTS CAN DERIVE PLEASURE
LEAST TWO ADULTS IS MUCH LESS LIKELY TO BECOME VIOLENT OR FROM ADMINISTERING PUNISHMENT TO THAT ZONE AND SUCH A

02/3 #/.3
LEAD TO SEXUAL ABUSE !T SCHOOL ANOTHER TEACHER SHOULD PUNISHMENT CAN AFFECT THE PSYCHOSEXUAL DEVELOPMENT OF
BE PRESENT AT HOME BOTH PARENTS CHILDREN BEING DISCIPLINED %VEN THE PRESENCE OF ANOTHER
ADULT DOES NOT PREVENT THE EASY DEGENERATION FROM PUN
ISHMENT INTO CHILD ABUSE ! NOTORIOUS CASE FROM !RIZONA
IN INVOLVED SCHOOL PRINCIPAL -ICHAEL 7ETTON WHO
HAD PREVIOUS CONVICTIONS FOR VIOLENCE AGAINST CHILDREN
(E WAS CONVICTED OF ABUSE AFTER FORCING A YEAR OLD BOY
AND A YEAR OLD GIRL TO STRIP NAKED AND BE PADDLED )N
THE GIRLS CASE HER MOTHER WAS PRESENT BUT hTOO FRIGHT
ENED TO RESISTv
h(E WHO SPARETH HIS ROD HATETH HIS SON BUT HE WHO h4HE $EVIL CAN CITE 3CRIPTURE FOR HIS PURPOSEv
LOVETH HIM IS CHASTENETH HIM BETIMESv 0ROVERBS 3HAKESPEARE 4HE "IBLE FREQUENTLY CONDONES PRACTICES
THAT ARE OUTRAGEOUS TO THE MODERN SENSIBILITY
3AMPLE -OTIONS
4HIS (OUSE WOULD SPANK ITS CHILDREN WHEN NECESSARY
4HIS (OUSE BELIEVES THAT IT IS NEVER RIGHT TO HIT A CHILD
7EB ,INKS
s #ORPORAL 0UNISHMENT OF #HILDREN HTTPPEOPLEBIOLAEDUFACULTYPAULPINDEXHTML
0ROVIDES LINKS AND REFERENCES TO RESEARCH ON CORPORAL PUNISHMENT FOR CHILDREN IN THE HOME AND CRITIQUES OF ANTI SPANKING RESEARCH
s 5LTIMATE $ETERRENT 0UNISHMENT AND #ONTROL IN %NGLISH AND !MERICAN 3CHOOLS HTTPWWWHKUHKCERCBHTML
ARTICLE EXAMINING DISCIPLINARY POLICY IN "RITISH AND !MERICAN SCHOOLS
s 7ORLD #ORPORAL 0UNISHMENT 2ESEARCH HTTPWWWCORPUNCOM
,INKS TO HUNDREDS OF SITES PROVIDING HISTORICAL AND CONTEMPORARY DATA ON THE SUBJECT
&URTHER 2EADING
(YMAN )RWIN 4HE #ASE !GAINST 3PANKING (OW TO $ISCIPLINE 9OUR #HILD 7ITHOUT (ITTING *OSSEY "ASS
2OSEMOND *OHN 4O 3PANK OR .OT TO 3PANK ! 0ARENTS (ANDBOOK !NDREWS -C-EEL
3TRAUS -URRAY AND $ENISE ! $ONNELLY "EATING THE $EVIL /UT OF 4HEM #ORPORAL 0UNISHMENT IN !MERICAN &AMILIES AND )TS %FFECT ON
#HILDREN 4RANSACTION
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02/3 #/.3
#ORRUPTION REDUCES BUREAUCRACY AND SPEEDS THE IMPLE #OUNTRIES WITH LOWER LEVELS OF CORRUPTION STILL HAVE
MENTATION OF ADMINISTRATIVE PRACTICES GOVERNING ECO EFlCIENT BUREAUCRACIES AND ENJOY BETTER ECONOMIC WELL
NOMIC FORCES OF THE MARKET #ORRUPT PUBLIC OFlCIALS BEING #ORRUPTION IN THE PUBLIC SECTOR IS THE BIGGEST
ACQUIRE INCENTIVES TO CREATE A DEVELOPMENT FRIENDLY OBSTACLE TO INVESTMENT CAUSING MISALLOCATION OF VALUABLE
SYSTEM FOR THE ECONOMY !S A RESULT CORRUPTION STARTS RESOURCES AND SUBVERSION OF PUBLIC POLICIES )T IS ALSO AN
A CHAIN OF BENElTS FOR ALL THE ECONOMIC ACTORS MAKING INVISIBLE TAX ON THE POOR '$0 LEVELS FOR CORRUPTED STATES
OVERREGULATED OBSTRUCTIVE BUREAUCRACIES MUCH MORE COULD BE MUCH HIGHER WITHOUT CORRUPTION
EFlCIENT
#ORRUPTION IS A 7ESTERN CONCEPT AND IS NOT APPLICABLE 4HE VERY IDEA OF CORRUPTION IS UNETHICAL REGARDLESS OF
TO TRADITIONAL SOCIETIES WHERE CORRUPTION DOES NOT HAVE ONES TRADITIONS #ULTURAL RELATIVISM IS JUST AN ATTEMPT TO
SUCH A NEGATIVE MEANING -ANY TRADITIONAL SOCIETIES WITH LEGITIMIZE CORRUPTION BY THE CORRUPTED .OT ENOUGH EVI
A hGIFT CULTUREv HAVE A DIFFERENT UNDERSTANDING OF CIVIL DENCE HAS BEEN PRESENTED TO SUPPORT THE SUGGESTION THAT
RESPONSIBILITIES AND ETIQUETTE 4HE SOCIAL STRUCTURE AND CORRUPTION IS REQUIRED BY CERTAIN SOCIO CULTURAL PRACTICES
POLITICAL TRADITIONS OF MANY COUNTRIES ARE BASED ON THE -OREOVER REGARDING CORRUPTION AS AN INNATE QUALITY OF
BENElCIAL EFFECT OF CORRUPTION AND CANNOT SURVIVE IN ITS HUMAN CULTURE UNDERMINES THE HOPE FOR ANY IMPROVE
ABSENCE MENT AND IS INHERENTLY FATALISTIC SERVING AS AN EXCUSE FOR
CREATING CULTURES OF CORRUPTION AND FEAR
#ORRUPTION IS A CONDITION OF DEVELOPING STATES AND #ORRUPTION IS UNIVERSAL AND THE FACT THAT A NATION IS
SHOULD BE SEEN AS A CHILDHOOD DISEASE 7ESTERN COUN ECONOMICALLY DEVELOPED DOES NOT MEAN THAT IT HAS LESS
TRIES THEMSELVES WERE ONCE THE MOST CORRUPTED SOCIETIES CORRUPTION 3OME &IRST 7ORLD COUNTRIES HAVE HIGH RATES
OF THE WORLD .OT ONLY IS CORRUPTION ENDEMIC IN UNDER OF PUBLIC CORRUPTION (AVING A LOW LEVEL OF CORRUPTION
DEVELOPED NATIONS IT IS ALSO AN EVOLUTIONARY LEVEL THAT HOWEVER GIVES A UNIQUE ADVANTAGE TO ANY DEVELOPING
PRECEDES DEVELOPMENT AND INDUSTRIALIZATION #ORRUPTION NATION !PPROPRIATE POLICIES CAN SUBSTITUTE FOR ANY POSI
IS A SIDE EFFECT OF EMERGING CAPITALISM AND A FREE MARKET TIVE EFFECT OF CORRUPTION
5NDERDEVELOPED COUNTRIES CANNOT COMBAT CORRUPTION
WITHOUT HAVING ACHIEVED THE LEVEL OF ECONOMIC DEVELOP
MENT NECESSARY TO lGHT IT
3AMPLE -OTIONS
4HIS (OUSE DECLARES THAT ANTICORRUPTION EFFORTS DO MORE HARM THAN GOOD
4HIS (OUSE CONlRMS THAT CORRUPTION IS UNETHICAL
4HIS (OUSE SHOULD lGHT PUBLIC CORRUPTION
7EB ,INKS
s !NTI #ORRUPTION 'ATEWAY HTTPWWWNOBRIBESORG
0ROVIDES INFORMATION ABOUT COMBATING CORRUPTION IN %UROPE AND %URASIA
s 'LOBAL #ORRUPTION 2EPORT HTTPWWWGLOBALCORRUPTIONREPORTORG
0ROJECT OF 4RANSPARENCY )NTERNATIONAL PROVIDES AN EXTENSIVE REPORT ON CORRUPTION AROUND THE WORLD
s 4RANSPARENCY )NTERNATIONAL HTTPWWWTRANSPARENCYORG
'LOBAL COALITION AGAINST CORRUPTION

&URTHER 2EADING
!NECHIARICO &RANK ET AL 4HE 0URSUIT OF !BSOLUTE )NTEGRITY (OW #ORRUPTION #ONTROL -AKES 'OVERNMENT )NEFFECTIVE 5NIVERSITY OF
#HICAGO 0RESS
$ELLA 0ORTA $ONATELLA AND !LBERTO 6ANNUCCI #ORRUPT %XCHANGES !CTORS 2ESOURCES AND -ECHANISMS OF 0OLITICAL #ORRUPTION !LDINE
DE 'RUYTER
2OSE !CKERMAN 3USAN #ORRUPTION AND 'OVERNMENT #AUSES #ONSEQUENCES AND 2EFORM
#AMBRIDGE 5NIVERSITY 0RESS
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Wh[Yedi_Z[h_d]_dij_jkj_d]Yel[dWdjcWhh_W][WiWdefj_ed$
02/3 #/.3
#OVENANT MARRIAGES MIGHT REDUCE THE NUMBER OF DOMES )N A COVENANT MARRIAGE A PARTNER MUST PROVE THAT ABUSE
TIC VIOLENCE CASES ! *USTICE $EPARTMENT STUDY CON ACTUALLY OCCURRED TO BE PERMITTED TO END THE MARRIAGE
CLUDED THAT CURRENT HUSBANDSFATHERS ACCOUNT FOR ONLY 4HIS ESPECIALLY WORRIES ADVOCATES FOR BATTERED WOMEN
OF THE CASES OF DOMESTIC ABUSE 4HE REST OF THE ABUSE WHO SAY THAT PROVING DOMESTIC ABUSE CAN BE DIFlCULT AND
WAS PERPETRATED BY FORMER HUSBANDS BOYFRIENDS OR THE WAITING PERIOD MAKES WOMEN STAY IN ABUSIVE RELA
TRANSIENT PARTNERS 7ITHOUT DIVORCE WOMEN MAY BE LESS TIONSHIPS LONGER )N ADDITION MENTAL ABUSE IS NOT SEEN AS
LIKELY TO BE INVOLVED WITH ABUSIVE MEN A LEGITIMATE REASON TO END A MARRIAGE
)N A COVENANT MARRIAGE THE OFFENDED SPOUSE IS THE ONLY 3OME FEMINISTS FEEL INITIATIVES FOR COVENANT MARRIAGE
ONE WHO CAN ASK FOR THE DIVORCE 4HIS GIVES THE OFFENDED SIMPLY CONCEAL THE HIDDEN AGENDA OF THE ANTIFEMINIST
SPOUSE MANY BENElTS IN NEGOTIATING THE END OF THE MAR -ORAL -AJORITY ,IBERAL COMMENTATOR +ATHA 0OLLITT A COL
RIAGE ! WOMAN CLEARLY HAS MORE TO LOSE IN ASSUMING A UMNIST FOR 4HE .ATION SAID COVENANT MARRIAGES hENFORCE
MARRIAGE WILL LAST FOREVER ESPECIALLY IF SHE PUTS HER CAREER A NARROW AND MORALISTIC VISION OF MARRIAGE BY RENDER
ON HOLD TO CARE FOR CHILDREN ! COVENANT MARRIAGE IS A ING DIVORCE MORE PAINFUL AND MORE PUNITIVEv -ANY
WAY FOR WOMEN TO HAVE MORE SECURITY IN A MARRIAGE ADVOCATES OF COVENANT MARRIAGE LAWS ARE SELF DESCRIBED
2ELIGIOUS BELIEF IS ONLY ONE REASON TO WANT MARRIAGES TO CONSERVATIVE #HRISTIANS RELIGIOUS GROUPS ARE MAJOR SUP
SUCCEED SOCIETY AS A WHOLE HAS AN INTEREST IN STABLE FAMI PORTERS OF THE COVENANT MARRIAGE LAWS ,OUISIANA ./7
LIES !DVOCATE FOR COVENANT MARRIAGE !MITAI %TZIONI PRESIDENT 4ERRY /.EILL POINTED OUT THAT h @#OVENANT
FOUNDER AND DIRECTOR OF THE 7ASHINGTON BASED #OMMU AND @COVENANT MARRIAGE ARE TERMS WITH A VERY SPECIlC
NITARIAN .ETWORK SAID h/NE CAN BE DEEPLY CONCERNED MEANING IN THE #HRISTIAN COMMUNITYv #ONmATING RELI
WITH STRENGTHENING THE COMMITMENT OF MARRIAGE WITHOUT GIOUS VALUES WITH SECULAR LAWS ON MARRIAGE IS WRONG
FAVORING TRADITIONAL OR HIERARCHICAL FORMS OF MARRIAGES OR
DENYING WOMEN FULL EQUAL STANDINGv
4HE PREMARITAL COUNSELING BY A TRAINED COUNSELOR THAT IS )F PARTNERS ENTER A COVENANT MARRIAGE THEY WOULD NOT BE
A REQUIREMENT OF COVENANT MARRIAGE ENABLES THE FUTURE ABLE TO DIVORCE UNTIL THEY ARE SEPARATED FOR AT LEAST TWO
HUSBAND AND WIFE TO GET TO KNOW EACH OTHER WELL )SSUES YEARS 0EOPLE COULD GET STUCK IN MARRIAGES AND BE UNABLE
SUCH AS HOW TO RAISE CHILDREN HOW TO SPLIT HOUSEWORK TO CONTINUE WITH THEIR LIVES EVEN WHEN THE MARRIAGE HAS
AND lNANCIAL MATTERS ARE DISCUSSED AND EXPLORED WITH PRODUCED NO CHILDREN AND THE SPOUSES HAVE NO SIGNIl
\
02/3 #/.3
THE COUNSELOR #OVENANT MARRIAGES ARE MORE RESTRICTIVE CANT ASSETS TO DIVIDE !LSO COVENANT MARRIAGE LAYS THE
BUT ALLOW FOR DIVORCE IN SPECIlC CIRCUMSTANCES ADULTERY BURDEN OF PROOF ON THE SPOUSE WHO lLES FOR DIVORCE !
PHYSICAL OR SEXUAL ABUSE OF A SPOUSE OR CHILD ABANDON JUDGE MUST BE CONVINCED THAT GROUNDS FOR DIVORCE ACTU
MENT OF AT LEAST ONE YEAR INCARCERATION OF A SPOUSE FOR ALLY EXIST )N ADDITION ALTHOUGH A COVENANT MARRIAGE CAN
A FELONY CONVICTION SPOUSES LIVING SEPARATE AND APART BE DISSOLVED BECAUSE OF A FELONY CONVICTION A PARTNERS
FOR TWO YEARS AND A LEGAL SEPARATION OF ONE YEAR OR STRING OF MISDEMEANORS IS NOT GROUNDS FOR DIVORCE
MONTHS IF A MINOR CHILD IS INVOLVED
$IVORCE IS TERRIBLE FOR CHILDREN 4HEY LOSE STABILITY AND #OVENANT MARRIAGES FORCE FAMILIES IN CONmICT TO STAY
SECURITY #HILDREN WHOSE PARENTS HAVE DIVORCED HAVE TOGETHER WHICH HAS THE POTENTIAL TO HARM CHILDREN MORE
HIGHER RATES OF SUICIDE 4HEY ARE MORE LIKELY TO COMMIT THAN DIVORCE 2ESEARCH SHOWS THAT WHEN PARENTS STAY
CRIMES AND ABUSE DRUGS 4HEIR EDUCATION SUFFERS AND IN A HIGH CONmICT MARRIAGE CHILDREN FARE WORSE THAN
THEY ARE LESS LIKELY TO GRADUATE FROM COLLEGE AND MORE WHEN THEIR PARENTS ACTUALLY DIVORCE #HILDREN MUST BE
LIKELY TO DROP OUT OF HIGH SCHOOL 4HE DETRIMENTAL lNAN CONSIDERED WHEN PARENTS DIVORCE BUT WITH APPROPRIATE
CIAL EFFECTS OF DIVORCE ALSO AFFECT THESE CHILDREN #HILDREN NURTURING AND SUPPORT CHILDREN CAN COPE WITH DIVORCE
OF DIVORCE MUST ADAPT TO MANY CHANGES IN THEIR FAMILY AND EVENTUALLY HAVE STRONG MARRIAGES OF THEIR OWN )N
ENVIRONMENT AND ARE AT GREATER RISK OF BEING ABUSED 4HE FACT STUDIES SHOW THAT A CHILD OF DIVORCED PARENTS IS NO
!MERICAN !CADEMY OF -ATRIMONIAL ,AWYERS SUMMER MORE LIKELY THAN A CHILD OF MARRIED PARENTS TO DIVORCE AS
NEWSLETTER SAYS h/NLY ACTS OF WAR AND THE EVENTS AN ADULT
OF NATURAL DISASTERS ARE MORE HARMFUL TO A CHILDS PSYCHE
THAN THE DIVORCE PROCESSv
0ASSAGE OF NO FAULT DIVORCE LAWS RESULTED IN AN ONSLAUGHT #OVENANT MARRIAGE LAWS ARE WEAK AND THE RESOURCES DO
OF DIVORCE AND A BREAKDOWN OF THE !MERICAN FAMILY )N NOT EXIST TO PROVIDE THE COUNSELING THEY MANDATE 4HE
THE YEAR BEFORE #ALIFORNIA ADOPTED THE NATIONS lRST 53 3UPREME #OURT RULED MORE THAN YEARS AGO THAT THE
NO FAULT DIVORCE LAW THE 53 HAD DIVORCES STATE OF RESIDENCE AT THE TIME OF THE DIVORCE DETERMINES
DIVORCES PER !MERICANS !FTER YEARS OF NO FAULT THE LAWS GOVERNING THAT DIVORCE 3O IF THE COVENANT MAR
DIVORCE THE NUMBER OF DIVORCES HAD REACHED RIAGE PARTNERS MOVE TO A STATE WITHOUT COVENANT MARRIAGE
ANNUALLY OR PER #OVENANT MARRIAGES ARE THE LAWS THEY ARE FREE TO USE THE NO FAULT SYSTEM ANYWAY 4HE
ANSWER 2ESEARCH HAS SHOWN THAT TO OF COUPLES MANDATED COUNSELING BOTH BEFORE MARRIAGE AND BEFORE
ON THE BRINK OF DIVORCE MAY RECONCILE IF THEY ARE LEGALLY DIVORCE COULD BE COSTLY 3TATES THAT HAVE PASSED COVENANT
PREVENTED FROM DIVORCING FOR SIX MONTHS AS SPECIlED IN MARRIAGE LAWS HAVE DONE LITTLE TO PROVIDE LOW COST OR FREE
A COVENANT MARRIAGE COUNSELORS FOR THOSE WHO CANNOT AFFORD THEM )N ADDI
TION THOSE WHO CHOOSE COVENANT MARRIAGES ARE THE LEAST
LIKELY TO DIVORCE ANYWAY 3TUDIES SHOW THAT THOSE IN COV
ENANT MARRIAGES HAVE HIGHER INCOMES AND EDUCATION ARE
MORE INVOLVED WITH THEIR CHURCHES AND TAKE MARRIAGE
MORE SERIOUSLY THAN THOSE WHO DO NOT SELECT COVENANT
MARRIAGES 4HESE TRAITS ARE ALL PREDICTORS OF A SUCCESSFUL
MARRIAGE REGARDLESS OF THE REQUIREMENTS OF COVENANT
MARRIAGE
3AMPLE -OTIONS
4HIS (OUSE BELIEVES THAT COUPLES SHOULD CHOOSE A COVENANT MARRIAGE INSTEAD OF A TRADITIONAL MARRIAGE
4HIS (OUSE OPPOSES COVENANT MARRIAGE LAWS
4HIS (OUSE SUPPORTS COVENANT MARRIAGE LAWS AS THE ANSWER TO !MERICAS DIVORCE PROBLEM
7EB ,INKS
s !MERICAN !CADEMY OF -ATRIMONIAL ,AWYERS HTTPWWWAAMLORG
7EB SITE WITH MANY ARTICLES RELATED TO MARRIAGE AND DIVORCE LAWS

s !MERICANS FOR $IVORCE 2EFORM HTTPWWWDIVORCEREFORMORG
0RO DIVORCE REFORM PAGE OFFERS MANY ARTICLES ON DIVORCE REFORM AS WELL AS A SECTION ON COVENANT MARRIAGES AND SAMPLE LEGISLATION STATES
COULD ADOPT TO CREATE COVENANT MARRIAGE LAWS
s #OVENANT -ARRIAGE -OVEMENT HTTPWWWCOVENANTMARRIAGECOM
4HIS #HRISTIAN BASED SITE GIVES INFORMATION FOR COUPLES CONSIDERING COVENANT MARRIAGE AND URGES CHURCH CONGREGATIONS TO SUPPORT
COVENANT MARRIAGE
&URTHER 2EADING
"ENNETT 7ILLIAM * 4HE "ROKEN (EARTH 2EVERSING THE -ORAL #OLLAPSE OF THE !MERICAN &AMILY $OUBLEDAY
&INEMAN -ARTHA !LBERTSON 4HE )LLUSION OF %QUALITY 4HE 2HETORIC AND 2EALITY OF $IVORCE 2EFORM 5NIVERSITY OF #HICAGO 0RESS
(ETHERINGTON % -AVIS AND *OHN +ELLY &OR "ETTER OR FOR 7ORSE $IVORCE 2ECONSIDERED 7 7 .ORTON
,OWERY &RED #OVENANT -ARRIAGE 3TAYING 4OGETHER FOR ,IFE (OWARD 0UBLISHING
7ILSON *AMES 1 4HE -ARRIAGE 0ROBLEM (OW /UR #ULTURE (AS 7EAKENED &AMILIES (ARPER#OLLINS
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02/3 #/.3
4HE #ONSTITUTION FORBIDS THE ESTABLISHMENT OF ANY ONE )N PRACTICE THERE IS NO QUESTION THAT THE SUPPORTERS OF
RELIGION BUT IT ALSO GUARANTEES FREEDOM OF RELIGION WHICH CREATIONISM DEPEND UPON ONE RELIGIOUS TRADITIONTHE
MEANS THAT THE GOVERNMENT CANNOT SUPPRESS RELIGION "Y *UDEO #HRISTIANAND UPON THE ACCOUNT OF CREATION
TEACHING THAT EVOLUTION IS TRUE SCHOOLS ARE VIOLATING THE IN ITS SACRED TEXTS 4EACHING CREATIONISM ESTABLISHES IN
RELIGIOUS BELIEFS OF STUDENTS EFFECT ONLY THAT SPECIlC RELIGIOUS TRADITION TO THE DETRI
MENT OF OTHER RELIGIONS AND OF NONBELIEVERS 4EACHING
CREATIONISM IN A PUBLICLY FUNDED SCHOOL IS CLEARLY A VIOLA
TION OF THE #ONSTITUTION
%VOLUTION HAS NOT BEEN PROVED IT IS A THEORY USED TO %VOLUTION IS A THEORY THAT IS BASED ON VERIlABLE SCIENTIlC
EXPLAIN OBSERVABLE FACTS "UT THOSE FACTS CAN BE EXPLAINED FACTS BUT CREATIONISM IS BASED ON THE REVELATIONS CON
JUST AS WELL AND IN SOME CASES EVEN BETTER BY INTELLIGENT TAINED IN SCRIPTURE #REATIONISM CANNOT BE TAUGHT AS SCI
DESIGN THEORY -OREOVER EVOLUTIONISTS DO NOT ACKNOWL ENCE BECAUSE IT IS NOT CONSISTENT WITH STANDARD SCIENTIlC
EDGE THAT THE EVIDENCE ESSENTIAL FOR PROVING THEIR IDEAS PROCEDURE
EG FOSSIL REMAINS OF TRANSITIONAL EVOLVING BEINGS
SIMPLY DOES NOT EXIST #REATIONISM IS A THEORY THAT IS AT
LEAST AS WORTHY AS EVOLUTION AND SHOULD BE TAUGHT ALONG
WITH IT
\
02/3 #/.3
"Y TEACHING INTELLIGENT DESIGN THEORY A SCHOOL IS NOT !LL RELIGIONS OFFER A CREATION STORY VARYING FROM RELIGION
DOING ANYTHING TO ESTABLISH ANY PARTICULAR RELIGION )NTEL TO RELIGION AND FROM CULTURE TO CULTURE ! PUBLIC SCHOOL
LIGENT DESIGN IS ACCEPTED BY #HRISTIANS *EWS -USLIMS MIGHT EXAMINE ALL OF THESE BELIEFS IN THE CONTEXT OF A
.ATIVE !MERICANS (INDUS AND MANY OTHERS 4HEREFORE HISTORY OF IDEAS COURSE RATHER THAN IN A SCIENCE COURSE
IT SHOULD NOT BE FORBIDDEN BY THE ESTABLISHMENT CLAUSE OF )N PRACTICE HOWEVER CREATIONISTS ARE NOT INTERESTED IN
THE &IRST !MENDMENT EXPLORING DIFFERENT BELIEFS THEY ARE RATHER COMMITTED
TO PUTTING ONE RELIGIOUS BELIEF ON EQUAL FOOTING WITH PRE
VAILING SCIENTIlC THINKING IN THE SCIENCE CLASSROOM
#REATIONISM IS NOT AS THE 3UPREME #OURT HAS RULED #REATIONISM IS NOT A SCIENTIlC THEORY AND IS NOT ACCEPTED
A RELIGIOUS BELIEF )T IS A SCIENTIlC THEORY AND HAS BEEN BY THE SCIENTIlC COMMUNITY 3CHOOLS HAVE A MANDATE TO
ARTICULATED BY MANY PHILOSOPHERS AND SCIENTISTS FOR TEACH WHAT IS CURRENTLY ACCEPTED BY THE COUNTRYS SCIEN
EXAMPLE !RISTOTLE IN A COMPLETELY SECULAR CONTEXT TISTSTHAT IS THEY MUST TEACH EVOLUTION NOT MATERIAL
FROM OUTSIDE THE DISCIPLINE OF BIOLOGY
(ISTORY HAS SHOWN THAT SCIENTIlC THEORIES ARE OFTEN DIS 3CIENCE IS MORALLY AND RELIGIOUSLY NEUTRAL )T DOES NOT AIM
PROVED OVER TIME EVOLUTION THUS SHOULD NOT BE CONSID TO UPHOLD RELIGIOUS BELIEFS IT DOES NOT AIM TO DEBUNK
ERED TO BE AN UNASSAILABLE TRUTH )N THE SPIRIT OF SCIENTIlC RELIGIOUS BELIEFS %VOLUTION IS NOT TAUGHT AS AN ATTACK ON
INQUIRY AND INTELLECTUAL SKEPTICISM STUDENTS SHOULD BE RELIGION IT IS TAUGHT AS THE BEST SCIENTIlC EXPLANATION OF
EXPOSED TO COMPETING THEORIES AVAILABLE FACTS 3TUDENTS ARE FREE TO PURSUE THEIR OWN PRI
VATE RELIGIOUS BELIEFS
3AMPLE -OTIONS
4HIS (OUSE FAVORS A CURRICULUM FREE OF CREATIONISM TEACHINGS IN PUBLIC SCHOOLS
4HIS (OUSE BELIEVES THAT EVOLUTION OUGHT TO BE TAUGHT INSTEAD OF CREATIONISM
4HIS (OUSE THINKS THAT TEACHING CREATIONISM IN PUBLIC SCHOOLS IS JUSTIlED
7EB ,INKS
s %VOLUTION VS #REATIONISM HTTPPHYSICSSYREDUCOURSESMODULES/2)').3ORIGINSHTML
3ITE CONTAINS INFORMATION ON BOTH SIDES OF THE DEBATE INCLUDING LINKS TO ARTICLES NEWSGROUPS BOOKS AND FREQUENTLY ASKED
QUESTIONS
s 3CIENCE AND #REATIONISM HTTPWWWNAPEDUHTMLCREATIONISMPREFACEHTML
$ETAILED ESSAY FROM THE .ATIONAL !CADEMY OF 3CIENCES SUMMARIZES THE KEY ASPECTS OF EVOLUTION DESCRIBES THE POSITIONS TAKEN BY
ADVOCATES OF CREATION SCIENCE AND ANALYZES THEIR CLAIMS
s 3CIENTIlC #REATIONISM HTTPWWWSCIENTIlCCREATIONISMORG
3ITE OUTLINES ARGUMENTS IN SUPPORT OF CREATIONISM
&URTHER 2EADING
"INDER !MY * #ONTENTIOUS #URRICULA !FROCENTRISM AND #REATIONISM IN !MERICAN 0UBLIC 3CHOOLS 0RINCETON 5NIVERSITY 0RESS
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02/3 #/.3
4HE SANCTIONS CAUSE REAL AND UNACCEPTABLE HARM TO THE 3ANCTIONS DIDNT CAUSE ECONOMIC FAILURE IN #UBA 4HE
#UBAN PEOPLE )N THE S #UBA LOST 53 BILLION IN COMMUNIST POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC SYSTEM HAS BEEN
TRADE AND 53 BILLION IN INTERNATIONAL LOANS BECAUSE SHOWN TO LEAD INEVITABLY TO ECONOMIC COLLAPSE WITH OR
OF 53 SANCTIONS #UBA IS TOO POOR A COUNTRY NOT TO SUFFER WITHOUT SANCTIONS %VEN IF SANCTIONS WERE LIFTED LACK
FROM THESE LOSSES 4HE DOMINANCE OF !MERICA IN THE OF PRIVATE OWNERSHIP FOREIGN EXCHANGE AND TRADABLE
PHARMACEUTICALS INDUSTRY MOREOVER MEANS THAT #UBANS COMMODITIES WOULD HOLD #UBA BACK 4HE )NTERNATIONAL
ARE UNABLE TO GAIN ACCESS TO MANY DRUGS !MERICA WOULD 4RADE #OMMISSION FOUND A hMINIMAL EFFECT ON THE
BE THE NATURAL MARKET FOR MOST #UBAN PRODUCTS AND ITS #UBAN ECONOMYv FROM SANCTIONS )N FACT THE 53 CAN
REFUSAL TO ACCEPT GOODS WITH EVEN THE MOST MINOR #UBAN BEST CONTRIBUTE TO AN ECONOMIC RECOVERY IN #UBA BY
COMPONENTS FROM THIRD NATIONS DAMAGES #UBAS ABILITY USING SANCTIONS TO PRESSURE THAT NATION INTO ECONOMIC
TO TRADE WITH OTHER COUNTRIES /THER 3OUTH !MERICAN AND POLITICAL REFORMS
COUNTRIES HAVE RECENTLY RELIED ON THE TYPES OF LOANS THAT
#UBA IS DENIED TO KEEP THEIR ECONOMIES ON TRACK
3ANCTIONS ARE POINTLESS AND COUNTERPRODUCTIVE 4HEYVE 3ANCTIONS ARE A PROVEN POLICY TOOL AND CAN BE USED TO PRES
MADE NO POLITICAL DIFFERENCE IN THE LAST YEARS WHY SURE AN EXTREMELY REPRESSIVE REGIME INTO REFORMS !GGRES
WOULD THEY NOW 4HEY RESULT THE 53 BEING BLAMED FOR SIVE 53 ENGAGEMENT AND PRESSURE CONTRIBUTED TO THE COL
ALL THE FAILURES OF THE #UBAN ECONOMY AND SANCTIONS ARE LAPSE OF THE 3OVIET 5NION 3ANCTIONS ARE ALSO ACCORDING
ALSO USED TO JUSTIFY REPRESSIVE MEASURES FOR SECURITY 0RESI TO 3ECRETARY OF 3TATE #OLIN 0OWELL A hMORAL STATEMENTv
DENT 'EORGE 7 "USH CLAIMS TO WANT TO EMPOWER CIVIL OF !MERICAS DISAPPROVAL FOR THE #ASTRO REGIME "LAM
SOCIETY IN #UBA BUT IN WHILE GOVERNOR OF 4EXAS ING !MERICA FOR ALL ECONOMIC WOES DIDNT FOOL ORDINARY
HE ARGUED THAT THE BEST WAY TO ACHIEVE THIS IN #HINA WAS 2USSIANS AND IT WONT FOOL #UBANS .OW IS EXACTLY THE
TO TRADE AND SPREAD h!MERICAN VALUESv TIME THAT THE 53 SHOULD BE TIGHTENING THE SCREWS SO THAT
#ASTROS SUCCESSOR IS FORCED TO MAKE REAL CHANGES
.O LEGITIMATE REASON HAS BEEN OFFERED FOR SINGLING OUT #UBA IS A REPRESSIVE REGIME WITH ONE PARTY RULE THAT HOLDS
#UBA FOR SANCTIONS #UBA HAS NO BIOLOGICAL CHEMICAL POLITICAL PRISONERS AND STImES OPPOSITION AND ECONOMIC
OR NUCLEAR WEAPONS AND DOES NOT SPONSOR TERROR #UBA FREEDOM THROUGH CONSTANT HARASSMENT 4HE #ASTRO REGIME
HOLDS FEWER PRISONERS OF CONSCIENCE THAN #HINA 6IET HAS REFUSED TO AID WITH THE SEARCH FOR !L 1AEDA SUSPECTS AND
NAM )RAN OR EVEN %GYPT 4O MAINTAIN SANCTIONS TO IS ON THE 53 LIST OF SPONSORS OF TERROR BECAUSE IT PROVIDES
ENCOURAGE CHANGE IN THE FORM OF GOVERNMENT AS THE 53 A SAFE HAVEN TO MANY !MERICAN FUGITIVES #UBA IS KNOWN
CLAIMS IT IS DOING IS TOTALLY ILLEGITIMATE UNDER INTERNA TO HAVE A DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGICAL WEAPONS hEFFORTv AND
TIONAL LAW #UBA HAS OFFERED TO COMPENSATE 53 CITIZENS IS RECORDED AS BREAKING INTERNATIONAL SANCTIONS TO EXPORT
WHOSE PROPERTY WAS NATIONALIZED IN DUAL USE TECHNOLOGIES TO )RAN &INALLY #UBA HAS FAILED TO
STOP ILLEGAL DRUG SHIPMENTS THROUGH ITS WATERS AND ITS GOV
\
02/3 #/.3
ERNMENT PROlTS DIRECTLY FROM RESOURCES STOLEN FROM 53
CITIZENS IN
3ANCTIONS ON #UBA ARE ILLEGAL AND DAMAGE !MERICAS !MERICA IS ATTEMPTING TO PROTECT THE RIGHTS ENSHRINED IN
INTERNATIONAL STANDING 4HEY VIOLATE THE 5. #HARTER THE 5NIVERSAL $ECLARATION OF (UMAN RIGHTS FOR BOTH ITS
LAWS ON THE FREEDOM OF NAVIGATION AND REPEATED 5. OWN CITIZENS AND CITIZENS OF #UBA )F THE 53 BREAKS INTER
RESOLUTIONS SINCE PASSED WITH ONLY THE 53 AND NATIONAL LAW IT IS ONLY TO MORE FULLY REALIZE THE TRUE AIMS
)SRAEL IN OPPOSITION &URTHERMORE SOME PARTS OF THE OF INTERNATIONAL LAW 4HE 5. RESOLUTIONS CONDEMNING
(ELMS "URTON !CT ARE EXTRATERRITORIAL IN THEIR EFFECTS ON THE SANCTIONS HAVE NEVER PASSED THE 3ECURITY #OUNCIL AND
THE BUSINESS OF OTHER NATIONS AND THUS CAUSE SIGNIlCANT THEREFORE LACK ANY AUTHORITY !MERICAS STATUS AS A GUARD
PROTEST AROUND THE WORLD 4HIS MAKES A MOCKERY OF THE IAN OF HUMAN RIGHTS AND AN ENEMY OF TERROR IS ENHANCED
53 CLAIM TO BE A GUARDIAN OF INTERNATIONAL LAW NOT ONLY BY ITS MORAL REFUSAL TO COMPROMISE WITH A REPRESSIVE GOV
IN ITS DEALINGS WITH #UBA BUT ALSO IN THE NEGOTIATIONS ERNMENT JUST OFF ITS OWN SHORES
OVER THE FUTURE OF )RAQ !MERICA COULD ACHIEVE ITS GOALS
INTERNATIONALLY MORE EASILY IF IT WERE NOT FOR ITS OWN LACK
OF RESPECT FOR INTERNATIONAL LAW
4HE 53 WILL ALSO BENElT FROM THE OPENING OF TRADE WITH #UBA WILL NEVER ACCOUNT FOR MORE THAN A TINY PERCENTAGE
#UBA ECONOMICALLY -IDWEST 2EPUBLICANS HAVE VOTED TO OF !MERICAS TRADE AND IT IS ABLE TO SOURCE AND SELL ALL
DROP THE EMBARGO BECAUSE OF THE POTENTIAL FOR PROlTS IN ITS PRODUCTS ELSEWHERE %VEN IF #UBA WERE A VITAL MARKET
THEIR FARMING STATES &URTHER IF SANCTIONS END !MERICANS FOR !MERICAN GOODS IT WOULD BE WORTH GIVING UP SOME
WILL BE ABLE TO STOP PRETENDING THAT THEY PREFER "OLIVIAN ECONOMIC GROWTH TO MAINTAIN A COMMITMENT TO THE FREE
CIGARS DOM OF THE #UBAN PEOPLE !S IT IS THE TOTAL #UBAN '$0
IS A DROP IN THE OCEAN
3ANCTIONS ARE NOT THE WILL OF THE !MERICAN PEOPLE BUT 4HE PEOPLE WHO CARE MOST ABOUT THE #UBAN QUESTION
OF A SMALL MINORITY OF EMBITTERED #UBAN !MERICANS IN OPPOSE DROPPING SANCTIONS 4HE -IDWEST 2EPUBLICANS
&LORIDA WHO ARE BEING PANDERED TO .ATIONAL OPINION WHO VOTED TO DROP THE TRAVEL BAN ARE NO LESS BLINKERED
GENERALLY EXPRESSES NO PREFERENCE ABOUT OR OPPOSES THE THAN THE #UBAN !MERICANS WHO VOTE TO KEEP IT /PIN
BAN )N RECENT YEARS THE (OUSE OF 2EPRESENTATIVES HAS ION ON SANCTIONS WAVERS THE SEPARATION OF POWERS IS IN
VOTED BY INCREASING MARGINS TO LIFT THE BAN ON TRAVEL TO PLACE SPECIlCALLY TO ALLOW THE 7HITE (OUSE TO MAINTAIN
#UBA BUT THE "USH ADMINISTRATION REMAINS OPPOSED A STABLE POLICY ON ISSUES OF NATIONAL SECURITY
4HIS IS ELECTIONEERING GOVERNMENT AT ITS WORST
3AMPLE -OTIONS
4HIS (OUSE WOULD DROP THE SANCTIONS ON #UBA
4HIS (OUSE WOULD SANCTION SANCTIONS
4HIS (OUSE BELIEVES IN #UBA ,IBRE
4HIS (OUSE CONDEMNS 53 FOREIGN POLICY
7EB ,INKS
s #)! #OUNTRY 0ROlLE HTTPWWWCIAGOVCIAPUBLICATIONSFACTBOOKINDEXHTML
1UICK OVERVIEW OF THE GOVERNMENT AND ECONOMY OF #UBA
s #UBA.ET HTTPWWWCUBANETORG
0ROVIDES LATEST NEWS ON #UBAN DOMESTIC ISSUES AND INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
s 3TATE $EPARTMENT 2EPORTS ON #UBA HTTPWWWSTATEGOVWWWREGIONSWHACUBA
!RCHIVE OF 3TATE $EPARTMENT INFORMATION ON #UBA BEFORE
&URTHER 2EADING
#ASTRO &IDEL #APITALISM IN #RISIS 'LOBALIZATION AND 7ORLD 0OLITICS 4ODAY /CEAN 0RESS
&ONTAINE 2OGER AND 7ILLIAM % 2ATLIFF ! 3TRATEGIC &LIP &LOP IN THE #ARIBBEAN ,IFT THE %MBARGO IN #UBA (OOVER )NSTITUTE 0RESS
3CHWAB 0ETER #UBA #ONFRONTING THE 53 %MBARGO 0ALGRAVE -ACMILLAN

#5,452!, 42%!352%3 2%452. /&
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02/3 #/.3
#ULTURAL TREASURES SHOULD BE DISPLAYED IN THE CONTEXT !RT TREASURES SHOULD BE ACCESSIBLE TO THE GREATEST NUMBER
IN WHICH THEY ORIGINATED ONLY THEN CAN THEY BE TRULY OF PEOPLE AND TO SCHOLARS )N PRACTICE THIS MEANS DISPLAY
UNDERSTOOD )N THE CASE OF THE %LGIN -ARBLES THIS IS AN ING THEM IN THE GREAT MUSEUMS OF THE WORLD 2ETURN
ARCHITECTURAL CONTEXT THAT ONLY PROXIMITY TO THE 0ARTHE ING TREASURES TO THEIR ORIGINAL CONTEXT IS IMPOSSIBLE 4OO
NON ITSELF CAN PROVIDE MUCH HAS CHANGED PHYSICALLY AND CULTURALLY OVER THE
CENTURIES FOR THEM TO SPEAK MORE CLEARLY IN THEIR COUN
TRY OF ORIGIN THAN THEY DO IN MUSEUMS WHERE THEY CAN
BE COMPARED TO LARGE ASSEMBLIES OF OBJECTS FROM A WIDE
VARIETY OF CULTURES )N ANY CASE COPIES COULD BE PLACED IN
ORIGINAL LOCATIONS
$ISPLAY OF CULTURAL TREASURES IN 7ESTERN MUSEUMS IS AN &OR WHATEVER REASON THE TREASURES WERE lRST COLLECTED WE
UNFORTUNATE LEGACY OF IMPERIALISM )T REmECTS THE UNAC SHOULD NOT REWRITE HISTORY SENDING SUCH ARTIFACTS BACK
CEPTABLE BELIEF THAT DEVELOPING NATIONS ARE UNABLE TO TO THEIR COUNTRY OF ORIGIN WOULD SET A BAD PRECEDENT THAT
LOOK AFTER THEIR ARTISTIC HERITAGE 4HE DISPLAY OF IMPERIAL COULD DENUDE MUSEUMS AROUND THE WORLD 0LACING GREAT
TROPHIES IN INSTITUTIONS SUCH AS THE "RITISH -USEUM OR ARTIFACTS IN A GEOGRAPHICAL AND CULTURAL GHETTO!FRI
THE ,OUVRE HAS BECOME OFFENSIVE CAN SCULPTURES COULD BE VIEWED ONLY IN !FRICA %GYPTIAN
MUMMIES ONLY IN %GYPTWOULD LEAVE THE WORLD MUCH
POORER AND REDUCE POPULAR UNDERSTANDING OF THE ACHIEVE
MENTS OF SUCH CIVILIZATIONS
!RTIFACTS WERE OFTEN ACQUIRED ILLEGALLY THROUGH LOOTING !LTHOUGH SOME ART TREASURES MAY HAVE BEEN ACQUIRED
IN WAR UNDER THE DURESS OF IMPERIAL FORCE OR BY BRIB ILLEGALLY THE EVIDENCE FOR THIS IS OFTEN AMBIGUOUS &OR
ING OFlCIALS WHO WERE SUPPOSED TO BE SAFEGUARDING THEIR EXAMPLE ,ORD %LGINS BRIBES WERE THE COMMON WAY OF
COUNTRYS ARTISTIC TREASURES FACILITATING ANY BUSINESS IN THE /TTOMAN %MPIRE AND DO
NOT UNDERMINE "RITAINS SOLID LEGAL CLAIM TO THE 0ARTHE
NON MARBLES BASED UPON A WRITTEN CONTRACT MADE BY THE
INTERNATIONALLY RECOGNIZED AUTHORITIES IN !THENS AT THE
TIME -UCH ART WAS FREELY SOLD TO THE IMPERIAL POWERS
INDEED SOME ART WAS SPECIlCALLY PRODUCED FOR THE %URO
PEAN MARKET
3OME TREASURES HAVE RELIGIOUS AND CULTURAL ASSOCIATIONS 4HIS MAY BE TRUE BUT RELIGIOUS ARTIFACTS MAY HAVE BEEN
WITH THE AREA FROM WHICH THEY WERE TAKEN BUT NONE FOR ORIGINALLY PURCHASED OR GIVEN IN GOOD FAITH PERHAPS
THOSE WHO VIEW THEM IN GLASS CASES $ESCENDANTS OF THEIR WITH THE INTENTION OF EDUCATING A WIDER PUBLIC ABOUT
CREATORS ARE OFFENDED BY SEEING ASPECTS OF THEIR SPIRITUAL THE BELIEFS OF THEIR CREATORS $ESCENDANTS SHOULD NOT BE
ITY DISPLAYED FOR ENTERTAINMENT ALLOWED TO SECOND GUESS THEIR ANCESTORS INTENTIONS !LSO
\
02/3 #/.3
MANY CULTURAL TREASURES RELATE TO EXTINCT RELIGIONS AND
CULTURES NO CLAIM FOR THEIR RETURN CAN BE VALIDLY MADE
)N THE PAST COUNTRIES MAY NOT HAVE BEEN CAPABLE OF LOOK )N THE CASE OF THE 0ARTHENON MARBLES ,ORD %LGINS ACTION
ING AFTER THEIR HERITAGE BUT THAT HAS CHANGED ! STATE OF IN REMOVING THEM WAS AN ACT OF RESCUE BECAUSE THE
THE ART MUSEUM IS PLANNED IN !THENS TO HOUSE THE SUR /TTOMAN AUTHORITIES WERE PILLAGING THEM FOR BUILDING
VIVING MARBLES WHILE POLLUTION CONTROL MEASURES HAVE STONE 4HEY CARED NOTHING FOR THE CLASSICAL 'REEK HERI
REDUCED SULFUR DIOXIDE IN THE CITY TO A lFTH OF ITS PREVIOUS TAGE &URTHERMORE HAD THEY BEEN RETURNED UPON 'REEK
LEVEL !T THE SAME TIME THE CURATORSHIP OF INSTITUTIONS INDEPENDENCE IN THE HEAVILY POLLUTED AIR OF !THENS
SUCH AS THE "RITISH -USEUM IS BEING CALLED INTO QUESTION WOULD BY NOW HAVE DESTROYED THEM 3IMILAR PROBLEMS
AS IT BECOMES APPARENT THAT CONTROVERSIAL CLEANING AND FACE THE RETURN OF ARTIFACTS TO !FRICAN OR .ATIVE !MERICAN
RESTORATION PRACTICES MAY HAVE HARMED THE SCULPTURES MUSEUMS $ELICATE ARTIFACTS WOULD BE DESTROYED WITH
THEY CLAIM TO PROTECT OUT PROPER HANDLING AND PRESERVATION TECHNIQUES 4HESE
INSTITUTIONS FREQUENTLY LACK THE QUALIlED PERSONNEL OR
NECESSARY FACILITIES TO PRESERVE THESE TREASURES
3AMPLE -OTIONS
4HIS (OUSE WOULD RETURN CULTURAL TREASURES TO THEIR COUNTRY OF ORIGIN
4HIS (OUSE WOULD RETURN THE %LGIN -ARBLES
4HIS (OUSE BELIEVES A JEWEL IS BEST IN ITS ORIGINAL SETTING
4HIS (OUSE WOULD LOSE ITS MARBLES0
7EB ,INKS
s 4HE 0ARTHENON %LGIN -ARBLES HTTPWWWMUSEUM SECURITYORGELGINMARBLESHTML
/FFERS LINKS TO MANY SITES DEALING WITH THE ISSUE
s 3TOLEN 0ROPERTY OR &INDERS +EEPERS HTTPHOMEATTNET^TISONEPROBLEMHTM
'ENERAL SITE OFFERING INFORMATION ON THE ISSUES CONCERNING MANY STOLEN HISTORICAL ARTIFACTS
&URTHER 2EADING
(ITCHENS #HRISTOPHER 4HE %LGIN -ARBLES 3HOULD 4HEY "E 2ETURNED TO 'REECE 6ERSO "OOKS
3T #LAIR 7ILLIAM ,ORD %LGIN AND THE -ARBLES /XFORD 5NIVERSITY 0RESS
6RETTOS 4HEODORE 4HE %LGIN !FFAIR 4HE !BDUCTION OF !NTIQUITYS 'REATEST 4REASURES AND THE 0ASSIONS )T !ROUSED ,ITTLE "ROWN
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02/3 #/.3
9OUTH CRIME IS A MAJOR AND GROWING PROBLEM OFTEN #URFEWS ARE NOT AN EFFECTIVE SOLUTION TO THE PROBLEM OF
INVOLVING BOTH DRUGS AND VIOLENCE 0ARTICULARLY WORRYING YOUTH CRIME 2ESEARCH lNDS NO LINK BETWEEN REDUCTION
IS THE RISE OF YOUTH GANGS WHICH CAN TERRORIZE URBAN AREAS IN JUVENILE CRIME AND CURFEWS !LTHOUGH SOME TOWNS
AND CREATE A SOCIAL CLIMATE IN WHICH CRIMINALITY BECOMES WITH CURFEWS DID SEE A DROP IN YOUTH CRIME THIS OFTEN
THE NORM )MPOSING CURFEWS ON MINORS CAN HELP SOLVE HAD MORE TO DO WITH OTHER LAW ENFORCEMENT STRATEGIES
THESE PROBLEMS 4HEY KEEP YOUNG PEOPLE OFF THE STREET SUCH AS ZERO TOLERANCE POLICING OR WITH DEMOGRAPHIC
AND OUT OF TROUBLE #URFEWS ARE EASY TO ENFORCE COM AND ECONOMIC CHANGES IN THE YOUTH POPULATION )N ANY
PARED TO OTHER FORMS OF CRIME PREVENTION AND ARE THERE CASE MOST JUVENILE CRIME TAKES PLACE BETWEEN PM AND
FORE EFFECTIVE PM AFTER THE END OF SCHOOL AND BEFORE WORKING PAR
ENTS RETURN HOME RATHER THAN IN THE HOURS COVERED BY
CURFEWS
4HE USE OF CURFEWS CAN HELP PROTECT VULNERABLE CHILDREN 9OUTH CURFEWS INFRINGE UPON INDIVIDUAL RIGHTS AND LIBER
!LTHOUGH RESPONSIBLE PARENTS DO NOT LET YOUNG CHILDREN TIES #HILDREN HAVE A RIGHT TO FREEDOM OF MOVEMENT AND
OUT IN THE STREETS AFTER DARK NOT ALL PARENTS ARE RESPON ASSEMBLY WHICH CURFEWS DIRECTLY UNDERMINE BY CRIMI
SIBLE )NEVITABLY THEIR CHILDREN SUFFER BOTH FROM CRIME NALIZING THEIR SIMPLE PRESENCE IN A PUBLIC SPACE 4HIS
AND IN ACCIDENTS AND ARE LIKELY TO FALL INTO BAD HABITS REVERSES THE PRESUMPTION OF INNOCENCE BY ASSUMING ALL
3OCIETY SHOULD ENSURE THAT SUCH NEGLECTED CHILDREN ARE YOUNG PEOPLE ARE POTENTIAL LAWBREAKERS 4HEY ARE ALSO
RETURNED HOME SAFELY AND THAT THEIR PARENTS ARE MADE TO SUBJECT TO BLANKET DISCRIMINATION ON THE GROUNDS OF AGE
FACE UP TO THEIR RESPONSIBILITIES ALTHOUGH ONLY A FEW YOUNG PEOPLE COMMIT CRIMES &UR
THERMORE CURFEWS INFRINGE UPON THE RIGHTS OF PARENTS TO
BRING UP THEIR CHILDREN AS THEY CHOOSE *UST BECAUSE WE
DISLIKE THE WAY SOME PARENTS TREAT THEIR CHILDREN DOES
NOT MEAN THAT WE SHOULD INTERVENE 3HOULD WE INTERVENE
IN FAMILIES WHOSE RELIGIOUS BELIEFS MEAN GIRLS ARE TREATED
AS INFERIOR TO BOYS OR IN HOMES WHERE PARENTS PRACTICE
CORPORAL PUNISHMENT
#HILDREN HAVE NO GOOD REASON TO BE OUT ALONE LATE AT #HILDREN IN THEIR MID TEENS HAVE LEGITIMATE REASONS TO BE
NIGHT SO A CURFEW IS NOT REALLY A RESTRICTION ON THEIR LIB OUT AT NIGHT WITHOUT ADULTS -ANY HAVE PART TIME JOBS
ERTY 4HEY WOULD BE BETTER OFF AT HOME DOING SCHOOLWORK /THERS PARTICIPATE IN CHURCH GROUPS OR YOUTH CLUBS
AND PARTICIPATING IN FAMILY ACTIVITIES 2EQUIRING ADULTS TO TAKE THEM TO AND FROM ACTIVITIES IS
UNREASONABLE )T WILL ENSURE MANY CHILDREN DO NOT PAR
TICIPATE IN AFTER SCHOOL ACTIVITIES EITHER BECAUSE ADULTS ARE
UNWILLING OR ARE UNABLE TO ACCOMPANY THEM /N A MORE
SINISTER NOTE SOME CHILDREN ARE SUBJECT TO ABUSE AT HOME
AND ACTUALLY FEEL SAFER OUT ON THE STREETS
#HILD CURFEWS ARE A FORM OF ZERO TOLERANCE POLICING 4HE 9OUTH CURFEWS HAVE GREAT POTENTIAL FOR ABUSE RAISING CIVIL
IDEA OF ZERO TOLERANCE COMES FROM THE THEORY THAT IF THE RIGHTS ISSUES %VIDENCE SUGGESTS THAT POLICE ARREST FAR MORE
POLICE IGNORE LOW LEVEL CRIMES THEY CREATE A PERMISSIVE BLACK CHILDREN THAN WHITE FOR CURFEW VIOLATIONS #URFEWS
\
02/3 #/.3
ATMOSPHERE IN WHICH SERIOUS CRIME CAN mOURISH AND LAW TEND TO BE IMPOSED IN INNER CITIES WITH FEW PLACES FOR
AND ORDER BREAKS DOWN ENTIRELY #HILD CURFEWS CAN HELP CHILDREN TO AMUSE THEMSELVES SAFELY AND LEGALLY #URFEWS
THE POLICE ESTABLISH A CLIMATE OF ZERO TOLERANCE AND CREATE COMPOUND THE SOCIAL EXCLUSION THAT MANY POOR CHILDREN
A SAFER COMMUNITY FOR EVERYONE FEEL WITH PHYSICAL EXCLUSION FROM PUBLIC SPACES 4HIS
PROBLEM IS MADE WORSE BY THE INEVITABLE DETERIORATION IN
RELATIONS BETWEEN THE POLICE AND THE YOUNG PEOPLE SUB
JECT TO THE CURFEW
#HILD CURFEWS CAN HELP CHANGE A NEGATIVE YOUTH CULTURE )MPOSING CURFEWS ON CHILDREN WOULD ACTUALLY BE COUN
IN WHICH CHALLENGING THE LAW IS SEEN AS DESIRABLE AND GANG TER PRODUCTIVE BECAUSE IT WOULD TURN MILLIONS OF LAW
MEMBERSHIP AN ASPIRATION )MPRESSIONABLE YOUNGSTERS ABIDING YOUNG PEOPLE INTO CRIMINALS -ORE !MERICAN
WOULD BE KEPT AWAY FROM GANG ACTIVITY ON THE STREETS AT CHILDREN ARE CHARGED WITH CURFEW OFFENSES THAN WITH ANY
NIGHT AND A CYCLE OF ADMIRATION AND RECRUITMENT WOULD OTHER CRIME /NCE CHILDREN ACQUIRE A CRIMINAL RECORD
BE BROKEN "Y SPENDING MORE TIME WITH THEIR FAMILIES THEY CROSS A PSYCHOLOGICAL BOUNDARY MAKING IT MUCH
AND IN MORE POSITIVE ACTIVITIES SUCH AS SPORTS WHICH CUR MORE LIKELY THAT THEY WILL PERCEIVE THEMSELVES AS CRIMI
FEWS MAKE A MORE ATTRACTIVE OPTION FOR BORED YOUNGSTERS NALS AND HAVE MUCH LESS RESPECT FOR THE LAW 4HIS CAN
CHILDREN WILL DEVELOP GREATER SELF ESTEEM AND DISCIPLINE LEAD TO MORE SERIOUS OFFENSES !T THE SAME TIME A CRIMI
NAL RECORD DECREASES THE CHANCES FOR EMPLOYMENT AND
SO CONTRIBUTES TO THE SOCIAL DEPRIVATION AND DESPERATION
THAT BREED CRIME
7E SHOULD TRY OTHER WAYS OF REDUCING YOUTH CRIME BUT ! NUMBER OF ALTERNATIVE STRATEGIES EXIST THAT ARE LIKELY
THEY WILL WORK BEST IN CONJUNCTION WITH CURFEWS )F A TO DO MORE TO REDUCE YOUTH CRIME 2ATHER THAN A BLAN
TROUBLED AREA DEVELOPS A CULTURE OF LAWLESSNESS IDENTIFY KET CURFEW INDIVIDUAL CURFEWS COULD BE IMPOSED UPON
ING SPECIlC YOUNGSTERS FOR REHABILITATION BECOMES MORE PARTICULAR TROUBLEMAKERS !NOTHER SUCCESSFUL STRATEGY
DIFlCULT ! CURFEW TAKES THE BASICALLY LAW ABIDING MAJOR IS WORKING INDIVIDUALLY WITH YOUNG TROUBLEMAKERS &OR
ITY OFF THE STREETS ALLOWING THE POLICE TO ENGAGE WITH THE EXAMPLE AUTHORITIES CAN REQUIRE THEM TO MEET WITH VIC
MOST DIFlCULT ELEMENT #URFEWS ARE A TOOL IN THE STRUGGLE TIMS OF CRIME SO THAT THEY UNDERSTAND THE CONSEQUENCES
TO IMPROVE LIVES IN RUNDOWN AREAS 4HEY ARE LIKELY TO OF THEIR ACTIONS 9OUTHS CAN ALSO BE PAIRED WITH TRAINED
BE USED FOR RELATIVELY SHORT PERIODS TO BRING A SITUATION MENTORS /VERALL THE GOVERNMENT NEEDS TO ENSURE GOOD
UNDER CONTROL SO THAT OTHER MEASURES CAN BE PUT IN PLACE EDUCATIONAL OPPORTUNITIES AND EMPLOYMENT PROSPECTS SO
AND GIVEN A CHANCE TO WORK THAT YOUNGSTERS FEEL SOME HOPE FOR THEIR FUTURES
3AMPLE -OTIONS
4HIS (OUSE WOULD INTRODUCE CHILD CURFEWS
4HIS (OUSE WOULD LOCK UP ITS DAUGHTERS
4HIS (OUSE BELIEVES CHILDREN SHOULD BE NEITHER SEEN NOR HEARD
7EB ,INKS
s !MERICAN #IVIL ,IBERTIES 5NION HTTPWWWACLUORG!DVANCED3EARCH2ESULTSCFM
,INKS TO ARTICLES ON THE LEGAL STATUS OF CURFEWS
s 3TATUS 2EPORT ON 9OUTH #URFEWS IN !MERICAN #ITIES HTTPWWWUSMAYORSORGUSCMNEWSPUBLICATIONSCURFEWHTM
3UMMARY OF SURVEY OF CITIES PROVIDING STATUS OF CURFEWS AND INFORMATION ON THEIR EFFECTIVENESS
&URTHER 2EADING
*ENSEN 'ARY AND $EAN ' 2OJEK $ELINQUENCY AND 9OUTH #RIME 7AVELAND 0RESS
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02/3 #/.3
&REEDOM OF SPEECH IS A DElNING MARK OF A CIVILIZED SOCI /F COURSE PEOPLE HAVE THE RIGHT TO SAY WHATEVER THEY
ETY TO BE MEANINGFUL IT MUST EXTEND TO EVERYONE LIKESUBJECT TO THE LAW (OWEVER YOUR FREEDOM OF
SPEECH DOES NOT GIVE ME A DUTY TO LISTEN TO YOU OR TO
HAVE A DISCUSSION WITH YOU OR TO PUBLISH WHAT YOU WANT
TO SAY 7E ALL HAVE TO MAKE DECISIONS ABOUT WHAT IS WORTH
LISTENING TO AND ENGAGING WITH (OLOCAUST DENIAL AND
CREATION SCIENCE ARE NOT
4HE PUBLIC IS INTERESTED IN THESE TOPICS AND HAS A RIGHT 7E SHOULD NOT WASTE TIME ON PATENTLY FALSE POSITIONS OR
TO HEAR THEM DISCUSSED )F THERE IS PUBLIC DEMAND FOR A GIVE A PLATFORM TO PEOPLE WHO BELIEVE IN THEM
DEBATE ON CREATIONISM OR WHETHER THE %ARTH IS mAT THAT
DEMAND SHOULD BE MET
(OLOCAUST DENIAL AND CREATION SCIENCE ARE WRONG )F WE 0UBLIC DISCOURSE DOES NOT CONSIST OF THE DISPASSIONATE
PRESENT THE EVIDENCE AGAINST THEM WE WILL WIN A DEBATE PRESENTATION OF FACTS TO A PERFECTLY RATIONAL AUDIENCE )T
7E SHOULD HAVE CONlDENCE IN THE POWER OF OUR ARGU INVOLVES THE ARTICULATE STYLISH PRESENTATION OF ARGUMENTS
MENTS TO DEFEAT OUR OPPONENTS AND PERSUADE THE PUBLIC DESIGNED TO APPEAL TO AN AUDIENCE AND MAKE A POSITION
AT LARGE )F WE REFUSE TO ENGAGE WITH THEM THEN WE APPEAR LOOK AS ATTRACTIVE AS POSSIBLE )F SOMEONE ORGANIZED A
TO LACK CONlDENCE IN OUR POSITION AND WE LOSE DEBATE BETWEEN A WORLD CHAMPION DEBATER AND AN INAR
(OWEVER DISTASTEFUL YOU MAY lND THEM HOWEVER IGNO TICULATE ACADEMIC HISTORIAN ON THE QUESTION OF WHETHER
RANT THEY MAY BE MANY PEOPLE REALLY DO DENY THE (OLO THE (OLOCAUST HAPPENED THE DEBATER MIGHT WELL CON
CAUST OR BELIEVE THAT *APAN HAS NO REASON TO BE ASHAMED VINCE MANY PEOPLE THAT IT HAD NOT
OF ITS CONDUCT IN THE S AND DURING 7ORLD 7AR )) )F
THEY ARE WRONGAND OF COURSE THEY ARETHEN WE HAVE
TO ENGAGE WITH THEM DISCUSS THEIR IDEAS AND BELIEFS AND
SHOW THEM WHY THEY ARE WRONG
)F THE INDIVIDUALS HOLDING DEMONSTRABLY FALSE VIEWS HAVE $EBATE IN ALL ITS FORMS HAS CONVENTIONS GIVING EQUAL TIME
HIDDEN AGENDAS ALL THE MORE REASON TO EXPOSE THEM IN TO OPPOSING POSITIONS 4HIS GIVES LEGITIMACY TO BOTH
PUBLIC &OR MOST PEOPLE THE FACT THAT (OLOCAUST DENIAL SIDES )N DEBATES ABOUT FACT WHERE ONE SIDE IS DEMONSTRA
LEADS TO NEO .AZISM WILL BE ONE MORE COMPELLING ARGU BLY RIGHT AND THE OTHER WRONG WE SHOULD NOT GIVE LEGITI
MENT AGAINST IT !GAIN THE TRUTH HAS NOTHING TO FEAR AND MACY TO THE FALSE POSITION 4HOSE WHO PROMOTE VIEWS
THE EVIL IMPLICATIONS OF FALSEHOOD SHOULD NOT BE COVERED THAT ARE FALSE AND MAY BE DANGEROUS WILL BOAST THAT THEY
UP BY REFUSING TO ENGAGE WITH IT HAVE SPOKEN AT PRESTIGIOUS UNIVERSITIES OR DEBATED AGAINST
EMINENT AUTHORITIES TO GIVE THEIR VIEWS MORE CREDIBILITY
THEY WILL NOT RECORD HOW THEIR SPEECHES WERE RECEIVED
)F WE REFUSE TO ALLOW THOSE WHO HOLD FALSE POSITIONS A "OTH CREATION SCIENCE AND (OLOCAUST DENIAL HAVE SERI
PLATFORM WE GIVE LEGITIMACY TO THEIR CLAIMS OF CENSOR OUS AND DANGEROUS HIDDEN AGENDAS 7E SHOULD NOT ALLOW
SHIP 7E ALSO ENABLE THEM TO SAY h)F OUR POSITION IS SUCH VIEWS THE LEGITIMACY THAT DEBATE GIVES THEM
WRONG WHY WONT ANYONE DISCUSS IT )S IT BECAUSE THEY 4URNING DEMONSTRABLY FALSE VIEWS SUCH AS CREATIONISM
KNOW WERE RIGHTv #ENSORSHIP IS COUNTERPRODUCTIVE AND (OLOCAUST DENIAL INTO RESPECTABLE LEGITIMATE POSI
TIONS IS TOO HIGH A PRICE TO PAY FOR REDUCING THEIR APPEAL
TO CONSPIRACY THEORISTS
\
3AMPLE -OTIONS
4HIS (OUSE WOULD CENSOR HATE
4HIS (OUSE SUPPORTS FREEDOM OF SPEECH
4HIS (OUSE BELIEVES THAT EVERYTHING IS PERMITTED
4HIS (OUSE WOULD TALK TO TERRORISTS
7EB ,INKS
s &LAT %ARTH 4RUTH HTTPWWWLHUPEDU^DSIMANEKFE SCIDIHTM
!RTICLE ABOUT THE &LAT %ARTH 3OCIETY
s4HE .IZKOR 0ROJECT HTTPWWWNIZKORORG
2EBUTTAL OF THOSE DENYING THE (OLOCAUST
s4ALK /RIGINS !RCHIVE %XPLORING THE #REATION%VOLUTION #ONTROVERSY HTTPWWWTALKORIGINSORG
5SER GROUP DEVOTED TO THE DISCUSSION AND DEBATE OF BIOLOGICAL AND PHYSICAL ORIGINS
s777 -EMORIAL (ALL OF THE 6ICTIMS OF THE .ANJING -ASSACRE HTTPWWWARTSCUHKEDUHK.ANJING-ASSACRE.-HTML
)NFORMATION ON THE *APANESE MASSACRE AT .ANJING
&URTHER 2EADING
+ATSUICHI (ONDA 4HE .ANJING -ASSACRE ! *APANESE *OURNALIST #ONFRONTS *APANS .ATIONAL 3HAME -% 3HARPE
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02/3 #/.3
4HE BURDEN OF DEBT COSTS LIVES 3OME OF THE MOST HEAVILY 4HERE ARE MANY REASONS FOR THE CURRENT PROBLEMS IN THE
INDEBTED POOR COUNTRIES ARE STRUGGLING TO PAY EVEN THE WORLDS POOREST NATIONS 4HEY MAY OFTEN HAVE HEAVY
INTEREST ON THEIR LOANS LET ALONE PAYING DOWN THE PRIN DEBT BURDENS BUT THE DEBT IS NOT NECESSARILY THE CAUSE OF
CIPAL 4HIS MASSIVELY DISTORTS THEIR ECONOMIES AND THEIR THE PROBLEMS -ANY COUNTRIES SPEND HUGE AMOUNTS OF
SPENDING PRIORITIES !FRICAN NATIONS CURRENTLY SPEND MONEY ON WEAPONS TO lGHT LOCAL WARS INSTEAD OF INVEST
FOUR TIMES AS MUCH ON DEBT REPAYMENTS AS THEY DO ON ING IN THEIR PEOPLE -ANY ARE LED BY DICTATORS OR OTHER
HEALTH 4HE REFORMS DEMANDED BY THE )-& IN RETURN CORRUPT GOVERNMENTS WHOSE INCOMPETENCE OR GREED
FOR RESCHEDULED DEBT MAKE THIS PROBLEM EVEN WORSE )N IS KILLING THEIR OWN POPULATION 4HE MONEY TO PAY FOR
:IMBABWE SPENDING ON HEALTH CARE HAS DROPPED BY A SOCIAL PROGRAMS AND AT THE SAME TIME REPAY DEBT MAY
THIRD IN 4ANZANIA SCHOOL FEES HAVE BEEN INTRODUCED TO WELL EXIST BUT IT IS BEING WASTED IN OTHER AREAS
RAISE MORE MONEY 0ROGRESS MADE IN HEALTH AND EDUCA
TION OVER THE PAST YEARS IS ACTUALLY BEING REVERSED IN
SOME COUNTRIES )T IS OBSCENE THAT GOVERNMENTS ARE CUT
TING SPENDING IN THESE VITAL AREAS TO REPAY DEBTS 4HE
DEBTS MUST BE CANCELLED NOW
4O RAISE THE CASH FOR DEBT REPAYMENTS POOR COUNTRIES !GAIN THERE ARE MANY POTENTIAL CAUSES FOR STARVATION
HAVE TO PRODUCE GOODS THAT THEY CAN SELL INTERNATION FAMINES ARE CAUSED BY WAR OR BY FREAK WEATHER CONDI

02/3 #/.3
ALLY /FTEN THIS MEANS GROWING CASH CROPS INSTEAD OF THE TIONS NOT BY DEBT 7HILE GROWING CASH CROPS CAN SEEM
FOOD NEEDED TO SUPPORT THEIR POPULATION 0EOPLE IN FER TO BE COUNTER INTUITIVE THE MONEY THEY BRING IN HELPS
TILE COUNTRIES CAN lND THEMSELVES STARVING BECAUSE THEY BOOST THE COUNTRYS ECONOMY 4HE IDEA THAT A NATION
CANNOT AFFORD TO BUY IMPORTED FOOD COULD AND SHOULD BE AGRICULTURALLY AND INDUSTRIALLY SELF
SUFlCIENT IS OUTDATED
$EBT REPAYMENTS OFTEN PUNISH THOSE WHO WERE NOT 4HIS THINKING HAS DANGEROUS IMPLICATIONS ON AN INTER
RESPONSIBLE FOR CREATING THE DEBT IN THE lRST PLACE )N A NATIONAL LEVEL 'OVERNMENTS ARE ALWAYS CHANGING IN
NUMBER OF POORER COUNTRIES HUGE DEBTS WERE AMASSED BY DEMOCRACIES BUT NATIONS ARE EXPECTED TO HONOR THEIR
THE IRRESPONSIBLE SPENDING OF DICTATORS IN THE PAST 4HEY DEBTS ! CRUCIAL ELEMENT IN LENDING MONEY IS THE PROM
HAVE NOW BEEN OVERTHROWN YET THE NEW GOVERNMENT AND ISE THAT THE DEBT WILL BE REPAID )F EVERY NEW GOVERNMENT
THE PEOPLE OF THAT COUNTRY STILL ARE REQUIRED TO PAY THE COULD DECIDE THAT IT WAS NOT RESPONSIBLE FOR ITS PREDE
PRICE FOR THE DICTATORS ACTIONS 4HIS IS CLEARLY UNFAIR CESSORS DEBTS THEN NO ONE WOULD EVER LEND MONEY TO
A COUNTRY $EVELOPING COUNTRIES IN PARTICULAR STILL NEED
LOANS TO INVEST IN INFRASTRUCTURE PROJECTS #ANCELING DEBT
NOW WOULD MAKE LENDERS FAR LESS LIKELY TO PROVIDE LOANS
ON GOOD TERMS IN THE FUTURE AND WOULD RETARD ECONOMIC
GROWTH IN THE LONG TERM
!LL POOR COUNTRIES NEED IS THE CHANCE TO HELP THEM 2EFORM MUST COME lRST #ORRUPT AND INCOMPETENT
SELVES 7HILE THEIR ECONOMIES ARE DOMINATED BY THE NEED GOVERNMENTS AND ECONOMIC SYSTEMS CRIPPLE MANY POOR
TO REPAY DEBT IT IS IMPOSSIBLE FOR THEM TO TRULY INVEST COUNTRIES #ANCELING DEBT WOULD THEREFORE MAKE NO DIF
IN INFRASTRUCTURE AND EDUCATION "Y CANCELING DEBT WE FERENCE IT WOULD BE THE EQUIVALENT OF GIVING A ONE TIME
WOULD GIVE THEM A FRESH START AND THE OPPORTUNITY TO PAYMENT TO DICTATORS AND CROOKS WHO WOULD SIPHON OFF
BUILD SUCCESSFUL ECONOMIES THAT WOULD SUPPLY THE NEEDS THE EXTRA MONEY AND BECOME RICH WHILE THE PEOPLE STILL
OF GENERATIONS TO COME SUFFER %VEN WORSE DICTATORS MIGHT SPEND MORE MONEY
ON WEAPONS AND PALACES THUS REINCURRING POSSIBLY EVEN
GREATER DEBT ! COUNTRYS GOVERNMENT MUST BE ACCOUNT
ABLE AND ITS ECONOMY STABLE BEFORE DEBT REDUCTION OR
CANCELLATION IS EVEN CONSIDERED
4HE DEVELOPED WORLD HAS A MORAL DUTY TO THE DEVELOPING 4HE PARALLEL WITH BANKRUPTCY CANNOT WORK ON A NATIONAL
WORLD BECAUSE OF THE HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF DEVELOP SCALE &IRST WHEN AN INDIVIDUAL IS DECLARED BANKRUPT MOST
ING WORLD DEBT )N THE RUSH TO INVEST IN THE S MANY ASSETS AND POSSESSIONS ARE SEIZED TO PAY AS MUCH DEBT AS
BANKS MADE HASTY LOANS POURING MONEY INTO POINTLESS POSSIBLE 4HIS IS WHY BANKS lND BANKRUPTCY AN ACCEPTABLE
PROJECTS WITHOUT PROPERLY EXAMINING WHETHER THEY WOULD OPTION )N NATIONAL TERMS THIS WOULD MEAN THE TOTAL LOSS
EVER MAKE A PROlT "ECAUSE OF THESE BAD INVESTMENTS OF SOVEREIGNTY &OREIGN GOVERNMENTS AND BANKS WOULD BE
SOME OF THE WORLDS POOREST COUNTRIES ARE SO BURDENED ABLE TO SEIZE CONTROL OF THE INFRASTRUCTURE OR THE RESOURCES
WITH DEBTS THAT THEY CAN NOW NO LONGER REALISTICALLY OF THE hBANKRUPTv COUNTRY AT WILL .O GOVERNMENT COULD
EXPECT TO PAY THEM OFF AND ARE INSTEAD SIMPLY SERVICING OR SHOULD EVER ACCEPT THIS 3ECOND THE DIFFERENCE IN SCALE
THE INTEREST !N IMPORTANT PARALLEL MAY BE MADE WITH IS VITALLY IMPORTANT 7HEREAS THE BANKRUPTCY OF A SINGLE
BANKRUPTCY )F AN INDIVIDUAL IS UNABLE TO REPAY HIS OR HER INDIVIDUAL WITHIN A COUNTRY IS UNLIKELY TO CAUSE MAJOR
DEBTS HE OR SHE IS DECLARED BANKRUPT AND THEN ALLOWED TO PROBLEMS FOR THAT COUNTRYS ECONOMY THE BANKRUPTCY OF A
MAKE A FRESH START 4HE SAME SYSTEM SHOULD BE USED WITH NATION WOULD SIGNIlCANTLY AFFECT THE WORLD ECONOMY 4HE
COUNTRIES )F THEY ARE UNABLE TO REPAY THEIR DEBTS THEY ECONOMIC PLANS OF BANKS AND NATIONS CURRENTLY INCLUDE THE
SHOULD BE GIVEN THE OPPORTUNITY TO START AGAIN ! COUN INTEREST PAYMENTS ON DEVELOPING WORLD DEBT IF THIS SUB
TRY MAKING CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE WORLD ECONOMY IS FAR STANTIAL REVENUE STREAM WERE SUDDENLY CUT OFF ECONOMIC
BETTER THAN A COUNTRY IN DEBT SLAVERY !T THE SAME TIME REPERCUSSIONS COULD BE CATASTROPHIC %VEN IF THIS DEBT RELIEF
BANKS WOULD BE DISCOURAGED FROM MAKING BAD LOANS AS WOULD BE HELPFUL TO THE hBANKRUPTv COUNTRIES IN THE SHORT
THEY DID IN THE S TERM A WORLD ECONOMY IN RECESSION WOULD BE IN NOBODYS
BEST INTEREST
\
3AMPLE -OTIONS
4HIS (OUSE WOULD END DEVELOPING WORLD DEBT
4HIS (OUSE WOULD KILL THE DEBT NOT THE DEBTORS
4HIS (OUSE WOULD BREAK THE CHAINS OF DEBT
7EB ,INKS
s )NTERNATIONAL -ONETARY &UND $EBT )NITIATIVE FOR THE (EAVILY )NDEBTED 0OOR #OUNTRIES ()0#S HTTPWWWIMFORGEXTERNAL
NPHIPCHIPCHTM
/FFERS INFORMATION ON )-& PROGRAMS AND PROGRESS FOR ()0#S
s *UBILEE #OALITION HTTPWWWJUBILEEUKORG
2ESEARCH ANALYSIS NEWS AND DATA ON INTERNATIONAL DEBT AND lNANCE PRESENTED BY AN ADVOCACY GROUP DEDICATED TO ENDING DEVELOPING
WORLD DEBT
s 7ORLD "ANK ()0# HTTPWWWWORLDBANKORGHIPC
$ETAILED INFORMATION INCLUDING PROGRESS REPORTS AND COUNTRY CASES ON WORLD DEBT AND 7ORLD "ANK DEBT RELIEF INITIATIVES )NCLUDES
LINKS TO SCHOLARLY ARTICLES ON THE ISSUE
&URTHER 2EADING
$ENT -ARTIN AND "ILL 0ETERS 4HE #RISIS OF 0OVERTY AND $EBT IN THE 4HIRD 7ORLD !SHGATE
/#LEIREACAIN 3EAMUS 4HIRD 7ORLD $EBT AND )NTERNATIONAL 0UBLIC 0OLICY 0RAEGER
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02/3 #/.3
$.! DETECTION HAS CONSIDERABLE ADVANTAGES OVER CON !LTHOUGH $.! DETECTION MIGHT HAVE ADVANTAGES OVER
VENTIONAL lNGERPRINTING &INGERPRINTS ATTACH ONLY TO lNGERPRINT DUSTING THE TEST IS NEVERTHELESS FALLIBLE %NVI
HARD SURFACES CAN BE SMEARED OR CAN BE AVOIDED BY USING RONMENTAL FACTORS AT THE CRIME SCENE SUCH AS HEAT SUN
GLOVES #OMPARISON OF EVEN A CLEAR PRINT FROM A CRIME LIGHT OR BACTERIA CAN CORRUPT ANY GENETIC DATA $.!
SCENE WITH A PRINT IN THE NATIONAL DATABASE REQUIRES SIG EVIDENCE MUST BE STORED IN STERILE AND TEMPERATURE CON
NIlCANT SCIENTIlC EXPERTISE 3CIENTISTS CAN BUILD AN ACCU TROLLED CONDITIONS #RIMINALS MAY CONTAMINATE SAMPLES
RATE $.! PROlLE FROM VERY SMALL AMOUNTS OF GENETIC BY SWAPPING SALIVA 4HERE IS ROOM FOR HUMAN ERROR OR
DATA AND THEY CAN CONSTRUCT IT EVEN IF IT HAS BEEN CON FRAUD IN ANALYZING SAMPLES 4HE ACCURACY OF ANY GENETIC
TAMINATED BY OIL WATER OR ACID AT THE CRIME SCENE 4HE PROlLE IS DEPENDENT UPON THE NUMBER OF GENES EXAM
ACCUSED SHOULD APPRECIATE A hlNGERPRINTINGv TECHNIQUE INED 4HE SMALLER THE NUMBER THE GREATER THE POSSIBIL
THAT IS BOTH OBJECTIVE AND ACCURATE ITY OF ERROR )N AN MONTH INVESTIGATION WAS
LAUNCHED INTO ALLEGATIONS THAT THE &") #RIME ,AB WAS
hDRYLABBINGv OR FAKING RESULTS OF $.! COMPARISONS
%VEN A COMPLETE $.! PROlLE CANNOT INDICATE THE LENGTH
OF TIME A SUSPECT WAS PRESENT AT A CRIME SCENE OR THE
DATE IN QUESTION 4HE CREATION OF A DATABASE CANNOT BE A
PANACEA FOR CRIME DETECTION

02/3 #/.3
4HE USE OF A $.! lNGERPRINT IS NOT AN AFFRONT TO CIVIL $.! lNGERPRINTING WOULD HAVE TO BE MANDATORY OTH
LIBERTIES 4HE PROCEDURE FOR TAKING A SAMPLE OF $.! IS ERWISE THOSE LIABLE TO COMMIT CRIME WOULD SIMPLY REFUSE
LESS INVASIVE THAN THAT REQUIRED FOR TAKING A BLOOD SAMPLE TO PROVIDE A SAMPLE )NDIVIDUALS CONSENT TO PASS PERSONAL
4HE POLICE ALREADY POSSESS A VAST VOLUME OF INFORMATION INFORMATION TO MORTGAGE OR INSURANCE AGENCIES 7HEN
THE .ATIONAL #RIME )NFORMATION #ENTER #OMPUTER IN CITIZENS RELEASE INFORMATION TO OUTSIDE AGENCIES THEY
THE 5NITED 3TATES CONTAINS lLES RELATING TO MILLION RECEIVE A SERVICE IN RETURN )N BEING COMPELLED TO GIVE A
!MERICANS ! FORENSIC $.! DATABASE SHOULD BE SEEN SAMPLE OF $.! THE INNOCENT CITIZEN WOULD RECEIVE THE
IN THE CONTEXT OF THE PERSONAL INFORMATION THAT OTHER SCANT BENElT OF BEING ELIMINATED FROM A POLICE INVESTIGA
AGENCIES HOLD )NSURANCE COMPANIES COMMONLY REQUIRE TION -OREOVER THE STORAGE BY INSURANCE COMPANIES OF
AN EXTENSIVE MEDICAL HISTORY OF THEIR CLIENTS -ORTGAGE GENETIC INFORMATION REMAINS HIGHLY CONTROVERSIAL BECAUSE
LENDERS USUALLY DEMAND A FULL CREDIT REPORT ON APPLICANTS OF THE POTENTIAL ABUSE OF THAT INFORMATION &INALLY CRE
-ANY EMPLOYERS SUBJECT THEIR EMPLOYEES TO RANDOM ATION OF THE DATABASE WOULD CHANGE THE ATTITUDE OF GOV
DRUG TESTING )F WE ARE PREPARED TO PLACE OUR PERSONAL ERNMENT TOWARD ITS CITIZENS %VERY CITIZEN SOME FROM THE
INFORMATION IN THE PRIVATE SECTOR WHY CAN WE NOT TRUST MOMENT OF THEIR BIRTH WOULD BE TREATED AS A POTENTIAL
IT TO THE POLICE ,AW ENFORCEMENT OFlCIALS WILL USE THE CRIMINAL
$.! SAMPLE ONLY IN THE DETECTION OF A CRIME )N SHORT
THE INNOCENT CITIZEN SHOULD HAVE NOTHING TO FEAR
4HE CREATION OF A $.! DATABASE WOULD NOT REQUIRE A 4HE INITIAL AND CONTINUING EXPENSE OF A $.! DATABASE
DISPROPORTIONATE INVESTMENT OF TIME OR PUBLIC RESOURCES WOULD BE A GROSS MISAPPLICATION OF lNITE PUBLIC RESOURCES
4HE REQUISITE COMPUTER AND LABORATORY TECHNOLOGY IS 0UBLIC CONlDENCE IN THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM WILL NEI
ALREADY AVAILABLE 4HE 5NITED 3TATES HAS DEVELOPED THE THER BE IMPROVED BY REQUIRING INDIVIDUALS TO GIVE TIME
#OMBINED $.! )NDEX 3YSTEM 4HE EXPENSE OF SAM AND TISSUE TO THE POLICE NOR BY THE CREATION OF A BUREAU
PLING THE ENTIRE POPULATION OF MOST COUNTRIES WOULD BE CRACY DEDICATED TO ADMINISTERING THE DATABASE 4HE FUNDS
SUBSTANTIAL AND IS UNLIKELY TO BE OFFSET BY ANY SUBSEQUENT WOULD BE BETTER SPENT ON RECRUITING MORE POLICE OFlCERS
SAVING IN POLICE RESOURCES BUT THIS IS PART OF THE PRICE AND DEPLOYING THEM ON FOOT PATROL
FOR JUSTICE 0OPULAR SUPPORT FOR hLAW AND ORDERv SUGGESTS
THAT THE PUBLIC PUTS A VERY HIGH PREMIUM ON PROTECTION
FROM CRIME
0ERSONS WHO CREATE VIOLENT CRIMES ARE UNLIKELY TO LEAVE 4HE MOST SERIOUS VIOLENT CRIMES NOTABLY RAPE AND MURDER
CONVENTIONAL lNGERPRINTS (OWEVER THE .ATIONAL #OM ARE MOST COMMONLY COMMITTED BY INDIVIDUALS KNOWN TO
MISSION ON THE &UTURE OF $.! %VIDENCE ESTIMATES THAT THE VICTIM 7HEN THE SUSPECTS ARE OBVIOUS $.! DETEC
OF CRIME SCENES CONTAIN THE BLOOD SEMEN OR SALIVA TION IS SUPERmUOUS -OREOVER IT IS HARMFUL TO SUGGEST THAT
OF THE PERPETRATOR $.! DETECTION CAN IDENTIFY THE GUILTY CRIMES CAN BE SOLVED OR CRIMINALS DETERRED BY COMPUTER
EVEN WHEN THE POLICE HAVE NO OBVIOUS SUSPECTS WIZARDRY 5NLESS THE $.! IS USED TO IDENTIFY A GENETIC CAUSE
FOR AGGRESSION VIOLENT CRIMES WILL CONTINUE
! $.! DATABASE IS NOT INTENDED TO REPLACE CONVENTIONAL 4HERE IS A SERIOUS RISK THAT OFlCIALS WILL USE GENETIC EVI
CRIMINAL INVESTIGATIONS 4HE DATABASE WOULD IDENTIFY DENCE TO THE EXCLUSION OF MATERIAL THAT MIGHT PROVE THE
POTENTIAL SUSPECTS EACH OF WHOM COULD THEN BE INVES SUSPECT INNOCENT -OREOVER THERE IS THE POSSIBILITY THAT
TIGATED BY MORE CONVENTIONAL MEANS #RIMINAL TRIALS NOT ONLY THE POLICE BUT ALSO THE JURY WILL BE BLINDED BY
FREQUENTLY FEATURE EXPERTS PRESENTING SCIENTIlC EVIDENCE SCIENCE )T SEEMS UNLIKELY THAT JURIES WILL BE ABLE TO COM
4HE JURY SYSTEM IS ACTUALLY A BASTION AGAINST CONVICTION PREHEND OR MORE IMPORTANTLY TO QUESTION THE GENETIC
ON ACCOUNT OF COMPLICATED SCIENTIlC FACTS )F THE GENETIC INFORMATION FROM THE DATABASE 4HE IRONY IS THAT FORENSIC
DATA AND ASSOCIATED EVIDENCE IS NOT CONCLUSIVE OR IS NOT EVIDENCE HAS CLEARED MANY WRONGLY CONVICTED INDIVIDUALS
PRESENTED WITH SUFlCIENT CLARITY THE JURY IS OBLIGED TO BUT MIGHT NOW SERVE TO CREATE MISCARRIAGES OF ITS OWN
lND THE DEFENDANT NOT GUILTY /* 3IMPSON WAS ACQUIT
TED OF THE MURDERS OF .ICOLE "ROWN 3IMPSON AND 2ON
\
02/3 #/.3
'OLDMAN IN SPITE OF COMPELLING $.! EVIDENCE LINKING
HIM TO THE SCENE OF THE CRIME
4HE INCREASED USE OF $.! EVIDENCE WILL MINIMIZE THE 7E DO NOT NEED A DATABASE TO ACQUIT OR EXCLUDE NON
RISK OF FUTURE WRONGFUL CONVICTIONS !N &") STUDY INDI OFFENDERS 7HEN THE POLICE HAVE IDENTIlED A SUSPECT THEY
CATES THAT SINCE $.! EVIDENCE HAS EXCLUDED THE OUGHT TO CREATE A $.! PROlLE AND COMPARE IT TO THE
INITIAL SUSPECT IN OF SEXUAL ASSAULT CASES -OREOVER CRIME SCENE DATA ,IKEWISE A $.! SAMPLE SHOULD BE
FORENSICALLY VALUABLE $.! CAN BE FOUND ON EVIDENCE TAKEN IF THERE IS CONCERN THAT AN INDIVIDUAL WAS WRONGLY
THAT HAS EXISTED FOR DECADES AND THUS ASSIST IN REVERSING CONVICTED OF A CRIME
PREVIOUS MISCARRIAGES OF JUSTICE
3AMPLE -OTIONS
4HIS (OUSE WOULD HAVE A CRIMINAL $.! DATABASE
4HIS (OUSE WOULD GIVE AWAY ITS $.!
4HIS (OUSE WOULD CATCH A CROOK BY HIS GENES
7EB ,INKS
s &ROM #RIME 3CENE TO #OURTROOM HTTPWWWORNLGOVHGMISPUBLICATJUDICATUREARTICLEHTML
! ESSAY STRESSING THE BENElTS OF AND PROBLEMS INVOLVED IN THE #OMBINED $.! )NDEXING 3YSTEM #/$)3 BY THE
EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR OF THE .ATIONAL #OMMISSION ON THE &UTURE OF $.! %VIDENCE
s (OW 3TUFF 7ORKS HTTPWWWHOWSTUFFWORKSCOMDNA EVIDENCEHTM
$ETAILED EXPLANATION OF $.! lNGERPRINTING FOR THE LAYPERSON
s 'ENELEX $.! 0ROlLERS HTTPWWWGENELEXCOMPATERNITYTESTINGPATERNITYBOOKHTML
$ETAILED DISCUSSION OF THE USE OF $.! EVIDENCE IN THE COURTROOM
s .ATIONAL #OMMISSION ON THE &UTURE OF $.! %VIDENCE HTTPWWWOJPUSDOJGOVNIJDNA
0ART OF THE LARGER .ATIONAL )NSTITUTE OF *USTICE 7EB SITE THIS SECTION FURNISHES INFORMATION TO LAW ENFORCEMENT PROVIDERS ON
HOW TO MAXIMIZE THE VALUE OF FORENSIC $.! EVIDENCE
s 3HADOW !RTICLE !NTI $.! $ATABASE HTTPSHADOWAUTONONETSINDNAHTM
$ETAILED ESSAY OUTLINING THE REASONS FOR OPPOSING A BROAD FORENSIC $.! DATABASE
&URTHER 2EADING
2UDIN .ORAH AND +EITH )NMAN )NTRODUCTION TO &ORENSIC $.! !NALYSIS ND ED #2# 0RESS
3HEINDLIN 'ERALD 'ENETIC &INGERPRINTING 4HE ,AW AND 3CIENCE OF $.! 2OUTLEDGE
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7DMHmekbZdeji_]d_ÓYWdjboh[ZkY[Z[f[dZ[dY[$
02/3 #/.3
!N OIL PIPELINE RUNS THROUGH !.72 AND THE SAME $RILLING WOULD DISRUPT ECOLOGICALLY SENSITIVE AREAS !LASKA
ARGUMENT ECOLOGY WAS USED TO ATTEMPT TO OPPOSE THAT HAS CARIBOU HERDS THAT MOVED NORTH TO !.72 SEASON
PIPELINES CONSTRUCTION HOWEVER THE PIPELINE ACTUALLY ALLY AND DRILLING CARRIES THE RISK OF DIVERTING AND POTEN
INCREASED CARIBOU NUMBERS 0ERHAPS hKEYSTONEv SPECIES TIALLY REDUCING THE HERD 3OURCES HAVE ALSO REVEALED THAT
ARE NOT AS hKEYv AS HAS BEEN SUPPOSED OTHER KEY SPECIES LIVE ON !LASKAS SHORELINE
3UBSTANTIAL AMOUNTS OF TIME AND ENERGY ARE NEEDED FOR $RILLING WOULD UNDERCUT A VITAL RESERVE THAT WE MAY NEED
DRILLING IN SOME CASES YEARS )F WE DO NOT PUT THE EXPLO IN THE FUTURE 4HE 53 IS WITHOUT LONG TERM RECOURSE IT
RATION AND DRILLING STRUCTURE IN PLACE NOW THEY WONT BE IS DEPENDENT ON FOREIGN OIL IN TIMES OF CRISIS HOWEVER
AT HAND IN TIMES OF CRISIS DRILLING IN !.72 COULD REGULATE PRICES FOR A LIMITED
TIME 3O WE SHOULD NOT DRILL NOW WE NEED TO HOLD THOSE
RESERVES FOR AN EMERGENCY
#ONSUMPTION IS INEVITABLE 0ROPONENTS OF RENEWABLE /IL DEVELOPMENT IS UNJUSTIlED BECAUSE IT FURTHER EXAC
ENERGY HAVE NOT MADE CLEAR HOW OPENING !.72 WOULD ERBATES THE PROBLEMS OF CONSUMPTION 4HE MORE WE RELY
DELAY A TRANSITION TO RENEWABLE ENERGY /PENING !.72 UPON FOSSIL FUELS THE LONGER WE DELAY THE INEVITABLE THE
COULD SPEED UP THE TRANSITION BY MAKING THE 53 MORE VITAL SHIFT TO RENEWABLE ENERGY /THER ACTION SHOULD BE
DEPENDENT ON FOREIGN OIL IN THE FUTURE ONCE THE !.72 TAKEN TO LIMIT FUEL CONSUMPTION SUCH AS AN INCREASED
RESERVES WERE DEPLETED AND THUS GIVE MORE OF AN INCEN USE OF HYBRID CARS
TIVE TO CONVERT
0ROPOSED DEVELOPMENT MAY NEED TO BE SPREAD OUT BUT 0ROPOSED hLIMITED DEVELOPMENTv WILL STILL INTRUDE HUN
DRILLING CAN BE MADE SEASONAL TO AVOID DISRUPTIONS TO DREDS OF MILES INTO PRISTINE AREAS !LASKA DOESNT HAVE A
ANIMAL MIGRATION #ARIBOU HERDS MOVE INTO !.72 MAJOR RESERVE UNDER !.72 RATHER !.72 CONTAINS
DURING SPECIlC AND PREDICTABLE TIMES THUS DRILLING CAN SEVERAL RESERVES 4HUS EVEN WITH hMINIMALv DEVELOP
BE SCHEDULED TO REDUCE THE IMPACT ON THE HERDS MENT THE DAMAGE WOULD COVER THOUSANDS OF ACRES
3AMPLE -OTIONS
4HIS (OUSE SUPPORTS MEASURES TO ALLOW OIL DEVELOPMENT IN !.72
4HIS (OUSE BELIEVES ECOLOGY SHOULD BE VALUED OVER DEVELOPMENT
4HIS (OUSE MAINTAINS THAT LIMITED DEVELOPMENT IN THE !.72 IS JUSTIlED
7EB ,INKS
s !.72 HTTPWWWANWRORG
4HIS INTRODUCTORY LEVEL 7EB SITE PROVIDES JUSTIlCATIONS FOR OIL DEVELOPMENT GIVING UP TO DATE INFORMATION ON THE STATUS OF PROSPECTS
FOR DRILLING IN THE !RCTIC /FFERS LINKS TO FACT SHEETS AND VARIOUS OTHER INFORMATION IN SUPPORT OF DRILLING
\
s $/% &OSSIL %NERGY3TRATEGIC 0ETROLEUM 2ESERVE HTTPWWWFOSSILGOVPROGRAMRESERVESSPRINDEXSHTML
'OVERNMENT SPONSORED NEUTRAL SITE PROVIDES A BASIC HISTORY AND ANALYSIS OF 3TRATEGIC 0ETROLEUM 2ESERVES 302 AND WHAT FUNCTION
THEY SERVE #ONTAINS QUICK FACTS AND AN UP TO DATE STATUS OF 302S
s 3AVE THE !RCTIC .ATIONAL 7ILDLIFE 2EFUGE HTTPWWWSAVEARCTICREFUGEORG
4HIS SITE PROVIDES A DETAILED ANALYSIS OF THE ISSUES INVOLVED
&URTHER 2EADING
(ISCOCK "RUCE 4HE "IG #ARIBOU (ERD "OYDS -ILLS 0RESS
(OUSE #OMMITTEE ON 2ESOURCES (EARINGS ON !RCTIC #OASTAL 0LAIN ,EASING TH #ONG ST SESS !UGUST
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02/3 #/.3
5SING PERFORMANCE ENHANCING DRUGS IS AN ISSUE OF FREE /NCE SOME PEOPLE CHOOSE TO USE THESE DRUGS THEY
DOM OF CHOICE )F ATHLETES WISH TO TAKE DRUGS IN SEARCH INFRINGE ON THE FREEDOM OF CHOICE OF OTHER ATHLETES
OF IMPROVED PERFORMANCES LET THEM DO SO 4HEY HARM !THLETES ARE VERY DRIVEN INDIVIDUALS WHO GO TO GREAT
NOBODY BUT THEMSELVES AND SHOULD BE TREATED AS ADULTS LENGTHS TO ACHIEVE THEIR GOALS 4O SOME THE CHANCE OF A
CAPABLE OF MAKING RATIONAL DECISIONS ON THE BASIS OF GOLD MEDAL IN TWO YEARS TIME MAY OUTWEIGH THE RISKS OF
WIDELY AVAILABLE INFORMATION 7E SHOULD NOT FORBID THEM SERIOUS LONG TERM HEALTH PROBLEMS 7E SHOULD PROTECT
PERFORMANCE ENHANCING DRUGS EVEN IF SUCH DRUGS HAVE ATHLETES FROM THEMSELVES AND NOT ALLOW ANYONE TO TAKE
LONG TERM ADVERSE EFFECTS 7E HAVENT OUTLAWED TOBACCO PERFORMANCE ENHANCING DRUGS
AND BOXING WHICH ARE PROVEN HEALTH RISKS
7HAT IS THE DISTINCTION BETWEEN NATURAL AND UNNATURAL 7HERE TO DRAW THE LINE BETWEEN LEGITIMATE AND ILLEGITI
ENHANCEMENT !THLETES USE ALL SORTS OF DIETARY SUPPLE MATE PERFORMANCE ENHANCEMENT $IFlCULT THOUGH THAT
MENTS EXERCISES EQUIPMENT CLOTHING TRAINING REGIMES MAY BE WE SHOULD NONETHELESS CONTINUE TO DRAW A LINE
MEDICAL TREATMENTS ETC TO IMPROVE THEIR PERFORMANCE lRST TO PROTECT ATHLETES FROM HARMFUL DRUGS SECOND TO
4HERE IS NOTHING hNATURALv ABOUT TAKING VITAMIN PILLS PRESERVE THE SPIRIT OF FAIR PLAY AND UNAIDED COMPETITION
OR WEARING WHOLE BODY ,YCRA SUITS $IET MEDICINE BETWEEN HUMAN BEINGS AT THEIR PEAK OF NATURAL lTNESS
TECHNOLOGY AND EVEN COACHING ALREADY GIVE AN ARTIlCIAL %ATING A BALANCED DIET AND USING THE BEST EQUIPMENT ARE
ADVANTAGE TO THOSE ATHLETES WHO CAN AFFORD THE BEST OF ALL CLEARLY IN A DIFFERENT CATEGORY FROM TAKING STEROIDS AND
THESE AIDS !S THERE IS NO CLEAR WAY TO DISTINGUISH BETWEEN GROWTH HORMONES 7E SHOULD CONTINUE TO MAKE THIS DIS
LEGITIMATE AND ILLEGITIMATE ARTIlCIAL AIDS TO PERFORMANCE TINCTION AND AIM FOR GENUINE DRUG FREE ATHLETIC COMPETI
THEY SHOULD ALL BE ALLOWED TIONS
,EGALIZING PERFORMANCE ENHANCING DRUGS LEVELS THE PLAY ,EGALIZATION IS VERY BAD FOR ATHLETES 4HE USE OF PERFOR
ING lELD #URRENTLY SUSPICION ABOUT DRUG USE SURROUNDS MANCE ENHANCING DRUGS LEADS TO SERIOUS HEALTH PROBLEMS

02/3 #/.3
EVERY SPORT AND EVERY SUCCESSFUL ATHLETE 4HOSE COMPETI INCLUDING hSTEROID RAGEv THE DEVELOPMENT OF MALE CHAR
TORS WHO DONT TAKE PERFORMANCE ENHANCING DRUGS SEE ACTERISTICS IN FEMALE ATHLETES HEART ATTACKS AND GREATLY
THEMSELVES AS AND OFTEN ARE DISADVANTAGED 4HERE ARE REDUCED LIFE EXPECTANCY 3OME DRUGS ARE ALSO ADDICTIVE
NO TESTS FOR SOME DRUGS AND IN ANY CASE NEW MEDICAL
AND CHEMICAL ADVANCES MEAN THAT CHEATERS WILL ALWAYS
BE AHEAD OF THE TESTERS ,EGALIZATION WOULD REMOVE THIS
UNCERTAINTY AND ALLOW EVERYONE TO COMPETE OPENLY AND
FAIRLY
,EGALIZING THESE DRUGS WILL PROVIDE BETTER ENTERTAINMENT 3PECTATORS ENJOY THE COMPETITION BETWEEN ATHLETES RATHER
FOR SPECTATORS 3PORT HAS BECOME A BRANCH OF THE ENTER THAN INDIVIDUAL PERFORMANCES A CLOSE RACE IS BETTER THAN
TAINMENT BUSINESS AND THE PUBLIC DEMANDS hHIGHER A NO CONTEST IN A WORLD RECORD TIME 3IMILARLY THEY ENJOY
FASTER STRONGERv FROM ATHLETES )F DRUG USE ALLOWS ATHLETES DISPLAYS OF SKILL MORE THAN SIMPLE RAW POWER )N ANY CASE
TO CONTINUALLY BREAK RECORDS OR MAKES FOOTBALL PLAYERS WHY SHOULD WE SACRIlCE THE HEALTH OF ATHLETES FOR THE SAKE
BIGGER AND MORE EXCITING TO WATCH WHY DENY THE SPECTA OF PUBLIC ENJOYMENT
TORS WHAT THEY WANT ESPECIALLY IF THE ATHLETES WANT TO
GIVE IT TO THEM
#URRENT RULES ARE VERY ARBITRARY AND UNFAIR &OR EXAMPLE 7HAT ABOUT THE CHILDREN %VEN IF PERFORMANCE ENHANC
THE /LYMPICS FORBIDS ATHLETES FROM USING COLD MEDI ING DRUGS WERE LEGALIZED ONLY FOR ADULTS HOW WOULD
CINES EVEN IN SPORTS WHERE THE STIMULANTS IN THESE MEDI YOU CONTROL THE PROBLEM AMONG CHILDREN 4EENAGE ATH
CINES WOULD HAVE MINIMAL EFFECTS ON PERFORMANCE 4HERE LETES TRAIN ALONGSIDE ADULTS AND SHARE THE SAME COACHES
IS ALSO THE POSSIBILITY THAT SOME POSITIVE TESTS ARE SIMPLY -ANY WOULD SUCCUMB TO THE TEMPTATION AND PRESSURE TO
THE RESULT OF USING A COMBINATION OF LEGAL FOOD SUPPLE USE DRUGS IF THESE WERE WIDELY AVAILABLE AND EFFECTIVELY
MENTS #YCLISTS LEGALLY HAVE HEART OPERATIONS TO ALLOW ENDORSED BY LEGALIZATION 9OUNG ATHLETES ARE UNABLE TO
INCREASED CIRCULATION AND THUS IMPROVE PERFORMANCE BUT MAKE FULLY RATIONAL INFORMED CHOICES ABOUT DRUG TAKING
THEY WOULD BE BANNED IF THEY WERE TO USE PERFORMANCE AND THE HEALTH IMPACT ON THEIR GROWING BODIES WOULD
ENHANCING DRUGS BE EVEN WORSE THAN FOR ADULT USERS ,EGALIZATION OF PER
FORMANCE ENHANCING DRUGS WOULD ALSO SEND A POSITIVE
MESSAGE ABOUT DRUG CULTURE IN GENERAL MAKING THE USE
OF hRECREATIONAL DRUGSv WITH ALL THEIR ACCOMPANYING EVILS
MORE WIDESPREAD
)N MANY COUNTRIES BANS ON PERFORMANCE ENHANCING DRUGS ,EGALIZATION DISCRIMINATES AGAINST POOR NATIONS &AR
FAIL TO STAND UP IN COURT 4HE LEGAL BASIS FOR DRUG TESTING FROM CREATING A LEVEL PLAYING lELD LEGALIZATION WOULD
AND THE SUBSEQUENT BARRING OF TRANSGRESSORS FROM FURTHER TILT IT IN FAVOR OF THOSE ATHLETES FROM WEALTHY COUNTRIES
PARTICIPATION IS OPEN TO CHALLENGE BOTH AS RESTRAINT OF WITH ADVANCED MEDICAL AND PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRIES
TRADE AND INVASION OF PRIVACY 3PORTS GOVERNING BODIES !THLETES FROM POORER NATIONS WOULD NO LONGER BE ABLE TO
OFTEN lGHT AND LOSE SUCH COURT CASES WASTING VAST SUMS COMPETE ON TALENT ALONE
OF MONEY
)F DRUGS WERE LEGAL THEY COULD BE CONTROLLED AND MONI 2EFORM IS PREFERABLE TO SURRENDER 4HE CURRENT TESTING
TORED BY DOCTORS MAKING THEM MUCH SAFER !THLETES ON REGIME IS NOT PERFECT BUT BETTER RESEARCH TESTING AND
DRUGS TODAY OFTEN TAKE FAR MORE THAN NEEDED FOR PERFOR FUNDING PLUS SANCTIONS AGAINST UNCOOPERATIVE COUNTRIES
MANCE ENHANCEMENT BECAUSE OF IGNORANCE AND THE NEED AND SPORTS COULD GREATLY IMPROVE THE lGHT AGAINST DRUGS
FOR SECRECY ,EGALIZATION WOULD FACILITATE THE EXCHANGE IN SPORTS
OF INFORMATION ON DRUGS AND OPEN MEDICAL SUPERVISION
WILL AVOID MANY OF THE HEALTH PROBLEMS CURRENTLY ASSOCI
ATED WITH PERFORMANCE ENHANCING DRUGS
\
3AMPLE -OTIONS
4HIS (OUSE WOULD LEGALIZE THE USE OF PERFORMANCE ENHANCING DRUGS FOR ATHLETES
4HIS (OUSE WOULD WIN AT ALL COSTS
4HIS (OUSE BELIEVES YOUR PHARMACIST IS YOUR BEST FRIEND
7EB ,INKS
s 3PORTS 3UPPLEMENTS $ANGER HTTPWWWCONSUMERREPORTSORGMAINDETAILJSP#/.4%.4CNT?
ID&/,$%2FOLDER?IDBM5)$
/VERVIEW OF ISSUES SURROUNDING THE USE OF SPORTS SUPPLEMENTS
&URTHER 2EADING
+UHN #YNTHIA 3COTT 3CHWARTZWELDER AND 7ILKIE 7ILSON 0UMPED 3TRAIGHT &ACTS FOR !THLETES ABOUT $RUGS 3UPPLEMENTS AND 4RAINING
.ORTON
9ESALIS #HARLES AND 6IRGINIA 3 #OWART 4HE 3TEROIDS 'AME (UMAN +INETICS
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$25' 4%34).' ). 3#(//,3

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02/3 #/.3
$RUG USE AMONG TEENAGERS IS A CLEAR AND PRESENT PROB /UR JUSTICE SYSTEM IS BASED ON THE PRINCIPLE THAT A PERSON
LEM #URRENT MEASURES TO TACKLE DRUGS AT THE SOURCE IE IS INNOCENT UNTIL PROVEN GUILTY 4O ENFORCE RANDOM DRUG
IMPRISONING DEALERS AND BREAKING THE SUPPLY CHAIN ARE TESTING THEREBY INVADING THE PRIVACY OF STUDENTS WHO ARE
NOT SUCCEEDING )T IS ESPECIALLY IMPORTANT TO PROTECT TEEN NOT SUSPECTED OF DRUG USE IS TO VIEW THEM AS GUILTY UNTIL
AGERS AT AN IMPRESSIONABLE AGE AND AT THE TIME WHEN THEIR PROVEN INNOCENT .OTHING JUSTIlES THE SACRIlCE OF THE
ATTITUDE TO EDUCATION GREATLY AFFECTS THEIR ENTIRE LIVES HUMAN RIGHTS OF INNOCENT PEOPLE
3OME SACRIlCE OF HUMAN RIGHTS IS NECESSARY TO TACKLE THE
DRUG PROBLEM
3TUDENTS WHO DO NOT TAKE DRUGS HAVE NOTHING TO FEAR )NNOCENT STUDENTS DO HAVE SOMETHING TO FEARTHE VIOLA
TION OF PRIVACY AND LOSS OF DIGNITY CAUSED BY A DRUG TEST
4HE PURPOSE OF RANDOM DRUG TESTING IS NOT SO MUCH TO /THER METHODS OF PREVENTING DRUG ABUSE ARE LESS INVA
CATCH OFFENDERS BUT TO PREVENT ALL STUDENTS FROM OFFEND SIVE 4HESE INCLUDE ENCOURAGING EXTRACURRICULAR ACTIVI
ING IN THE lRST PLACE TIES FOSTERING BETTER RELATIONS WITH PARENTS TACKLING THE
PROBLEMS OF POVERTY AND SAFETY AND SO ON
0EER PRESSURE IS THE PRIMARY CAUSE OF EXPERIMENTATION 4EENAGERS ESPECIALLY DRUG TAKING TEENAGERS ARE ATTRACTED
WITH DRUGS $ISCOURAGING DRUG USE AMONG ATHLETES BY REBELLION AND THE CHANCE OF BEATING THE SYSTEM $RA
MODEL STUDENTS ETC SENDS A POWERFUL MESSAGE TO THE CONIAN "IG "ROTHERnSTYLE TACTICS OF RANDOM DRUG TESTING
ENTIRE STUDENT BODY WILL ONLY PROVOKE RESENTMENT AND ENCOURAGE STUDENTS
TO BREAK THE LAW 0EER PRESSURE INCREASES AS THEY UNITE
AGAINST SCHOOL AUTHORITIES

02/3 #/.3
5RINE HAIR AND BREATH SAMPLES CAN BE USED TO DETECT USE $RUG USERS WILL ONLY TURN TO DRUGS THAT ARE MORE DIFlCULT
OF MOST COMMON DRUGS INCLUDING MARIJUANA COCAINE TO TEST SUCH AS hDESIGNERv DRUGS OR USE MASKING AGENTS
HEROIN AND METHAMPHETAMINES BEFORE BEING TESTED
3AMPLE -OTIONS
4HIS (OUSE SUPPORTS RANDOM DRUG TESTING IN SCHOOLS
4HIS (OUSE BELIEVES IN A STUDENTS RIGHT TO PRIVACY
7EB ,INKS
s 2EPORTED $RUG 5SE BY 0OTENTIAL 4ARGETS OF 2ANDOM 3CHOOL $RUG 4ESTING 0OLICIES HTTPWWWDRUGSINDIANAEDUDRUG?STATS
ATHLETEHTML
3HORT ESSAY PRESENTING EVIDENCE THAT RANDOM DRUG TESTING IN SCHOOLS IS UNLIKELY TO DETECT MUCH DRUG USE
s 3UBSTANCE !BUSE 2ESOURCE #ENTER HTTPWWWJOINTOGETHERORGPLUGINJTMLSITE)$!-")/-%$0
'ENERAL SITE OFFERING LINKS TO CURRENT NEWS ON DRUG RELATED TOPICS AS WELL AS RESOURCES ON ISSUES LAWS AND GOVERNMENT POLICY
&URTHER 2EADING
,IGOCKI +ENNETH " $RUG 4ESTING 7HAT 7E !LL .EED TO +NOW 3CARBOROUGH
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02/3 #/.3
4AKING CARE OF THE MILLIONS OF PEOPLE WHO ARE STARVING IS 7E HAVE WASTED AND DESTROYED VAST AMOUNTS OF NATURAL
MORE IMPORTANT THAN SAVING NATURAL RESOURCES MOST OF RESOURCES AND IN SO DOING HAVE PUT %ARTH IN JEOPARDY
WHICH ARE RENEWABLE ANYWAY 7E MUST PRESERVE %ARTH FOR FUTURE GENERATIONS
4HE INDUSTRIALIZED WORLDS EMPHASIS ON PROTECTING THE .O ONE WANTS TO STOP ECONOMIC PROGRESS THAT COULD GIVE
ENVIRONMENT SHACKLES DEVELOPING COUNTRIES AND CONTRIB MILLIONS BETTER LIVES "UT WE MUST INSIST ON SUSTAINABLE
UTES TO AND WIDENS THE GREAT DIVIDE BETWEEN THE &IRST AND DEVELOPMENT THAT INTEGRATES ENVIRONMENTAL STEWARDSHIP
4HIRD 7ORLDS "Y LIMITING THE DEVELOPMENT OF PROlTABLE SOCIAL JUSTICE AND ECONOMIC GROWTH %ARTH CANNOT SUP
BUT POLLUTING INDUSTRIES LIKE STEEL OR OIL RElNING WE ARE PORT UNRESTRICTED GROWTH
SENTENCING NATIONS TO REMAIN ECONOMICALLY BACKWARD
%CONOMIC DEVELOPMENT IS VITAL FOR MEETING THE BASIC 5NCHECKED POPULATION GROWTH HAS A DELETERIOUS EFFECT
NEEDS OF THE GROWING POPULATIONS OF 4HIRD 7ORLD COUN ON ANY NATION AND ON THE ENTIRE PLANET ,IMITING POPULA
TRIES )F WE DO NOT PERMIT INDUSTRIALIZATION THESE NATIONS TION GROWTH WILL RESULT IN A HIGHER STANDARD OF LIVING AND
WILL HAVE TO IMPLEMENT MEASURES TO LIMIT POPULATION WILL PRESERVE THE ENVIRONMENT
GROWTH JUST TO PRESERVE VITAL RESOURCES SUCH AS WATER
\
02/3 #/.3
/BVIOUSLY THE WORLD WOULD BE BETTER IF ALL NATIONS .ATIONS ARE LOSING MORE FROM POLLUTING THAN THEY ARE
ABIDED BY STRICT ENVIRONMENTAL RULES 4HE REALITY IS THAT GAINING FROM INDUSTRIALIZATION #HINA IS A PERFECT EXAM
FOR MANY NATIONS SUCH ADHERENCE IS NOT IN THEIR LARGER PLE 4WENTY YEARS OF UNCONTROLLED ECONOMIC DEVELOP
INTERESTS &OR EXAMPLE CLOSING #HINAS MASSIVE #APITAL MENT HAVE CREATED SERIOUS CHRONIC AIR POLLUTION THAT HAS
)RON AND 3TEELWORKS WHICH ECOLOGISTS POINT TO AS A MAJOR INCREASED HEALTH PROBLEMS AND RESULTED IN ANNUAL AGRI
POLLUTER WOULD COST JOBS 4HE UNIFORM APPLICA CULTURAL LOSSES OF BILLIONS OF DOLLARS 4HUS UNCONTROLLED
TION OF STRICT ENVIRONMENTAL POLICIES WOULD CREATE INSUR GROWTH IS NOT ONLY DESTRUCTIVE TO THE ENVIRONMENT IT IS
MOUNTABLE BARRIERS TO ECONOMIC PROGRESS ALSO UNSOUND ECONOMICALLY
2APID INDUSTRIALIZATION DOES NOT HAVE TO PUT MORE PRES 4ECHNOLOGICAL PROGRESS HAS MADE PEOPLE TOO CONlDENT IN
SURE ON THE ENVIRONMENT 4ECHNOLOGICAL ADVANCES HAVE THEIR ABILITIES TO CONTROL THEIR ENVIRONMENT )N JUST HALF
MADE INDUSTRIES MUCH SAFER FOR THE ENVIRONMENT &OR A CENTURY THE WORLDS NUCLEAR INDUSTRY HAS HAD AT LEAST
EXAMPLE NUCLEAR GENERATING PLANTS CAN PROVIDE MORE THREE SERIOUS ACCIDENTS 7INDSCALE 5+ 4HREE
ENERGY THAN COAL WHILE CONTRIBUTING FAR LESS TO GLOBAL -ILE )SLAND 53 AND #HERNOBYL 5332
WARMING 7E ARE ALSO EXPLORING ALTERNATIVE RENEWABLE )N ADDITION THE NUCLEAR POWER INDUSTRY STILL CANNOT STORE
TYPES OF FUEL ITS WASTE SAFELY
4HE h'REEN 2EVOLUTIONv HAS DOUBLED THE SIZE OF GRAIN 4HE 'REEN 2EVOLUTION IS THREATENING THE BIODIVERSITY OF
HARVESTS 4HUS CUTTING DOWN MORE FORESTS OR ENDANGER THE 4HIRD 7ORLD BY REPLACING NATIVE SEEDS WITH HYBRIDS
ING FRAGILE ECOSYSTEMS TO PROVIDE MORE SPACE FOR CROPS IS 7E DO NOT KNOW WHAT THE LONG TERM ENVIRONMENTAL OR
NO LONGER NECESSARY 7E NOW HAVE THE KNOWLEDGE TO FEED ECONOMIC CONSEQUENCES WILL BE 7E DO KNOW THAT IN
THE WORLDS INCREASING POPULATION WITHOUT HARMING THE THE SHORT RUN SUCH HYBRID CROPS CAN INDIRECTLY CAUSE
ENVIRONMENT ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS 4HE FARMER USING HYBRID SEED
WHICH IS EXPENSIVE MUST BUY NEW SEED EACH YEAR BECAUSE
THE SEED CANNOT BE SAVED TO PLANT THE FOLLOWING YEARS
CROPS &ARMERS USING HYBRID SEEDS IN WHAT ONCE WAS THE
RICHEST PART OF )NDIA WENT BANKRUPT !S A RESULT FERTILE
LANDS LAY IDLE AND UNTILLED RESULTING IN DROUGHTS AND
DESERTIlCATION
3AMPLE -OTIONS
4HIS (OUSE BELIEVES THAT ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERNS SHOULD ALWAYS TAKE PRECEDENCE OVER ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT IN BOTH THE &IRST AND
4HIRD 7ORLDS
4HIS (OUSE BELIEVES THAT ECONOMIC GROWTH EVEN AT THE EXPENSE OF SOME ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION IS JUSTIlED BY THE NEED TO FEED
THE RISING WORLD POPULATION
7EB ,INKS
s #ENTER FOR )NTERNATIONAL %NVIRONMENTAL ,AW HTTPWWWCIELORG
/FFERS A REVIEW OF MAJOR INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL AGREEMENTS AS WELL AS INFORMATION ON THE IMPACT OF GLOBALIZATION AND FREE
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02/3 #/.3
&REE TRADE BRINGS ABOUT DEMOCRATIZATION IN THREE WAYS )T -OST DICTATORIAL OLIGARCHIES WELCOME FREE TRADE AS IT USU
PERMITS A mOW OF INFORMATION FROM 7ESTERN COUNTRIES ALLY INCREASES THEIR WEALTH 4HE 7EST NO LONGER HAS ANY
IT RAISES A NATIONS STANDARD OF LIVING AND IT FACILITATES THE LEVERAGE OVER THEM ONCE THEY HAVE BEEN ACCEPTED INTO
GROWTH OF A MIDDLE CLASS 4HESE FACTORS GENERATE INTERNAL THE FREE TRADE ARENA !LTHOUGH THE INTERNATIONAL COMMU
PRESSURE AND CONSEQUENT POLITICAL CHANGEECONOMIC NITY CHOSE NOT TO IMPOSE SANCTIONS ON #HINA BECAUSE IT
FREEDOM LEADS TO POLITICAL FREEDOM &REE TRADE HELPED IS A VALUABLE ECONOMIC AND STRATEGIC PARTNER TRADE SPE
BRING ABOUT THE DOWNFALL OF COMMUNISM IN %ASTERN CIlCALLY -&. STATUS CAN STILL BE USED TO FORCE #HINA TO
%UROPE AND IS BEGINNING TO INCREASE FREEDOMS IN #HINA IMPROVE HUMAN RIGHTS "ELIEVING THAT FREE TRADE CAN LEAD
7HEN THE 5NITED 3TATES LINKED MOST FAVORED NATION TO DEMOCRATIZATION IS NAÉVE 'OVERNMENTS AGAINST WHICH
-&. STATUS TO IMPROVEMENTS IN HUMAN RIGHTS #HINA SANCTIONS ARE IMPOSED WILL NOT PERMIT THE GROWTH OF A
MADE ONLY TOKEN GESTURES TO IMPROVE ITS RIGHTS RECORD MIDDLE CLASS OR LET WEALTH lLTER DOWN TO THE PEOPLE )N
TO MAINTAIN -&. STATUS $EEP STRUCTURAL CHANGES IN REALITY FREE TRADE HAS WORSENED #HINESE LIVING STANDARDS
HUMAN RIGHTS IN ANY COUNTRY COME ONLY WITH UNLIMITED BY PUTTING DOMESTIC INDUSTRIES OUT OF BUSINESS AND FORC
FREE TRADE ING PEOPLE TO WORK FOR MULTINATIONAL CORPORATIONS THAT
PAY LITTLE
3ANCTIONS ARE INEFFECTIVE &OR EXAMPLE &RANCE AND 2USSIA 3ANCTIONS ARE EFFECTIVE AS A LONG TERM TOOL 4HEY WORKED
CURRENTLY HAVE OPENLY BREACHED INTERNATIONAL SANCTIONS IN 3OUTH !FRICA AND THEY WORKED IN THE FORMER 2HODE
AGAINST )RAQ BECAUSE OF THEIR COMPLETE FAILURE 3ANCTIONS SIA 'RANTED THEY CAN LEAD TO MASS SUFFERING OF THE VERY
AGAINST #UBA (AITI AND "URMA HAVE ALSO PROVED USELESS PEOPLE THEY ARE DESIGNED TO HELP AS THEY DID TO THE BLACK
BECAUSE MANY NATIONS DO NOT RECOGNIZE THEM )N ADDI POPULATION OF 3OUTH !FRICA (OWEVER .ELSON -ANDELA
TION ONCE SANCTIONS ARE IN PLACE THE GOVERNMENT OF THE HAS SAID THAT THE SUFFERING WAS WORTHWHILE BECAUSE IT
COUNTRY BEING SANCTIONED KEEPS ALL AVAILABLE RESOURCES HELPED END APARTHEID
ENSURING THAT SANCTIONS ADVERSELY AFFECT ONLY THE PEOPLE
)N THE CASE OF )RAQ SANCTIONS LED TO TERRIBLE SUFFERING
3ANCTIONS BLOCK THE mOW OF OUTSIDE INFORMATION INTO A 3ANCTIONS SEND A STRONG MESSAGE TO THE PEOPLE OF A COUN
COUNTRY THUS PERMITTING DICTATORS TO USE PROPAGANDA TRY THAT THE 7ESTERN WORLD WILL NOT TOLERATE AN OPPRESSIVE
TO STRENGTHEN THEIR OWN POSITION 0EOPLE CANNOT BELIEVE REGIME
SUCH PROPAGANDA IS FALSE WHEN THERE ARE NO COMPETING
EXTERNAL CLAIMS
3AMPLE -OTIONS
4HIS (OUSE WOULD PUT TRADE RELATIONS ABOVE HUMAN RIGHTS
4HIS (OUSE BELIEVES IN FREE TRADE
4HIS (OUSE WOULD MAKE MONEY NOT WAR
4HIS (OUSE WOULD ENGAGE NOT ESTRANGE NONDEMOCRATIC NATIONS
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02/3 #/.3
4HE PRESIDENT SHOULD BE THE PERSON CHOSEN BY THE GREAT 4HE %LECTORAL #OLLEGE ENSURES THAT THE PERSON ELECTED
EST NUMBER OF !MERICANS VIA THE POPULAR VOTE 4HE PRESIDENT HAS BROAD SUPPORT THROUGHOUT THE COUNTRY
%LECTORAL #OLLEGE VIOLATES THIS MANDATE IN PRINCIPLE AND 7ITHOUT THE COLLEGE CANDIDATES COULD WIN BY APPEALING
SOMETIMES IN PRACTICE ONLY TO HEAVILY POPULATED URBAN AREAS
4HE %LECTORAL #OLLEGE WAS ESTABLISHED AT A TIME WHEN THE 4HE PRINCIPLE BEHIND THE %LECTORAL #OLLEGE IS SIMILAR TO
PEOPLE WERE NOT TRUSTED TO CHOOSE WISELY SENATORS TOO THE PRINCIPLE THAT DETERMINES THE COMPOSITION OF THE
WERE INITIALLY NOT CHOSEN BY POPULAR VOTE 4HE SYSTEM 3ENATE WHEREIN EVERY STATE IS DEEMED EQUAL NO MATTER
SHOULD BE CHANGED TO TRUST THE WISDOM OF THE !MERICAN ITS SIZE 4HE COLLEGE IS AN INTEGRAL PART OF THE SYSTEM OF
PEOPLE FEDERALISM WHICH GIVES THE STATES DISTINCT AND IMPORTANT
RIGHTS
4HE %LECTORAL #OLLEGE SYSTEM GIVES GREATER WEIGHT TO 4HE %LECTORAL #OLLEGE FORCES CANDIDATES TO CAMPAIGN
VOTES CAST IN LIGHTLY POPULATED STATES 4HE RESULT IS THAT BROADLY THROUGHOUT THE COUNTRY TO GAIN THE ELECTORAL
A VOTE CAST FOR THE PRESIDENT BY A .EW 9ORKER COUNTS LESS VOTES OF AS MANY STATES AS POSSIBLE )F IT IS ELIMINATED
THAN A VOTE CAST BY A .ORTH $AKOTAN THIS INEQUALITY IS CANDIDATES WILL SPEND ALL THEIR TIME CAMPAIGNING IN THE
INHERENTLY UNFAIR STATES WITH THE GREATEST NUMBER OF VOTERS AND IGNORE
SMALLER STATES
4HE LIGHTLY POPULATED STATES THAT ARE PRIVILEGED BY THE -INORITY VOTERS COULD BE SAFELY IGNORED BY CANDIDATES
%LECTORAL #OLLEGE SYSTEM ARE OVERWHELMINGLY WHITE )N IN A NATIONAL ELECTION THAT DEPENDED ONLY ON RECEIVING
EFFECT THE SYSTEM DISCOUNTS THE WORTH OF VOTES CAST BY A POPULAR MAJORITY "UT BECAUSE THESE VOTERS CAN DETER
MINORITIES LIVING IN URBAN AREAS AND EXACERBATES THE RACIAL MINE WHO WINS A MAJORITYAND THE ELECTORAL VOTESIN
IMBALANCE OF POWER IN THE COUNTRY A GIVEN STATE THEIR INmUENCE IS SIGNIlCANT IN THE PRESENT
SYSTEM
4HE CURRENT WINNER TAKE ALL SYSTEM EFFECTIVELY ELIMINATES "ECAUSE NO CANDIDATE CAN WIN THE PRESIDENCY WITHOUT AN
THIRD PARTY CANDIDATES AS THEY CANNOT WIN ENOUGH %LEC ABSOLUTE MAJORITY OF ELECTORAL VOTES THE %LECTORAL #OLLEGE

02/3 #/.3
TORAL #OLLEGE VOTES TO GAIN OFlCE 4HE RESULT 4HE ELEC PROMOTES THE STRENGTH OF THE TWO PARTY SYSTEM AND THAT
TORAL PROCESS IS PREDISPOSED TO THE STATUS QUO AND CHANGE SYSTEM PROMOTES THE POLITICAL STABILITY OF THE COUNTRY
AND PROGRESS ARE DISCOURAGED
4OO MUCH LATITUDE IS GIVEN TO ELECTORS IN THE PRESENT 4HE #ONSTITUTION DESIGNED THE 53 GOVERNMENT TO
SYSTEM IN SOME STATES ELECTORS ARE NOT REQUIRED TO CAST INCLUDE A SERIES OF CHECKS AND BALANCES AND THE %LECTORAL
THEIR VOTES FOR THE CANDIDATES WHO HAVE WON THE POPULAR #OLLEGE IS PART OF THAT SYSTEM 4HE %LECTORAL #OLLEGE IS
VOTE IN THEIR STATES %LECTORS SHOULD NOT HAVE THE POWER MEANT TO LIMIT THE hTYRANNY OF THE MAJORITYv THAT IS POS
TO DISREGARD THE WILL OF THE PEOPLE SIBLE IN UNRESTRAINED DEMOCRACY
3AMPLE -OTIONS
4HIS (OUSE SUPPORTS THE ABOLITION OF THE %LECTORAL #OLLEGE
4HIS (OUSE VALUES THE WILL OF THE PEOPLE OVER THE RIGHTS OF THE STATES
7EB ,INKS
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4HE 7EB SITE OF THE &EDERAL %LECTION #OMMISSION EXPLAINS WHAT THE %LECTORAL #OLLEGE IS AND HOW IT WORKS AND OFFERS ESSAYS IN
FAVOR OF RETAINING THE %LECTORAL #OLLEGE
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4HINK TANK 7EB SITE OFFERS ESSAY IN FAVOR OF RETAINING #OLLEGE
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02/3 #/.3
4HE SCIENTIlC COMMUNITY IS ALMOST UNANIMOUS IN BELIEV %NVIRONMENTAL PRESSURE GROUPS SERIOUSLY OVERSTATE THE
ING THAT EMISSIONS ARE SERIOUSLY DAMAGING THE WORLD EVIDENCE FOR CLIMATE CHANGE %VEN IF CLIMATE CHANGE IS
ECOSYSTEM 4HE MOST SERIOUS THREAT IS CLIMATE CHANGE OCCURRING POLLUTION IS NOT NECESSARILY THE CAUSE )T MAY
4HE EFFECTS OF GLOBAL WARMING INCLUDE INCREASING DESERTI RESULT FROM NATURAL VARIATIONS WHICH THE FOSSIL RECORD
lCATION AND RISING SEA LEVELS )N ADDITION THE %L .I®O INDICATES HAVE OCCURRED IN THE PAST
PHENOMENON OCCURS MORE OFTEN !IR POLLUTION HAS ALSO
RESULTED IN INCREASED ACID RAIN AND A GROWING HOLE IN THE
OZONE LAYER
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02/3 #/.3
4HE INDUSTRIALIZATION OF THE SMALL NUMBER OF DEVEL 4HIS IS JUST A NEW FORM OF IMPERIALISM $EVELOPING
OPED COUNTRIES CAUSED VIRTUALLY ALL THE PROBLEMS LAID OUT COUNTRIES HAVE THE RIGHT TO DEVELOP ECONOMICALLY AND
ABOVE )F DEVELOPING COUNTRIES WHICH HAVE ABOUT lVE INDUSTRIALLY JUST AS DEVELOPED COUNTRIES HAVE )NDUSTRI
TIMES THE POPULATION OF THE DEVELOPED WORLD WERE TO ALIZATION WILL IMPROVE THE LIVING STANDARDS OF BILLIONS OF
INDUSTRIALIZE UNCHECKED THE EFFECT COULD BE CATASTROPHIC PEOPLE THROUGHOUT THE GLOBE )N ADDITION INDUSTRIALIZA
&OR EXAMPLE RISING SEA LEVELS WOULD mOOD MILLIONS OF TION WILL LEAD TO ECONOMIC STABILITY FOR THE WORLDS POOR
HOMES IN LOW LYING AREAS SUCH AS "ANGLADESH )NCREASED EST COUNTRIES 4HIS IN TURN WILL INCREASE DEMOCRATIZATION
CROP FAILURE WOULD KILL MANY MORE BY STARVATION $EVEL IN THESE NATIONS
OPED COUNTRIES MIGHT BE ABLE TO PROTECT THEMSELVES FROM
THESE EFFECTS BUT DEVELOPING COUNTRIES WOULD NOT 4HE
DEVELOPING WORLD HAS NOT ACTED TO PREVENT ENVIRONMEN
TAL DISASTER AND SO THE DEVELOPED WORLD MUST ACT TO SAVE
LITERALLY BILLIONS OF LIVES
4HE 5. COULD DESIGN INITIAL STANDARDS SO THAT ALL DEVEL $EVELOPED COUNTRIES ARE HYPOCRITICAL IN TRYING TO RESTRICT
OPING COUNTRIES COULD MEET THE GOALS AND RECEIVE AID EMISSIONS FROM DEVELOPING COUNTRIES WHEN THEY DO SO
)F THEY SPEND THIS DEVELOPMENT AID WISELY DEVELOPING LITTLE THEMSELVES 4HE 5NITED 3TATES WHICH IS STILL THE
COUNTRIES COULD INDUSTRIALIZE IN AN ENVIRONMENTALLY CLEAN WORLDS BIGGEST POLLUTER CONSISTENTLY REFUSES TO RATIFY
WAY )N THE LONG RUN THE COMBINED APPROACH OF EXTRA ENVIRONMENTAL TREATIES BECAUSE ITS OWN ECONOMIC SELF
REWARDS FOR SUCCESSFUL COUNTRIES AND SERIOUS SANCTIONS FOR INTEREST DOES NOT APPEAR TO BE SERVED BY DOING SO 7HAT
UNSUCCESSFUL COUNTRIES SHOULD ENSURE SUCCESS RIGHT DOES THE DEVELOPED WORLD HAVE TO PREACH TO THE
DEVELOPING WORLD ABOUT EMISSIONS
$EVELOPED COUNTRIES SHOULD BE GUARDIANS OF THE PLANET !SKING THE 5.%0 TO SET EMISSION STANDARDS IS UNFEASIBLE
EXPRESSLY BECAUSE THEY HAVE A TERRIBLE HISTORY OF POLLUT BECAUSE BOTH DEVELOPED AND DEVELOPING COUNTRIES WOULD
ING 4HEY MUST PREVENT UNHINDERED INDUSTRIALIZATION TRY TO INmUENCE THE AGENCY $EVELOPED COUNTRIES WOULD
ELSEWHERE LOBBY FOR VERY RESTRICTIVE EMISSION STANDARDS TO DECREASE
THE THREAT FROM CHEAP IMPORTS $EVELOPING COUNTRIES
WOULD DEMAND STANDARDS SO LAX THAT THEY WOULD HAVE
NO EFFECT
%VEN IF ENVIRONMENTALISTS HAVE EXAGGERATED THEIR CLAIMS 4HIS PROPOSAL HAS SERIOUS CONSEQUENCES FOR WORLD STABIL
THE THREAT FROM ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION IS STILL GREAT ITY &IRST DEVELOPED COUNTRIES WOULD CERTAINLY NOT ENFORCE
ENOUGH TO REQUIRE ACTION 4HE POTENTIAL BENElT OF ACTING REGULATIONS AGAINST #HINA AN IMPORTANT TRADING PARTNER
TO SAVE THE PLANETS ECOSYSTEM FAR OUTWEIGHS ANY DOWN AND THE LINCHPIN OF REGIONAL STABILITY THE WORLDS FAST
SIDE 7E ARE NOT CONCEDING THAT THE CLAIMS ARE EXAGGER EST GROWING POLLUTER 3ECOND THE DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
ATED MERELY THAT IT DOES NOT MATTER EVEN IF THEY ARE PARTICULARLY THOSE THAT FAIL TO MEET THE STANDARDS WOULD
RESENT SUCH OUTSIDE INTRUSION )N ADDITION WITHHOLDING
AID COULD CAUSE ECONOMIC COLLAPSE AND THE SUBSEQUENT
RISE OF DICTATORSHIPS 2OGUE NATIONS MIGHT FORM ALLIANCES
THAT THREATENED WORLD STABILITY )N THEIR RUSH TO DEVELOP
THESE STATES WOULD INCREASE POLLUTION BECAUSE DEVELOPED
COUNTRIES WOULD HAVE NO INmUENCE OVER THEM
3AMPLE -OTIONS
4HIS (OUSE WOULD LINK AID TO EMISSIONS REDUCTIONS
4HIS (OUSE BELIEVES THAT THE ENVIRONMENT MUST COME lRST

7EB ,INKS
s 7ORLD "ANK $EVELOPMENT %DUCATION 0ROGRAM HTTPWWWWORLDBANKORGHTMLSCHOOLSDEPWEBHTM
)NFORMATION ON SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT FOR TEACHERS AND STUDENTS
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02/3 #/.3
7ESTERN GOVERNMENTS MUST PURSUE AN ETHICAL FOREIGN )F hETHICAL FOREIGN POLICYv MEANS ACTIVE INTERVENTION
POLICY 4HIS TRANSLATES INTO THE PHILOSOPHY THAT IMPELS US WHENEVER THERE IS A hMORAL IMPERATIVEv THEN IT IS A HOPE
TO ACT WHENEVER THERE IS A MORAL IMPERATIVE TO DO SO LESSLY NAÉVE NOTION 'OVERNMENTS ARE CONSTRAINED BY
PRACTICAL CONCERNS &OR EXAMPLE SELLING ARMS TO CERTAIN
NATIONS MIGHT BE UNETHICAL BUT IF THE GOVERNMENT STOPS
SUCH SALES CITIZENS LOSE JOBSAND THE WEAPONS ARE PUR
CHASED ELSEWHERE
,OBBYISTS SHOULD NOT INmUENCE FOREIGN POLICY )T SHOULD )N A REPRESENTATIVE DEMOCRACY DISCOUNTING THESE GROUPS
BE ABOVE SPECIAL INTERESTS AND SHOULD FOCUS ON DOING IS IMPOSSIBLE -OREOVER THE hRIGHT THING TO DOv FOR THE
WHAT IS RIGHT NATION MAY BE WHAT SPECIAL INTERESTS DEMAND
4HE ARGUMENT FOR ETHICAL FOREIGN POLICY IS STRONGEST WHEN 7E CONCEDE THE PRINCIPLE BUT REJECT THE PRACTICE )NTER
THE 7EST CONFRONTS HEINOUS CRIMES IN FOREIGN LANDS SUCH VENING MIGHT MAKE MATTERS WORSE 7E ALSO HAVE TO BE
AS GENOCIDE IN 2WANDA OR ETHNIC CLEANSING IN THE "AL MINDFUL OF BROADER CONCERNS LIKE THE SITUATION IN THE
KANS )N BOTH PLACES THE 7EST HAD A CLEAR MORAL IMPERA FOREIGN COUNTRY AND WHAT ACTION MIGHT DO TO OUR IMAGE
TIVE FOR ACTIVE INVOLVEMENTOUR ACTION COULD SAVE LIVES IN OTHER NATIONS 4AKING AN ACTIVE AND MORALISTIC STANCE
AND FREE PEOPLE FROM OPPRESSION TOWARD !FRICAN PROBLEMS FOR EXAMPLE MAY MAKE THE
7EST LOOK LIKE NEO IMPERIALISTS
)N MANY CASES SUCH AS THAT OF +OSOVO IN THE S THE )NTERVENTION BEFORE A SITUATION IS FULLY ASSESSED MAY COST
HUMANITARIAN IMPERATIVE DEMANDS INTERVENTION 7E MORE LIVES IN THE LONG RUN "EING STARKLY UTILITARIAN IS
MUST ACT BECAUSE IF WE DONT PEOPLE WILL SUFFER AND DIE HORRIBLE BUT FOREIGN POLICY MUST SOLVE PROBLEMS FOR THE
4AKING THE PRAGMATIC APPROACH BASED ON A CAREFUL ASSESS LONG TERM IT CANNOT BE BASED ON A KNEE JERK REACTION TO
MENT OF NATIONAL INTERESTS COSTS LIVES AN IMMEDIATE SITUATION
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02/3 #/.3
%THICAL FOREIGN POLICY MEANS STANDING UP TO REGIMES THAT 4HE 7EST IS INCONSISTENT IN APPLYING ETHICAL VALUES TO
DISCRIMINATE AMONG THEIR PEOPLE 7E MUST SEND A CLEAR FOREIGN POLICY 7E INTERVENED IN +OSOVO TO PREVENT
MESSAGE ABOUT OUR VALUES GENOCIDE BUT WE HAVE NOT INTERVENED TO PREVENT THE PER
SECUTION OF MINORITIES IN 2USSIA OR #HINA /UR GUIDING
FORCE IS WHAT IS POSSIBLE NOT WHAT IS PRINCIPLED 7HY LIE
ABOUT IT
3AMPLE -OTIONS
4HIS (OUSE WOULD HAVE AN ETHICAL FOREIGN POLICY
4HIS (OUSE BELIEVES POLITICS IS THE ART OF THE NECESSARY NOT THE POSSIBLE
7EB ,INKS
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*OURNAL SPECIALIZING IN ANALYSIS AND COMMENT ON FOREIGN POLICY ISSUES
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*OURNAL SPONSORED BY THE #OUNCIL ON &OREIGN 2ELATIONS EXPLORING FOREIGN POLICY ISSUES
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02/3 #/.3
4HE %5 MUST HAVE A DEFENSE POLICY INDEPENDENT OF .!4/ HAS SUCCESSFULLY DEFENDED THE INTERESTS OF 7ESTERN
.!4/ 7ITH ITS ORIGINS IN THE #OLD 7AR AND ITS DOMI %UROPE FOR DECADES 7HY ROCK THE BOAT 7HAT PROBLEM
NATION BY THE 5NITED 3TATES .!4/ CARRIES A GREAT DEAL COULD A %UROPEAN $EFENSE &ORCE SOLVE THAT .!4/ COULD
OF HISTORICAL AND GEOPOLITICAL BAGGAGE .!4/ CANNOT NOT )N ANY CASE THE %5 WILL ALWAYS HAVE TO CONSIDER
EASILY INTERVENE IN %ASTERN %UROPE WITHOUT INCURRING 2USSIAS SENSIBILITIES WHEN ENGAGED IN %ASTERN %UROPE
2USSIAS DISPLEASURE 4HE %$& WILL ALLOW THE %5 TO DEAL &AR BETTER TO HAVE !MERICAS BARGAINING POWER AND
WITH CRISES IN %ASTERN AND #ENTRAL %UROPE MORE EFFEC GEOPOLITICAL CLOUT BACKING THE %5 IN NEGOTIATING WITH
TIVELY THAN CAN .!4/ BECAUSE THE %5 WILL NOT HAVE TO 2USSIA #REATING A %UROPEAN $EFENSE &ORCE WILL MAR
TIPTOE AROUND 2USSIA GINALIZE .!4/ AND THE 5NITED 3TATES 4HIS WILL LEAD TO
REDUCED 53 ENGAGEMENT IN %UROPE WHICH MAY IN TURN
DIMINISH THE %5S INmUENCE WITH 2USSIA
4HE %5 HAS ACHIEVED SIGNIlCANT INTEGRATION OF AND CON %5 MEMBERS FREQUENTLY DISAGREE ON POLITICAL AND ECO
VERGENCE IN THE POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC SPHERES )NTEGRA NOMIC ISSUES -EMBER INTERESTS ARE EVEN MORE DIVERGENT
TION OF DEFENSE POLICY AND THE ESTABLISHMENT OF A %URO ON THE THORNY AREA OF DEFENSE POLICY 4HIS DIFFERENCE IN

02/3 #/.3
PEAN $EFENSE &ORCE ARE THE LOGICAL NEXT STEP PRIORITIES WILL ULTIMATELY LEAD TO DEADLOCK BECAUSE NO
COUNTRY WISHES TO SEE ITS SOLDIERS DYING ON A BATTLElELD
THAT IS NOT STRATEGICALLY IMPORTANT TO IT
.!4/ HAS SHOWN THE %5 THAT A STANDING MULTINATIONAL .!4/ AND THE PROPOSED %$& ARE DESIGNED TO ADDRESS
DEFENSE FORCE IS POSSIBLE 4HE PROPOSED %$& COULD FOLLOW VERY DIFFERENT CONCERNS .!4/ EXISTS TO DEAL WITH SIG
ITS EXAMPLE AND COMPLEMENT IT NIlCANT SITUATIONS IN WHICH 7ESTERN %UROPEAN NATIONS
ARE LIKELY TO ADOPT A COMMON DEFENSE POLICY )N CONTRAST
THE %$& IS TARGETED AT SMALLER GEOPOLITICAL INCIDENTS THAT
WOULD BE hBENEATHv .!4/S NOTICE "Y THEIR NATURE
THESE INCIDENTS WOULD NOT HAVE UNIFORM EFFECTS ON %5
MEMBERS 4HEREFORE THE %5 IS UNLIKELY TO ACHIEVE CON
SENSUS ON HOW TO DEAL WITH THEM
7ITH THE GROWING INDUSTRIAL AND ECONOMIC MATURITY OF %VEN IF WE ASSUME THAT THE %5 COULD BEAR THE MASSIVE
THE %5 AND ITS MEMBERS THE %5 COULD NOW AFFORD TO COSTS OF A STANDING MILITARY FORCE THERE ARE SIGNIlCANT
HAVE A STANDING DEFENSE FORCE 4HE PROPOSED %$& WOULD POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC BARRIERS TO ESTABLISHING IT !MONG
ALSO CREATE A GREAT MANY JOBS FOR %UROPEAN DEFENSE INDUS THESE BARRIERS ARE (OW WILL THE %5 DEVELOP A COMMON
TRIES DEFENSE POLICY 7ILL THE FORCES MANDATE BE ONLY DEFENSE
OR WILL IT INCLUDE PEACEKEEPING 7HAT IS THE NATURE OF ITS
COMMAND STRUCTURE 7HO WILL CHOOSE ITS SUPPLIES AND
EQUIPMENT 7HAT LANGUAGE WILL ITS MEMBERS USE 4HESE
QUESTIONS INVOLVE POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC CONSIDERATIONS
THAT ARE LIKELY TO RESULT IN CONTINUOUS CONTENTION THAT
WILL ULTIMATELY YIELD A STILLBORN %$&
3AMPLE -OTIONS
4HIS (OUSE BELIEVES IN A %UROPEAN $EFENSE &ORCE
4HIS (OUSE BELIEVES THAT %UROPE SHOULD DEFEND ITSELF
7EB ,INKS
s *ANES $EFENCE HTTPWWWJANESCOMDEFENCE
/FFERS NEWS ON %UROPEAN DEFENSE CONCERNS
&URTHER 2EADING
.YE *OSEPH 5NDERSTANDING )NTERNATIONAL #ONmICTS ,ONGMAN
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02/3 #/.3
! FEDERAL %UROPE WOULD BUILD ON THE SUCCESS OF THE %5 .ATIONAL IDENTITY AND DIFFERENCES REMAIN FAR MORE IMPOR
)T WOULD TAME THE NATIONALISM THAT CAUSED SO MANY HOR TANT THAN SUPPOSEDLY SHARED %UROPEAN VALUES %XIST
RORS IN THE TWENTIETH CENTURY AND REALIZE THE VISION OF ING NATIONAL GOVERNMENTS OPERATE ON DIFFERENT MODELS
ITS FOUNDERS FOR AN hEVER CLOSER UNIONv 7HILE NATIONAL 4HESE RECOGNIZE THE HISTORICAL CULTURAL AND ECONOMIC
GOVERNMENTS EXIST THEY WILL REGARD POLICY MAKING AS A DISTINCTIVENESS OF EACH NATION AND PROVIDE AN IMPORTANT
COMPETITIVE BUSINESS DAMAGING THE POTENTIAL PROSPER FOCUS FOR THE LOYALTY OF THEIR CITIZENS 4HE FURTHER POWER
ITY OF ALL OF %UROPES CITIZENS ! FEDERAL %UROPEAN STATE IS REMOVED FROM THE CITIZENS THE MORE DETACHED THEY ARE
CAN BUILD ON THE SHARED HISTORY AND CULTURE OF ITS MEM FROM THE DEMOCRATIC PROCESS THE LESS ACCOUNTABLE POWER
BERS TO FURTHER THE COMMON GOOD WHILE ACCOMMODATING BECOMES AND THE MORE LIKELY GOVERNMENT IS TO MAKE
REGIONAL DIFFERENCES BOTH BAD DECISIONS AND DECISIONS BADLY ! FEDERAL SYSTEM
CAN DAMAGE THE INTEREST OF TENS OF MILLIONS OF PEOPLE
! FEDERAL SYSTEM IN WHICH DECISION MAKING OCCURS AT THE &ORCING PEOPLE IN A DIRECTION THEY DO NOT WISH TO GO
LOWEST APPROPRIATE LEVEL COMBINES MAXIMUM EFFECTIVE IS FRAUGHT WITH DANGER !N ILL ADVISED DASH TO BUILD A
NESS WITH MAXIMUM ACCOUNTABILITY #ITIZENS GAIN THE FEDERAL %UROPE COULD RAISE DORMANT NATIONALIST FEELINGS
ADVANTAGES OF LIVING IN AN ECONOMICALLY MILITARILY AND PROMOTE THE RISE OF POPULIST POLITICIANS WITH XENOPHOBIC
POLITICALLY POWERFUL STATE AND INCREASE INDIVIDUAL OPPOR AGENDAS AND ENDANGER THE STABILITY OF THE %5 ! h%UROPE
TUNITIES FOR WORK STUDY ETC !T THE SAME TIME THEY OF .ATIONSv NOT A FEDERALIZED GOVERNMENT PRESERVES THE
PRESERVE THE ADVANTAGES OF LIVING IN A SMALLER STATE CON CURRENT BENElTS OF THE %5 WITHOUT THE RISKS OF FURTHER
NECTION TO THE POLITICAL PROCESS RESPECT FOR LOCAL CULTURAL UNWANTED POLITICAL INTEGRATION
TRADITIONS AND RESPONSIVENESS TO DIFFERING ECONOMIC AND
PHYSICAL SITUATIONS 4HE CHECKS AND BALANCES OF A FEDERAL
SYSTEM PREVENT TYRANNY AND INCREASE WILLING OBEDIENCE
TO LAWS
! FEDERAL %UROPE IS BETTER EQUIPPED TO PROMOTE THE ! FEDERAL %UROPE MAY DAMAGE THE SECURITY OF ITS CITI
INTERESTS OF ITS CITIZENS INTERNATIONALLY BECAUSE IT WILL HAVE ZENS 2USSIA WOULD ALMOST CERTAINLY VIEW A NEW SUPER
MORE INmUENCE THAN THE SUM OF ITS INDIVIDUAL STATES DO STATE COMPOSED OF ITS TRADITIONAL ENEMIES AS A THREAT !
NOW &URTHERMORE %UROPE HAS A LOT TO CONTRIBUTE TO THE %UROPEAN STATE WOULD RESULT IN THE COLLAPSE OF .!4/
WORLD IN TERMS OF ITS LIBERAL TRADITIONS AND POLITICAL CUL MAKING CURRENT .!4/ MEMBERS OUTSIDE THE %5 MORE
TURE PROVIDING BOTH A PARTNER AND A NECESSARY BALANCE TO INSECURE )NEVITABLY IT WOULD RESULT IN RIVALRY RATHER THAN
THE 5NITED 3TATES IN GLOBAL AFFAIRS PARTNERSHIP WITH THE 5NITED 3TATES WHICH CURRENTLY PAYS
A DISPROPORTIONATE AMOUNT OF %UROPES DEFENSE COSTS
4HE SUCCESS OF OTHER FEDERAL STATES IN PROVIDING PEACE AND %UROPE IS NOT !USTRALIA WHICH WAS SETTLED BY CULTUR
PROSPERITY FOR THEIR CITIZENS WHILE SAFEGUARDING DEMOC ALLY HOMOGENEOUS IMMIGRANTS #ANADAS RELATIONS WITH
RACY POINTS TO THE ADVANTAGES OF THIS MODEL 4HE 5NITED 1U£BEC SHOW THAT CULTURAL AND LINGUISTIC DIFFERENCES CAN
3TATES !USTRALIA AND #ANADA HAVE STANDARDS OF LIVING BE POLITICALLY DESTABILIZING &EDERAL STATES SUCH AS "RAZIL
THAT MOST %UROPEANS WOULD ENVY WHILE )NDIA IS THE BEST AND THE 3OVIET 5NION HAVE SEEN DICTATORSHIP HUMAN

02/3 #/.3
EXAMPLE OF A LONG TERM DEMOCRATIC SUCCESS IN THE DEVEL RIGHTS PROBLEMS AND RETARDED ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
OPING WORLD %5 MEMBERS OFTEN HAVE NO COMMONALITY OF INTERESTS IN
WHAT WOULD BE KEY FEDERAL ISSUES INCLUDING DEFENSE AND
FOREIGN POLICY AGRICULTURAL REFORM AND TRADE
&EDERALISM ALLOWS FOR REGIONAL IDENTITIES IN A WAY NATIONAL %XISTING STATES CAN DECENTRALIZE SUCCESSFULLY AS "RITAIN
STATES CANNOT )N A FEDERAL %UROPE MINORITY GROUPS WOULD AND &RANCE HAVE SHOWED IN THE S AND AS 'ERMANY
NOT FEEL UNDER THREAT FROM A DOMINANT CULTURE ,ONG HAS DONE SINCE 3PAINS PROBLEM WITH SEPARATIST TER
RUNNING CONmICTS COULD BE RESOLVED BECAUSE ISSUES OF SOV RORISTS IN THE "ASQUE REGION SHOWS THAT EVEN A GREAT DEAL
EREIGNTY WOULD BE LESS RELEVANT WITHIN THE NEW POLITICAL OF REGIONAL AUTONOMY FAILS TO SATISFY EXTREMISTS
STRUCTURE
.ATIONAL SOVEREIGNTY IS INCREASINGLY IRRELEVANT AS A RESULT %UROPE SHOULD BE WIDER NOT DEEPER IN ITS POLITICAL DEVEL
OF GLOBALIZATION 4HE GLOBAL ECONOMY DEMANDS THAT OPMENT 0EACE AND PROSPERITY CAN BE MOST SURELY PRO
MULTINATIONAL CORPORATIONS WHICH CAN PIT NATIONAL VIDED BY THE ACCESSION OF ALL %UROPEAN STATES TO THE %5
GOVERNMENTS AGAINST EACH OTHER IN SEARCH OF ECONOMIC 'IVEN THE FORMER COMMUNIST AND 3OVIET DOMINATED
ADVANTAGE BE TAMED ! FEDERAL %UROPE WOULD BE POWER PAST OF MANY OF THESE NATIONS THEY ARE UNLIKELY TO AGAIN
FUL ENOUGH TO DEMAND HIGH STANDARDS OF BEHAVIOR FROM GIVE THEIR INDEPENDENCE AWAY 4HE %5S FOCUS ON THE
SUCH COMPANIES AND COULD MAKE A GREATER DIFFERENCE ON CREATION OF A SINGLE CURRENCY IN THE S HAS ALREADY
ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES LIKE GLOBAL WARMING DELAYED ENLARGEMENT )T MAY BE LOST ALTOGETHER IF DEEPER
INTEGRATION BECOMES THE NEW PRIORITY
3AMPLE -OTIONS
4HIS (OUSE WOULD CREATE A 5NITED 3TATES OF %UROPE
4HIS (OUSE BELIEVES IN A FEDERAL %UROPE
4HIS (OUSE WOULD PURSUE AN EVER CLOSER UNION
4HIS (OUSE WOULD GO DEEPER
7EB ,INKS
s 4HE "RUGES 'ROUP HTTPWWWEUROCRITICDEMONCOUKBRUGHOMEHTM4OP
"RITISH ORGANIZATION OFFERING ARTICLES AND SPEECHES IN OPPOSITION TO A CENTRALIZED %5 GOVERNMENT
s 4HE %UROPEAN -OVEMENT HTTPWWWEUROMOVEORGUK
)NFORMATION ABOUT THE %UROPEAN -OVEMENT AN ORGANIZATION CALLING FOR A MORE DEMOCRATIC %5 GOVERNMENT ACCOUNTABLE TO CITI
ZENS
s 4HE %UROPEAN 0ARTY HTTPWWWEUROPEANPARTYORG
)NFORMATION ON THE PARTY WHICH SUPPORTS REFORM OF THE CURRENT GOVERNING STRUCTURE OF THE %5
s 4HE &EDERAL 4RUST HTTPWWWFEDTRUSTCOUK
0ROVIDES SUMMARIES OF MAJOR SPEECHES ON THE %5 ISSUES INCLUDING INCREASED FEDERALIZATION
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02/3 #/.3
&REE SPEECH DOES NOT EXIST IN A VACUUM )T CAN BE 7E ALREADY HAVE LAWS THAT REGULATE THE CONDUCT OF FREE
RESTRAINED SPECIlCALLY IN THIS CASE ON GROUNDS OF HARM SPEECHSLANDER LIBEL ETC 9ET THE BASIC PREMISE OF FREE
%XTREMISM AS HATE SPEECH THAT CAUSES HARM TO MINORITIES SPEECH IN A DEMOCRACY MUST BE PROTECTED AT ALL COSTS
IS A JUSTIlABLE REASON FOR CURBING FREE SPEECH ELSE WE RISK TURNING INTO THE KIND OF SOCIETY THAT THESE
EXTREMIST GROUPS SUPPORT
0RIVATE AND PUBLIC THOUGHT AND SPEECH ARE INTRINSICALLY $ELINEATING SUCH A DIFFERENCE IS MISLEADING AND DANGER
DIFFERENT 4HE FORMER IS TO BE PRESERVED BUT THE LATTER OUS )F ONE IS INVITED INTO SOMEONES HOME DOES THIS
HAS AN IMPACT ON OTHER PEOPLE THAT CAN BE HARMFUL IT IS MAKE WHAT WOULD BE PUBLIC SPEECH NOW PRIVATE )N ANY
THIS SPEECH WE ARE SEEKING TO RESTRAIN CASE ALTHOUGH POLITICIANS IN EXTREMIST PARTIES MAY PRO
MOTE INTOLERANCE AND DISCRIMINATORY POLICIES VERY RARELY
DO THEY DIRECTLY CALL FOR VIOLENT ACTION SO WHAT IMPACT
ARE WE SEEKING TO AVOID
4HE RECENT RISE IN POPULARITY OF RIGHT WING EXTREMIST PAR 7HAT RISE IN EXTREMISM ,E 0EN ACHIEVED SUCCESS WHEN
TIES ACROSS %UROPE EXEMPLIlED BY THE SUCCESS OF *EAN HE MODERATED HIS EXTREMIST MESSAGE HIS SUCCESS WAS A
-ARIE ,E 0EN IN THE INITIAL ROUND OF THE &RENCH RESULT OF THE FRACTURING OF THE ,EFT IN &RENCH POLITICS AND
PRESIDENTIAL ELECTIONS SHOWS THAT APPEALING TO VOTERS ON HIS &RONT .ATIONAL 0ARTY WON NO SEATS IN THE !SSEMBLY
EXTREMIST GROUNDS CAN BE A SUCCESSFUL STRATEGY 7E HAVE 4HE DRACONIAN LAW PROPOSED WOULD BE A DISPROPORTION
A DUTY TO ACT AGAINST A THREAT TO OUR SOCIETY IN THE FORM ATE RESPONSE TO A LIMITED THREAT
OF EXTREMISM
-ERELY BY BEING ALLOWED TO ADVOCATE THEIR VIEWS EXTREM .O ONE IS DISPUTING THE FACT THAT EXTREMIST VIEWS ARE REPEL
IST PARTIES ARE GIVEN A VENEER OF RESPECTABILITY 4HE FACT LENT OFTEN SHALLOW AND NOT LOGICALLY THOUGHT THROUGH
THAT THE VAST MAJORITY OF PEOPLE DISAGREE IS IRRELEVANT -EETING THEIR VIEWS AND COMBATING THEM IN OPEN AND
%XTREMISTS CANNOT BE ALLOWED ON THE SAME DEMOCRATIC HONEST DEBATE ARE THE MOST EFFECTIVE WAYS OF HIGHLIGHTING
TICKET AS RESPECTABLE PRO SYSTEM GROUPS BECAUSE THEIR THE mAWS IN THEIR THINKING AND SOLUTIONS
MERE PRESENCE TARNISHES THE SYSTEM
4HOSE WHO TALK OF PARTIES GOING UNDERGROUND IF THEY ARE 3UCH PARTIES BENElT FROM GOING UNDERGROUND 4HEY CAN
BANNED ARE WRONG "ANNING SUCH EXTREME POLITICAL PAR PRESENT THEMSELVES AS MARTYRS AND AS BEING PERSECUTED
TIES WILL MEAN THAT THE VAST MAJORITY OF PEOPLE IN A NATION BY THE ESTABLISHMENT WHICH IS DENYING THEIR CHANCE TO
NEVER HEAR THEIR VIEWS 3UCH PARTIES WILL NEVER GET ANY HAVE A SAY 3UCH ANTISTATE REBELLIOUS SENTIMENT WILL BE
WHERE WITHOUT MASS SUPPORT AND PUBLICITY VERY ATTRACTIVE TO A CROSS SECTION OF THE DISPOSSESSED AND
DISPIRITED IN SOCIETY
7E HAVE THE RIGHT TO MAKE A MORAL JUDGMENT ON SOCIETY -ORAL JUDGMENTS ARE lNE BUT THE VERY STRENGTHAND
AND ITS ACTIONS 7E CAN DECLARE THINGS ABHORRENT AND NOT WEAKNESS OF A DEMOCRACYLIES IN ALLOWING ANYONE TO
JUSTIlED IN DECENT SOCIETY 3UCH A FUNCTION IS A ROLE FOR CHALLENGE IT AND MOLD IT )F A DEMOCRATIC SYSTEM REGU
GOVERNMENT IN MAKING ANY LAWS ! REMOVAL OF THIS MORAL LATES ITSELF BY DECLARING WHO CAN CHALLENGE IT THEN THAT
DIMENSION FROM LAWMAKING WOULD LEAD TO EXTREME MORAL DEMOCRACY BETRAYS ITS VERY BASIS #ATEGORIZING A PARTY AS
RELATIVISM AND ANARCHY hEXTREMISTv OR hFAR RIGHTv IS VERY SUBJECTIVE )N ADDITION
TO REPELLENT VIEWS ON RACE THESE PARTIES MAY ADVOCATE
POLICIES WORTHY OF SERIOUS POLITICAL DEBATE

3AMPLE -OTIONS
4HIS (OUSE WOULD BAN EXTREMIST POLITICAL PARTIES
4HIS (OUSE BELIEVES AN OPEN SOCIETY MUST HAVE THE RIGHT TO PROTECT ITSELF FROM ITS ENEMIES
7EB ,INKS
s %UROPEAN -ONITORING #ENTRE ON 2ACISM AND 8ENOPHOBIA HTTPWWWEUMCAT
3ITE MAINTAINED BY AN ORGANIZATION ESTABLISHED BY THE %UROPEAN 5NION TO COMBAT RACISM XENOPHOBIA AND ANTI 3EMITISM IN
%UROPE
s 3EARCHLIGHT HTTPWWWSEARCHLIGHTMAGAZINECOM
3ITE MAINTAINED BY AN ORGANIZATION FORMED TO COMBAT RACISM NEO .AZISM FASCISM AND OTHER FORMS OF PREJUDICE
&URTHER 2EADING
&RASER .ICHOLAS 4HE 6OICE OF -ODERN (ATRED 4RACING THE 2ISE OF .EO &ASCISM IN %UROPE /VERLOOK 0RESS
'EORGE *OHN AND ,AIRD - 7ILCOX !MERICAN %XTREMISTS -ILITIAS 3UPREMACISTS +LANSMEN #OMMUNISTS /THERS 0ROMETHEUS

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02/3 #/.3
&EMINISM HAS NO MORE BATTLES LEFT TO lGHT 6ICTORIES &EMINISM HAS PLENTY MORE TO ACHIEVE 7ORLDWIDE
SUCH AS THE FRANCHISE THE RIGHT TO AN ABORTION AND THE WOMEN DO TWO THIRDS OF ALL WORK EARN ONE TENTH OF ALL
RIGHT TO EQUAL PAY WERE IMPORTANT "UT GIVEN THAT SEXUAL INCOME AND OWN ONE HUNDREDTH OF ALL PROPERTY 4WO
EQUALITY IS NOW ENSHRINED AND PROTECTED IN LAW THERE IS THIRDS OF THE WORLDS ILLITERATE PEOPLE ARE WOMEN 4HREE
NOTHING LEFT FOR THE FEMINIST MOVEMENT TO DO IN MOST HUNDRED MILLION WOMEN HAVE NO ACCESS TO CONTRACEP
7ESTERN COUNTRIES /F COURSE IT STILL MAY BE USEFUL IN TION -ORE THAN OF THE WORLDS MILLION REFUGEES
PARTS OF THE WORLD WHERE WOMEN LACK BASIC DEMOCRATIC AND DISPLACED PEOPLE ARE WOMEN AND CHILDREN %VERY
AND HUMAN RIGHTS YEAR MILLION GIRLS UNDER ARE COERCED ABDUCTED OR
TRAFlCKED INTO THE SEX INDUSTRY
&EMINISM PROMOTES AN UNNATURAL EQUALITY BETWEEN THE 4HE SUGGESTION THAT THE MALE FEMALE PUBLIC PRIVATE
SEXES 4HERE IS NOTHING WRONG WITH SEX ROLE DIFFERENTIA DIVIDE IS BIOLOGICAL IS SUSPECT 7OMEN HAVE SHOWN THAT
TION -EN AND WOMEN ARE BIOLOGICALLY DIFFERENT AND THEY ARE JUST AS CAPABLE AS MEN OF PLAYING A CENTRAL ROLE IN
THESE DIFFERENCES ARE WHAT HAVE LED TO WOMENS DOMI PUBLIC LIFE MEN HAVE SHOWN THAT THEY ARE JUST AS CAPABLE
NANCE OF THE PRIVATE SPHERE HOME LIFE AND CHILD REARING AS WOMEN OF LOOKING AFTER THE HOUSE AND BRINGING UP
AND MENS DOMINANCE OF PUBLIC LIFE THE WORKPLACE AND CHILDREN &EMINISTS POINT OUT THAT CLAIMING THE TRADI
POLITICAL AUTHORITY !LL OF THESE ARE ESSENTIAL TO A FUNC TIONAL MALE DOMINATION OF THE PUBLIC SECTOR TO BE NATU
TIONAL SOCIETY AND THE DIVISION OF LABOR ON THE BASIS OF RAL AND INEVITABLE IS AN EFFECTIVE WAY OF JUSTIFYING MALE
SEX IS AN ENTIRELY SENSIBLE PRINCIPLE OF SOCIAL ORDER 4HERE POWER OVER WOMEN 3WEEPING ASSERTIONS THAT WOMEN
IS A DISTINCTION BETWEEN ENSHRINING EQUALITY OF PAY lND MOTHERHOOD MORE FULlLLING THAN CAREERS IGNORES THE
DEMOCRATIC REPRESENTATION AND OPPORTUNITY IN LAW AND DIVERSITY IN WOMENS GOALS
ACTIVELY ENCOURAGING WOMEN TO REJECT THEIR TRADITIONAL
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02/3 #/.3
AND IN MANY CASES PREFERRED GENDER ROLES )N GENERAL
WOMEN ARE MORE FULlLLED BY MOTHERHOOD THAN BY CAREER
SUCCESS
-ANY FEMINIST CAMPAIGNS EG FOR AFlRMATIVE ACTION !FlRMATIVE ACTION CAMPAIGNS REmECT THE FEMINIST CON
ACTUALLY DAMAGE THE WOMEN THEY CLAIM TO HELP &EMI TENTION THAT WOMEN HAVE FACED DISCRIMINATION FOR YEARS
NISTS SHOULD RECOGNIZE THAT IN MANY PROFESSIONS THE AND WILL CONTINUE TO DO SO WITHOUT PRO ACTIVE INTERVEN
UNEQUAL REPRESENTATION OF WOMEN REmECTS THE FACT THAT TION TO CHANGE THE hWAY THINGS ARE DONEv 4HERE ARE VAR
RELATIVELY FEW WOMEN ARE INTERESTED IN THESE PROFESSIONS IOUS REASONS WHY MANY MORE MEN THAN WOMEN CHOOSE
RATHER THAN THE FACT THAT EMPLOYERS DISCRIMINATE AGAINST CERTAIN PROFESSIONS ONE OF WHICH IS THAT MALE DOMI
WOMEN (IRING WOMEN OVER BETTER QUALIlED MEN CAUSES NATED PROFESSIONS CAN BE UNPLEASANT ONES FOR WOMEN
RESENTMENT BOTH AMONG MALE COMPETITORS AND AMONG TO WORK IN IRRESPECTIVE OF THEIR ABILITY A PROBLEM THAT
WOMEN WHO DO NOT WANT TO FEEL THAT THEY HAVE AN UNFAIR IS LIKELY TO BE SELF PERPETUATING WITHOUT INTERVENTION
ADVANTAGE #AMPAIGNING FOR AFlRMATIVE ACTION UNDER -EN WHO RESENT LOSING OUT TO EQUALLY QUALIlED WOMEN
MINES THE PRINCIPLE THAT WOMEN CAN COMPETE ON EQUAL SHOULD REMEMBER THAT WOMEN HAVE BEEN LOSING OUT TO
TERMS WITH MEN MEN FOR YEARS
-EN ALSO ENCOUNTER UNEQUAL TREATMENT BASED ON THEIR 4HERE ARE TWO RESPONSES TO THIS &IRST THE DISCRIMINATION
SEX &OR EXAMPLE COURTS OFTEN DISCRIMINATE AGAINST SINGLE MEN OCCASIONALLY ENCOUNTER IS MINOR COMPARED TO THE
FATHERS IN CHILD CUSTODY AND CHILD SUPPORT CASES 4HE FEAR DISCRIMINATION WOMEN ENDURE 3ECOND FEMINISM POS
OF BEING ACCUSED OF SEXISM IS SO WIDESPREAD THAT IT OFTEN SESSES THE RESOURCES TO OFFER A DISTINCT AND USEFUL CRITIQUE
LEADS TO UNFAIR DISCRIMINATION AGAINST MEN 7E MUST REC OF THE CAUSES AND CONSEQUENCES OF TREATING THE SEXES DIF
OGNIZE THAT FEMINISM HAS GONE TOO FAR FERENTLY WHETHER IT IS MEN OR WOMEN WHO SUFFER -EN
AND WOMEN SHOULD JOIN FORCES TO OFFER FEMINIST RESPONSES
TO DISCRIMINATION NOT BLAME FEMINISM WHEN MEN
ENCOUNTER DIFlCULTIES IN THE WORKPLACE OR IN LIFE
&EMINISM HAS ONLY A SMALL PRIVILEGED CONSTITUENCY OF 9OU CANNOT DISMISS FEMINISM BECAUSE IT ONCE REPRESENTED
MIDDLE CLASS WHITE WOMEN WHO CAN AFFORD TO WORRY A NARROW CONSTITUENCY 4HE FEMINIST MOVEMENT HAS LONG
ABOUT RELATIVELY INSIGNIlCANT ISSUES LIKE EXECUTIVE PAY RECOGNIZED THAT IT MUST BROADEN ITS OUTREACH
AND BODY IMAGE -EANWHILE FEMINISTS IGNORE THE PROB
LEMS WOMEN SUFFER ACROSS THE WORLD SUCH AS POVERTY
HUNGER AND RACISM
-ANY WOMEN NO LONGER IDENTIFY THEMSELVES AS FEMINISTS -ANY OF THE WOMEN WHO DISLIKE THE LABEL hFEMINISTv
SEEING THE MOVEMENT AS A RELIC OF THE S -ODERN HOLD WHAT WOULD ONCE HAVE BEEN SEEN AS EXTREME FEMI
WOMEN ARE CAPABLE OF COMPETING WITH MEN ON EQUAL NIST VIEWS SUCH AS THE BELIEF THAT WOMEN ARE CAPABLE OF
TERMS AND RESENT SUGGESTIONS THAT THEY NEED SPECIAL TREAT COMPETING WITH MEN ON EQUAL TERMS &EMINISTS HAVE
MENT ALWAYS ARGUED THAT WOMEN ARE JUST AS CAPABLE AS MEN
THEY HAVE CAMPAIGNED AGAINST LEGAL CULTURAL AND SOCIAL
BARRIERS THAT HAVE WORKED AGAINST WOMEN AND THAT HAVE
PREVENTED THEM FROM ACHIEVING EQUALITY
3AMPLE -OTIONS
4HIS (OUSE BELIEVES THAT FEMINISM HAS GONE TOO FAR
4HIS (OUSE BELIEVES THAT hWOMENS LIBv IS AN OUTDATED CONCEPT
4HIS (OUSE PREFERS FEMININITY TO FEMINISM
4HIS (OUSE WOULD BE POLITICALLY INCORRECT

7EB ,INKS
s !NTI &EMINIST 0AGE HTTPJKALBFREESHELLORGWEBANTIFEMINISMPHP
3ITE OPPOSED TO FEMINISM WITH LINKS TO RELATED RESOURCES
s &EMINISM AND 7OMENS 3TUDIES HTTPESERVERORGFEMINISMINDEXHTML
,INKS TO SITES ON GENDER AND SEXUALITY WOMENS STUDIES AND OTHER FEMINIST SITES
s &EMINIST -AJORITY &OUNDATION HTTPWWWFEMINISTORG
/RGANIZATION DEDICATED TO WOMENS EQUALITY REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH AND NONVIOLENCE THAT UTILIZES RESEARCH AND ACTION TO EMPOWER
WOMEN ECONOMICALLY SOCIALLY AND POLITICALLY
&URTHER 2EADING
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02/3 #/.3
53 CITIZENS WASTE TOO MUCH TIME AND MONEY lLLING OUT !SKING CITIZENS TO COMPLETE TAX FORMS IS A SMALL PRICE
TAX FORMS *UST lLLING OUT A STANDARD FORM TAKES TO PAY FOR HAVING A GOVERNMENT THAT DOES SO MUCH FOR
OVER HOURS /VERALL TAXPAYERS SPEND BILLION ITS CITIZENS 4AX DOLLARS PAY FOR MANY THINGS ROADS THE
HOURS lLLING OUT )23 FORMS AND PAPERWORK )F THE GOV MILITARY SOCIAL PROGRAMS AND FOREIGN AID AMONG THEM
ERNMENT PAID CITIZENS MINIMUM WAGE TO DO THEIR TAXES &OR MOST CITIZENS lLING THEIR TAXES IS NOT PLEASANT BUT
THAT WOULD AMOUNT TO BILLION A YEAR 7HEN YOU ADD RECENTLY THE )23 HAS ENACTED MANY POLICIES DESIGNED TO
IN THE COST OF TAX PROFESSIONALS THE COST OF COMPLIANCE HELP TAXPAYERS )T HAS A TOLL FREE NUMBER FOR QUESTIONS
COULD BE AS HIGH AS BILLION ACCORDING TO THE 4AX AND A COMPREHENSIVE 7EB SITE 4HE HIGH COSTS OF TAX PRO
&OUNDATION #LEARLY THESE COSTS ARE TOO HIGH AND DRAIN FESSIONALS ARE USUALLY THE RESULT OF COMPANIES AND INDI
TOO MANY RESOURCES FROM THE ECONOMY VIDUALS TRYING TO lND WAYS TO PAY LESS IN TAXES ! mAT
TAX WOULD LIMIT OR DO AWAY WITH DEDUCTIONS AND COULD
INCREASE TAXES FOR THOSE WITH LOWER INCOMES
4HE ONLY HOMEOWNERS WHO WILL BE NEGATIVELY AFFECTED 4HE CURRENT TAX SYSTEM ALLOWS HOMEOWNERS TO DEDUCT
BY THE mAT TAX WILL BE THE RICH ! PAPER h4HE &LAT 4AX THE INTEREST THEY PAY ON THEIR MORTGAGES FROM THEIR
AND (OUSING 6ALUESv WRITTEN BY * $ &OSTER 4AX &OUN INCOME TAXES 4HIS CREATES AN INCENTIVE FOR PEOPLE TO
DATION EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR AND CHIEF ECONOMIST SAYS THAT BECOME HOMEOWNERS THUS STRENGTHENING THE ECONOMY
OWNERS OF HOMES CURRENTLY PRICED AT AROUND AND NEIGHBORHOODS )F THIS INCENTIVE IS REMOVED FEWER
OR BELOW SHOULD ACTUALLY SEE A SIGNIlCANT INCREASE IN THE PEOPLE WILL WANT TO PURCHASE HOMES AND PEOPLE SELLING
VALUE OF THEIR HOME &OSTER SAYS THAT OWNERS OF HOMES IN HOMES WILL LOSE MONEY
THE RANGE SIMILARLY HAVE LITTLE TO FEAR EVEN WITH
A PURE mAT TAX AS THE NET EFFECT OF THE VARIOUS PROPOSED
TAX CHANGES SEEMS TO LEAVE THEM WITH LITTLE HOPE OF A
WINDFALL BUT LITTLE FEAR OF A SIGNIlCANT LOSS /NLY OWNERS
OF HOMES THAT COST MORE THAN ABOUT MAY SEE A
MODEST DECLINE IN THE VALUE OF THEIR HOME
\
02/3 #/.3
! mAT TAX WOULD INCREASE PRIVACY )N THE CURRENT SYSTEM #ITIZENS ARE PROTECTED BY MANY FEDERAL LAWS THAT REGU
)23 EMPLOYEES HAVE ACCESS TO MANY DETAILS ABOUT A PER LATE THE PRIVACY OF THE INFORMATION PROVIDED TO THE )23
SONS SAVINGS INVESTMENTS AND ASSETS PROPERTY HOLDINGS 7HEN APPLYING FOR LOANS OR OTHER lNANCIAL TRANSACTIONS
AND RETIREMENT SAVINGS #ORPORATIONS ALSO MUST DISCLOSE SIMILAR TYPES OF INFORMATION MUST BE PROVIDED 4HE )23
DETAILS OF THEIR BUSINESSES 7ITH A mAT TAX ALL PROlTS FROM HAS AN EXCELLENT TRACK RECORD ON PRIVACY ESPECIALLY CON
ASSETS WOULD BE LUMPED TOGETHER AND INDIVIDUAL ASSETS SIDERING THE NUMBER OF TAX RETURNS THAT ARE SUBMITTED
WOULD NOT NEED TO BE LISTED 'ETTING RID OF THE ESTATE TAX EACH YEAR
WOULD MEAN THAT WHEN PEOPLE DIE THE )23 WONT NEED TO
GO THROUGH THEIR ASSETS
4HE mAT TAX WOULD TREAT EVERYONE EQUALLY 4HE CURRENT )F THIS PROVISION IS ADDED TO THE mAT TAX PACKAGE THEN
TAX SYSTEM FORCES LOW INCOME INDIVIDUALS AND FAMILIES POOR PEOPLE WILL LIVE OUTSIDE THE INCOME TAX SYSTEM )N
TO PAY A LARGER PERCENTAGE OF THEIR INCOME IN TAXES THAN MANY PEOPLES MINDS THEY WILL BECOME SECOND CLASS CITI
DO THE RICH 4HE mAT TAX IS DIFFERENT )T ALLOWS PEOPLE TO ZENS WHO CONTRIBUTE NOTHING TO OUR COUNTRY 'RADUATED
DEDUCT AN ALLOWANCE BASED ON THEIR FAMILY SIZE FROM THEIR TAXATION LETS POOR PEOPLE DO THEIR SMALL PART TO lNANCE
INCOME AND THEN THE REST OF THEIR EARNINGS ARE TAXED AT A THE GOVERNMENT 7ITHOUT GRADUATION YOU COULD BE
STANDARD RATE NO MATTER WHAT THEIR INCOME )NDIVIDUALS PAYING NO TAX ONE YEAR AND START PAYING ON YOUR
OWE TAXES ONLY ON THE INCOME ABOVE THE STANDARD ALLOW RAISE THE NEXT YEAR
ANCE 0EOPLE WHO ARE IN THE LOW OR MIDDLE INCOME
RANGES WILL RECEIVE THE LARGEST REDUCTION IN AVERAGE TAXES
BECAUSE THEIR PERSONAL ALLOWANCE WILL MAKE UP A GREATER
PERCENTAGE OF THEIR INCOME 3OME LOW INCOME INDIVIDU
ALS AND FAMILIES WILL PAY NO TAXES AT ALL
4HIS SYSTEM WILL REDUCE THE COSTS TO THE GOVERNMENT AND 4HE IDEA THAT CUTTING TAXES FOR THE RICH WILL LEAD TO
MAKE PEOPLE PAY THEIR FAIR SHARE )T WILL RESULT IN PEOPLE ECONOMIC GROWTH IS FALLACIOUS (ISTORY HAS SHOWN THAT
KEEPING MORE OF THEIR HARD EARNED MONEY AND BEING ABLE SUPPLY SIDE POLICIES LIKE THE mAT TAX DO NOT ACTUALLY BOOST
TO SPEND MORE ON ITEMS THEY WANT AND NEED 3TUDIES OF THE ECONOMY 4HE mAT TAX WILL REDUCE THE AMOUNT OF TAXES
THE mAT TAX PROJECT A LARGE INCREASE IN PER CAPITA INCOME PAID BY BUSINESSES %VEN 0RESIDENT 2ONALD 2EAGAN A HUGE
IF IT IS IMPLEMENTED #ONSUMER SPENDING WILL STIMULATE PROPONENT OF SUPPLY SIDE POLICIES CLOSED LOOPHOLES THAT
THE ECONOMY AND THIS WILL IMPROVE THE 53 ECONOMY BUSINESSES WERE USING TO AVOID TAXES %CONOMIC THEORY
OFFERS NO PROOF THAT SUPPLY SIDE POLICIES WORK AND MANY
HISTORICAL FACTS INDICATE THAT THE ECONOMY WOULD BE BETTER
OFF WITH THE CURRENT TAX SYSTEM
3AMPLE -OTIONS
4HIS (OUSE WOULD ADOPT A mAT TAX SYSTEM
4HIS (OUSE BELIEVES A mAT TAX SYSTEM WOULD BE BETTER FOR THE 53
7EB ,INKS
s #ITIZENS FOR 4AX *USTICE HTTPWWWCTJORGINDEXHTML
3ITE MAINTAINED BY AN ORGANIZATION ADVOCATING A GREATER VOICE FOR CITIZENS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF TAX LAWS INCLUDES MANY ARTICLES
OPPOSING A SWITCH TO A mAT TAX WHICH IT MAINTAINS WOULD HURT MIDDLE INCOME FAMILIES
s 4AX &OUNDATION HTTPWWWTAXFOUNDATIONORG
4HE SITE OFFERS A LOT OF INFORMATION REGARDING TAX POLICIES FROM AN ORGANIZATION THAT SUPPORTS A mAT TAX
&URTHER 2EADING
!RMEY 2ICHARD + 4HE &LAT 4AX ! #ITIZENS 'UIDE TO THE &ACTS ON 7HAT )T 7ILL $O FOR 9OU 9OUR #OUNTRY AND 9OUR 0OCKETBOOK &AWCETT
#OLUMBINE
(ALL 2OBERT % AND !LVIN 2ABUSHKA &LAT 4AX (OOVER )NSTITUTION 0RESS

(ALL 2OBERT %RNEST ED &AIRNESS AND %FlCIENCY IN THE &LAT 4AX !%) 0RESS
(ICKO 3COTT % 4HE &LAT 4AX 7HY )T 7ONT 7ORK FOR !MERICA !DDICUS "OOKS
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02/3 #/.3
&REE SPEECH IS AN INHERENTLY AMBIGUOUS CONCEPT THAT 4HE LIMITS TO FREE SPEECH ARE TOO IMPORTANT TO BE DETER
REQUIRES DElNITION AND INTERPRETATION IT IS THE JOB OF MINED BY GOVERNMENT )F SPEECH IS TO BE REGULATED IT
GOVERNMENTS TO CLARIFY THESE AMBIGUITIES SHOULD BE DONE BY AN INDEPENDENT BODY
!S *USTICE /LIVER 7ENDELL (OLMES WROTE hTHE MOST 4HE TYRANNY OF THE MAJORITY IS A GOOD REASON TO RESIST
STRINGENT PROTECTION OF FREE SPEECH WOULD NOT PROTECT GOVERNMENT CENSORSHIP ! HEALTHY DEMOCRACY RECOGNIZES
A MAN IN FALSELY SHOUTING lRE IN A THEATER AND CAUSING THAT SMALLER GROUPS MUST BE HEARD TO GUARANTEE THAT
A PANICv 7E ACCEPT LIMITATIONS ON FREE SPEECH WHEN IT THEY HAVE A PUBLIC VOICE NO RESTRICTIONS SHOULD BE PUT
MAY THREATEN PUBLIC SAFETY 4HEREFORE FREEDOM OF SPEECH ON SPEECH
IS NEVER ABSOLUTE
3PEECH LEADS TO PHYSICAL ACTS 0ORNOGRAPHY HATE SPEECH 3OCIETY IS SELF REGULATING 4HE LINK BETWEEN SPEECH AND
AND POLITICAL POLEMIC ARE LINKED TO RAPE HATE CRIMES AND ACTION IS A FALSE ONE 9ES PEOPLE WHO COMMIT HATE CRIMES
INSURRECTION ARE LIKELY TO HAVE READ HATE LITERATURE AND PEOPLE WHO
COMMIT SEX CRIMES ARE LIKELY TO HAVE WATCHED PORNOG
RAPHY "UT VIEWING PORNOGRAPHY OR READING HATE SPEECH
DOES NOT NECESSARILY LEAD TO CRIME )N ADDITION EXPOS
ING HATE SPEECH AND EXTREME POLITICAL POLEMIC TO SOCIETAL
SCRUTINY INCREASES THE LIKELIHOOD THAT IT WILL BE DISCRED
ITED AND DEFEATED RATHER THAN STRENGTHENED THROUGH PER
SECUTION
'OVERNMENT MUST PROTECT ITS CITIZENS FROM FOREIGN AND 2EGARDLESS OF THE SITUATION THE PUBLIC HAS THE RIGHT TO A
INTERNAL ENEMIES 4HUS GOVERNMENTS SHOULD BE PERMIT FREE EXCHANGE OF IDEAS AND TO KNOW WHAT THE GOVERNMENT
TED TO CURB SPEECH THAT MIGHT UNDERMINE THE NATIONAL IS DOING
INTEREST DURING WAR
3OME VIEWS ARE ANTITHETICAL TO RELIGIOUS BELIEFS 4O PROTECT 7E MUST DEFEND THE RIGHT OF THE NONRELIGIOUS TO EXPRESS
THE DEVOUT WE SHOULD BAN THIS TYPE OF OFFENSIVE SPEECH THEIR VIEWS
7E NEED TO PROTECT CHILDREN FROM EXPOSURE TO OBSCENE 7E ALL AGREE THAT GOVERNMENT MUST PROTECT CHILDREN BUT
OFFENSIVE OR POTENTIALLY DAMAGING MATERIALS THAT DOES NOT MEAN THAT GOVERNMENT SHOULD HAVE THE
RIGHT TO CENSOR ALL MATERIAL
\
3AMPLE -OTIONS
4HIS (OUSE WOULD RESTRICT FREEDOM OF SPEECH
4HIS (OUSE WOULD MUZZLE THE PRESS
4HIS (OUSE WOULD CENSOR THE )NTERNET
4HIS (OUSE WOULD BAN BOOKS
7EB ,INKS
s !MERICAN #IVIL ,IBERTIES 5NION HTTPWWWACLUORG
/FFERS INFORMATION AND RESOURCES ON A WIDE VARIETY OF RIGHTS ISSUES
s "ANNED "OOKS /NLINE HTTPDIGITALLIBRARYUPENNEDUBOOKSBANNED BOOKSHTML
/N LINE EXHIBIT OF BOOKS THAT HAVE BEEN THE OBJECT OF CENSORSHIP OR ATTEMPTED CENSORSHIP
s &IRST !MENDMENT #YBER 4RIBUNE HTTPWTRIBCOM&!#4
2ESOURCE WITH LINKS TO HUNDREDS OF SITES DEALING WITH &IRST !MENDMENT ISSUES
&URTHER 2EADING
#URTIS -ICHAEL +ENT &REE 3PEECH h4HE 0EOPLES $ARLING 0RIVILEGEv 3TRUGGLES FOR &REEDOM OF %XPRESSION IN !MERICAN (ISTORY $UKE
5NIVERSITY 0RESS
%ASTLAND 4ERRY &REEDOM OF %XPRESSION IN THE 3UPREME #OURT 2OWMAN AND ,ITTLElELD
(ENSLEY 4HOMAS 2 ED "OUNDARIES OF &REEDOM OF %XPRESSION AND /RDER IN !MERICAN (ISTORY +ENT 3TATE 5NIVERSITY
)RONS 0ETER AND (OWARD :INN ! 0EOPLES (ISTORY OF THE 3UPREME #OURT 6IKING
+ENNEDY 3HEILA ED &REE %XPRESSION IN !MERICA ! $OCUMENTARY (ISTORY 'REENWOOD
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02/3 #/.3
)NTERLOCKING TRADE RELATIONSHIPS DECREASE THE LIKELIHOOD &REE TRADE DOES NOT PROMOTE PEACE 4RADING COUNTRIES
OF WAR )F A NATION IS ENGAGED IN MUTUALLY BENElCIAL RELA HAVE GONE TO WAR AGAINST EACH OTHER 4HIS ARGUMENT
TIONSHIPS WITH OTHER COUNTRIES IT HAS NO INCENTIVE TO MIGHT APPLY TO A GOOD NATURED TRADING RELATIONSHIP BUT
JEOPARDIZE THESE RELATIONSHIPS THROUGH AGGRESSION 4HIS NOT NECESSARILY TO ONE THAT IS JUST TARIFF FREE
PROMOTES PEACE WHICH IS A UNIVERSAL GOOD
! TARIFF FREE INTERNATIONAL ECONOMY IS THE ONLY WAY TO )NTERNATIONAL ECONOMICS ISNT AS SIMPLE AS INCREASING THE
MAINTAIN MAXIMUM GLOBAL EFlCIENCY AND THE CHEAPEST EFlCIENCY OF GLOBAL RESOURCE ALLOCATION ABOVE ALL ELSE
PRICES %FlCIENT ALLOCATION OF THE WORLDS RESOURCES MEANS 4ARIFF REVENUE IS A PERFECTLY LEGITIMATE AND USEFUL SOURCE
LESS WASTE AND THEREFORE MORE AFFORDABLE GOODS FOR CON OF GOVERNMENT INCOME 7ITHOUT TARIFFS GOVERNMENTS
SUMERS CANNOT PROTECT THE JOBS OF THEIR CITIZENS
&REE TRADE MIGHT LEAD TO DOMESTIC LAYOFFS BUT THE UNI *OB SECURITY IS A LEGITIMATE CONCERN OF GOVERNMENTS 4HE
VERSAL GOOD OF EFlCIENCY OUTWEIGHS THIS 7E SHOULD NOT DESTRUCTION OF JOBS IS CLEAR TESTIMONY AGAINST FREE TRADE
SUBSIDIZE UNCOMPETITIVE INDUSTRIES WE SHOULD RETRAIN SERVING A hUNIVERSAL GOODv &REE TRADE SUPPORTERS FAIL TO
WORKERS FOR JOBS IN OTHER lELDS 3UBSIDIZING INEFlCIENCY FACTOR IN THE POLITICAL RAMIlCATIONS OF JOB LOSSES ! STARKLY
IS NOT SOUND ECONOMIC PRACTICE -OREOVER THE JOBS WE UTILITARIAN UNDERSTANDING OF hUNIVERSAL GOODv MAY DIC
SUBSIDIZE IN THE 7EST ARE MORE NEEDED IN THE DEVELOPING TATE THAT JOBS mOCK TO THE DEVELOPING WORLD BUT POLITICAL

02/3 #/.3
WORLD TO WHICH THEY WOULD INEVITABLY mOW IF FREE TRADE CONSIDERATIONS MAY DICTATE A MORE LOCALIZED DElNITION OF
WERE OBSERVED THE hGOODv
4HE GROWTH OF THE DEVELOPING WORLD IS A UNIVERSAL GOOD $EFENDING PURE UNADULTERATED FREE TRADE IS A POINTLESS
BECAUSE IMPROVING THE QUALITY OF LIFE OF MILLIONS OF PEOPLE EXERCISE 4EXTBOOK IDEAS ARE ALWAYS MEDIATED BY PRACTICAL
IS CLEARLY A MORAL IMPERATIVE &REE TRADE HELPS COUNTRIES CONSTRAINTS )N REALITY THE CONDITIONS DEVELOPING COUN
BY MAXIMIZING THEIR COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE IN FREE TRADE TRIES MUST MEET JUST TO JOIN THE hNOT QUITE FREE TRADEv
CIRCUMSTANCES 74/ ARE STRINGENT AND MAY COST THE EQUIVALENT OF THE
NATIONS ENTIRE ANNUAL HUMANITARIAN BUDGET 0OOR NATIONS
HAVE SOCIAL AND DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMS THAT MUST TAKE
PRIORITY OVER TRADE ISSUES
&REE TRADE PERMITS DEVELOPING COUNTRIES TO GAIN READY )F CAPITAL mOW WERE RATIONAL IT WOULD BE BENElCIAL )N
ACCESS TO CAPITAL IN LIBERALIZED INTERNATIONAL lNANCIAL PRACTICE LIBERALIZED CAPITAL mOW CAN DESTABILIZE DEVELOP
MARKETS 4HIS GIVES THEM THE OPPORTUNITY TO lNANCE ING ECONOMIES WHICH ARE PRONE TO SPECULATION BASED ON
PROJECTS FOR GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT INVESTOR WHIM RATHER THAN ECONOMIC FUNDAMENTALS
3AMPLE -OTIONS
4HIS (OUSE BELIEVES FREE TRADE SERVES A UNIVERSAL GOOD
4HIS (OUSE BELIEVES FREE TRADE IS GOOD FOR THE DEVELOPING WORLD
7EB ,INKS
s )NTERNATIONAL -ONETARY &UND )-& HTTPWWWIMFORG
'ENERAL SITE PROVIDING STATISTICS AND BACKGROUND ON THE )-& OFFERS INFORMATION ON TRADE AND MONETARY ISSUES AND LEGAL ISSUES
INVOLVING TRADE AND PRESENTS EVALUATIONS OF )-& PROGRAMS
s 4HE 7ORLD "ANK 'ROUP HTTPWWWWORLDBANKORG
"ROAD SITE LINKING TO DEVELOPMENT STATISTICS DOCUMENTS AND REPORTS PROGRAMS RESEARCH AND 7ORLD "ANK PUBLICATIONS
s 7ORLD 4RADE /RGANIZATION 74/ HTTPWWWWTOORG
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&URTHER 2EADING
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02/3 #/.3
3OCIETY IS CHANGING AND THE TRADITIONAL IDEA OF THE NUCLEAR 4HE TRADITIONAL NUCLEAR FAMILY IS STILL THE IDEAL 7HERE ITS
FAMILY WITH MARRIED MOTHER AND FATHER IS NO LONGER THE BREAKDOWN IS INEVITABLE A CLOSE SUBSTITUTE WITH MATERNAL
ONLY ACCEPTABLE ALTERNATIVE -ANY STATES ARE BEGINNING TO AND PATERNAL INmUENCES IS THE ONLY ALTERNATIVE %VOLUTION
AWARD LEGAL RIGHTS TO GAY COUPLES BECAUSE THE STABILITY OF AND NATURE HAVE SHOWN THAT THE NATURAL DEVELOPMENT OF
SUCH RELATIONSHIPS IS NOW RECOGNIZED 3UCH COUPLES CAN THE YOUNG IS AIDED BY BOTH THESE INmUENCES 2ESEARCH
PROVIDE A STABLE AND LOVING UPBRINGING FOR CHILDREN PUBLISHED IN THE 5NIVERSITY OF )LLINOIS ,AW 2EVIEW IN
FOUND THAT CHILDREN RAISED IN HOMOSEXUAL HOUSEHOLDS ARE
SIGNIlCANTLY MORE LIKELY TO BE GAY THEMSELVES
.ATURE HAS SHOWN IN MANY SPECIES THAT WHEN ONE OR 7HILE EXCEPTIONS OCCUR THE NORM IN NATURE IS THAT BOTH
BOTH PARENTS DIE AN UNCLE OR AUNT FREQUENTLY TAKES ON MOTHER AND FATHER NURTURE OFFSPRING 4O LEGALLY ALLOW
THE CHILD REARING ROLE ADOPTION BY GAY COUPLES IS TO ENCOURAGE WHAT IS AN
UNNATURAL UPBRINGING
3OME BABIES BOTH HUMAN AND OF OTHER SPECIES ARE ! CHILDS PRIMARY ROLE MODELS ARE HIS OR HER PARENTS
BORN WITH A PREDISPOSITION TO HOMOSEXUALITY AND THEIR "RINGING A HETEROSEXUAL CHILD UP IN A GAY HOUSEHOLD
UPBRINGING WILL NOT AFFECT THEIR SEXUALITY !TTEMPTING GIVES THE CHILD A DISTORTED VIEW OF A MINORITY SEXUALITY
TO SUPPRESS THIS GENETIC PREDISPOSITION HAS RESULTED IN JUST AS A GIRL BROUGHT UP BY TWO MEN WOULD FAIL TO BENElT
GREAT MISERY FOR MANY 7E SHOULD EMBRACE ALL GAY PEOPLE FROM A FEMALE INmUENCE
FULLYWHICH MUST INCLUDE CELEBRATING GAY ROLE MODELS
ESPECIALLY AS RESPONSIBLE PARENTS
)N MANY CASES WHERE ONE OF THE PARTNERS IS THE BIOLOGI 7HILE THE LAW SHOULD NOT PENALIZE GAY RELATIONSHIPS IT
CAL PARENT GAY COUPLES ARE CURRENTLY RESPONSIBLY REARING ALSO EXISTS TO ENCOURAGE THE NUCLEAR FAMILY AS THE IDEAL
CHILDREN !LLOWING ADOPTION BY THE OTHER PARTNER MERELY FOR CHILD RAISING ,EGAL PROHIBITION OF GAY ADOPTION IS A
CONFERS LEGAL RIGHTS ON AN ALREADY SUCCESSFUL IF INFORMAL NATURAL STEP TOWARD THIS IDEAL
FAMILY MODEL
(OMOPHOBIA IS WRONG AND MUST BE FOUGHT WHEREVER (OMOPHOBIC LANGUAGE AND BEHAVIOR IS STILL COMMON IN
ENCOUNTERED /NLY THROUGH THE FULL INCLUSION OF GAYS IN SOCIETY 0LACING A CHILD TOO YOUNG TO HAVE AN OPINION OF
SOCIETY AND ALL ITS INSTITUTIONS CAN WE HOPE TO OVERCOME HIS OWN IN THE CARE OF A GAY COUPLE EXPOSES HIM TO THIS
PREJUDICE PREJUDICE AND SUBJECTS HIM TO RIDICULE OR VIOLENCE 7HAT
EVER IDEAL WE MIGHT HAVE THE PSYCHOLOGICAL AND PHYSICAL
WELFARE OF THE CHILD MUST COME lRST
3AMPLE -OTIONS
4HIS (OUSE WOULD ALLOW GAY COUPLES TO ADOPT CHILDREN
4HIS (OUSE WOULD EXPLODE THE NUCLEAR FAMILY

7EB ,INKS
s !MERICAN #IVIL ,IBERTIES 5NION 'AY AND ,ESBIAN 2IGHTS HTTPWWWACLUORGISSUESGAYHMGLHTML
0ROVIDES INFORMATION ON GAY RIGHTS AND THE STATUS OF LEGAL ISSUES FACING THE GAY COMMUNITY
s #HILDREN OF ,ESBIANS AND 'AYS %VERYWHERE HTTPWWWCOLAGEORG
3ITE OFFERING SOCIOLOGICAL INFORMATION ON GAY FAMILIES FOR CHILDREN OF GAY PARENTS
&URTHER 2EADING
3AVAGE $AN 4HE +ID 7HAT (APPENED 7HEN -Y "OYFRIEND AND ) $ECIDED TO 'O 'ET 0REGNANT !N !DOPTION 3TORY 0LUME
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02/3 #/.3
,EVITICUS ALSO PERMITS POLYGAMY BANS TATTOOS AND PRO 4HE "IBLE CONSIDERS HOMOSEXUALITY hA GRIEVOUS SINv
HIBITS THE WEARING OF CLOTHES MADE OF BLENDED TEXTILES 'ENESIS A CAPITAL CRIME ,EVITICUS AND
-OST #HRISTIANS ACCEPT THAT PARTS OF THE "IBLE REmECT THE PUNISHABLE BY EXCLUSION FROM THE +INGDOM OF (EAVEN
SOCIETAL ATTITUDES OF THE TIME AND ARE NOT RELEVANT TODAY #ORINTHIANS n #HRISTIANSESPECIALLY THE
4HE ONLY .EW 4ESTAMENT COMMENTS ABOUT HOMOSEXUAL CLERGYMUST ACCEPT THE "IBLE AS THE ULTIMATE AUTHOR
ITY COME FROM 0AUL *ESUS DOES NOT ADDRESS THE ISSUE ITY #HRISTIAN MINISTRY IS THEREFORE INCOMPATIBLE WITH
HOMOSEXUALITY *ESUS WAS A RADICAL TEACHER WHO OVER
TURNED *EWISH TRADITION WHERE HE THOUGHT IT NECESSARY
(IS SILENCE ON HOMOSEXUALITY INDICATES THAT HE SAW NO
NEED IN THIS CASE
3CIENTISTS ARE NOW CONlDENT THEY HAVE ISOLATED THE hGAY 7HILE HOMOSEXUALITY CERTAINLY HAS A GENETIC COMPONENT
GENEv THAT MAKES INDIVIDUALS HOMOSEXUAL 3INCE SCIENCE THE EXISTENCE OF A hGAY GENEv HAS NOT BEEN PROVEN !LSO
IS PART OF NATURE HOMOSEXUALITY MUST BE PART OF 'ODS GENES CREATE ONLY PREDISPOSITION IF ONE IDENTICAL TWIN IS
PLAN GAY THE PROBABILITY THAT THE OTHER TWIN WILL BE GAY IS ONLY
'ENETIC PRE DISPOSITIONS TO ALCOHOLISM AND PEDO
PHILIA HAVE ALSO BEEN FOUND BUT SOCIETY DOES NOT ACCEPT
THESE CONDITIONS AS NORMAL
#ONDEMNING HOMOSEXUALITY AS SEX OUTSIDE MARRIAGE AND 4HE "IBLE AND *ESUS STRONGLY CONDEMN SEX OUTSIDE OF
THEREFORE ADULTERY IS UNFAIR BECAUSE MOST DENOMINA MARRIAGE !LTHOUGH *ESUS SPENT TIME IN THE COMPANY OF
TIONS DO NOT RECOGNIZE SAME SEX UNIONS 7ERE THEY TO ADULTERERS HE LOVED hTHE SINNER NOT THE SINv AND ORDERED
DO SO GAYS COULD ENJOY SEX WITHIN LOVING RELATIONSHIPS THEM TO CEASE THEIR BEHAVIOR (IS RESPONSE TO HOMOSEXU
SANCTIlED BY THE CHURCH JUST AS HETEROSEXUALS DO *ESUS ALS WOULD HAVE BEEN JUST AS UNEQUIVOCAL
MAIN TEACHING WAS CLEAR h,OVE YOUR 'OD AND LOVE YOUR
NEIGHBORv 9OU CANNOT EQUATE HOMOSEXUAL BEHAVIOR WITH
ADULTERY THE FORMER CAUSES PAIN AND HAS A VICTIM THE
BETRAYED PARTNER THE LATTER CAN BE A PURELY LOVING RELA
TIONSHIP
\
02/3 #/.3
0RIESTS HAVE A RESPONSIBILITY TO REPRESENT THE MEMBERS 0RIESTS ACT AS REPRESENTATIVES OF 'OD FOR MEMBERS OF
OF THEIR CONGREGATIONS ! LARGE NUMBER OF #HRISTIANS THEIR CONGREGATION 3OME PEOPLE OPPOSE WOMEN PRIESTS
ARE GAY AND THEY CAN RECEIVE BETTER SPIRITUAL DIRECTION BECAUSE WHILE WOMEN ARE CHILDREN OF 'OD AND PART OF
FROM GAY MINISTERS THAN FROM HETEROSEXUALS WHO DO NOT THE CHURCH THEY CANNOT REPRESENT *ESUS BECAUSE HE WAS
UNDERSTAND THEIR LIFESTYLES OR RELATIONSHIPS MALE 4HE SAME APPLIES TO GAYS THEY CANNOT REPRESENT
*ESUS BECAUSE HE WAS HETEROSEXUAL
/VER THE CENTURIES THE CHURCH HAS REVISED ITS STAND 4HE CHURCH IS NOT A POLITICAL INSTITUTION CHANGING AND
ON SOCIAL ISSUES AS IT SEEKS TO REINTERPRET AND RE EXPLAIN CATERING TO THE VIEWS OF THE ELECTORATE )T ACTS AS THE
'ODS MESSAGE OF LOVE IN TERMS OF MODERN SOCIETY 4HE CURATOR OF 'ODS WORD AND MAINTAINS ITS PRINCIPLES NO
ACCEPTANCE OF HOMOSEXUALITY AND ORDINATION OF OPENLY MATTER HOW UNFASHIONABLE #HRISTIANITY WILL SURVIVE IN
GAY PRIESTS IS A NECESSARY NEXT STEP AN INCREASINGLY SECULAR AGE BY MAINTAINING A CLEAR CON
SISTENT MESSAGE
3AMPLE -OTIONS
4HIS (OUSE BELIEVES IN THE ORDINATION OF GAY CLERGY
4HIS (OUSE CALLS FOR A REPRESENTATIVE CLERGY
7EB ,INKS
s "ELIEF.ET HTTPWWWBELIEFNETCOM
-ULTI FAITH SITE OFFERING INFORMATION ON VARIOUS RELIGIONS AND ON RELIGIOUS ISSUES
s 2ELIGIOUS4OLERANCE/RG 4HE "IBLE AND (OMOSEXUALITY HTTPWWWRELIGIOUSTOLERANCEORGHOM?BIBLHTM
3UMMARIZES THE CONSERVATIVE AND LIBERAL INTERPRETATIONS OF BIBLICAL PASSAGES THAT MIGHT RELATE TO HOMOSEXUALITY
s 7HAT $OES THE "IBLE 3AY !BOUT 3EXUALITY AND (OMOSEXUALITY HTTPWWWCHRISTIANITYCOM##ARTICLE
04)$\#()$\#))$HTML
!RTICLE ON THE TOPIC FROM A CONSERVATIVE PERSPECTIVE
&URTHER 2EADING
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+EITH (ARTMAN #ONGREGATIONS IN #ONmICT 4HE "ATTLE OVER (OMOSEXUALITY 2UTGERS 5NIVERSITY 0RESS
3IKER *EFFREY (OMOSEXUALITY IN THE #HURCH "OTH 3IDES OF THE $EBATE 7ESTMINSTER *OHN +NOX
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02/3 #/.3
4HE REFUSAL OF GOVERNMENTS TO PERMIT GAYS TO MARRY IS 7HILE CONTEMPORARY SOCIETY SHOULD REJECT DISCRIMINA
ONE OF THE LAST AREAS OF DISCRIMINATION AGAINST GAYS 4HE TION IN GENERAL SOME FORMS OF DISCRIMINATION CAN BE
STATE SHOULD PERMIT GAY COUPLES TO MARRY AS A MEANS OF OBJECTIVELY JUSTIlED 3OCIETY HAS ALWAYS VIEWED MARRIAGE

02/3 #/.3
PROFESSING THEIR LOVE TO AND FOR EACH OTHER 3OCIETAL VIEWS AS A HETEROSEXUAL INSTITUTION THE RELIGIOUS ANDOR CIVIL
OUGHT TO CHANGE WITH THE TIMES UNION BETWEEN A MAN AND A WOMAN
0ERMITTING GAY COUPLES TO MARRY WOULD ENABLE THEM TO -ANY OF THE lNANCIAL BENElTS THAT MARRIED COUPLES ENJOY
TAKE ADVANTAGE OF THE VARIOUS lNANCIAL BENElTS ACCORDED ARE NOT DESIGNED TO ENCOURAGE MARRIAGE PER SE BUT TO PRO
TO HETEROSEXUAL MARRIED COUPLES MOTE THE CONVENTIONAL FAMILY
7E MUST MODIFY RELIGIOUS ATTITUDES TO REmECT CHANGES (ISTORICALLY MARRIAGE HAS BEEN A RELIGIOUS INSTITUTION
IN SOCIETY -ANY RELIGIOUS VIEWS ARE NO LONGER JUSTIlABLE "ECAUSE MOST MAJOR WORLD RELIGIONS FROWN ON HOMOSEX
EG THE NOTION THAT WOMEN ARE INFERIOR TO MEN #ON UALITY THEY WOULD lND GAY MARRIAGE UNACCEPTABLE
VERSELY IF RELIGIOUS INSTITUTIONS OPPOSE GAY MARRIAGE AS
AGAINST THEIR BELIEFS THEY SHOULD ACCEPT CIVIL MARRIAGES
-ARRIAGE IS NOT MERELY AN INSTITUTION FOR RAISING CHILDREN (ISTORICALLY SOCIETY HAS VIEWED CHILD REARING AS THE MAJOR
-ANY MARRIED COUPLES DO NOT HAVE CHILDREN )N ADDITION PURPOSE OF MARRIAGE "ECAUSE GAY COUPLES ARE UNLIKELY TO
THE NUMBER OF SINGLE PARENT FAMILIES IS INCREASING )N ANY HAVE CHILDREN THEY HAVE NO NEED FOR MARRIAGE
CASE MANY COUNTRIES PERMIT GAY SINGLES AND COUPLES TO
ADOPT !DVANCES IN MEDICAL SCIENCE ALSO ENABLE GAY COU
PLES TO HAVE CHILDREN THROUGH ARTIlCIAL INSEMINATION AND
THE USE OF SURROGATE MOTHERS
! hREGISTERED UNIONv IS AN ALTERNATIVE TO GAY MARRIAGE &INLAND 3WEDEN $ENMARK "ELGIUM AND 3PAIN PERMIT
(OWEVER THIS ARRANGEMENT IS UNACCEPTABLE BECAUSE GAY THE REGISTERED UNION OF GAY COUPLES 2EGISTERED COUPLES
COUPLES STILL WOULD NOT ENJOY THE SAME RIGHTS AS MARRIED ARE ENTITLED TO JOINT INSURANCE COVERAGE AND ENJOY INHERI
HETEROSEXUAL COUPLES -OREOVER REGISTERING WOULD IMPLY TANCE AND TENANTS RIGHTS 2EGISTRATION MAKES NO INCUR
THAT GAY COUPLES HAD AN INFERIOR STATUS TO MARRIED HETERO SIONS INTO THE SANCTITY OF THE INSTITUTION OF MARRIAGE
SEXUAL COUPLES THUS LEADING TO DISCRIMINATION #ONSEQUENTLY IT SHOULD PROVE ACCEPTABLE TO THE RELIGIOUS
SECTIONS OF SOCIETY
3AMPLE -OTIONS
4HIS (OUSE WOULD ALLOW GAY COUPLES TO MARRY
4HIS (OUSE WOULD GIVE HOMOSEXUALS EQUAL RIGHTS
4HIS (OUSE BELIEVES THAT DISCRIMINATION CAN NEVER BE JUSTIlED
7EB ,INKS
s ,EGAL 'AY -ARRIAGES IN THE .ETHERLANDS HTTPNEWSBBCCOUKHIENGLISHWORLDEUROPENEWSID?STM
""# STORY ON THE $UTCH PARLIAMENTS PASSAGE OF A BILL GIVING GAY MARRIAGE THE SAME LEGAL STATUS AS HETEROSEXUAL MARRIAGE
s 2AINBOW'UIDE#OM HTTPWWWRAINBOWGUIDECOM
/FFERS NEWS ON A VARIETY OF ISSUES OF INTEREST TO GAYS AND LESBIANS
&URTHER 2EADING
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,EWIS %LLEN 2ECOGNIZING /URSELVES #EREMONIES OF ,ESBIAN AND 'AY #OMMITMENT #OLUMBIA 5NIVERSITY 0RESS
-C.EILL *OHN * &REEDOM 'LORIOUS &REEDOM 4HE 3PIRITUAL *OURNEY TO THE &ULLNESS OF ,IFE FOR 'AYS ,ESBIANS AND %VERYBODY %LSE "EACON

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02/3 #/.3
.O ONE NOW CAN REALISTICALLY DOUBT THAT GAY MEN OR 4HIS DEBATE IS ABOUT SOLDIERS DEFENDING THEIR COUNTRY
WOMEN ARE AS HARD WORKING INTELLIGENT OR PATRIOTIC WHILE SHARING CLOSE QUARTERS 4HEIR EFFECTIVENESS DEPENDS
AS HETEROSEXUALS /NLY SHEER BIGOTRY WOULD DENY THE ON MUTUAL TRUST AND UNCOMPLICATED CAMARADERIE 3EXUAL
OPPORTUNITY TO JOIN THE MILITARY AND SUFFER ITS PERVASIVE RELATIONS OR TENSION BETWEEN SOLDIERS NO MATTER THE
HOMOPHOBIA TO THOSE WHO WANT TO DO SO GENDER UNDERMINE THIS BOND
-UCH OF THE ARGUMENT AGAINST THE ADMISSION OF GAYS IS .OT ALL GAY APPLICANTS WILL HAVE A VOCATIONAL CALLING TO
BASED ON HOMOPHOBIA WHICH IS ENCOURAGED BY CONTIN THE MILITARY ! DISPROPORTIONATE NUMBER OF GAYS LESBI
UED SEGREGATION 0ERMITTING STRAIGHT SOLDIERS TO SEE HOW ANS AND BISEXUALS MAY APPLY BECAUSE THE HIGH CONCEN
EFFECTIVE GAYS CAN BE WILL REDUCE PREJUDICE TRATION OF INDIVIDUALS OF ONE GENDER IN MILITARY UNITS
MAKES THEM A FRUITFUL SOURCE OF SEXUAL PARTNERS 5SING
THE MILITARY FOR THIS PURPOSE WILL PROVOKE EVEN MORE
HOMOPHOBIA
-ANY OTHER PROFESSIONS REQUIRE A BOND OF TRUST AND 4HE MILITARY IS A SPECIAL CASE )TS MEMBERS WORK IN LIFE OR
INTENSE LIVING CONDITIONS AMONG EMPLOYEES 'AYS ARE DEATH SITUATIONS WHERE ANY MENTAL DISTRACTION COULD BE
NOT BARRED FROM ANY OF THEM FATAL -EN AND WOMEN ARENT SENT INTO COMBAT TOGETHER
WHY SHOULD GAYS AND HETEROSEXUALS BE
)F THE ARMED FORCES ACCEPTED GAYS THEY WOULD NOT HAVE TO #LOSETED HOMOSEXUALS RUN THE RISK OF BLACKMAIL WHICH
REMAIN IN THE CLOSET THUS REDUCING THE RISK OF BLACKMAIL COULD HAVE IMPLICATIONS FOR NATIONAL SECURITY
)N ANY CASE THIS RISK IS DIMINISHING AS SOCIETY INCREASINGLY
ACCEPTS HOMOSEXUALITY
'AYS AND LESBIANS FREQUENTLY COME TO TERMS WITH THEIR 4HE PROBLEM IS NOT SO MUCH THE CONCEPT OF A BAN BUT THE
SEXUALITY IN THEIR LATE TEENS OR EARLY TWENTIES WHICH MIGHT HALFHEARTED ENFORCEMENT OF IT )F A BAN IS WELL PUBLICIZED
BE LONG AFTER THEY HAD ENLISTED ! BAN WOULD REQUIRE THE AND IF PEOPLE UNDERSTAND THAT ENCOURAGING SEXUAL INTER
lRING OF PERSONNEL WHO HAD JOINED IN GOOD FAITH 4HIS IS EST AMONG MILITARY PERSONAL IS INAPPROPRIATE THEN GAYS
DISCRIMINATION AT ITS WORST ARE NOT BEING MISLED
3AMPLE -OTIONS
4HIS (OUSE WOULD NOT ADMIT GAYS INTO THE ARMED FORCES
4HIS (OUSE BELIEVES THAT THE MILITARY AND SEXUALITY DO NOT MIX
7EB ,INKS
s 4HE "AN ON 'AYS IN THE -ILITARY ,INKS HTTPWWWCALIFORNIACOM^RATHBONELINKSHTM
,INKS TO HISTORY OF h$ONT !SK $ONT 4ELLv POLICY ARTICLES ON GAYS IN THE MILITARY AND RESOURCES FOR GAYS
s )SSUES AND #ONTROVERSIES 'AYS IN THE -ILITARY HTTPWWWFACTSCOMICOFIHTM
/FFERS COMPREHENSIVE OVERVIEW OF ISSUE FROM TO

&URTHER 2EADING
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02/3 #/.3
#OMPANIES ENGAGED IN GENOMIC RESEARCH ARE LEGALLY ENTI 'ENES ARE THE VERY BASIS OF HUMAN LIFE AND TO CLAIM THAT
TLED TO PATENT GENES SO WHY SHOULD THEY BE PREVENTED ANYONE HAS THE RIGHT TO BE REGARDED AS THE hOWNERv OF
FROM DOING SO A PARTICULAR GENE SHOWS A BASIC DISREGARD FOR HUMANITY
0ATENTING TREATMENTS BASED ON GENETIC RESEARCH IS MOR
ALLY ACCEPTABLE BUT PATENTING GENES IS NOT
)F COMPANIES ARE NOT ALLOWED TO PATENT THE PRODUCTS OF -OST GENETIC RESEARCH IS NOT CONDUCTED BY PRIVATE COM
THEIR RESEARCH OTHER COMPANIES WILL EXPLOIT THEIR lND PANIES 4HE PUBLICLY FUNDED (UMAN 'ENOME 0ROJECT
INGS 7ITHOUT THE SAFEGUARDS THAT A PATENT PROVIDES HAS CONTRIBUTED BY FAR THE GREATER AMOUNT OF KNOWL
COMPANIES WILL END THEIR RESEARCH BECAUSE THEY SEE NO EDGE IN THIS AREA 0ATENTING STImES RESEARCH 7E NEED TO
FUTURE PROlT BAN PATENTING IN ORDER TO PROTECT THE PUBLIC INVESTMENT
IN GENOME RESEARCH
!N INVENTOR MUST BE ABLE TO PROTECT HIS OR HER INVEN &ACTS DO NOT SUPPORT THIS CONTENTION THE -YRIAD #OM
TION 0RIVATE COMPANIES WILL CONTINUE GENOMIC RESEARCH PANY WHICH HOLDS PATENTS ON ISOLATING "2#!
BECAUSE IT PROMISES TO BE EXTREMELY LUCRATIVE #OMPETI GENES CONNECTED WITH BREAST CANCER PREVENTED THE 5NI
TORS WILL BE WILLING TO PAY ROYALTIES TO THE PATENT HOLDER VERSITY OF 0ENNSYLVANIA FROM USING A TEST FOR THESE GENES
FOR USE OF THE MATERIAL BECAUSE THEY TOO CAN FORESEE THAT WAS SUBSTANTIALLY CHEAPER THAN THE COMPANYS OWN
FUTURE PROlT SCREENING PROCEDURE #OMPANIES ARE PUTTING PRIVATE
PROlT BEFORE PUBLIC GOOD )NSTEAD OF PROTECTING THEIR
RESEARCH INVESTMENT COMPANIES HAVE A MORAL DUTY TO
FACILITATE THE DEVELOPMENT OF INEXPENSIVE TREATMENTS AND
SCREENING PROCEDURES
0ATENTS ARE GRANTED FOR A LIMITED TIME IN THE 5NITED 0ATENTING DISCOURAGES RESEARCH BECAUSE SCIENTISTS FEAR
3TATES YEARS #OMPANIES NEED THIS TIME TO RECOUP COSTLY LAWSUITS BY PATENT HOLDERS -EDICAL AND BIOTECH
THEIR INVESTMENTS )F ANOTHER COMPANY WISHES TO PURSUE PATENT HOLDERS FREQUENTLY EXPLOIT THEIR MONOPOLIES
A PROJECT IN A PATENTED AREA IT CAN ALWAYS CONSULT THE CHARGING WHAT THEY LIKE FOR THEIR DRUGS AND TREATMENTS
PATENT OWNER )T WAS ONLY AFTER IMMENSE PUBLIC PROTEST FOR EXAMPLE
THAT COMPANIES CUT THE PRICES OF THEIR !)$3 MEDICINES
FOR !FRICAN COUNTRIES
\
02/S #/.3
0ROlT HAS PROVED TO BE THE MOST PRACTICAL MEANS OF PRO 4HE (UMAN 'ENOME 0ROJECT MAKES ITS RESEARCH READ
MOTING MEDICAL ADVANCES )T IS UNREALISTIC AND ILL CON ILY AVAILABLE TO ENSURE THE FREE mOW OF INFORMATION AND
CEIVED TO CRITICIZE AN INCENTIVE THAT HAS BROUGHT US SUCH STIMULATE FURTHER RESEARCH 4HE ONLY BARRIERS TO GENETIC
BENElTS RESEARCH SHOULD BE THOSE OF CONSCIENCE
3AMPLE -OTIONS
4HIS (OUSE WOULD ALLOW THE PATENTING OF GENES
4HIS (OUSE BELIEVES THAT GENES ARE INVENTIONS
7EB ,INKS
s #ELERA HTTPWWWCELERACOM
"IOTECH COMPANY SITE INCLUDES STATEMENT OF ITS MISSION IN GENOMIC RESEARCH
s 4HE .ATIONAL (UMAN 'ENOME 2ESEARCH )NSTITUTE 53 HTTPWWWGENOMEGOV
%XCELLENT SOURCE OF RESEARCH ON ALL ASPECTS OF THE (UMAN 'ENOME 0ROJECT
&URTHER 2EADING
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02/3 #/.3
'ENETIC MODIlCATION IS UNNATURAL 4HERE IS A FUNDAMEN 'ENETIC MODIlCATION IS ENTIRELY NATURAL 4HE PROCESS OF
TAL DIFFERENCE BETWEEN MODIlCATION VIA SELECTIVE BREEDING CROP CULTIVATION BY SELECTIVE BREEDING WHICH HAS BEEN
AND GENETIC ENGINEERING TECHNIQUES 4HE FORMER OCCURS PERFORMED BY FARMERS FOR THOUSANDS OF YEARS LEADS TO
OVER THOUSANDS OF YEARS AND SO THE GENES ARE CHANGED EXACTLY THE SAME KIND OF CHANGES IN $.! AS MODERN
MUCH MORE GRADUALLY 7ITH CHANGE OCCURRING SO RAPIDLY MODIlCATION TECHNIQUES DO #URRENT TECHNIQUES ARE
WE NOW HAVE NO TIME TO ASSESS THE LONG TERM EFFECTS OF JUST FASTER AND MORE SELECTIVE )N FACT GIVEN TWO STRANDS
THESE PRODUCTS ON HUMAN HEALTH AND THE ENVIRONMENT OF $.! CREATED FROM THE SAME ORIGINAL STRAND ONE BY
SELECTIVE BREEDING AND ONE BY MODERN MODIlCATION
TECHNIQUES IT IS IMPOSSIBLE TO TELL WHICH IS THE hNATU
RALv STRAND 4HE CHANGES RESULTING FROM SELECTIVE BREED
ING HAVE BEEN JUST AS RADICAL AS CURRENT MODIlCATIONS
7HEAT FOR EXAMPLE WAS CULTIVATED THROUGH SELECTIVE
BREEDING FROM AN ALMOST NO YIELD RICE TYPE CROP INTO THE
SUPER CROP IT IS TODAY

02/S #/.3
)NTRODUCING THE $.! OF ONE SPECIES INTO THE GENES OF )T IS PERFECTLY NATURAL AND SAFE TO INTRODUCE GENES FROM
ANOTHER IS WRONG 4HIS ATTEMPT TO PLAY 'OD IS SHORT ONE ORGANISM INTO ANOTHER 7E MUST REMEMBER THAT ALL
SIGHTED AND UNNATURAL $.! IS MADE UP OF THE SAME FOUR FUNDAMENTAL MOL
ECULES REGARDLESS OF WHICH ORGANISM THE $.! CAME
FROM ORIGINALLY $.! FROM ALL ORGANISMS IS VERY SIMILAR
(UMAN $.! IS THE SAME AS CHIMPANZEE $.! AND
ABOUT THE SAME AS GRASS $.! #ONSEQUENTLY THE
ADDITION OF GENES FROM ONE ORGANISM INTO THE $.! OF
ANOTHER IS LIKE USING ,%'/S TO CREATE A STRUCTURE )NDEED
SUCH PROCESSES OCCUR ALL THE TIME IN NATURE IN SEXUAL
REPRODUCTION
4ESTING '- FOOD IS OFTEN DIFlCULT "IOTECHNOLOGY COM 4HIS DEBATE SHOULD BE DECIDED ON THE BASIS OF HARD FACTS
PANIES ARE OFTEN UNWILLING TO SUBMIT THEIR RESULTS FOR NOT WOOLLY ASSERTIONS AND ENVIRONMENTAL SENTIMENT
PEER REVIEW &URTHERMORE IN SOME COUNTRIES GOVERNMENT 5NTIL SCIENTIlC TESTS SHOW THAT '- FOOD POSES A RISK
AGENCIES ARE OFTEN UNWILLING TO STOP '- FOODSTUFFS FROM TO AGRICULTURE OR HEALTH IT SHOULD NOT BE BANNED '-
REACHING THE SHELF BECAUSE OF THE CLOUT THE COMPANIES FOODS UNDERGO EXTENSIVE TESTING BEFORE THEY ARE PLACED ON
HAVE WITH THE GOVERNMENT THE MARKET 4HIS TESTING TAKES TWO FORMS PEER REVIEW BY
OTHER SCIENTISTS AND TESTING BY THE FOOD STANDARDS AGEN
CIES IN THE COUNTRIES IN WHICH THE PRODUCT IS TO BE MAR
KETED &OR EXAMPLE IN THE 5NITED 3TATES ALL '- FOOD
MUST BE TESTED FOR NINE YEARS BEFORE BEING RELEASED ONTO
THE MARKET
'- FOODS ARE POTENTIALLY DANGEROUS (UMAN HEALTH IS AT 4HE FEARS ABOUT '- FOOD ARE A RESULT OF MEDIA SCARES
RISK BECAUSE DESPITE EXTENSIVE TESTING SCIENTISTS CANNOT ABOUT hFRANKENFOODv &EW DEATHS HAVE BEEN DIRECTLY
ANTICIPATE ALL THE PROBLEMS THAT MIGHT OCCUR WHEN FOOD ATTRIBUTED TO GENETIC MODIlCATION AND SCIENTISTS ARE
IS MODIlED 4HIS RISK WILL INCREASE AS BIOTECHNOLOGY TAKING ALL REASONABLE PRECAUTIONS TO ENSURE THESE PROD
COMPANIES INTRODUCE MORE MODIlCATIONS '- FOODS UCTS ARE SAFE 4HE NEED FOR MANY DIFFERENT STRAINS IS NOT
ALSO PRESENT A DANGER TO THE ENVIRONMENT 4HE USE OF AN ARGUMENT AGAINST '- CROPS 3CIENTISTS AND FARMERS
THESE CROPS HAS RESULTED IN FEWER STRAINS PLANTED )F DIS CANNOT PRODUCE AND PLANT MANY DIFFERENT STRAINS &UR
EASE WIPES OUT A FEW THESE STRAINS THE RESULT COULD BE THERMORE SCIENTISTS HAVE NO EVIDENCE THAT CROSS POL
CATASTROPHIC )N ADDITION REMOVING CERTAIN VARIETIES OF LINATION OF '- WITH NON '- VARIETIES IS HARMFUL
CROPS WIPES OUT THE ORGANISMS THAT FEED ON THEM &UR
THERMORE POLLEN PRODUCED FROM '- CROPS CAN ACCIDEN
TALLY FERTILIZE UNMODIlED CROPS POLLUTING THE NATURAL
GENE POOL 4HIS CROSS POLLINATION IN TURN MAKES LABEL
ING FOODS IMPOSSIBLE 4HUS CONSUMERS WILL NOT BE ABLE TO
CHOOSE WHETHER TO PURCHASE '- CROPS
'- FOOD WILL NOT HELP SOLVE HUNGER IN DEVELOPING 4HE POSSIBLE BENElTS FROM '- FOOD ARE ENORMOUS
COUNTRIES 4HE PROBLEM IN SUCH COUNTRIES IS NOT ONE OF -ODIlCATIONS THAT RENDER PLANTS LESS VULNERABLE TO PESTS
FOOD PRODUCTION BUT OF DISTRIBUTION DUE TO WARS FOR LEAD TO LESS PESTICIDE USE WHICH IS BETTER FOR THE ENVIRON
EXAMPLE THE EMPHASIS ON CASH CROPS RATHER THAN STAPLE MENT /THER MODIlCATIONS INCREASE CROP YIELD WHICH
CROPS TO PAY OFF THE NATIONAL DEBT AND DEFORESTATION LEADS TO LOWER FOOD PRICES 4HIS TECHNOLOGY IS PARTICULARLY
AND DESERTIlCATION )N ADDITION MANY '- STRAINS ARE IMPORTANT FOR DEVELOPING COUNTRIES IT CAN HELP FARMERS
INFERTILE FORCING FARMERS TO BUY SEED ANNUALLY FROM COM GROW CROPS IN ARID SOIL -ORE IMPORTANT IT CAN HELP PRE
PANIES THAT CAN CHARGE WHATEVER THEY WANT BECAUSE THEY VENT DISEASES AS THE INTRODUCTION OF hGOLDEN RICEv HAS
HAVE A PATENT ON THE STRAIN SHOWN
\
02/S #/.3
9ES BANNING '- FOOD WOULD DECREASE CONSUMER CHOICE "ANNING '- FOOD RESULTS IN FEWER CHOICES FOR THE CON
(OWEVER GOVERNMENTS HAVE THE RIGHT AND OBLIGATION TO SUMER 3CIENTISTS CAN PREVENT CROSSBREEDING BETWEEN '-
INTERVENE TO PREVENT HARM TO BOTH THE POPULATION AND AND NON '- PLANTS SO THAT FOODS CAN BE PROPERLY LABELED
THE ENVIRONMENT "ESIDES THE NUMBER OF CONSUMERS AND CONSUMERS MAINTAIN THEIR FREEDOM OF CHOICE
WHO ACTUALLY WANT '- FOOD IS TINY
3AMPLE -OTIONS
4HIS (OUSE WOULD BAN GENETICALLY MODIlED FOOD
4HIS (OUSE BELIEVES THAT GENETICALLY MODIlED FOODS ARE NOT IN THE PUBLIC INTEREST
4HIS (OUSE WOULD NOT EAT hFRANKENFOODv
7EB ,INKS
s 'ENETICALLY -ODIlED 7ORLD 5NPALATABLE 4RUTHS HTTPWWWNEWSCIENTISTCOMNSPLUSINSIGHTGMWORLDGMFOODGMFOODHTML
3ITE SPONSORED BY .EW3CIENTIST PRESENTS INFORMATION IN OPPOSITION TO THE CULTIVATION AND SALE OF '- FOODS
s 3COPE &ORUMHTTPSCOPEEDUCWASHINGTONEDUGMFOOD
#URRICULUM SITE MAINTAINED BY THE 5NIVERSITY OF #ALIFORNIA AT "ERKELEY PRESENTING THE PROS AND CONS OF '- FOOD AS WELL AS LINKS
TO OTHER SOURCES
s 3HIVA 6ANDANA h2EITH ,ECTURE ON 0OVERTY AND 'LOBALISATIONv HTTPNEWSBBCCOUKHIENGLISHSTATICEVENTSREITH?LEC
TURESTM
4RANSCRIPT OF A LECTURE ON THE IMPACT OF GENETICALLY MODIlED SEEDS ON )NDIAN FARMERS
&URTHER 2EADING
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02/3 #/.3
4ESTING EMBRYONIC CELLS CAN HELP TO IDENTIFY POTENTIALLY %MBRYONIC TESTING COULD BECOME A SLIPPERY SLOPE FOR
DEBILITATING ILLNESSES OR INHERITED DISORDERS )T CAN ALSO FUTURE EXPLOITATION OF THE PROCESS )T MUST NOT DEVELOP
DETERMINE THE SEX OF A BABY ALLOWING PARENTS WHO CARRY INTO THE WIDESPREAD ABUSE OF SCREENING TO CREATE hDESIGNER
A SEX LINKED GENETIC DISORDER TO HAVE CHILDREN WITHOUT BABIESv CHOSEN FOR AESTHETIC OR OTHER QUALITIES CONSIDERED
PASSING ON THE DISORDER TO THEIR CHILDREN )T IS EMINENTLY DESIRABLE 4HIS IS MORALLY WRONG

02/3 #/.3
SENSIBLE TO USE THIS TECHNOLOGY TO ENSURE THAT CHILDREN ARE
AS HEALTHY AS POSSIBLE
7E HAVE A DUTY TO GIVE A CHILD THE BEST POSSIBLE START !RE WE NOT PRESUMING THAT THOSE BORN WITH PHYSICAL
IN LIFE AND IF THE TECHNOLOGY IS AVAILABLE TO DETERMINE OR MENTAL DEFECTS OR GENETIC PREDISPOSITIONS TO CERTAIN
WHETHER A BABY WILL HAVE A GENETIC DISEASE SUCH AS (UN DISEASES DO NOT ENJOY A QUALITY OF LIFE AS HIGH AND A LIFE
TINGTONS WE SHOULD USE IT 4HIS IS NOT A CASE OF ENGINEER AS FRUITFUL AS THOSE BORN WITHOUT 4O SUGGEST THAT THEY
ING A CHILD BE BRED OUT OF SOCIETY IS PRESUMPTUOUS AND ABHORRENT
-ORE TO THE POINT MANY hDEFECTIVEv GENES CONFER ADVAN
TAGES OF A DIFFERENT NATURE EG THE SICKLE CELL ANEMIA
ALLELE PROTECTS SOMEWHAT AGAINST MALARIA
7HEN A NUMBER OF EMBRYOS ARE CREATED THROUGH IN VITRO 4HE PROPOSITION HOLDS SINISTER OVERTONES OF TREATING
FERTILIZATION THE EMBRYOS NOT CHOSEN AFTER SCREENING MAY EMBRYOS LIKE COMMODITIES %VEN MORE MORALLY DUBIOUS
BE OFFERED UP FOR hADOPTIONv (UMAN LIFE WILL NOT BE IS THE IDEA OF DISPOSING OF THOSE EMBRYOS THAT DO NOT
THROWN AWAY AND CHILDLESS COUPLES CAN BENElT CONFORM TO THE REQUIREMENTS OF HEALTH
3AMPLE -OTIONS
4HIS (OUSE WOULD CHOOSE ITS BABIES
4HIS (OUSE WOULD GENETICALLY ENGINEER ITS CHILDREN
4HIS (OUSE CALLS FOR MORE GENETIC SCREENING
7EB ,INKS
s "IOETHICS HTTPLIBRARYTHINKQUESTORGMAINPAGEHTM
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s #ENTER FOR "IOETHICS HTTPWWWMEDUPENNEDU^BIOETHIC
-AINTAINED BY THE 5NIVERSITY OF 0ENNSYLVANIA THE SITE PROVIDES LINKS TO RESOURCES IN BIOETHICS
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02/3 #/.3
'LOBALIZATION MARGINALIZES THE POOR )T IS A MEANS OF 'LOBALIZATION IS ERODING THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN DEVEL
EXCLUSION DEEPENING INEQUALITY AND REINFORCING THE OPED AND DEVELOPING NATIONS SOMETIMES CALLED THE
DIVISION OF THE WORLD INTO CORE AND PERIPHERY )T IS A .ORTH 3OUTH DIVIDE )T IS A PROGRESSIVE FORCE FOR CREATING
NEW FORM OF 7ESTERN IMPERIALISM THAT DOMINATES AND GLOBAL PROSPERITY 4HROUGH FREE TRADE AND CAPITAL MOBIL
EXPLOITS THROUGH 4.# CAPITAL AND GLOBAL GOVERNANCE BY ITY GLOBALIZATION IS CREATING A GLOBAL MARKET IN WHICH
INSTITUTIONS SUCH AS THE 7ORLD "ANK AND THE )NTERNA PROSPERITY WEALTH POWER AND LIBERAL DEMOCRACY ARE
TIONAL -ONETARY &UND )-& BEING DIFFUSED AROUND THE GLOBE
'LOBALIZATION HAS INTENSIlED GLOBAL AND NATIONAL INEQUAL 'LOBALIZATION HAS INCREASED WORLD PROSPERITY AND ORGA
ITY 4HE ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL GAPS WITHIN COUNTRIES AND NIZATIONAL EFFORTS TO STABILIZE THE WORLD ECONOMY HAVE
BETWEEN COUNTRIES ARE WIDENING WITH THE RICH BECOMING SHOWN SIGNIlCANT PROGRESS "Y HISTORICAL STANDARDS GLOBAL
RICHER AND THE POOR BECOMING POORER 'LOBALIZATION IS POVERTY HAS FALLEN MORE IN THE LAST YEARS THAN IN THE
AN UNEVEN PROCESS CAUSING WORLD FRAGMENTATION 4RADE PREVIOUS AND THE WELFARE OF PEOPLE IN ALMOST ALL
HAS ALSO SEEN INCREASING INEQUALITY "ECAUSE OF INCREAS REGIONS HAS IMPROVED CONSIDERABLY DURING THE PAST FEW
ING GLOBALIZATION THE VALUE OF WORLD TRADE IS TIMES DECADES 'LOBALIZATION WILL BRING ABOUT THE END OF THE
GREATER THAN YEARS AGO BUT ,ATIN !MERICAS SHARE HAS 4HIRD 7ORLD 4HE FALL IN THE DEVELOPING NATIONS SHARE
FALLEN FROM TO AND !FRICAS FROM TO 4HE OF WORLD TRADE IS DUE TO INTERNAL ECONOMIC SOCIAL AND
TERMS OF TRADE HAVE INCREASINGLY MOVED AGAINST DEVELOP POLITICAL CONDITIONS IN INDIVIDUAL COUNTRIES
ING NATIONS
'LOBALIZATION EXPLOITS DEVELOPING NATIONS AND THEIR POOR 'LOBALIZATION PROMOTES DEVELOPMENT BY SPREADING TECH
THROUGH 4.#S 'LOBALIZATION IS A EUPHEMISM FOR TRANS NOLOGY AND KNOWLEDGE TO POOR NATIONS 4HE POOREST
NATIONALIZATION THE SPREAD OF POWERFUL COMPANIES TO NATIONS ARE THOSE COUNTRIES BYPASSED BY GLOBALIZATION
AREAS THAT BEST SUIT CORPORATE INTERESTS
)NCREASED GLOBAL INTEGRATION MEANS THAT POORER COUNTRIES 'LOBALIZATION HAS BROUGHT ABOUT HUGE BENElTS 4HE
BECOME MORE VULNERABLE TO WORLD lNANCIAL MARKETS 4HE EMERGENCE OF A SINGLE GLOBAL MARKET FREE TRADE CAPITAL
%AST !SIAN ECONOMIC CRISIS OF THE S A DIRECT RESULT MOBILITY AND GLOBAL COMPETITION HAS PERMITTED THE DIF
OF GLOBALIZATION INCREASED AND INTENSIlED POVERTY 4HE FUSION OF PROSPERITY WEALTH AND POWER 'LOBALIZATION
CRISIS SHOWS THAT EVEN THE STRONGEST DEVELOPING STATES ARE HAS OPENED UP NEW OPPORTUNITIES AND IS THE HARBINGER OF
AT THE MERCY OF GLOBAL ECONOMIC FORCES THAT SERVE THE MODERNIZATION AND DEVELOPMENT )T WAS THE FORCE THAT LED
INTERESTS OF THE DOMINANT CAPITALIST POWERS 'LOBALIZA TO THE SUCCESSFUL DEVELOPMENT OF %AST !SIA AND ITS hECO
TION ALSO RESULTED IN THE SPEEDY TRANSITION OF THE CRISIS TO NOMIC MIRACLEv &AR FROM MAKING DEVELOPING NATIONS
THE OTHER %AST !SIAN COUNTRIESTHE hCONTAGION EFFECTv MORE VULNERABLE INCREASED GLOBAL INTEGRATION MEANS THAT
WITH DEVASTATING HUMAN CONSEQUENCES 4HE BENElTS OF BETTER ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURES ARE IN PLACE TO ADDRESS
THE GLOBAL MARKET ACCRUE TO A RELATIVELY SMALL PROPORTION WORLD POLITICAL ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL PROBLEMS
OF THE WORLDS POPULATION 4HE STRONGER BECOME STRONGER
AND THE WEAK BECOME WEAKER

02/3 #/.3
'LOBALIZATION IS A FORM OF DISEMPOWERMENT /UTSIDE 4HE POLICIES OF INSTITUTIONS SUCH AS THE )-& AND THE
INTERFERENCE FROM THE 7ORLD "ANK AND THE )-& HAS 7ORLD "ANK HAVE REINFORCED THE GLOBAL MARKET /UTSIDE
WEAKENED THE ECONOMIES OF POOR NATIONS AND CONSTRAINED INTERVENTION ALLOWS THE DISSEMINATION OF EFFECTIVE ECO
DEVELOPMENT )NTERNATIONAL NEGOTIATIONS TO REDUCE AND NOMIC MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES TO LESS DEVELOPED AREAS
ELIMINATE FOREIGN DEBT HAVE LED TO INCREASING EXPORTS OF
CAPITAL AND DEEPER INDEBTEDNESS IN DEVELOPING NATIONS
3AMPLE -OTIONS
4HIS (OUSE BELIEVES THAT GLOBALIZATION MARGINALIZES THE POOR
4HIS (OUSE BELIEVES THAT GLOBALIZATION WILL BRING ABOUT THE END OF THE 4HIRD 7ORLD
4HIS (OUSE BELIEVES THAT GLOBALIZATION IS A EUPHEMISM FOR TRANSNATIONALIZATION
7EB ,INKS
s 'OVERNMENT 2EPORT -AKING 'LOBALISATION 7ORK FOR THE 0OOR HTTPWWWDlDGOVUK
"RITISH GOVERNMENT REPORT ON GLOBALIZATION AND DEVELOPING NATIONS
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LARLY WOMEN
&URTHER 2EADING
!LLEN 4IM AND !LAN 4HOMAS 0OVERTY AND $EVELOPMENT INTO THE ST #ENTURY /XFORD 5NIVERSITY 0RESS
$ICKEN 0ETER 'LOBAL 3HIFT 4RANSFORMING THE 7ORLD %CONOMY 'UILFORD 0RESS
7ORLD "ANK %NTERING THE ST #ENTURY 7ORLD $EVELOPMENT 2EPORT 7ORLD "ANK
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02/3 #/.3
/VER THE PAST YEARS HUMANKIND HAS BEEN BURNING 3CIENTISTS HAVE NOT YET PROVED CONCLUSIVELY THAT HUMAN
INCREASING QUANTITIES OF FOSSIL FUELS TO PROVIDE ENERGY KIND IS CAUSING GLOBAL WARMING !LTHOUGH AVERAGE TEM
4HIS HAS RELEASED LARGE VOLUMES OF GASES INTO THE ATMO PERATURES ROSE DURING THE TWENTIETH CENTURY TEMPERA
SPHERE PARTICULARLY #/ !T THE SAME TIME THE WORLDS TURES ACTUALLY DROPPED SLIGHTLY BETWEEN THE S AND
REMAINING LARGE FORESTS WHICH HELP ABSORB #/ ARE THE S 4HIS WAS NOT ASSOCIATED WITH A REDUCTION IN
BEING RAPIDLY FELLED /VERALL THE LEVELS OF CARBON DIOX FOSSIL FUEL CONSUMPTION EMISSIONS ACTUALLY INCREASED OVER
IDE IN THE ATMOSPHERE HAVE INCREASED BY DURING THIS PERIOD )F THE hGREENHOUSE GASESv ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR
\
02/3 #/.3
THE LAST CENTURY 7HEN IN THE ATMOSPHERE #/ AND GLOBAL WARMING HOW DO YOU ACCOUNT FOR THIS !CCURATE
OTHER GASES ARE THOUGHT TO CAUSE A hGREENHOUSE EFFECTv RECORDS SIMPLY DO NOT COVER A LONG ENOUGH PERIOD TO BE
4HEY ALLOW SUNLIGHT TO PASS THROUGH BUT ABSORB HEAT USEFUL 4HE %ARTHS AVERAGE TEMPERATURE VARIES NATURALLY
EMITTED BY THE %ARTH TRAPPING IT AND LEADING TO GLOBAL THROUGH TIME AND WE HAVE FEW GOOD EXPLANATIONS OF THE
WARMING 7EATHER RECORDS SEEM TO SUPPORT THIS THEORY )CE !GES )NDEED THERE WAS A hMINIn)CE !GEv AROUND
!VERAGE TEMPERATURES HAVE INCREASED BY # SINCE THE YEARS AGO DURING WHICH THE 2IVER 4HAMES IN %NGLAND
NINETEENTH CENTURY THE FOUR HOTTEST YEARS SINCE ACCU REPEATEDLY FROZE OVER IN WINTER 4HIS WAS FOLLOWED BY AN
RATE RECORDS HAVE BEEN KEPT HAVE ALL BEEN IN THE S INTENSE BUT NATURAL PERIOD OF hGLOBAL WARMINGv 7E DO
5NUSUAL WEATHER PATTERNS SUCH AS mOODS AND DROUGHTS NOT HAVE ENOUGH INFORMATION TO SAY THAT CURRENT TRENDS
HAVE ALSO BEEN ON THE INCREASE WITH THE UNCHARACTER ARE NOT SIMPLY A NATURAL VARIATION
ISTICALLY STRONG %L .I®O EVENTS OF RECENT YEARS CAUSING
WIDESPREAD DISRUPTION 4HE )NTERGOVERNMENTAL 0ANEL ON
#LIMATE #HANGE )0## AN INTERNATIONAL BODY SET UP TO
STUDY POSSIBLE GLOBAL WARMING HAS CONCLUDED THAT h
THE BALANCE OF EVIDENCE SUGGESTS THAT THERE IS A DISCERN
IBLE HUMAN INmUENCE ON GLOBAL CLIMATEv
#OMPUTER MODELS PREDICT THAT CONTINUED GLOBAL WARM !GAIN OUR COMPUTER MODELS FOR PREDICTING CLIMATE
ING COULD HAVE CATASTROPHIC EFFECTS #HANGES IN TEMPER CHANGE ARE FAR FROM RELIABLE 7EATHER IS A HUGELY COM
ATURE COULD DEVASTATE WILDLIFE WHEN LOCAL VEGETATION DIES PLEX SYSTEM THAT WE ARE ONLY BEGINNING TO UNDERSTAND
OFF 0ATTERNS OF DISEASE COULD CHANGE !LREADY ISOLATED )T IS AFFECTED BY MANY FACTORS INCLUDING SOLAR ACTIVITY
CASES OF MALARIA HAVE BEEN REPORTED FAR NORTH OF TRADI VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS OCEAN CURRENTS AND OTHER CYCLES THAT
TIONAL DANGER ZONES AS WARMER WEATHER ALLOWS THE MOS WE ARE GRADUALLY DISCOVERING 6ERY SLIGHT CHANGES IN THE
QUITOES THAT CARRY THE DISEASE TO SPREAD -OST IMPORTANT COMPUTER MODEL RESULT IN IMMENSE DIFFERENCES IN PREDIC
A PORTION OF THE POLAR ICE CAPS MIGHT MELT AND LEAD TO A TIONS 3OME SCIENTISTS FOR EXAMPLE HAVE SUGGESTED THAT
RISE IN SEA LEVEL WHICH HAS ALREADY INCREASED BY BETWEEN GLOBAL WARMING COULD ACTUALLY CAUSE A DROP IN SEA LEVEL AS
AND CM IN THE LAST YEARS 'IANT CRACKS HAVE RAINFALL PATTERNS AND OCEAN CURRENTS SHIFT )NDEED RElNE
BEEN FOUND IN THE ,ARSEN ICE SHELF IN !NTARCTICA WHICH MENTS IN THE MODELS USED BY THE )0## HAVE CAUSED IT
SUGGEST THAT IT IS BREAKING APART A SECTION MILES WIDE TO MODIFY ITS PREDICTIONS )N THE )0## ESTIMATED
AND MILES LONG DRIFTED FREE AND MELTED AS EARLY AS THAT BY THE AVERAGE TEMPERATURE WOULD RISE BY #
)F AS EXPERTS BELIEVE TEMPERATURES RISE A FURTHER AND THE SEA WOULD RISE BY ABOUT CM IN IT REVISED
# OVER THE NEXT CENTURY LOW LYING AREAS AND EVEN ITS ESTIMATES TO # AND CM 4HE MORE RESEARCH THAT
ENTIRE COUNTRIES SUCH AS "ANGLADESH COULD DISAPPEAR TAKES PLACE THE LESS CATASTROPHIC GLOBAL WARMING SEEMS
UNDER THE WAVES TO BE 4HE MEDIA ALWAYS REPORT THE PREDICTIONS OF DOOM
MOST WIDELY
4ECHNOLOGY HAS NOW REACHED THE POINT WHERE WE CAN /F COURSE GREATER ENERGY EFlCIENCY IS IMPORTANT (OW
CONTINUE TO INCREASE STANDARDS OF LIVING WITHOUT BURNING EVER MOST ALTERNATIVE FUELS ARE SIMPLY NOT EFFECTIVE 4HEY
FOSSIL FUELS 2ENEWABLE SOURCES OF ENERGY SUCH AS WIND CAN ALSO CAUSE THEIR OWN PROBLEMS .UCLEAR POWER CRE
OR SOLAR POWER ARE RIPE FOR DEVELOPMENT BUT HAVE YET ATES UNACCEPTABLE RADIOACTIVE WASTE HYDROELECTRIC POWER
TO SEE THE LEVELS OF INVESTMENT NEEDED TO MAKE THEM PROJECTS SUCH AS THE 4HREE 'ORGES DAM IN #HINA LEAD
TRULY EFFECTIVE -ORE EFlCIENT USE OF ENERGY IS ALSO VITAL TO THE mOODING OF VAST AREAS AND THE DESTRUCTION OF THE
%NCOURAGING THE DEVELOPMENT OF ELECTRIC CARS OR PROMOT LOCAL ENVIRONMENT SOLAR AND WIND POWER OFTEN REQUIRE
ING BETTER INSULATION OF HOUSES COULD MAKE A SUBSTANTIAL THE COVERING OF LARGE AREAS OF NATURAL BEAUTY WITH SOLAR
DIFFERENCE IN #/ LEVELS IN THE LONG RUN PANELS OR TURBINES %NVIRONMENTALISTS OFTEN PAINT AN IDE
ALISTIC VIEW OF RENEWABLE ENERGY THAT IS FAR FROM THE LESS
ROMANTIC REALITY
'LOBAL WARMING IS A WORLDWIDE CATASTROPHE WAITING TO 4HE EVIDENCE FOR GLOBAL WARMING IS NOT STRONG ENOUGH
HAPPEN 4HE EMISSION OF GREENHOUSE GASES AFFECTS EVERY TO MERIT THIS KIND OF RESPONSE 4HE CHANGES OVER THE PAST
ONE )T IS THEREFORE VITAL THAT THE ENTIRE WORLD RESPOND CENTURY MAY CERTAINLY HAVE BEEN PURELY NATURAL %NVIRON

02/3 #/.3
NOW 4HE TARGETS SET BY THE +YOTO 0ROTOCOL WILL BARELY MENTALISTS IN THE DEVELOPED WORLD CAN AFFORD THE LUXURY
SCRATCH THE SURFACE OF THE PROBLEM 4HE DEVELOPED WORLD OF DEMANDING GOVERNMENT ACTION BECAUSE REDUCING POL
AGREED TO ONLY MINIMAL REDUCTIONS IN CARBON DIOXIDE LUTION WILL HAVE A MINIMAL IMPACT ON THEIR TECHNOLOGY
EMISSIONS AND NO AGREEMENT WAS REACHED INVOLVING THE BASED ECONOMIES 4HOSE IN THE DEVELOPING WORLD ARE NOT
DEVELOPING WORLD WHICH IS PRODUCING A GREATER PERCENT SO LUCKY )NDUSTRIALIZATION IS A KEY PART OF BUILDING SUC
AGE OF GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS EVERY YEAR 'ASES LIKE CESSFUL ECONOMIES AND BRINGING PROSPERITY TO THE WORLDS
#/ REMAIN IN THE ATMOSPHERE FOR CENTURIES )F WE WAIT POOREST PEOPLE HEAVY INDUSTRY IS OFTEN THE ONLY AREA IN
UNTIL WE CAN SEE THE RESULTS OF GLOBAL WARMING IT MAY BE WHICH DEVELOPING NATIONS CAN COMPETE 'LOBAL ACTION
TOO LATE 4HE DAMAGE WILL HAVE BEEN DONE 7E MUST ACT ON GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS WOULD SUSTAIN THE INEQUALI
NOW AND WE MUST ACT GLOBALLY $EVELOPED COUNTRIES MUST TIES OF THE STATUS QUO 4HE DEVELOPING WORLD WOULD HAVE
DO ALL THEY CAN TO REDUCE THEIR USE OF FOSSIL FUELS 4HEY TO DEPEND ON MULTINATIONAL CORPORATIONS TO PROVIDE THE
MUST ASSIST DEVELOPING NATIONS TO DO THE SAME BY SHAR TECHNOLOGY NEEDED TO KEEP POLLUTION LEVELS LOW OR ELSE
ING TECHNOLOGY OR PERHAPS THROUGH hEMISSIONS TRADINGv THEY WOULD HAVE TO STOP EXPANDING THEIR ECONOMIES
ALLOWING POORER COUNTRIES TO SELL THEIR QUOTA OF POLLUTION (AVING APPARENTLY CAUSED THE PROBLEM THROUGH THE
IN RETURN FOR HARD CASH )NTERNATIONAL PRESSURE MUST BE INDUSTRIALIZATION THAT MADE THEM POWERFUL DEVELOPED
EXERTED AGAINST THOSE COUNTRIES THAT DO NOT COOPERATE COUNTRIES WOULD BE PULLING THE LADDER UP BEHIND THEM
EVEN IF THIS SLOWS ECONOMIC GROWTH 4HE POOREST REGIONS DEPRIVING OTHER COUNTRIES OF THE CHANCE TO GROW 4HIS IS
OF THE WORLD WOULD SUFFER MOST FROM MORE DROUGHTS AND SIMPLY UNACCEPTABLE )N THE MODERN WORLD ONE OF OUR
mOODS AND RISING SEA LEVELS (OWEVER DIFlCULT IT MAY BE lRST PRIORITIES MUST BE TO HELP THE POOREST PEOPLE ACHIEVE
IN THE SHORT TERM SUCH ACTIONS NOW MAY SAVE MILLIONS OF THE PROSPERITY THEY NEED TO SUPPORT THEMSELVES 4HE CUR
LIVES IN THE FUTURE RENT EVIDENCE FOR GLOBAL WARMING DOES NOT BEGIN TO MERIT
ENDANGERING THIS GOAL
3AMPLE -OTIONS
4HIS (OUSE BELIEVES THAT +YOTO DIDNT GO FAR ENOUGH
4HIS (OUSE CALLS FOR URGENT ACTION ON GLOBAL WARMING
4HIS (OUSE FEARS A GLOBAL GREENHOUSE
4HIS (OUSE BELIEVES THAT GLOBAL WARMING DEMANDS GLOBAL ACTION
7EB ,INKS
s 'LOBAL 7ARMING #ENTRAL HTTPWWWLAWPACEEDUENVENERGYGLOBALWARMINGHTML
3ITE MAINTAINED BY 0ACE 5NIVERSITY 3CHOOL OF ,AW OFFERS CURRENT NEWS DOCUMENTS AND RESOURCES ON GLOBAL WARMING
s )NTERGOVERNMENTAL 0ANEL ON #LIMATE #HANGE HTTPWWWIPCCCH
/FFERS REPORTS ASSESSING SCIENTIlC TECHNICAL AND SOCIOECONOMIC INFORMATION RELATED TO HUMAN INDUCED CLIMATE CHANGE
s +YOTO 0ROTOCOL HTTPWWWCNNCOM30%#)!,3GLOBALWARMINGSTORIESTREATY
&ULL TEXT OF THE +YOTO 0ROTOCOL
s 7ORLD -ETEOROLOGICAL /RGANIZATION HTTPWWWWMOCH
5. ORGANIZATION PROVIDES INFORMATION ON METEOROLOGICAL ISSUES AS WELL AS A STATEMENT ON THE STATUS OF THE GLOBAL CLIMATE
&URTHER 2EADING
$RAKE &RANCES 'LOBAL 7ARMING 4HE 3CIENCE OF #LIMATE #HANGE %DWARD !RNOLD
'ELBSPAN 2OSS 4HE (EAT )S /N 4HE #LIMATE #RISIS THE #OVER 5P THE 0RESCRIPTION 0ERSEUS
(OUGHTON *OHN 'LOBAL 7ARMING 4HE #OMPLETE "RIElNG #AMBRIDGE 5NIVERSITY 0RESS
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02/3 #/.3
4HE WORLD IS SO MAGNIlCENT AND WONDERFUL SO FULL OF 9OU CANNOT INFER FROM THE VARIETY AND BEAUTY OF THE
VARIETY AND BEAUTY THAT IT IS INCONCEIVABLE THAT IT COULD WORLD THAT 'OD WAS THE CREATOR 4HE CONCEPTION OF 'OD
HAVE COME ABOUT PURELY BY CHANCE )T IS SO INTRICATE THAT A CONTAINS MANY EXTRA ATTRIBUTES THAT ARE NOT NECESSARY FOR
CONSCIOUS HAND MUST HAVE BEEN INVOLVED IN ITS CREATION A WORLD CREATOR *UST BECAUSE THE WORLD IS BEAUTIFUL AND
4HEREFORE 'OD EXISTS AS THE CREATOR OF THE WORLD VARIED DOES NOT MEAN IT WAS CONSCIOUSLY DESIGNED 7HY
CANT BEAUTY HAPPEN BY ACCIDENT
)F YOU SAW A WATCH LYING ON THE SAND YOU WOULD THINK 4HE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN A WATCH AND HUMANS IS THAT THE
THAT SOMEONE MUST HAVE MADE THE WATCHA WATCH WATCH SERVES A PURPOSETO TELL TIME 4HEREFORE SEEING
MAKER 3IMILARLY WE HUMAN BEINGS ARE SO COMPLICATED SOMETHING SO PERFECTLY SERVING A PURPOSE SUGGESTS DESIGN
AND AMAZING THAT WE MUST CONCLUDE THAT WE HAD A CON 7HAT PURPOSE DO WE SERVE 7E DONT WE JUST EXIST !ND
SCIOUS MAKER EVEN IF WE WERE DESIGNED FOR A PURPOSE THE EARLIER ARGU
MENT APPLIES ! PURPOSEFUL DESIGNER ISNT NECESSARILY
'OD
/NLY HUMAN BEINGS ARE CAPABLE OF RATIONAL THOUGHT 4HAT 4HE ARGUMENT FROM PROBABILITY DOES NOT WORK )T RELIES
WE ARE HERE AT ALL IS AMAZING /NE INlNITESIMAL CHANGE ON THERE BEING SOMETHING SPECIAL ABOUT US 7HAT IS SO
IN THE WORLD AND LIFE WOULD NOT HAVE EVOLVED 'ETTING SPECIAL ABOUT US 7E ARE RATIONALSO WHAT
SOMETHING SO AMAZING ON SUCH LONG ODDS SMACKS OF
INTENTION
'OD MUST BE PERFECT IF HE EXISTS "UT A THING THAT EXISTS IS 4HIS ONTOLOGICAL ARGUMENT CAN BE REBUTTED BY REJECTING
MORE PERFECT THAN A THING THAT DOESNT EXIST "UT NOTHING THE IDEA THAT EXISTENCE IS A PERFECTION 3OMETHING EITHER
CAN BE MORE PERFECT THAN 'OD 3O 'OD MUST EXIST EXISTS OR IT DOESNT 4HE ARGUMENT IS A DISGUISED CONDI
TIONAL 9OU SAY hIF 'OD EXISTS THEN HE MUST BE PERFECT
AND IF HE MUST BE PERFECT HE MUST THEREFORE EXISTv "UT
ALL THIS RESTS ON THE INITIAL hIF 'OD EXISTSv )F 'OD DOESNT
EXIST WE DONT HAVE THE PROBLEM AND THE ARGUMENT
DOESNT WORK
%VERYTHING IN THE UNIVERSE HAS A CAUSE )T IS INCONCEIVABLE 4HE COSMOLOGICAL ARGUMENT DOESNT WORK &OR A START AN
THAT TIME IS ONE LONG CHAIN OF CAUSE AND EFFECT WITHOUT UNCAUSED lRST CAUSE STILL DOESNT NECESSARILY HAVE ALL THE
BEGINNING BUT IT MUST BE BECAUSE WE CANNOT CONCEIVE OF ATTRIBUTES IT WOULD NEED TO BE CALLED 'OD EG OMNIPO
SOMETHING HAPPENING UNCAUSED 4HEREFORE 'OD EXISTS TENCE BENEVOLENCE AND OMNISCIENCE -ORE IMPORTANT
AS THE UNCAUSED lRST CAUSE AN UNCAUSED lRST CAUSE IS JUST AS INCOMPREHENSIBLE TO US
AS AN ENDLESS CHAIN OF CAUSE AND EFFECT 9OU ARE JUST SHIFT
ING THE INCOMPREHENSION ONE STAGE BACK
3AMPLE -OTIONS
4HIS (OUSE BELIEVES THAT 'OD EXISTS
4HIS (OUSE BELIEVES THAT REPORTS OF 'ODS DEATH HAVE BEEN GREATLY EXAGGERATED

7EB ,INKS
s #OUNTERBALANCE HTTPWWWCOUNTERBALANCECOM
#ONTAINS SUMMARY OF DEBATE ABOUT THE EXISTENCE OF 'OD FROM THE COSMOLOGICAL STANDPOINT
s 4HE %XISTENCE OF 'OD AND THE "EGINNING OF THE 5NIVERSE HTTPWWWLEADERUCOMTRUTHTRUTHHTML
!N ACADEMIC PAPER EMPLOYING THE COSMOLOGICAL ARGUMENT FOR THE EXISTENCE OF 'OD
s &IRST 4HINGS 4HE *OURNAL OF 2ELIGION AND 0UBLIC ,IFE
HTTPSWITCHNETRICSCOMCGI BINLIKEITCGI
,INKS TO ARTICLES FROM THE JOURNAL DEALING WITH VARIOUS ARGUMENTS ON THE EXISTENCE OF 'OD
s .EW !DVENT HTTPWWWNEWADVENTORGCATHENBHTM
$ETAILED ESSAY ON A 2OMAN #ATHOLIC 7EB SITE OUTLINING THE VARIOUS PROOFS FOR THE EXISTENCE OF 'OD
&URTHER 2EADING
(UME $AVID $IALOGUES #ONCERNING .ATURAL 2ELIGION .EW ED 2OUTLEDGE
9ANDELL +EITH 0HILOSOPHY OF 2ELIGION ! #ONTEMPORARY )NTRODUCTION 2OUTLEDGE
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02/3 #/.3
4HE SCIENTIlC COMMUNITY AGREES THAT SOMETHING MUST BE 4HE ENVIRONMENTAL LOBBY HAS HUGELY OVERESTIMATED THE
DONE TO CURB EMISSIONS OF GREENHOUSE GASES THAT MAY BE CLAIMS FOR POLLUTION DAMAGING THE ENVIRONMENT 4HE
THE CAUSE OF GLOBAL WARMING 4HE POSSIBLE CONSEQUENCES FOSSIL RECORD INDICATES THAT CLIMATE CHANGE HAS OCCURRED
OF GLOBAL WARMING INCLUDE CROP FAILURE MASS mOODING FREQUENTLY IN THE PAST AND THERE IS LITTLE EVIDENCE LINKING
AND THE DESTRUCTION OF ENTIRE ECOSYSTEMS WITH THE POS CLIMATE CHANGE WITH EMISSIONS
SIBLE LOSS OF BILLIONS OF LIVES /THER CONSEQUENCES OF POL
LUTION INCLUDE ACID RAIN AND THE ENLARGEMENT OF THE HOLE
IN THE OZONE LAYER
4HE 401 PLAN IS THE ONLY PRACTICAL WAY TO REDUCE EMIS 4HE 401 PLAN ENSURES MORE POLLUTION IN THE LONG RUN
SIONS OF GREENHOUSE GASES GLOBALLY )T WILL GUARANTEE THAT THAN IF LIMITS WERE STRICTLY ENFORCED FOR EACH COUNTRY AND
GLOBAL LEVELS OF THESE GASES ARE KEPT BELOW STRICT TARGETS PUNITIVE TAXES IMPOSED ON THOSE EXCEEDING THEIR QUOTAS
AND IS MORE REALISTIC THAN EXPECTING HEAVY POLLUTERS TO 7ITHOUT 401S THE ENVIRONMENT WOULD BENElT FURTHER
CUT THEIR EMISSIONS OVERNIGHT IF A COUNTRY KEPT WELL BELOW ITS EMISSIONS QUOTA !DOPT
ING THE 401 PLAN MEANS THAT THIS BENElT IS LOST BECAUSE
THE RIGHT TO THIS EXTRA POLLUTION IS BOUGHT BY ANOTHER
COUNTRY
%MISSIONS ARE A GLOBAL PROBLEM 4HE EMISSION OF THE MAIN 3TATING THAT IT DOES NOT MATTER WHERE POLLUTION IS PRO
GREENHOUSE GAS CARBON DIOXIDE FOR EXAMPLE AFFECTS THE DUCED IS SIMPLISTIC AND COMPLETELY UNTRUE FOR MANY GASES
ENTIRE PLANET REGARDLESS OF WHERE THE GAS IS PRODUCED WHICH DO AFFECT THE REGION IN WHICH THEY ARE CREATED &UR
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02/3 #/.3
4HIS VALIDATES THE USE OF 401S WHICH ACT TO LIMIT THE THERMORE TO PERMIT DEVELOPING COUNTRIES TO INDUSTRIAL
TOTAL AMOUNT OF EACH POLLUTING GAS GLOBALLY 401S ARE IZE THEY HAVE BEEN EXEMPTED FROM THE PROTOCOL 4HIS
MUCH MORE EFFECTIVE THAN THE ALTERNATIVE OF TAXING EMIS SERIOUSLY UNDERMINES ITS EFlCIENCY &URTHERMORE IF TAXES
SIONS BECAUSE RICH COMPANIES OR COUNTRIES WILL BE ABLE TO ON POLLUTION WERE SET HIGH ENOUGH BIG COMPANIES WOULD
PAY THE TAX AND STILL POLLUTE STOP POLLUTING BECAUSE IT WOULD BE PROHIBITIVELY EXPEN
SIVE )N ADDITION THE INTRODUCTION OF 401S WILL MAKE
LATER REDUCTIONS IN GLOBAL EMISSIONS MUCH HARDER /NCE
TRADING IN 401S HAS STARTED COUNTRIES THAT HAVE BOUGHT
EXTRA EMISSION RIGHTS WOULD CERTAINLY NOT VOLUNTARILY GIVE
THEM UP TO HELP REDUCE GLOBAL EMISSIONS FURTHER
401S ARE TRIED AND TESTED 4HE 5NITED 3TATES HAS USED 401S HAVE HAD SOME SUCCESS IN THE 5NITED 3TATES BUT
THEM SUCCESSFULLY SINCE THEY WERE INTRODUCED IN THEY FAILED IN %UROPE FOR TWO REASONS &IRST THE %UROPEAN
4HEREFORE WE HAVE GOOD REASON TO EXPECT THEM TO SUC PLANS WERE POORLY CONCEIVED AS WAS THE +YOTO 0ROTOCOL
CEED ON A GLOBAL SCALE 3ECOND WHEREAS THE !MERICAN SOLUTION TO POLLUTION WAS
ALWAYS TRADING EMISSIONS THE MAIN %UROPEAN SOLUTION
WAS AND STILL IS TO PRODUCE NEW TECHNOLOGY TO CLEAN THE
EMISSIONS %XTENDING THE 401 PLAN TO THE ENTIRE GLOBE
WILL SLOW THE TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS NEEDED TO
REDUCE GREENHOUSE GASES
0ROGRESS IN THE lELD OF EMISSION CONTROL IS REMARKABLY 4HE +YOTO 0ROTOCOL LACKS A COMPREHENSIVE ENFORCEMENT
DIFlCULT BECAUSE OF THE OPPOSITION FROM THE INDUSTRIAL MECHANISM AND IS THUS INEFFECTIVE )N ADDITION ASSESS
LOBBY MOST NOTABLY IN THE 5NITED 3TATES WHICH SEES ING THE EFFECT THAT AN INDIVIDUAL COUNTRYS CARBON hSINKv
SUCH RESTRICTIONS AS HARMFUL TO ITS ECONOMY 401S ARE IS HAVING ON THE ATMOSPHERE IS IMPOSSIBLE 4HIS MERELY
THE ONE METHOD OF CONTROL ACCEPTABLE TO THESE LOBBY CREATES A LOOPHOLE THAT ALLOWS A COUNTRY TO ABUSE THE PRO
GROUPS AND MORE SIGNIlCANT TO THE 53 GOVERNMENT !S TOCOL AND PRODUCE MORE THAN ITS QUOTA OF GASES
THE WORLDS BIGGEST POLLUTER THE 5NITED 3TATES MUST BE
INCLUDED IN ANY MEANINGFUL TREATY 4HEREFORE 401S ARE
THE ONLY PRACTICAL WAY FORWARD
401S CAUSE LESS DAMAGE TO AN ECONOMY THAN ANY OTHER 401S WILL HIT EMPLOYMENT HARD %VEN DEVELOPED COUN
EMISSION CONTROL REGIME )NDIVIDUAL COMPANIES AND TRIES ARE NOT SO RICH THAT THEY CAN SIMPLY BUY ENOUGH
COUNTRIES CAN TRADE 401S ON THE FREE MARKET UNTIL THEY QUOTAS TO AVOID POLLUTION NEITHER CAN THEY AFFORD TO
HAVE STRUCK THE RIGHT BALANCE BETWEEN THE COST OF PAYING INSTALL THE EXPENSIVE CLEANING TECHNOLOGY 'ROWTH WILL
TO POLLUTE AND THE COST OF CLEANING UP THEIR INDUSTRY CONSEQUENTLY DECLINE AND WITH THAT DECLINE WILL COME A
DROP IN LIVING STANDARDS IN DEVELOPED COUNTRIES
3AMPLE -OTIONS
4HIS (OUSE WOULD BUY THE RIGHT TO POLLUTE
4HIS (OUSE SUPPORTS TRADABLE POLLUTION QUOTAS
4HIS (OUSE BELIEVES THAT +YOTO GOT IT RIGHT
7EB ,INKS
s 4HE #LEANER 'REENER 0ROGRAM %MISSIONS 4RADING HTTPWWWCLEANERANDGREENERORGENVIRONMENTINTRODUCTIONHTM
)NTRODUCTION TO EMISSIONS TRADING
s 'REENHOUSE 'AS %MISSIONS 4RADING !FTER +YOTO )NSIGHTS FROM 5.#4!$S 2ESEARCH $EVELOPMENT 0ROJECT HTTPWWW
ECOUNCILACCRRIOFOCUSREPORTENGLISHUNCTADHTM
%XAMINATION OF THE PRINCIPAL LEGAL INSTITUTIONAL AND ORGANIZATIONAL ISSUES INVOLVED IN AN INTERNATIONAL GREENHOUSE GAS TRADING
SYSTEM

&URTHER 2EADING
'RUBB -ICHAEL ET AL +YOTO 0ROTOCOL ! 'UIDE AND !SSESSMENT 2OYAL )NSTITUTE OF )NTERNATIONAL !FFAIRS
6ICTOR $AVID ' 4HE #OLLAPSE OF THE +YOTO 0ROTOCOL AND THE 3TRUGGLE TO 3LOW 'LOBAL 7ARMING 0RINCETON 5NIVERSITY 0RESS
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02/3 #/.3
4HE ONLY FUNCTION OF A GUN IS TO KILL 4HE MORE INSTRU 0ROHIBITION IS NOT THE ANSWER "ANNING GUNS WOULD NOT
MENTS OF DEATH AND INJURY WE REMOVE FROM OUR SOCIETY MAKE THEM DISAPPEAR OR MAKE THEM ANY LESS DANGEROUS
THE SAFER WE WILL BE #ITIZENS HAVE THE RIGHT TO OWN WEAPONS TO PROTECT THEM
SELVES THEIR FAMILIES AND THEIR PROPERTY -ANY PEOPLE
ALSO NEED GUNS FOR OTHER REASONS FARMERS FOR EXAMPLE
NEED THEM TO PROTECT THEIR STOCK AND CROPS
4HE LEGAL OWNERSHIP OF GUNS BY LAW ABIDING CITIZENS 'UNS DONT KILL PEOPLE PEOPLE KILL PEOPLE 2ESTRICTING
INEVITABLY LEADS TO MANY UNNECESSARY AND TRAGIC DEATHS GUN OWNERSHIP WILL DO NOTHING TO MAKE SOCIETY SAFER
,EGALLY HELD GUNS END UP IN THE HANDS OF CRIMINALS WHO -OST CRIMES INVOLVE ILLEGAL WEAPONS
WOULD HAVE GREATER DIFlCULTY IN OBTAINING WEAPONS IF
THEY WERE LESS PREVALENT 'UNS ALSO END UP IN THE HANDS
OF CHILDREN LEADING TO TRAGIC ACCIDENTS AND TERRIBLE DISAS
TERS LIKE THE #OLUMBINE MASSACRE
3HOOTING AS A SPORT DESENSITIZES PEOPLE TO THE LETHAL NATURE 3HOOTING IS A MAJOR SPORT ENJOYED BY MANY LAW ABID
OF ALL lREARMS CREATING A GUN CULTURE THAT GLAMORIZES AND ING PEOPLE 3PORTSMEN HAVE THE RIGHT TO CONTINUE THEIR
LEGITIMIZES UNNECESSARY GUN OWNERSHIP 4HE MINORITY CHOSEN LEISURE ACTIVITY 3PENDING ON GUNS AND ANCILLARY
WHO ENJOY BLOOD SPORTS SHOULD NOT BE ALLOWED TO BLOCK EQUIPMENT PUTS LARGE SUMS INTO THE ECONOMY (UNTERS
THE INTERESTS OF SOCIETY AS A WHOLE IN GUN CONTROL ALSO PUT FOOD ON THE TABLE
"URGLARY SHOULD NOT BE PUNISHED BY VIGILANTE KILLINGS ,AW ABIDING CITIZENS DESERVE THE RIGHT TO PROTECT THEIR
.O AMOUNT OF PROPERTY IS WORTH A HUMAN LIFE +EEPING FAMILIES IN THEIR OWN HOMES 7OULD BE RAPISTS AND ARMED
lREARMS IN THE HOME FOR PROTECTION LEADS TO ACCIDENTAL BURGLARS WILL THINK TWICE BEFORE ATTEMPTING TO BREAK INTO
DEATHS !ND PERVERSELY CRIMINALS MAY BE MORE LIKELY A HOUSE WHERE OWNERS MAY KEEP lREARMS
TO CARRY WEAPONS IF THEY THINK THEY ARE IN DANGER FROM
HOMEOWNERS
4HERE IS A CORRELATION BETWEEN THE LENIENCY OF A COUNTRYS ! COUNTRY IS MORE ABLE TO DEFEND ITSELF IF MANY OF ITS CITI
GUN LAWS AND ITS SUICIDE RATENOT BECAUSE GUN OWNERS ZENS ARE PROlCIENT WITH lREARMS 3OME COUNTRIES REQUIRE
ARE DEPRESSIVE BUT BECAUSE THE MEANS OF QUICK AND EFFEC ADULT CITIZENS TO MAINTAIN WEAPONS AND PERIODICALLY TRAIN
\
02/3 #/.3
TIVE SUICIDE IS AT HAND 4HE STATE SHOULD DISCOURAGE AND IN THEIR USE /F COURSE SUCH WIDESPREAD OWNERSHIP OF
RESTRICT THE OWNERSHIP OF SOMETHING THAT WASTES SO MANY WEAPONS IS ALSO A SAFEGUARD AGAINST DOMESTIC TYRANNY
LIVES
3AMPLE -OTIONS
4HIS (OUSE CALLS FOR STRICTER CONTROLS ON GUN OWNERSHIP
4HIS (OUSE BELIEVES THERE IS NO RIGHT TO BEAR ARMS
7EB ,INKS
s !MERICAN #IVIL ,IBERTIES 5NION !#,5 h'UN #ONTROLv HTTPWWWACLUORGLIBRARYAAGUNSHTML
!RTICLE EXPLAINING THE !#,5S STAND ON GUN CONTROL
s 'UIDE TO 'UN ,AWS 'UN #ONTROL AND 'UN 2IGHTS HTTPWWWJURISTLAWPITTEDUGUNLAWHTM
4HE SITE MAINTAINED BY THE ,EGAL %DUCATION .ETWORK OFFERS RESOURCES ON ALL SIDES OF THE GUN CONTROL DEBATE
s (ODGDON HTTPWWWHODGDONCOMLIBERTYGCNHTM
3ITE OUTLINES A CAMPAIGN FOR STRICTER GUN CONTROL IN THE 5NITED +INGDOM
s .ATIONAL 2ImE !SSOCIATION OF !MERICA HTTPWWWNRAORG
!MERICAS MOST POWERFUL PRO GUN LOBBY OFFERS INFORMATION ON CAMPAIGNS TO LIMIT GUN CONTROL
&URTHER 2EADING
"RUCE *OHN - AND #LYDE 7ILCOX EDS 4HE #HANGING 0OLITICS OF 'UN #ONTROL 2OWMAN AND ,ITTLElELD
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02/3 #/.3
4HE RIGHTS WE ENJOY COME WITH RESPONSIBILITIES -INORI &REE SPEECH IS ONE OF OUR BASIC RIGHTS AND SHOULD BE
TIES HAVE A RIGHT TO BE FREE FROM VERBAL ABUSE AND FEAR UPHELD AT ALL COSTS #OLLEGE ADMINISTRATIONS MAY ABUSE
)F SUCH RIGHTS ARE NOT INFORMALLY RESPECTED THE COLLEGE THESE SPEECH CODES USING THEM TO SILENCE THOSE WHOM
ADMINISTRATION HAS THE RIGHT AND OBLIGATION TO ADOPT THEY CONSIDER DISRUPTIVE 5PHOLDING THE RIGHT TO HATE
CODES PROHIBITING OFFENSIVE SPEECH SPEECH WILL PROTECT THE FREE SPEECH OF EVERYONE #OL
LEGES SHOULD OUTLAW HATE CRIMES NOT HATE SPEECH 7HILE
WE MAY ABHOR SUCH VIEWS IT WOULD BE WRONG TO CENSOR
THEM
4HE CONSTANT REPETITION OF HATE SPEECH PROMOTES OFFEN 3TEREOTYPING IS A RESULT OF THE UNDERREPRESENTATION OF
SIVE RACIAL STEREOTYPES )F CHILDREN AND YOUTHS GROW UP MINORITIES AMONG STUDENTS FACULTY AND ADMINISTRATORS
WITHOUT HEARING SUCH VIEWS THEY WILL MATURE WITHOUT ON MOST CAMPUSES 5NIVERSITY AUTHORITIES SHOULD RECRUIT
THE BIGOTED ATTITUDES ENGENDERED BY CONSTANTLY HEARING MORE MEMBERS OF THESE MINORITIES
HATE SPEECH
!DOPTING A SPEECH CODE SENDS A STRONG MESSAGE )T SHOWS #ODES CAN OFTEN LEAD TO RESENTMENT THAT CAN CAUSE A
MINORITIES THAT THE AUTHORITIES SUPPORT THEM AND THUS BACKLASH AGAINST MINORITIES

02/3 #/.3
WILL HELP IN MINORITY RECRUITMENT )T ALSO SHOWS BIGOTS
THAT THEIR VIEWS WILL NOT BE TOLERATED AND HELPS MARGINAL
IZE AND PUNISH THEM
-INORITY STUDENTS CANNOT LEARN IN AN ENVIRONMENT OF FEAR %NSURING FREEDOM OF SPEECH IS ESPECIALLY CRITICAL IN UNI
AND HATRED )F ALL STUDENTS ARE TO ACHIEVE THEIR POTENTIAL VERSITIES 4HE NEEDS OF EDUCATION ARE SERVED BEST IN AN
THEY MUST BE ALLOWED TO WORK WITHOUT HARASSMENT ENVIRONMENT IN WHICH FREE THOUGHT AND FREE EXPRESSION
ARE ACTIVELY ENCOURAGED
3AMPLE -OTIONS
4HIS (OUSE WOULD CENSOR HATE SPEECH ON CAMPUS
4HIS (OUSE MAY NOT AGREE WITH WHAT YOU SAY BUT WILL DEFEND TO THE DEATH YOUR RIGHT TO SAY IT
7EB ,INKS
s !MERICAN #IVIL ,IBERTIES 5NION !#,5 (ATE 3PEECH ON #AMPUS HTTPWWWACLUORGLIBRARYPBPHTML
3ECTION OF THE BROAD !#,5 7EB SITE EXPLAINING ITS STAND ON HATE SPEECH ON CAMPUS
&URTHER 2EADING
&ISS /WEN 4HE )RONY OF &REE 3PEECH (ARVARD 5NIVERSITY 0RESS
(EUMANN -ILTON 4HOMAS 7 #HURCH AND $AVID 0 2EDLAWSK (ATE 3PEECH /N #AMPUS #ASES #ASE 3TUDIES AND #OMMENTARY
.ORTHEASTERN 5NIVERSITY 0RESS
3HIELL 4IMOTHY #AMPUS (ATE 3PEECH /N 4RIAL 5NIVERSITY 0RESS OF +ANSAS
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02/3 #/.3
7ITH UNIVERSAL HEALTH CARE PEOPLE ARE ABLE TO SEEK PRE 5NIVERSAL HEALTH CARE WILL CAUSE PEOPLE TO USE THE HEALTH
VENTIVE TREATMENT &OR EXAMPLE IN A RECENT STUDY CARE SYSTEM MORE )F THEY ARE COVERED THEY WILL GO TO THE
OF WOMEN WITH HEALTH INSURANCE KNEW THEIR CHOLESTEROL DOCTOR WHEN THEY DO NOT REALLY NEED TO AND WILL BECOME
LEVEL WHILE ONLY OF UNINSURED WOMEN DID 5LTI HEAVIER USERS OF THE SYSTEM !S SEEN IN OTHER COUNTRIES
MATELY PEOPLE WHO DO NOT GET PREVENTIVE HEALTH CARE WILL THIS HEAVIER UTILIZATION RESULTS IN DELAYS AND ULTIMATELY
GET CARE ONLY WHEN THEIR DISEASES AND ILLNESSES ARE MORE THE RATIONING OF CARE
ADVANCED AND THEIR CARE WILL COST MORE
\
02/3 #/.3
(EALTH INSURANCE PREMIUMS ARE VERY HIGH %VEN -ANY PROGRAMS ARE ALREADY AVAILABLE WHERE PEOPLE CAN
EMPLOYER SUBSIDIZED PROGRAMS ARE EXPENSIVE FOR MANY GET CARE -ANY EMPLOYERS OFFER HEALTH INSURANCE PLANS
!MERICANS 4HESE PLANS OFTEN HAVE HIGH CO PAYMENTS (EALTH INSURANCE PLANS CAN BE PURCHASED BY INDIVIDU
OR DEDUCTIBLES &OR THOSE WITHOUT INSURANCE A RELATIVELY ALS WITH NO NEED TO RELY ON AN EMPLOYER ,OW INCOME
MINOR ILLNESS CAN BE lNANCIALLY RUINOUS )NCREMENTAL INDIVIDUALS QUALIFY FOR -EDICAID AND SENIORS QUALIFY FOR
PLANS LIKE THE ONES CURRENTLY IN EXISTENCE WHICH COVER -EDICARE %LIGIBLE CHILDREN BENElT FROM THE #HILDRENS
ONLY INDIVIDUALS WHO MEET CERTAIN AGE OR INCOME CRITERIA (EALTH )NSURANCE 0ROGRAM (EALTH INSURANCE IS A NECES
WILL NEVER PROVIDE TRUE UNIVERSAL COVERAGE %VEN THE #HIL SITY AND LIKE OTHER NECESSITIES PEOPLE MUST PAY FOR THEIR
DRENS (EALTH )NSURANCE 0ROGRAM WHICH WAS INTENDED TO FAIR SHARE AND NOT EXPECT THE GOVERNMENT TO PROVIDE FOR
EXTEND HEALTH INSURANCE BENElTS TO MORE CHILDREN HAS THEM
NOT BEEN ABLE TO MEET THE NEEDS OF OUR NATIONS CHILDREN
3INCE #()0 WAS ENACTED THE NUMBER OF UNINSURED CHIL
DREN HAS INCREASED
4HE CURRENT SYSTEM OF HEALTH MAINTENANCE ORGANIZATIONS 7ITH GOVERNMENT CONTROL OF HEALTH CARE CEILINGS ON COSTS
(-/S HAS DESTROYED THE DOCTOR PATIENT RELATIONSHIP WILL BE PLACED AND MANY DOCTORS WILL NOT BE REWARDED FOR
AND PATIENT CHOICE OF HEALTH CARE PROVIDERS 0ATIENTS lND THEIR LONG HOURS AND IMPORTANT ROLES IN OUR LIVES 4HE
THAT THEIR DOCTORS ARE NOT ON THEIR NEW PLAN AND ARE FORCED ROAD TO BECOMING A DOCTOR IS LONG AND HARD WITHOUT THE
TO LEAVE DOCTORS WITH WHOM THEY HAVE ESTABLISHED A TRUST MONETARY REWARDS IN PLACE GOOD PEOPLE WILL NOT ENTER
ING RELATIONSHIP !LSO PATIENTS MUST GET APPROVAL TO SEE THE lELD OF MEDICINE #URRENT DOCTORS MAY lND THAT THEY
SPECIALISTS AND THEN ARE PERMITTED TO SEE ONLY SELECTED DO NOT WANT TO CONTINUE THEIR CAREERS IN A GOVERNMENT
DOCTORS $OCTORS USUALLY CANT SPEND ENOUGH TIME WITH CONTROLLED MARKET 4HE !MERICAN -EDICAL !SSOCIATION
PATIENTS IN THE (-/ CONTROLLED ENVIRONMENT 0ATIENTS DOES NOT ENDORSE A GOVERNMENT CONTROLLED SINGLE PAYER
WOULD HAVE MANY MORE CHOICES IN A UNIVERSAL HEALTH CARE UNIVERSAL HEALTH CARE SYSTEM
SYSTEM 4HE (-/S THAT PUT PROlTS BEFORE PEOPLE WOULD
BECOME OBSOLETE
4HE 5NITED 3TATES AS A WHOLE SPENDS OF '$0 ON 4HE 53 GOVERNMENT CANNOT AFFORD TO FUND UNIVERSAL
HEALTH CARE 4HIS INCLUDES THE AMOUNT SPENT BY THE FED HEALTH CARE /THER UNIVERSAL SOCIAL WELFARE POLICIES LIKE
ERAL GOVERNMENT STATE GOVERNMENTS INSURANCE COMPA 3OCIAL 3ECURITY AND -EDICARE HAVE ENCOUNTERED MAJOR
NIES AND PRIVATE CITIZENS -ANY STUDIES HAVE SHOWN THAT PROBLEMS WITH FUNDING 7E SHOULD NOT ADD ANOTHER
A SINGLE PAYER SYSTEM WOULD CUT COSTS ENOUGH TO ENABLE HUGE GOVERNMENT FUNDED SOCIAL PROGRAM 4HE NATIONS
EVERYONE IN THE 5NITED 3TATES TO HAVE ACCESS TO HEALTH THAT PROVIDE UNIVERSAL HEALTH CARE COVERAGE SPEND A SUB
CARE WITHOUT THE NATION SPENDING ANY MORE THAN CUR STANTIAL AMOUNT OF THEIR '$0 ON THE SERVICE
RENTLY -EDICARE A GOVERNMENT ADMINISTERED HEALTH CARE
PROGRAM HAS ADMINISTRATIVE COSTS OF LESS THAN OF ITS
TOTAL BUDGET
)N THE CURRENT SYSTEM THE EMPLOYEE AND THE EMPLOYEES 4HE CURRENT SYSTEM OF OFFERING GROUP INSURANCE THROUGH
FAMILY OFTEN DEPEND ON THE EMPLOYER FOR AFFORDABLE EMPLOYERS COVERS MANY !MERICANS WITH GOOD QUALITY
HEALTH INSURANCE )F THE EMPLOYEE LOSES HIS OR HER JOB HEALTH INSURANCE 4HE GROUP PLAN CONCEPT ENABLES INSUR
THE COST TO GET NEW HEALTH INSURANCE CAN BE HIGH AND ANCE COMPANIES TO INSURE PEOPLE WHO ARE HIGH RISK AND
IS OFTEN UNAFFORDABLE %VEN WITH THE CURRENT FEDERAL LOW RISK BY MIXING THEM INTO THE SAME POOL 4HE ISSUES
LAWS RELATED TO TRANSPORTABILITY OF HEALTH INSURANCE THE OF TRANSPORTABILITY OF COVERAGE ARE COVERED BY FEDERAL
COSTS TO THE EMPLOYEE ARE TOO HIGH 7ITH A SINGLE PAYER LAWS THAT MANDATE THAT EMPLOYERS MUST CONTINUE TO OFFER
UNIVERSAL HEALTH CARE SYSTEM HEALTH INSURANCE WOULD NO HEALTH INSURANCE TO QUALIlED EMPLOYEES FOR AT LEAST
LONGER BE TIED TO THE EMPLOYER AND EMPLOYEES WOULD NOT MONTHS AFTER THE EMPLOYEE LEAVES THE COMPANY 4HESE
HAVE TO CONSIDER HEALTH INSURANCE AS A REASON TO STAY WITH LAWS GIVE EMPLOYEES TIME TO lND NEW INSURANCE OR TO
A GIVEN EMPLOYER lND A NEW JOB IF THEY LEAVE OR LOSE THEIR JOB 4HESE LAWS
MANDATE THAT FORMER EMPLOYEES WILL NOT HAVE TO PAY SUB

02/3 #/.3
STANTIALLY MORE FOR HEALTH INSURANCE THAN EMPLOYEES WHO
CONTINUE EMPLOYMENT
5NIVERSAL HEALTH CARE WOULD REDUCE THE BURDEN ON HUMAN (UMAN RESOURCES PROFESSIONALS WILL STILL BE NEEDED TO
RESOURCES PERSONNEL IN COMPANIES #URRENTLY THEY MUST COMPLY WITH THE MANY OTHER PERSONNEL REGULATIONS MAN
COMPLY WITH MANY FEDERAL LAWS RELATED TO PROVISION OF DATED BY THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT )NSTEAD OF EMPLOY
HEALTH INSURANCE 7ITH A SINGLE PAYER SYSTEM THESE REG EES BEING ABLE TO EXERCISE CONTROL OVER THEIR HEALTH CARE
ULATIONS WOULD NOT APPLY AND THE COSTS OF COMPLIANCE CHOICES AND WORK WITH PEOPLE IN THEIR COMPANY PATIENTS
WOULD BE ELIMINATED WILL BE FORCED TO DEAL WITH THE NAMELESS FACELESS MEM
BERS OF THE GOVERNMENT BUREAUCRACY
3AMPLE -OTIONS
4HIS (OUSE WOULD ADOPT A UNIVERSAL HEALTH CARE SYSTEM
4HIS (OUSE BELIEVES THAT UNIVERSAL HEALTH CARE IS MORE IMPORTANT THAN lNANCIAL CONCERNS
4HIS (OUSE BELIEVES THAT IT IS IMMORAL THAT 53 CITIZENS DO NOT HAVE EQUAL ACCESS TO HEALTH CARE
7EB ,INKS
s !MERICAN -EDICAL !SSOCIATION HTTPWWWAMA ASSNORG
4HE !MERICAN -EDICAL !SSOCIATION !-! WAS FOUNDED MORE THAN YEARS AGO TO ADVOCATE FOR PHYSICIANS 4HE !-! CONTRIB
UTES TO POLICY MAKING THROUGH LOBBYING AND BY PROVIDING INFORMATION TO POLICY MAKERS AND THE PUBLIC 4HIS SITE HAS A SEARCH FEA
TURE THAT CAN BE USED TO lND INFORMATION ON THE !-!S POSITION ON UNIVERSAL HEALTH CARE
s +AISER &AMILY &OUNDATION #OMMISSION ON -EDICAID AND THE 5NINSURED HTTPWWWKFFORGDOCSLINKS
4HIS SITE OFFERS MANY ARTICLES WITH VARIED PERSPECTIVES ON THE ISSUE OF HEALTH INSURANCE AND THE UNINSURED 4HE FOUNDATION IS AN
INDEPENDENT VOICE AND SOURCE OF FACTS AND ANALYSIS FOR POLICY MAKERS THE MEDIA THE HEALTH CARE COMMUNITY AND THE GENERAL
PUBLIC
s 4HE #AMPAIGN HTTPWWWPERCENTCAMPAIGNORG
4HIS SITE IS FOR THE #AMPAIGN IN #ALIFORNIA 4HE GOAL OF THE CAMPAIGN IS TO HAVE OF THE STATES CHILDREN ENROLLED IN
SOME TYPE OF HEALTH COVERAGE )T OFFERS INFORMATION ABOUT WHY HEALTH INSURANCE IS SO IMPORTANT FOR CHILDREN
&URTHER 2EADING
!NDERS 'EORGE (EALTH !GAINST 7EALTH (-/S AND THE "REAKDOWN OF -EDICAL 4RUST (OUGHTON -IFmIN
#HURCHILL ,ARRY 2 3ELF )NTEREST AND 5NIVERSAL (EALTH #ARE 7HY 7ELL )NSURED !MERICANS 3HOULD 3UPPORT #OVERAGE FOR %VERYONE (AR
VARD 5NIVERSITY 0RESS
7OOLHANDLER 3TEFlE AND $AVID (IMMELSTEIN -$ "LEEDING THE 0ATIENT 4HE #ONSEQUENCES OF #ORPORATE (EALTHCARE #OMMON #OUR
AGE 0RESS
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02/3 #/.3
4HE TECHNOLOGY IS UNSAFE 4HE NUCLEAR TRANSFER TECHNIQUE #LONING IS NO DIFFERENT FROM ANY OTHER NEW MEDICAL
THAT PRODUCED $OLLY REQUIRED EMBRYOS FROM WHICH TECHNOLOGY 2ESEARCH IS REQUIRED ON EMBRYOS TO QUANTIFY
ONLY ONE HEALTHY AND VIABLE SHEEP WAS PRODUCED 4HE AND REDUCE THE RISK OF THE PROCEDURES
OTHER FETUSES WERE HIDEOUSLY DEFORMED AND EITHER DIED
OR WERE ABORTED -OREOVER WE DO NOT KNOW THE LONG
TERM CONSEQUENCES OF CLONING
#LONING IS PLAYING 'OD )T IS NOT MERELY INTERVENTION IN 4HIS ARGUMENT ASSUMES THAT WE KNOW 'ODS INTENTIONS
THE BODYS NATURAL PROCESSES BUT THE CREATION OF A NEW -OREOVER EVERY TIME A DOCTOR PERFORMS LIFESAVING SUR
AND WHOLLY UNNATURAL PROCESS OF ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION GERY OR ADMINISTERS DRUGS HE IS CHANGING THE DESTINY OF
0HILOSOPHERS AND CLERICS OF MANY FAITHS OPPOSE HUMAN THE PATIENT AND COULD BE SEEN AS USURPING THE ROLE OF
CLONING 4HEY CAUTION THAT THE FAILURE TO PRODUCE SCIEN 'OD &URTHERMORE WE SHOULD BE VERY WARY OF BANNING
TIlC REASONS AGAINST THE TECHNOLOGY DOES NOT MEAN WE SOMETHING WITHOUT BEING ABLE TO SAY WHY IT IS WRONG
SHOULD DENY OUR STRONG INSTINCTIVE REVULSION
2EPRODUCTIVE CLONING INJURES THE FAMILY 3INGLE PEOPLE 4HIS ARGUMENT IS WHOLLY UNSUITED TO THE MODERN AGE
WILL BE ABLE TO PRODUCE OFFSPRING WITHOUT A PARTNER /NCE 3OCIETY FREELY ALLOWS SINGLE PEOPLE TO REPRODUCE SEXU
BORN THE CHILD WILL BE DENIED THE LOVE OF ONE PARENT ALLY %XISTING PRACTICES SUCH AS SPERM DONATION ALLOW
MOST PROBABLY THE FATHER 3EVERAL THEOLOGIANS HAVE RECOG PROCREATION WITHOUT KNOWLEDGE OF THE IDENTITY OF THE
NIZED THAT A CHILD IS A SYMBOLIC EXPRESSION OF THE MUTUAL FATHER 3URELY A MOTHER WOULD PREFER TO KNOW THE GENETIC
LOVE OF ITS PARENTS AND THEIR HOPE FOR THE FUTURE 4HIS SIGN HERITAGE OF HER CHILD RATHER THAN ACCEPT SPERM FROM AN
OF LOVE IS LOST WHEN A CHILDS LIFE BEGINS IN A LABORATORY UNKNOWN AND RANDOM DONOR )T MIGHT BE BETTER FOR THE
CHILD TO BE BORN INTO A HAPPY RELATIONSHIP BUT THE HIGH
RATES OF SINGLE PARENTHOOD AND DIVORCE SUGGEST THAT THIS
IS NOT ALWAYS POSSIBLE
-ANY CHURCHES AND SECULAR ORGANIZATIONS INCLUDING 7HEN PEOPLE RESORT TO TALKING IN EMPTY ABSTRACT TERMS
7(/ VIEW REPRODUCTIVE CLONING AS CONTRARY TO HUMAN ABOUT hHUMAN DIGNITYv YOU CAN BE SURE THAT THEY HAVE NO
DIGNITY EVIDENCE OR ARGUMENTS TO BACK UP THEIR POSITION 7HY IS
SEXUAL INTERCOURSE TO BE CONSIDERED ANY MORE DIGNIlED
THAN A REASONED DECISION BY AN ADULT TO USE MODERN SCI
ENCE TO HAVE A CHILD
#LONING WILL LEAD TO EUGENICS 7HEN PEOPLE ARE ABLE TO %UGENICS IS MUCH MORE LIKELY TO ARISE WITH DEVELOP
CLONE THEMSELVES THEY WILL BE ABLE TO CHOOSE THE KIND OF MENTS IN GENE THERAPY AND GENETIC TESTING AND SCREENING
PERSON TO BE BORN 4HIS SEEMS UNCOMFORTABLY CLOSE TO THAN IN HUMAN CLONING #LONES PEOPLE WITH IDENTICAL
THE .AZI CONCEPT OF BREEDING A RACE OF !RYAN SUPERHU GENES WOULD BY NO MEANS BE IDENTICAL IN EVERY RESPECT
MANS WHILE ELIMINATING THOSE INDIVIDUALS WHOSE CHARAC 9OU NEED ONLY TO LOOK AT IDENTICAL TWINS WHO SHARE THE
TERISTICS THEY CONSIDERED UNDESIRABLE SAME GENES TO SEE HOW WRONG THAT ASSUMPTION IS AND
HOW DIFFERENT THE PERSONALITIES PREFERENCES AND SKILLS OF
PEOPLE WITH IDENTICAL GENES CAN BE

02/3 #/.3
#LONING WILL LEAD TO A DIMINISHED SENSE OF IDENTITY AND #HILDREN PRODUCED BY REPRODUCTIVE CLONING WILL NOT BE
INDIVIDUALITY FOR THE RESULTANT CHILD )NSTEAD OF BEING COPIES OF THEIR PARENTS $IFFERENT ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS
CONSIDERED AS A UNIQUE INDIVIDUAL THE CHILD WILL BE AN WILL MEAN THAT CHILDREN WILL NOT BE EMOTIONALLY OR MEN
EXACT COPY OF HIS PARENT AND WILL BE EXPECTED TO SHARE THE TALLY IDENTICAL TO THE PEOPLE FROM WHOM THEY ARE CLONED
SAME TRAITS AND INTERESTS (IS LIFE WILL NO LONGER BE HIS 9OU WOULD HAVE TO APPLY THE SAME OBJECTION TO IDENTICAL
OWN 4HIS IS AN UNACCEPTABLE INFRINGEMENT OF THE LIBERTY TWINS ! SMALL PROPORTION OF IDENTICAL TWINS DO INDEED
AND AUTONOMY THAT WE GRANT TO EVERY HUMAN PERSON 4HE SUFFER FROM PSYCHOLOGICAL PROBLEMS RELATED TO FEELINGS OF
CONFUSION OF THE OFFSPRING IS LIKELY TO BE COMPOUNDED BY A LACK OF INDIVIDUALITY (OWEVER CLONED CHILDREN WOULD
THE FACT THAT THE hPARENTv FROM WHOM HE IS CLONED WILL BE IN A BETTER POSITION THAN TRADITIONAL TWINS BECAUSE
BE GENETICALLY HIS TWIN BROTHER 4HERE IS NO WAY OF KNOW THEY WILL BE MANY YEARS YOUNGER THAN THEIR GENETIC TWINS
ING HOW CHILDREN WILL REACT TO HAVING SUCH A CONFUSED WHO ARE OF COURSE THEIR PARENTS 4HEREFORE THEY WILL NOT
GENETIC HERITAGE SUFFER FROM COMPARISONS TO A PHYSICALLY IDENTICAL INDI
VIDUAL
#LONING WILL LEAD TO A LACK OF DIVERSITY IN THE HUMAN !NY REDUCTION IN THE DIVERSITY OF THE HUMAN GENE POOL
POPULATION 4HE NATURAL PROCESS OF EVOLUTION WILL BE WILL BE SO LIMITED AS TO BE VIRTUALLY NONEXISTENT 4HE
HALTED AND HUMANKIND WILL BE DENIED DEVELOPMENT EXPENSE AND TIME NECESSARY FOR SUCCESSFUL HUMAN CLON
ING MEAN THAT ONLY A SMALL MINORITY WILL EMPLOY THE
TECHNOLOGY 4HE PLEASURE OF PROCREATION THROUGH SEXUAL
INTERCOURSE SUGGESTS THAT WHOLE POPULATIONS WILL CHOOSE
WHATS hNATURALv RATHER THAN REPRODUCE ASEXUALLY THROUGH
CLONING
(UMAN REPRODUCTIVE CLONING IS UNNECESSARY 4HE DEVEL 4HE DESIRE TO HAVE ONES OWN CHILD AND TO NURTURE IT
OPMENT OF IN VITRO FERTILIZATION AND THE PRACTICE OF SPERM IS WHOLLY NATURAL 4HE LONGING FOR A GENETICALLY RELATED
DONATION ALLOW HETEROSEXUAL COUPLES TO REPRODUCE WHERE CHILD EXISTED LONG BEFORE MODERN REPRODUCTIVE TECHNOL
ONE PARTNER IS STERILE )N ADDITION POTENTIAL PARENTS OGY AND BIOTECHNOLOGY BUT ONLY RECENTLY HAS MEDICINE
MIGHT BETTER GIVE THEIR LOVE TO EXISTING BABIES RATHER THAN BEEN ABLE TO SOMETIMES SATISFY THAT LONGING
ATTEMPT TO BRING THEIR OWN OFFSPRING INTO AN ALREADY
CROWDED WORLD
#LONING TREATS CHILDREN AS COMMODITIES )NDIVIDUALS WILL 4HE EFFORT REQUIRED TO CLONE A HUMAN SUGGESTS THAT THE
BE ABLE TO HAVE A CHILD WITH DESIRED CHARACTERISTICS AS A CHILD WILL BE HIGHLY VALUED BY ITS PARENT OR PARENTS
SYMBOL OF STATUS RATHER THAN BECAUSE THEY DESIRE TO CON &URTHERMORE WE SHOULD NOT PRETEND THAT EVERY CHILD
CEIVE LOVE AND RAISE ANOTHER HUMAN BEING CONCEIVED BY SEXUAL PROCREATION IS BORN TO WHOLLY WELL
INTENTIONED PARENTS
3AMPLE -OTIONS
4HIS (OUSE WOULD BAN HUMAN CLONING
4HIS (OUSE WOULD NOT MAKE A MINI ME
4HIS (OUSE WOULD NOT REPRODUCE ITSELF
7EB ,INKS
s !MERICAN ,IFE ,EAGUE HTTPWWWALLORG
0RO LIFE ORGANIZATION OFFERS INFORMATION ON A VARIETY OF REPRODUCTIVE TOPICS
s 4HE %THICS OF 2EPRODUCTIVE AND 4HERAPEUTIC #LONING HTTPWWWWITSACZABIOETHICSGENETHICSHTM
!CADEMIC ARTICLE ARGUING THAT THERE IS NO ETHICAL REASON TO PREVENT RESEARCH IN REPRODUCTIVE CLONING
s (UMAN #LONING &OUNDATION HTTPWWWHUMANCLONINGORG
/FFERS RESOURCES BOOKS AND ESSAYS IN SUPPORT OF HUMAN CLONING
\
&URTHER 2EADING
"URLEY *USTINE ED 4HE 'ENETIC 2EVOLUTION AND (UMAN 2IGHTS /XFORD 5NIVERSITY 0RESS
(ARRIS *OHN #LONES 'ENES AND )MMORTALITY %THICS AND THE 'ENETIC 2EVOLUTION /XFORD 5NIVERSITY 0RESS
.USSBAUM -ARTHA AND #ASS 3UNSTEIN #LONES AND #LONES &ACTS AND &ANTASIES ABOUT (UMAN #LONING .ORTON
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02/3 #/.3
4HE SERIOUSLY ILL ARE ENTITLED TO SPEND THEIR MONEY ON ! SINGLE KIDNEY HAS A BLACK MARKET PRICE OF
SAVING THEIR LIVES )T IS PREFERABLE THAT SOME INDIVIDU #ONSEQUENTLY THE SALE OF ORGANS WILL HIGHLIGHT AND SUP
ALS RECEIVE ORGANS AND SURVIVE THAN THAT THEY DIE 4HE PORT THE MOST EGREGIOUS DISCRIMINATION BETWEEN RICH AND
WEALTHY WILL NOT BE THE SOLE BENElCIARIES OF A POLICY OF POOR 4HOSE WHO CANNOT AFFORD TO PURCHASE AN ORGAN WILL
ORGAN PURCHASE &OR EACH SUCCESSFUL KIDNEY TRANSPLANT HAVE NO OPPORTUNITY TO RECEIVE ONE 7HAT FAMILY IF PRE
OPERATION VALUABLE HOURS ON A DIALYSIS MACHINE WILL PARED TO DONATE THE ORGANS OF A RELATIVE WOULD DECIDE
OPEN UP 4HE EXPENSE OF PALLIATIVE CARE FOR INDIVIDUALS TO DECLINE A PAYMENT OF TENS OF THOUSANDS OF DOLLARS
REQUIRING A TRANSPLANT WILL BE ELIMINATED $ONATED ORGANS WILL DISAPPEAR 4HE POOR WILL DIE AND
ONLY THE RICH WILL SURVIVE
4HE DONOR OF AN ORGAN OR HIS FAMILY WILL BENElT CONSID 4HE BLACK MARKET WORKS IN ONE DIRECTIONFROM THE
ERABLY FROM THE SALE "OTH A KIDNEY AND A PIECE OF LIVER CAN 4HIRD 7ORLD TO THE &IRST 4HE RELATIVE ABSENCE OF REGULA
BE REMOVED WITHOUT SIGNIlCANT HARM TO THE INDIVIDUAL TION AND THE COMPARATIVE VALUE OF THE REWARDS MEAN THAT
!NY ASSERTION THAT AN INDIVIDUAL CANNOT MAKE A REASONED HEALTHY INDIVIDUALS IN !SIA AND !FRICA FALL VICTIM TO SCAV
DECISION TO DONATE OR SELL THESE ORGANS IS PATRONIZING ENGING ORGAN MERCHANTS 4HE lNANCIAL REWARDS MAKE THE
4HE FAMILY OF A RECENTLY DECEASED INDIVIDUAL ALSO OUGHT DECISION TO SELL AN ORGAN ONE OF COMPULSION RATHER THAN
TO BE ABLE TO SAVE THE LIFE OF ANOTHER AND SIMULTANEOUSLY CONSENT 7HERE COLONIALISTS RAPED THE LAND THE NEOCOLO
RECEIVE REMUNERATION NIALIST SURGEON STEALS FROM BODIES
,EGALIZING ORGAN SALES WILL ELIMINATE THE CORRUPTION THAT 4HE SALE OF ORGANS WILL LEAD TO APPALLING HUMAN RIGHTS
HAS LED TO REPORTED EXECUTIONS AND SUBSEQUENT hTHEFTSv OF VIOLATIONS #HINESE JUDICIAL OFlCIALS ARE REPORTED TO EXE
ORGANS ! SUCCESSFUL TRANSPLANT OPERATION IS DEPENDENT CUTE PRISONERS FOR THEIR BODY PARTS 4HE LAWFUL SALE OF
UPON MEDICAL KNOWLEDGE OF THE DONOR 4HE BLACK MARKET ORGANS WOULD LEGITIMIZE HUMAN SACRIlCE
CANNOT BE REGULATED BUT ITS PURPOSE WOULD BE DEFEATED
ONCE ORGAN SALES BECAME LAWFUL

02/3 #/.3
4HE TRANSPLANT SURGEON THE NURSING STAFF AND EVEN THE 0UTTING A PRICE ON THE HUMAN BODY INVITES ONLY EXPLOITA
PHARMACEUTICAL COMPANIES PRODUCING THE ANTI REJECTION TION BY THE UNSCRUPULOUS
DRUGS RECEIVE PAYMENT FOR EACH OPERATION PERFORMED
7HY SHOULD THE DONOR OF THE ORGANS ARGUABLY THE MOST
IMPORTANT ACTOR IN ANY TRANSPLANT NOT ALSO RECEIVE REMU
NERATION 7HAT IS REMARKABLE IS THAT A LIFESAVING TREAT
MENT SHOULD APPARENTLY HAVE NO lNANCIAL VALUE
3AMPLE -OTIONS
4HIS (OUSE WOULD LEGALIZE THE SALE OF ORGANS
4HIS (OUSE WOULD HAVE A HEARTWITH A PRICE TAG
4HIS (OUSE WOULD BUY BODY PARTS
7EB ,INKS
s -ORE &ACTS ABOUT /RGAN $ONATION AND 4RANSPLANTATION
HTTPWWWINILCOMUSERSPAULH&!#43(4-
! USEFUL FACT SHEET WITH STATISTICS ON ORGAN DONATION AND TRANSPLANTATION
s 4HE ,IVING "ANK HTTPWWWLIVINGBANKORGMAINHTML
3ITE MAINTAINED BY THE LARGEST DONOR EDUCATION ORGANIZATION IN THE 5NITED 3TATES IT OFFERS INFORMATION DESIGNED TO ENCOURAGE
ORGAN DONATION
s /RGAN $ONATION HTTPWWWORGANDONORGOV
0ROVIDES INFORMATION AND RESOURCES ON ORGAN DONATION AND TRANSPLANT ISSUES AND PROMOTES ORGAN AND TISSUE DONATION AWARENESS
s 5NITED .ETWORK FOR /RGAN 3HARING HTTPWWWUNOSORG
4HE 7EB SITE OF THE ORGANIZATION THAT MAINTAINS THE 53 ORGAN TRANSPLANT WAITING LIST IT PROVIDES A WIDE VARIETY OF RESOURCES ON
TRANSPLANTATION AND TRANSPLANTATION ISSUES INCLUDING BIOETHICAL CONCERNS
&URTHER 2EADING
#HABOT ,ONG ,YNN ! 'IFT OF ,IFE ! 0AGE &ROM THE ,IFE OF A ,IVING /RGAN $ONOR *E ,YNN 0UBLICATIONS
'REEN 2EG 4HE .ICHOLAS %FFECT ! "OYS 'IFT TO THE 7ORLD /2EILLY AND !SSOCIATES
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02/3 #/.3
"Y THEIR NATURE AND BIRTH HUMAN BEINGS POSSESS CERTAIN $O ANIMALS HAVE THE SAME INALIENABLE RIGHTS BY VIRTUE
INALIENABLE RIGHTS !S !RTICLE ) OF THE 5$(2 STATES h!LL OF THEIR NATURE AND BIRTH )SNT THIS CLAIM A BIT ARBITRARY
HUMAN BEINGS ARE BORN FREE AND EQUAL IN DIGNITY AND 7HY SHOULD EVERYONE HAVE A hRIGHTv JUST BECAUSE THEY
RIGHTSv ARE BORN
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02/3 #/.3
4HE SIMPLE SHARING OF A COMMON HUMANITY ESTABLISHES 4HIS ARGUMENT IS ARBITRARY AND NEBULOUS )T BASES FUNDA
HUMAN RIGHTS 7E EXTRAPOLATE FROM THIS HUMANITY THE MENTAL HUMAN RIGHTS ON EXTRAPOLATING FROM hFEELINGSv
NORMS THAT SECURE THE BASIC DIGNITY WITH WHICH WE ALL (OW ACCURATE CAN THIS BE &URTHERMORE ISNT THIS JUST A
WANT TO LIVE WISH LIST OF WAYS WE WANT TO BE TREATED ! DESIRE TO BE
TREATED IN A CERTAIN WAY DOESNT GIVE ONE THE RIGHT TO BE
SO TREATED
$ESIRES ARE NOT WHAT GROUNDS HUMAN RIGHTS 7HAT )F HUMAN RIGHTS ARE REQUIREMENTS OF REASON THEN WHY DO
HUMAN RIGHTS ARE BASED ON IS THE UNIVERSAL NEED FOR BASIC WE SEE SO MUCH AMBIGUITY AND CONFUSION OVER WHAT THEY
SECURITY IN OUR BODIES OUR POSSESSIONS AND OUR RELATION ARE 4HERE IS HUGE DEBATE OVER WHAT RIGHTS WE HAVE AND
SHIPS WITHIN SOCIETY 4HIS SECURITY ISNT JUST DESIRABLE IT MANY PEOPLE CANNOT AGREE THAT WE HAVE BASIC ECONOMIC
IS VITAL (UMAN RIGHTS ARE THOSE THINGS THAT RATIONALLY OR DEVELOPMENT RIGHTS 4HIS SEEMS ODD IF HUMAN RIGHTS
ASSURE THESE VITAL REQUIREMENTS 4HOMAS (OBBES RECOG ARE RATIONAL REQUIREMENTS THAT ARE VITAL TO LIFE
NIZED THAT ALL PEOPLE BENElT FROM THIS SECURITY BECAUSE
HUMAN BEINGS ARE EQUAL IN THEIR CAPACITY TO HARM ONE
ANOTHER
/UR UNDERSTANDING OF HUMAN RIGHTS HAS EVOLVED OVER 4HIS IS A VERY SUBVERSIVE TRAIL TO START DOWN 4HESE
SEVERAL HUNDRED YEARS 4HE RIGHTS CONTEMPORARY 7EST hREQUIREMENTS OF REASONv ARE BOTH SUBJECTIVE AND DEPEN
ERN SOCIETIES CONSIDER BASIC ARE MORE EXTENSIVE THAN THOSE DENT ON SPECIlC CIRCUMSTANCES $OES THAT MEAN THAT
FOUND IN PAST SOCIETIES BECAUSE THESE 7ESTERN SOCIETIES HUMANS REALLY DONT HAVE INALIENABLE RIGHTS BUT INSTEAD
HAVE A HIGHER STANDARD OF LIVING 0EOPLE OFTEN MUST EXPE TRANSFORM ACCEPTED STANDARDS OF LIVING INTO ACTUAL RIGHTS
RIENCE THE LACK OF SOMETHING TO APPRECIATE HOW VITAL IT )N THAT CASE TWO CULTURES COULD HAVE RADICALLY DIFFERENT
ISTHIS IS TRUE OF HUMAN RIGHTS BUT VALID INTERPRETATIONS OF A SPECIlC HUMAN RIGHT #AN
THIS BE A SATISFACTORY BASIS FOR CONCRETE AND ACTUAL RIGHTS
(UMAN RIGHTS ARE NOT MEANT TO BE SUBJECT TO ARTIlCIAL 4HIS ALL SUGGESTS THAT HUMAN RIGHTS CAN BE EXTREMELY
ACADEMIC ANALYSIS 4HEY ARE PRACTICAL GUIDES TO LIFE USEFUL (OWEVER SOMETHING CAN BE USEFUL INDEED NEC
STANDARDS OF HOW WE SHOULD BE ABLE TO LIVE 4HEY ARE AN ESSARY WITHOUT IT BEING YOUR RIGHT .ONE OF THESE ARGU
OBJECTIVE STANDARD THAT PEOPLE CAN USE WHEN CALLING ON MENTS ESTABLISHES THAT HUMAN BEINGS HAVE INHERENT
THEIR GOVERNMENTS FOR JUSTICE hRIGHTSv
3AMPLE -OTIONS
4HIS (OUSE BELIEVES IN FUNDAMENTAL HUMAN RIGHTS
4HIS (OUSE BELIEVES RIGHTS ARE RIGHT
7EB ,INKS
s !MNESTY )NTERNATIONAL HTTPWWWAMNESTYORG
0ROVIDES INFORMATION ON CONTEMPORARY HUMAN RIGHTS ISSUES
s (UMAN 2IGHTS 7EB HTTPWWWHRWEBORG
'ENERAL SITE OFFERING AN INTRODUCTION TO HUMAN RIGHTS BIOGRAPHIES OF INDIVIDUALS IMPORTANT IN THE HUMAN RIGHTS MOVEMENT DOCU
MENTS RELATING TO HUMAN RIGHTS AND LINKS TO OTHER RESOURCES
s 5NIVERSAL $ECLARATION OF (UMAN 2IGHTS HTTPWWWUNORG/VERVIEWRIGHTSHTML
4EXT OF THE DOCUMENT
s 5NIVERSITY OF -INNESOTA (UMAN 2IGHTS ,IBRARY HTTPWWWUMNEDUHUMANRTS
3ITE PROVIDES LINKS TO OVER DOCUMENTS ON HUMAN RIGHTS
&URTHER 2EADING
0AINE 4OM #OMMON 3ENSE THE 2IGHTS OF -AN AND /THER %SSENTIAL 7RITINGS OF 4HOMAS 0AINE .EW !MERICAN ,IBRARY
3AVIC /BRAD 4HE 0OLITICS OF (UMAN 2IGHTS 6ERSO

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02/3 #/.3
!S GOOD INTERNATIONAL 3AMARITANS WE MUST INTERVENE TO 5SING FORCE TO UPHOLD HUMAN RIGHTS IS HYPOCRITICAL
HALT HUMAN RIGHTS VIOLATIONS 4HE 'ENOCIDE #ON &ORCE INEVITABLY INVOLVES INFRINGING ONE RIGHT TO LIFE OR
VENTION CALLS ON COUNTRIES TO hUNDERTAKE TO PREVENT AND PROPERTY FOR THE SAKE OF ANOTHER &OR EXAMPLE )NDONE
TO PUNISHv GENOCIDE SIAN INTERVENTION IN %AST 4IMOR INVOLVED THE IMPOSITION
OF MARTIAL LAW !MNESTY )NTERNATIONAL DESCRIBED THIS AS
hCOMPLAINT AND CUREv BEING THE SAME
"ECAUSE ALL PEOPLE HAVE THE SAME RIGHTS COUNTRIES 7E CANNOT ASSUME THAT 7ESTERN IDEAS OF HUMAN RIGHTS
WITH THE BEST HUMAN RIGHTS RECORDS HAVE THE AUTHORITY EXTEND THROUGHOUT THE WORLD "UDDHISM FOR EXAMPLE
TO IMPOSE THEIR STANDARDS ON OTHER NATIONS #ERTAINLY PLACES MORE EMPHASIS ON hHUMAN NATUREv AND ON THE
WHEN ONE COUNTRY PERCEIVES A BREACH OF HUMAN RIGHTS AS EFFECTS OF INDIVIDUALS ACTIONS THAN UPON hRIGHTSv )N ANY
IT UNDERSTANDS THEM IT MUST USE FORCE TO UPHOLD THESE CASE WHICH COUNTRY HAS THE BEST HUMAN RIGHTS RECORD
RIGHTS 4HE 5NITED 3TATES OFTEN TAKES THE INITIATIVE IN LAUNCHING
INTERVENTION BUT MANY NATIONS SEE ITS USE OF THE DEATH
PENALTY AS A HUMAN RIGHTS VIOLATION
#AREFUL PLANNING CAN MINIMIZE THE MILITARY VIOLATION OF 4HIS IS TOTALLY IMPOSSIBLE $ESPITE TREMENDOUS INCREASES
HUMAN RIGHTS )T IS POSSIBLE TO HIT MILITARY BASES RUN IN THE ACCURACY OF WEAPONS OVER THE PAST DECADE THE
WAYS BRIDGES AND SO ON WITHOUT KILLING A SINGLE CIVILIAN 53 STILL HIT CIVILIANS WHEN BOMBING )RAQ 4HE ONLY SAFE
OR DESTROYING ANYONES PERSONAL PROPERTY ANSWER IS NOT TO BOMB
&ORCE NEED NOT MEAN hVIOLENCEv 4HROUGHOUT ITS HISTORY 4HE INTERNATIONAL COMMUNITY DEPLOYS PEACEKEEPING
THE 5NITED .ATIONS HAS DEPLOYED PEACEKEEPING MISSIONS FORCES ONLY IN THE AFTERMATH OF VIOLENCE %VEN PEACEKEEP
TO STOP VIOLENCE AND PROTECT HUMAN RIGHTS )NDIVIDUAL ING FORCES HAVE VIOLATED INDIVIDUAL RIGHTS AND RESORTED TO
NATIONS TOO HAVE CARRIED OUT SUCCESSFUL CAMPAIGNS )F VIOLENCE
"RITAIN HAD NOT DEPLOYED TROOPS IN .ORTHERN )RELAND
OVER THE PAST DECADES UNCHECKED SECTARIAN VIOLENCE
WOULD HAVE CLAIMED THOUSANDS MORE LIVES
4HE NATIONS THAT ARE PARTY TO INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS 'UNS AND UNSTABLE PEACE ARE A VOLATILE COMBINATION IN
CONVENTIONS HAVE A RESPONSIBILITY TO SEE THAT OTHER COUN THESE SITUATIONS EVEN THE SMALLEST INCIDENT CAN LEAD TO
TRIES ACCEPT THESE NOBLE IDEALS HUMAN RIGHTS VIOLATIONS
h&ORCEv DOES NOT NECESSARILY INVOLVE THE MILITARY $IPLO 3ANCTIONS HARM DIPLOMATIC RELATIONS WELL BEFORE THEY
MATIC PRESSURE INCLUDING SANCTIONS CAN FORCE OPPRESSIVE EFFECT ANY CHANGE .O SUBSTANTIAL EVIDENCE HAS BEEN
REGIMES TO RESPECT HUMAN RIGHTS OFFERED ON THE EFlCACY OF SANCTIONS )NTERNATIONAL SANC
TIONS AGAINST )RAQ FOR EXAMPLE HAVE NOT LED TO IMPROVED
HUMAN RIGHTS )NSTEAD THEY HAVE INCREASED THE SUFFERING
OF THE CIVILIAN POPULATION
! NATION CAN OVERTHROW A CRUEL REGIME ONLY WITH INTER .ATIONS DO NOT NEED OUTSIDE INTERVENTION TO REMOVE AN
NATIONAL SUPPORT OPPRESSIVE DICTATOR )N FOR EXAMPLE 6OJISLAV +OS
\
02/3 #/.3
TUNICE WON THE PRESIDENTIAL ELECTIONS THAT HELPED OUST
3ERBIAN DICTATOR 3LOBODAN -ILOSEVIC IN PART BECAUSE HE
DID NOT SIDE WITH 7ESTERN POWERS (AD THE 7EST INTER
VENED MORE FORCEFULLY TO OUST -ILOSEVIC HE MIGHT HAVE
CLUNG TO POWER LONGER
&ORCE IS THE ONLY WAY TO SEND A CLEAR MESSAGE THAT THOSE -ILITARY INTERVENTION NEVER PROVIDES A LASTING SOLUTION TO
WHO INFRINGE ON HUMAN RIGHTS ARE IN THE WRONG HUMAN RIGHTS ABUSES
3AMPLE -OTIONS
4HIS (OUSE WOULD USE FORCE TO UPHOLD HUMAN RIGHTS
7EB ,INKS
s !MNESTY )NTERNATIONAL HTTPAMNESTYORG
)NFORMATION ON !MNESTY )NTERNATIONAL AND ITS CAMPAIGNS FOR HUMAN RIGHTS AS WELL AS CURRENT NEWS ON POTENTIAL HUMAN RIGHTS VIO
LATIONS
s (UMAN 2IGHTS 7ATCH HTTPWWWIGCORGHRW
)NFORMATION ON HUMAN RIGHTS BY ISSUE AND GEOGRAPHICAL AREA
s 5NITED .ATIONS /FlCE OF THE (IGH #OMMISSIONER FOR (UMAN 2IGHTS /(#(2 HTTPWWWUNHCHRCH
)NFORMATION ON THE OPERATIONS OF THE /(#(2 AND ITS CAMPAIGNS FOR CHILDRENS RIGHTS WOMENS RIGHTS AND GENERAL HUMAN RIGHTS
)NCLUDES LINKS TO INFORMATION ON KEY HUMAN RIGHTS ISSUES
&URTHER 2EADING
&ORSYTHE $AVID (UMAN 2IGHTS IN )NTERNATIONAL 2ELATIONS #AMBRIDGE 5NIVERSITY 0RESS
'RAY #HRISTINE )NTERNATIONAL ,AW AND THE 5SE OF &ORCE /XFORD 5NIVERSITY 0RESS
+OH (AROLD AND 2ONALD # 3LYE EDS $ELIBERATIVE $EMOCRACY AND (UMAN 2IGHTS 9ALE 5NIVERSITY 0RESS
2OBERTSON 'EOFFREY #RIMES !GAINST (UMANITY 4HE 3TRUGGLE FOR 'LOBAL *USTICE .EW 0RESS
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02/3 #/.3
,ABOR IS INCREASINGLY MOBILE IN THIS AGE OF GLOBALIZATION %CONOMIC MIGRANTS LEAVE DEVELOPING COUNTRIES NOT
0EOPLE LOOKING FOR WORK NATURALLY MOVE FROM AREAS OF BECAUSE THEY CANNOT lND JOBS BUT BECAUSE THEY WANT
UNDEREMPLOYMENT AND POVERTY TO REGIONS WITH HIGHER HIGHER INCOMES 4HIS CAN CAUSE A BRAIN DRAIN THAT HAS A
STANDARDS OF LIVING WHERE WORKERS ARE IN DEMAND NEGATIVE EFFECT ON DEVELOPMENT
4HE HIGHER REAL WAGES THAT MIGRANT WORKERS EARN ABROAD 7ORKERS MOVE WITH THEIR FAMILIES SO THERE IS NO BENElT
AND SEND TO THEIR FAMILIES AT HOME ARE GAINS FOR A MIGRANTS TO THE HOME COUNTRY /FTEN THE WORKERS CHILDREN AND
HOME COUNTRY )N SOME COUNTRIES THESE REMITTANCES ARE A OLD PARENTS BECOME A BURDEN ON THE HOST COUNTRYS TAX
SIGNIlCANT PART OF THE NATIONS INCOME PAYERS &REQUENTLY THESE WORKERS ARE ILLEGAL 4HEIR WILL

02/3 #/.3
INGNESS TO WORK FOR LOW WAGES LOWERS THE WAGES OF LOCAL
WORKERS AND CONTRIBUTES TO UNEMPLOYMENT IN THE HOST
COUNTRY
-ANY ECONOMISTS AGREE THAT IMMIGRATION CAN BE THE 4HINKING THAT IMMIGRATION CAN MIRACULOUSLY SOLVE LABOR
hMAGIC BULLETv THAT WILL OVERCOME THE ANTICIPATED SHORT PROBLEMS FOR THE %UROPEAN 5NION IS FAR TOO SIMPLISTIC
AGE OF WORKERS CAUSED BY THE AGING OF POPULATIONS IN /NCE IMMIGRANTS ARE SETTLED THEY TEND TO ADOPT THE FER
%UROPE h2EPLACEMENT MIGRATIONv AS IT IS CALLED COULD TILITY PATTERNS OF THE COUNTRY IN WHICH THEY ARE LIVING
ALSO HELP DEVELOPING COUNTRIES WHOSE POPULATIONS ARE 4HEY DECIDE NOT TO HAVE MANY CHILDREN AND THEY GET
GROWING RAPIDLY )F THE %UROPEAN 5NION CLOSES ITS DOORS OLD TOO
THESE PEOPLE WILL STILL COME TO ITS SHORES BUT THEY WILL
COME ILLEGALLY )NDIVIDUALS WITH NO LEGAL STATUS HAVE
MUCH LESS TO LOSE THAN THOSE WHO ARE IN A COUNTRY LEGALLY
THUS ENFORCING A HOST COUNTRYS LAWS BECOMES THAT MUCH
MORE DIFlCULT
)NTERNATIONAL MIGRATION CAN BRING NECESSARY KNOWLEDGE )MMIGRANTS BOOSTED THE !MERICAN ECONOMY ONLY
AND TECHNOLOGIES TO COUNTRIES &OR INSTANCE THE HUGE BECAUSE THE 5NITED 3TATES HAD A HUGE OPEN MARKET IN
MIGRATION FROM %UROPE TO THE 5NITED 3TATES IN THE LATE WHICH OPPORTUNITY ABOUNDED (OWEVER ECONOMIC REALI
NINETEENTH CENTURY CONTRIBUTED TO !MERICAN GROWTH AND TIES HAVE CHANGED SINCE THE NINETEENTH CENTURY 4ODAY
DEVELOPMENT .OT ONLY !MERICA BUT ALSO !USTRALIA AND OPPORTUNITY IS LIMITED BY INTENSE GLOBAL COMPETITION
.EW :EALAND EMERGED OUT OF IMMIGRANT mOW &URTHERMORE THE IMMIGRANTS THAT NOW COME TO THE
5NITED 3TATES AND 7ESTERN %UROPE DO NOT TRY TO INTE
GRATE INTO THEIR HOST CULTURE AS THEY DID IN THE PAST
3AMPLE -OTIONS
4HIS (OUSE BELIEVES THAT RICH COUNTRIES SHOULD ENFORCE IMMIGRATION LEGISLATION
4HE (OUSE BELIEVES THAT INTERNATIONAL IMMIGRATION IS BENElCIAL TO ALL CONCERNED
7EB ,INKS
s 7ORLD )MMIGRATION HTTPWWWWORLD IMMIGRATIONCOM
"ROAD SITE DEALING WITH A VARIETY OF ISSUES ASSOCIATED WITH INTERNATIONAL IMMIGRATION
s )MMIGRATION )SSUES HTTPIMMIGRATIONABOUTCOM
)N DEPTH GUIDE TO IMMIGRATION WORLDWIDE )NCLUDES INFORMATION ON THE CURRENT CONTROVERSY AS WELL AS LINKS TO GROUPS OPPOSING
MASS IMMIGRATION
&URTHER 2EADING
"RETTELL #AROLINE AND *AMES &RANK (OLLIlELD EDS -IGRATION 4HEORY 4ALKING !CROSS THE $ISCIPLINES 2OUTLEDGE
-ARTINEZ 2UBEN #ROSSING /VER ! -EXICAN &AMILY ON THE -IGRANT 4RAIL -ETROPOLITAN "OOKS
3TALKER 0ETER 7ORKERS 7ITHOUT &RONTIERS 4HE )MPACT OF 'LOBALIZATION ON )NTERNATIONAL -IGRATION ,YNNE 2IENNER
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02/3 #/.3
4HE )## WILL LEAD TO POLITICAL PROSECUTION )T WILL SUBJECT 4HE 53 SHOULD HAVE NOTHING TO FEAR IF IT BEHAVES LAWFULLY
!MERICAN SERVICE MEMBERS AND SENIOR MILITARY AND POLIT -OREOVER DETERMINING IF A VIOLATION OF INTERNATIONAL LAW
ICAL STRATEGISTS TO CRIMINAL CHARGES FOR MILITARY ACTIONS THAT BY THE 53 OR ANY OTHER NATION HAS TAKEN PLACE SHOULD
ARE LEGITIMATE AND NECESSARY !NY NATION CAN ASK THE )## BE EASY AS THE )## PROSECUTOR CONCERNS HIMSELF ONLY WITH
PROSECUTOR TO INVESTIGATE AN ISSUE AND THE PROSECUTOR HAS THE GRAVEST OFFENSES 4HE 53 CERTAINLY WOULD NOT APPROVE
THE POWER TO INVESTIGATE EX PROPRIO MOTU 4HE 5. 3ECU A STRATEGY OF GENOCIDE OR SYSTEMATIC MASS VIOLATIONS OF
RITY #OUNCIL CANNOT OVERRIDE OR VETO HIS ACTIONS OR DECI HUMAN RIGHTS THAT WOULD COME UNDER THE JURISDICTION OF
SIONS 0OLITICAL PROSECUTION IS EVIDENT IN THE PRELIMINARY THE )## 4HE PROSECUTORS POWER IS ALSO LIMITED BY THE
INVESTIGATION BY THE )NTERNATIONAL #RIMINAL 4RIBUNAL FOR REQUIREMENT THAT HE OBTAIN THE APPROVAL OF THREE JUDGES
THE &ORMER 9UGOSLAVIA )#49 INTO THE .!4/ BOMBING BEFORE ISSUING AN ARREST WARRANT OR INITIATING PROCEED
OF +OSOVO AND THE &EDERAL 2EPUBLIC OF 9UGOSLAVIA 4HE INGS ! PRELIMINARY INVESTIGATION COULD BENElT THE 53
PROSECUTOR CHOSE TO INVESTIGATE A CAMPAIGN THAT HAD BEEN BECAUSE IT WOULD END DOUBTS ABOUT THE JUSTIlABILITY OF ITS
UNDERTAKEN WITH CLINICAL PRECISION THAT HAD RECEIVED THE ACTIONS 4HE 53 ACCEPTED THE JURISDICTION OF THE )#49
SUPPORT OF THE 3ECURITY #OUNCIL ALTHOUGH AFTER THE FACT PROSECUTOR BECAUSE IT DID NOT EXPECT ITS FORCES TO COMMIT
AND THAT HAD BEEN DIRECTED AGAINST A MILITARY CARRYING THE CRIMES THEY WERE DEPLOYED TO PREVENT
OUT A BRUTAL POLICY OF GENOCIDE 4HIS GRIM PRECEDENT
SUGGESTS THAT A PROSECUTOR WILL NOT HESITATE TO INVESTIGATE
OTHER GOOD FAITH AND SUCCESSFUL MILITARY ACTIONS ACROSS
THE GLOBE
4HE 53 HOLDS A UNIQUE POSITION IN MAINTAINING INTER 4HE VERY PREEMINENCE OF THE 53 DEMANDS THAT IT ADHERE
NATIONAL PEACE AND SECURITY )T MIGHT BE APPROPRIATE FOR TO THE RULE OF INTERNATIONAL LAW ! NATION CAN COMMIT
OTHER COUNTRIES TO CONSENT TO THE JURISDICTION OF THE )## WAR CRIMES WHILE CONDUCTING A MILITARY CAMPAIGN TO PRO
BECAUSE THEY DO NOT HAVE THE SAME RESPONSIBILITIES AND TECT HUMAN RIGHTS AND SAVE LIVES 4HE )## CAN DEMAND
RISKS 53 ARMED FORCES HAVE RESPONDED TO MANY MORE THAT THE 53 OR ANY OTHER STATE PURSUE ITS LAWFUL ENDS BY
hSITUATIONSv DURING THE S THAN DURING THE WHOLE OF LAWFUL MEANS -OREOVER VICTIMS OF GROSS HUMAN RIGHTS
THE #OLD 7AR -ORE THAN EVER THE WORLD LOOKS TO THE VIOLATIONS DO NOT CARE WHO THE PERPETRATOR IS /THER
53 TO ENSURE PEACE AND SAFETY 53 MILITARY DOMINANCE NATIONS WITH SIGNIlCANT MILITARY COMMITMENTS OVERSEAS
INCREASES THE LIKELIHOOD OF PROSECUTION 7HEN ROGUE SUCH AS THE 5+ AND &RANCE HAVE RATIlED THE 2OME 3TAT
REGIMES ARE INCAPABLE OF DEFEATING THE 53 MILITARILY UTE WITHOUT HESITATION 4HESE STATES ACCEPT THE PRINCIPLE
THEY ARE LIKELY TO CHALLENGE THE 53 IN THE )## 4HIS WILL THAT NATIONS INTERVENING IN ANOTHER STATE TO UPHOLD OR
DAMAGE 53 INTERESTS FAR MORE THAN ANY CONVENTIONAL ESTABLISH HUMAN RIGHTS MUST RESPECT THOSE SAME HUMAN
MILITARY ACTION AND WILL RESULT IN 53 RELUCTANCE TO INTER RIGHTS
VENE IN THE FUTURE 4HE INDISPENSABLE NATION MUST BE
PERMITTED TO DISPENSE WITH THE )##
4HE 2OME 3TATUTE HAS CREATED THE NOVEL CRIME OF hAGGRES 4HIS OBJECTION TO THE )## IS PURELY HYPOTHETICAL BECAUSE
SIONv WHICH INCREASES THE LIKELIHOOD OF POLITICAL PROS THE )## HAS NOT YET DElNED hAGGRESSIONv )N ADDITION
ECUTION /NE STATE COULD ACCUSE ANOTHER OF AGGRESSION THE hCRIMEv OF AGGRESSION IS NOT NOVEL )NTERVENING IN THE
FOR INTERVENING TO PROTECT HUMAN RIGHTS 'OVERNMENTS DOMESTIC AFFAIRS OF A SOVEREIGN STATE IS CONTRARY TO NORMS

02/3 #/.3
CARRYING OUT A POLICY OF GENOCIDE COULD REQUEST THAT A OF CONVENTIONAL AND CUSTOMARY LAW 4HE 5. #HARTER
NATION BE PROSECUTED FOR PREVENTING GENOCIDE -OREOVER PROHIBITS BOTH THE UNAUTHORIZED USE OF FORCE AGAINST
BY A QUIRK OF THE STATUTE A STATE THAT REFUSES TO ACCEPT ANOTHER STATE AND INTERVENTION IN ITS DOMESTIC JURISDIC
)## JURISDICTION CAN NEVERTHELESS REQUEST THE PROSECU TION 4HE 53 SHOULD RATIFY THE 2OME 3TATUTE SO THAT ITS
TION OF FOREIGN NATIONALS FOR CRIMES ALLEGEDLY COMMITTED NEGOTIATORS CAN PLAY AN ACTIVE ROLE IN THE !SSEMBLY OF
IN ITS TERRITORY 4HUS 9UGOSLAV 0RESIDENT 3LOBODAN -ILOS 3TATE 0ARTIES WHICH IS CURRENTLY WORKING ON DRAFTING A
EVIC COULD HAVE DEMANDED THE INVESTIGATION OF .!4/ DElNITION OF THIS CRIME
FORCES FOR ACTIVITIES DURING /PERATION !LLIED &ORCE BUT
COULD HAVE PREVENTED AN INVESTIGATION OF THE "OSNIAN
3ERB ARMY IN THE SAME TERRITORY
4HE )## WILL NOT DETER WAR CRIMES OR GENOCIDE 4HE 9OU CANNOT CLAIM THAT THE )## WILL NOT DETER ATROCI
4HIRD 2EICH ACCELERATED ITS CAMPAIGN TO EXTERMINATE TIES WHEN SUCH AN INSTITUTION HAS NEVER BEFORE EXISTED
*EWS WHEN IT BECAME CLEAR THAT THE !LLIES WOULD BE VIC -OREOVER THE OFFENDERS MUST BE APPREHENDED TRIED
TORIOUS 3IMILARLY -ILOSEVIC AND THE "OSNIAN 3ERB ARMY AND PUNISHED 2ETRIBUTION AND PROTECTION OF SOCIETY ARE
CONDUCTED A CAMPAIGN OF GENOCIDE IN +OSOVO WHILE THE OBJECTIVES NOT ONLY FOR DOMESTIC CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEMS
)#49 WAS SITTING IN 4HE (AGUE 7AR CRIMINALS DO NOT BUT ALSO FOR THE NEW INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM
COMMIT GROSS HUMAN RIGHTS VIOLATIONS BASED ON REASON
4HE EXISTENCE OF A COURT HOWEVER WELL INTENTIONED WILL
HAVE NO EFFECT ON THOSE STATES THAT WOULD COMMIT SUCH
CRIMES
)## EXPENSES WILL BE CRIPPLING #AUTIOUS ESTIMATES SUG 4HE )##S BUDGET MIGHT SEEM EXCESSIVE BUT NO PRICE
GEST AN OPERATING BUDGET OF 53 MILLION PER YEAR SHOULD BE PUT ON JUSTICE FOR THOUSANDS OF VICTIMS OF HEI
4HE COSTS OF THE )#49 AND THE INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL NOUS CRIMES
TRIBUNAL FOR 2WANDA SPIRALED OUT OF CONTROL AND THE
LATTER LEFT A LEGACY OF MISADMINISTRATION AND INTERNAL COR
RUPTION
3AMPLE -OTIONS
4HIS (OUSE BELIEVES THAT THE 5NITED 3TATES SHOULD NOT SUPPORT THE )NTERNATIONAL #RIMINAL #OURT
4HIS (OUSE BELIEVES THAT THE CREATION OF THE )## IS A CRIME
7EB ,INKS
s 4HE #OALITION FOR AN )## HTTPWWWICCNOWORGINDEXHTML
#OUNTRY BY COUNTRY REPORT ON THE STATUS OF THE 2OME 3TATUTE
s #RIMES OF 7AR 0ROJECT HTTPWWWCRIMESOFWARORG
0ROVIDES UP TO DATE INFORMATION ON POSSIBLE VIOLATIONS OF HUMAN RIGHTS AND WAR CRIMES AS WELL AS THE STATUS OF HUMANITARIAN LAW
AND JUSTICE
s )## 2ESOURCES AT THE 5NIVERSITY OF #HICAGO ,IBRARY HTTPWWWLIBUCHICAGOEDU^LLOUICCHTML
"IBLIOGRAPHY OF 7EB AND PRINT RESOURCES ON THE )##
&URTHER 2EADING
'OLDSTONE 2ICHARD * &OR (UMANITY 2EmECTIONS OF A 7AR #RIME )NVESTIGATOR 9ALE 5NIVERSITY 0RESS
'UTMAN 2OY #RIMES OF 7AR 7HAT THE 0UBLIC 3HOULD +NOW .ORTON
3CHABAS 7ILLIAM ! !N )NTRODUCTION TO THE )NTERNATIONAL #RIMINAL #OURT #AMBRIDGE 5NIVERSITY 0RESS
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02/3 #/.3
!LTHOUGH DEMOCRATIC NATIONS VALUE FREEDOM OF SPEECH #ENSORSHIP IS USUALLY EVIL 'OVERNMENTS SHOULD AVOID
ALL PUT SOME RESTRICTIONS ON THE RIGHT 3UCH RESTRICTIONS IT WHEREVER POSSIBLE #HILD PORNOGRAPHY IS AN EXTREME
USUALLY SURROUND HARD CORE AND CHILD PORNOGRAPHY BUT EXAMPLE SUFlCIENT LEGISLATION IS ALREADY IN PLACE TO HANDLE
SOME NATIONS RESTRICT HATE SPEECH AS WELL 4HE )NTERNET THOSE WHO ATTEMPT TO PRODUCE DISTRIBUTE OR VIEW SUCH
SHOULD BE NO EXCEPTION TO THESE BASIC STANDARDS 4RULY MATERIAL /THER FORMS OF SPEECH MAY WELL BE OFFENSIVE
OFFENSIVE MATERIAL IS NO DIFFERENT BECAUSE IT IS PUBLISHED BUT THE ONLY WAY A SOCIETY CAN COUNTER SUCH SPEECH IS TO
ON THE 7EB BE EXPOSED TO IT AND HAVE IT OUT IN THE OPEN 7ITHOUT
SUCH FREEDOM THESE GROUPS ARE DRIVEN UNDERGROUND AND
CAN TAKE ON THE ASPECT OF MARTYRS
#ENSORSHIP IS TAILORED TO THE POWER OF THE MEDIUM 4HE DISTINCTION BETWEEN CENSORSHIP OF PRINT AND BROAD
!CCORDINGLY A HIGHER LEVEL OF CENSORSHIP IS ATTACHED CAST MEDIA IS BECOMING INCREASINGLY IRRELEVANT 0RINT
TO TELEVISION lLMS AND VIDEO THAN TO NEWSPAPERS AND MEDIA ARE COMPARATIVELY UNREGULATED BECAUSE THEY ARE THE
BOOKS 7E RECOGNIZE THAT MOVING PICTURES AND SOUND ARE PRIMARY MEANS OF DISTRIBUTING INFORMATION IN SOCIETY )N
MORE GRAPHIC AND POWERFUL THAN TEXT PHOTOGRAPHS OR THE NEAR FUTURE THE )NTERNET MAY BECOME THIS PRIME DIS
ILLUSTRATIONS 6IDEOS ARE NORMALLY MORE REGULATED THAN SEMINATOR 4HUS THE )NTERNET MUST BE ALLOWED THE SAME
lLMS SEEN IN THEATERS BECAUSE THE VIEWER OF A VIDEO HAS PROTECTIONS NOW ENJOYED BY PRINT MEDIA 7HEN %NGLISH
CONTROL OF THE MEDIUMTHE POWER TO REWIND VIEW PHILOSOPHER *OHN 3TUART -ILL CONSIDERED FREEDOM OF
AGAIN AND DISTRIBUTE MORE WIDELY 4HE )NTERNET WHICH SPEECH AND THE &OUNDING &ATHERS OF THE 5NITED 3TATES
INCREASINGLY USES VIDEO AND SOUND SHOULD BE REGULATED SPOKE IN THE #ONSTITUTION OF FREEDOM OF THE PRESS THEY
ACCORDINGLY WERE CONCERNED ABOUT THE PRIMARY AND MOST POWERFUL
ORGAN OF INFORMATION DISTRIBUTION AT THAT TIME THE PRINT
PRESS .OWADAYS THEY WOULD MORE LIKELY BE CONCERNED
WITH PREVENTING CENSORSHIP OF THE BROADCAST MEDIA AND
THE )NTERNET
4HE )NTERNET WOULD BE HARD TO CONTROL BUT WE MUST NOT %VEN ALLOWING FOR THE EXTREME PROBLEMS SURROUNDING
USE THAT AS AN EXCUSE NOT TO TRY 0REVENTING THE SALE OF CURTAILMENT OF FREEDOM OF SPEECH )NTERNET CENSORSHIP
SNUFF MOVIES OR HARD CORE PORNOGRAPHY IS EXTREMELY DIF WOULD BE MORE OR LESS IMPOSSIBLE 'OVERNMENTS CAN
lCULT BUT SOME GOVERNMENTS DO SO BECAUSE THEY DEEM ATTEMPT TO REGULATE WHAT IS PRODUCED IN THEIR OWN COUN
IT IMPORTANT ! MORE INTRACTABLE ISSUE IS THE ANONYM TRIES BUT REGULATING MATERIAL ORIGINATING OUTSIDE NATIONAL
ITY THAT THE )NTERNET PROVIDES PORNOGRAPHERS AND CRIMI BORDERS WOULD BE IMPOSSIBLE 7HAT IS THE POINT IN THE
NALS !SIAN COUNTRIES HAVE EXPERIMENTED WITH REQUIRING 53 REMOVING ALL DOMESTIC LINKS TO HARD CORE PORNOGRA
CITIZENS TO PROVIDE IDENTIlCATION BEFORE POSTING CONTENT PHY WHEN SUCH MATERIAL FROM THE 5+ OR 3WEDEN COULD
ON THE 7EB )F UNIVERSALLY ADOPTED SUCH A REQUIREMENT BE READILY ACCESSED AND DOWNLOADED )NDIVIDUALS COULD
COULD BE A RELATIVELY SIMPLE WAY OF ENFORCING LAWS AGAINST ALSO PRODUCE BANNED MATERIAL AND STORE IT IN AN OVERSEAS
TRULY OFFENSIVE AND HARMFUL CONTENT DOMAIN 4RUE FREEDOM OF SPEECH REQUIRES ANONYMITY IN
SOME CASES TO PROTECT THE AUTHOR 'OVERNMENTS THAT HAVE
INTRODUCED )$ REQUIREMENTS FOR )NTERNET USE ALSO DENY
MANY BASIC RIGHTS TO THEIR CITIZENS 4HE )NTERNET ALLOWS
CITIZENS TO CRITICIZE THEIR GOVERNMENT AND DISTRIBUTE NEWS

02/3 #/.3
AND INFORMATION WITHOUT REPRISAL FROM THE STATE 4HESE
FREEDOMS CLEARLY COULD NOT SURVIVE )NTERNET )$ REQUIRE
MENTS
)N MANY COUNTRIES PRODUCING LIBELOUS MATERIAL OR MATE )NTERNET SERVICE PROVIDERS )30 ARE CERTAINLY THE WRONG
RIAL THAT INCITES RACIAL HATRED INCURS MULTIPLE LIABILITY PEOPLE TO DECIDE WHAT CAN AND CANNOT BE PLACED ON THE
7HERE THE AUTHOR OR PUBLISHER CANNOT BE TRACED OR IS )NTERNET "IG BUSINESS ALREADY CONTROLS FAR TOO MUCH OF
INSOLVENT THE PRINTERS CAN OFTEN BE SUED OR PROSECUTED THIS NEW TECHNOLOGY WITHOUT ALSO MAKING IT JUDGE AND
4HE RELATIVELY SMALL NUMBER OF )NTERNET SERVICE PROVIDERS JURY OF ALL )NTERNET CONTENT )N ANY CASE THE SHEER BULK
)30S SHOULD BE MADE LIABLE IF THEY ASSIST IN THE PROVI OF INFORMATION )30S ALLOW TO BE PUBLISHED IS SUCH THAT
SION OF DANGEROUS OR HARMFUL INFORMATION REVIEWING IT ALL WOULD BE IMPOSSIBLE 7ERE )30S TO BE
HELD LIABLE FOR ALLOWING SUCH MATERIAL TO BE DISPLAYED
THEY WOULD INEVITABLY ERR ON THE SIDE OF CAUTION TO PRO
TECT THEIR lNANCIAL INTERESTS 4HIS WOULD RESULT IN A MUCH
MORE HEAVILY CENSORED )NTERNET
4HE ISSUES AT STAKE IN THIS DEBATEPROTECTION OF CHIL -ANY )30S HAVE SHOWN THEMSELVES TO BE RESPONSIBLE IN
DREN TERRORIST ACTIVITY CRIME RACIAL HATRED ETC ARE ALL IMMEDIATELY REMOVING TRULY OFFENSIVE CONTENT WHERE
INTERNATIONAL PROBLEMS )F A GLOBAL SOLUTION IS REQUIRED THEY HAVE BEEN ALERTED TO IT 7HAT IS REQUIRED IS SELF REG
IT CAN BE ACHIEVED BY INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION AND TREA ULATION BY THE INDUSTRY NOT THE IMPOSITION OF ARBITRARY
TIES !LL SOCIETIES CONSIDER CENSORSHIP JUSTIlED WHERE AND DRACONIAN RESTRICTIONS ON )NTERNET CONTENT AND USE
HARM IS CAUSED TO OTHERS BY THE SPEECH WORDS OR ART 0ARENTS CAN INSTALL SOFTWARE THAT WILL lLTER OUT OFFENSIVE
!LL THE EXAMPLES CITED ABOVE ARE CLEARLY CAUSING HARM TO SITES AND SITES INAPPROPRIATE FOR CHILDREN
VARIOUS GROUPS IN SOCIETY "Y A COMBINATION OF THE INITIA
TIVES LISTED ABOVE WE COULD LIMIT THAT HARM
3AMPLE -OTIONS
4HIS (OUSE WOULD CENSOR THE )NTERNET
4HIS (OUSE CALLS FOR .ET lLTERS
4HIS (OUSE WOULD LIMIT FREEDOM OF SPEECH
7EB ,INKS
s !#,5 !MERICAN #IVIL ,IBERTIES 5NION #YBER,IBERTIES HTTPWWWACLUORGISSUESCYBERHMCLHTML
0ROVIDES LINKS TO RESOURCES AND INFORMATION ON CAMPAIGNS AGAINST )NTERNET CENSORSHIP
s %LECTRONIC &RONTIER &OUNDATION HTTPWWWEFFORGBLUERIBBONHTML
/FFERS SUMMARIES OF ISSUES INVOLVING )NTERNET CENSORSHIP AS WELL AS INFORMATION ON FAIR USE AND PRIVACY ON THE .ET
&URTHER READING
0ECK 2OBERT ,IBRARIES THE &IRST !MENDMENT AND #YBERSPACE 7HAT 9OU .EED TO +NOW !MERICAN ,IBRARY !SSOCIATION
7ALLACE *ONATHAN AND -ARK -ANGAN 3EX ,AWS AND #YBERSPACE &REEDOM AND #ENSORSHIP ON THE &RONTIERS OF THE /NLINE 2EVOLUTION
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m[Wfedie\cWiiZ[ijhkYj_edWdZikffehj_d]j[hheh_iji$Jêi[X[b_[\ifhel[Zkd\ekdZ[Z$=[eh][8ki^ÊiZ[Y_i_edje]ejemWh[d][dZ[h[Z
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02/3 #/.3
4HE "USH ADMINISTRATION WAS JUSTIlED IN THINKING THAT 4HERE WERE NO WEAPONS OF MASS DESTRUCTION 4HE INTELLI
3ADDAM (USSEIN POSSESSED WEAPONS OF MASS DESTRUCTION GENCE REPORTS WERE WRONG 3ADDAM ACTED AGAINST HIS OWN
(E HAD USED CHEMICAL WEAPONS AGAINST BOTH )RAN AND BEST INTERESTS IN REFUSING TO COOPERATE
THE +URDISH MINORITY IN )RAQ -OREOVER HE REFUSED TO
COOPERATE WITH WEAPONS INSPECTORS DESPITE THREATS OF A
53 INVASION 'EORGE "USH COULD LOGICALLY ASSUME THAT HE
REFUSED TO COOPERATE BECAUSE HE HAD SOMETHING TO HIDE
)N ADDITION INTELLIGENCE REPORTS SUGGESTED THAT HE HAD
WEAPONS
(USSEINS REGIME WASS A SPONSOR OF A NUMBER OF INTER 4O DATE THERE IS NO CONCRETE EVIDENCE LINKING 3ADDAM
NATIONAL TERRORIST GROUPS 7E MAY STILL lND EVIDENCE (USSEIN TO !L 1AEDA 4HE 53 3TATE $EPARTMENT LISTS
LINKING 3ADDAM TO !L 1AEDA )RAQ WAS THE ONLY COUNTRY OTHER COUNTRIES AS SPONSORS OF TERROR SO WHY WAS )RAQ SIN
NOT TO CONDEMN THE 3EPTEMBER ATTACKS AND ONE OF GLED OUT AS A TARGET FOR INVASION -OST OF THE GROUPS )RAQ
ITS AGENTS TWICE MET WITH -OHAMMED !TTA A LEADING WAS SAID TO HAVE BACKED ARE VIOLENTLY OPPOSED TO )SRAEL
HIJACKER !T THE VERY LEAST THE REGIME PROVIDED ENCOUR BUT MANY IN THE -IDDLE %AST WOULD SEE THEM AS FREEDOM
AGEMENT FUNDING AND LOGISTICAL SUPPORT FOR GROUPS THAT lGHTERS RATHER THAN TERRORISTS )N THIS CONTEXT ENDING ANY
ARE INTENT ON KILLING CIVILIANS AND OVERTHROWING LEGITI )RAQI SUPPORT FOR TERRORISTS WOULD HAVE LITTLE OR NO IMPACT
MATE GOVERNMENTS ON TERRORIST OPERATIONS SUCH AS 3EPTEMBER
2EMOVING (USSEIN RELIEVED THE TERRIBLE SUFFERING OF THE 7HAT GUARANTEE DO WE HAVE THAT ANY SUCCESSOR REGIME
)RAQI PEOPLE (USSEINS REGIME WAS A DICTATORSHIP THAT WILL BE BETTER 4HE COUNTRY COULD DEVOLVE INTO CIVIL WAR
USED BRUTAL METHODS TO SILENCE DISSENT AND MAINTAIN ITS CONTINUING THE SUFFERING OF THE )RAQI PEOPLE
HOLD ON POWER 5. SANCTIONS EXCEPTED FOOD AND MEDI
CINE BUT (USSEIN DELIBERATELY WITHHELD THESE FROM HIS
PEOPLE TO SCORE PROPAGANDA POINTS (IS ATTACKS ON THE
+URDS OF NORTHERN )RAQ AND THE -ARSH !RABS AND 3HIITE
-USLIMS OF SOUTHERN )RAQ AMOUNTED TO GENOCIDE
3ADDAMS REGIME WAS A GREAT THREAT TO REGIONAL STABILITY )T 4HE GREATEST THREAT TO REGIONAL STABILITY IS THE LIKELIHOOD
HAD BEGUN WARS AGAINST TWO OF ITS IMMEDIATE NEIGHBORS THAT )RAQ MIGHT BREAK UP ONCE THE 53 PULLS OUT .EIGH
)RAN AND +UWAIT THREATENED A THIRD 3AUDI !RABIA BORING NATIONS WOULD BE DRAWN INTO AN )RAQI CIVIL WAR IN
LAUNCHED UNPROVOKED MISSILE ATTACKS AGAINST )SRAEL AND SUPPORT OR OPPOSITION TO PARTICULAR FACTIONS EG )RAN
CALLED ON THE PEOPLE OF THE !RAB WORLD TO RISE UP AGAINST IN SUPPORT OF 3HIITE -USLIMS 4URKEY AGAINST THE CRE
THEIR OWN GOVERNMENTS "ECAUSE OF THE STRATEGIC AND ATION OF AN INDEPENDENT +URDISH STATE OR IN AN ATTEMPT
ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE OF THE -IDDLE %AST REGIONAL INSTA TO CONTROL )RAQS OIL WEALTH /UTRAGE IN THE !RAB WORLD
BILITY IS A DIRECT THREAT TO GLOBAL SECURITY #LEARLY A LAST AGAINST 53 IMPERIALISM MIGHT ALSO DESTABILIZE A NUMBER
ING AND WORKABLE PEACE SETTLEMENT BETWEEN )SRAEL AND OF FRAGILE REGIMES IN THE -IDDLE %AST FURTHER THREATEN
THE 0ALESTINIANS WAS IMPOSSIBLE WHILE )RAQ REMAINED A ING THE REGION AND MAKING PEACE BETWEEN )SRAEL AND THE
THREAT 0ALESTINIANS EVEN HARDER TO ACHIEVE

02/3 #/.3
/VERTHROWING (USSEIN HAS DETERRED OTHER ROGUE STATES 'IVEN THAT THE 5NITED 3TATES IS FRIENDLY WITH SOME OTHER
FROM ATTEMPTING TO DEVELOP WEAPONS OF MASS DESTRUC STATES THAT HAVE IGNORED INTERNATIONAL ARMS CONTROL TREA
TION AND SUPPORTING TERRORISM ,IBYAN LEADER -UAMMAR TIES THE INVASION OF )RAQ HAS NOT SENT A CLEAR MESSAGE
1UADDAl HAS RENOUNCED WEAPONS OF MASS DESTRUCTION )NSTEAD THE INVASION HAS MADE THE 5NITED 3TATES EVEN
AND IS WILLING TO COOPERATE WITH THE 5. IN DISMANTLING MORE HATED AND GENERATED MORE TERRORIST OUTRAGES SUCH
HIS COVERT NUCLEAR BOMB PROGRAM AS THE -ADRID BOMBINGS 4HE GREATEST GLOBAL DANGER IS
THAT THE INTERNATIONAL COALITION AGAINST TERROR WILL FALL
APART AS A RESULT "USHS )RAQ POLICY
3AMPLE -OTIONS
4HIS (OUSE BELIEVES THE INVASION OF )RAQ WAS JUSTIlED
4HIS (OUSE SUPPORTS THE OVERTHROW OF 3ADDAM (USSEIN
4HIS (OUSE BELIEVES THE )RAQ INVASION WAS A NECESSARY PART OF THE WAR ON TERRORISM
7EB ,INKS
s !LJAZEERA HTTPENGLISHALJAZEERANET
!RAB VIEWS ON THE WAR
s4HE #ASE FOR 4OUGH !CTION !GAINST )RAQ HTTPWWWOBSERVERCOUKINTERNATIONALSTORYHTML
"ACKGROUND ARTICLE IN THE "RITISH /BSERVER SUPPORTING THE OVERTHROW OF 3ADDAM (USSEIN
s )RAQ 5PDATE HTTPUSINFOSTATEGOVREGIONALNEAIRAQ
53 3TATE $EPARTMENT SITE PRESENTING CURRENT INFORMATION ON 53 POLICY ON )RAQ
s )RAQ 7AR $EBATEn HTTPWWWLIBUMICHEDUGOVDOCSIRAQWARHTML
,INKS TO A WIDE VARIETY OF RESOURCES ON THE ISSUE
s 7AR 2EPORT HTTPWWWCOMWORGWARREPORT
"ACKGROUND ARTICLES AND CURRENT INFORMATION ON THE WAR IN )RAQ
&URTHER 2EADING
"LIX (ANS $ISARMING )RAQ 0ANTHEON
"UTLER 2ICHARD 4HE 'REATEST 4HREAT )RAQ 7EAPONS OF -ASS $ESTRUCTION AND THE #RISIS OF 'LOBAL 3ECURITY 0UBLIC !FFAIRS
&AROUK 3LUGLETT -ARION AND 0ETER 3LUGLETT )RAQ 3INCE &ROM 2EVOLUTION TO $ICTATORSHIP ) " 4AURIS
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02/3 #/.3
53 POLICY IN THE -IDDLE %AST HAS BEEN CONSISTENTLY ON $O NOT FORGET THAT FOR MOST OF ITS HISTORY )SRAELS NEIGH
THE SIDE OF )SRAEL 4HE "USH ADMINISTRATIONS TILT TOWARD BORS SAID THAT )SRAEL HAD NO RIGHT TO EXIST AND MUST BE
)SRAEL WAS EVIDENT SINCE IT CAME TO OFlCE 'EORGE "USH DESTROYED 53 SUPPORT HAS BEEN CRITICAL TO )SRAELS SUR
HAS REFUSED TO MEET WITH 9ASIR !RAFAT BECAUSE HE VIEWS VIVAL
THE 0ALESTINIAN LEADER AS AN OBSTACLE TO PEACE
!MERICAN POLICY IN THE -IDDLE %AST HAS BEEN GUIDED 4HROUGHOUT THE WORLD THE 5NITED 3TATES IS COMMITTED
BY POLITICS NOT PRINCIPLES /N THE ONE HAND PRESIDENTS TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF OPEN DEMOCRATIC SOCIETIES )SRAEL
HAVE RESPONDED TO THE PRESSURE FROM *EWISH VOTERS TO IS THE ONLY FUNCTIONING DEMOCRACY IN THE -IDDLE %AST
SUPPORT )SRAEL /N THE OTHER POLICY TOWARD !RAB STATES AND SHARES MANY OF !MERICAS POLITICAL VALUES )T DESERVES
HAS BEEN SHAPED LARGELY BY ECONOMIC NEEDS 4HE 53 HAS !MERICAN SUPPORT
BEEN FRIENDLY TO COUNTRIES WITH LARGE OIL RESERVES EG
3AUDI !RABIA BUT HAS IGNORED POORER !RABS EG THE 0AL
ESTINIANS
4HE 53 HAS CLAIMED THAT IT SUPPORTS )SRAEL BECAUSE IT IS 4HE 53 HAS ALWAYS ACTED AS AN IMPARTIAL BROKER SEEKING
THE ONLY DEMOCRACY IN THE REGIONBUT SUCH SUPPORT CONCESSIONS FROM BOTH SIDES 4HE 53 HAS USED ITS INmU
OF DEMOCRACY HAS NOT BEEN A lRMLY HELD PRINCIPLE AND ENCE TO HAVE )SRAEL CONSIDER !RAB DEMANDS AND TO HAVE
NOT ACTED ON IN OTHER PARTS OF THE WORLD 4HE 53 HAS !RAB NATIONS AND NEGOTIATORS CONSIDER )SRAELS DEMANDS
KNOWINGLY SUPPORTED CORRUPT AND UNJUST AUTHORITARIAN
REGIMES IN !RAB COUNTRIES WHEN THEIR OIL POLICIES FAVORED
!MERICA
4HE 53 HAS BEEN INCONSISTENT IN THE APPLICATION OF ITS 4HE 53 HAS ACTED IN GOOD FAITH WITH THE 0ALESTINIAN
MORAL PRINCIPLES )T HAS ROUTINELY CONDEMNED 0ALESTIN PEOPLE BUT NEGOTIATIONS HAVE FALTERED BECAUSE THEIR
IANS AND OTHER !RABS FOR TERRORIST ACTIONS BUT IT GRANTED LEADER 9ASSIR !RAFAT IS CORRUPT DUPLICITOUS AND UNSTA
IMMEDIATE RECOGNITION TO THE STATE OF )SRAEL WHICH BLE )N !RAFAT REJECTED THE BEST SETTLEMENT HE COULD
ENGAGED IN A TERRORIST CAMPAIGN AGAINST THE "RITISH HAVE WON FROM )SRAEL
3AMPLE -OTIONS
4HIS (OUSE SUPPORTS 53 SPONSORSHIP OF A 0ALESTINIAN STATE
4HIS (OUSE WOULD VALUE DEMOCRACY MORE THAN VOTES AND OIL

7EB ,INKS
s &OREIGN 0OLICY IN &OCUS )SRAEL AND 0ALESTINE HTTPWWWFOREIGNPOLICY NFOCUSORGBRIEFSVOLVNISRAELHTML
7EB SITE OF A THINK TANK WITHOUT WALLS IS HIGHLY CRITICAL OF 53 POLICY
s 'REAT $ECISIONS 'UIDES -IDDLE %AST HTTPWWWFPAORGNEWSLETTER?NFONEWSLETTER?INFOHTM
4HE 7EB SITE OF THE &OREIGN 0OLICY !SSOCIATION PROVIDES DOZENS OF DOCUMENTS AND LINKS RELATING TO ISSUES THAT HAVE SHAPED 53
POLICY
s )SRAEL-IDEAST "RIElNGS &IVE "ASIC 4ALKING 0OINTS ON )SRAEL HTTPWWWAJCORG)SRAEL)SRAEL-IDEAST"RIElNGS$ETAIL
ASPDIDPID
4HE 7EB SITE OF THE !MERICAN *EWISH #OMMITTEE OFFERS A PRO )SRAELI PERSPECTIVE THAT IS LARGELY SUPPORTIVE OF 53 POLICY
&URTHER 2EADING
&RIEDMAN 4HOMAS , &ROM "EIRUT TO *ERUSALEM !NCHOR
0ETERS *OAN &ROM 4IME )MMEMORIAL 4HE /RIGINS OF THE !RAB *EWISH #ONmICT OVER 0ALESTINE *+!0 0UBLISHERS
3AID %DWARD 7 4HE %ND OF THE 0EACE 0ROCESS /SLO AND !FTER +NOPF
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02/3 #/.3
4HE ELEPHANT POPULATIONS OF SOUTHERN !FRICAN STATES ARE %LEPHANTS ARE HIGHLY INTELLIGENT ANIMALS TO KILL THEM FOR
GROWING RAPIDLY PLACING A STRAIN UPON THE NATIONAL PARKS THEIR IVORY IS UNETHICAL ,IFTING THE BAN WOULD LEGITIMIZE
IN WHICH THEY LIVE 4HIS HAS NECESSITATED GOVERNMENT THE VIEW THAT HUMANKIND CAN EXPLOIT THEM IN ANY WAY
CULLS THAT HAVE RESULTED IN LARGE STOCKPILES OF IVORY ALSO CONVENIENT
ACQUIRED FROM ANIMALS THAT DIED NATURALLY THAT THESE
NATIONS ARE CURRENTLY UNABLE TO SELL 2ELAXING THE #)4%3
BAN ON TRADING IVORY SUBJECT TO CAREFUL REGULATION WOULD
BRING MUCH NEEDED CASH TO THE ENVIRONMENTAL PROGRAMS
OF THESE IMPOVERISHED COUNTRIES HELPING THEM TO SAFE
GUARD THE LONG TERM SURVIVAL OF !FRICAN ELEPHANTS
! TRADING BAN DOES NOT CHOKE OFF DEMAND FOR IVORY !T PRESENT DEMAND FOR IVORY IS LOW AND SHRINKING PRICES
)NSTEAD IT RAISES THE PRICE TO EXORBITANT LEVELS ENCOUR ARE ACTUALLY LOWER THAN BEFORE ,IFTING THE TRADING
AGING POACHING *APAN IS EMERGING FROM THE ECONOMIC BAN WOULD RENEW INTEREST IN IVORY ARTIFACTS AND INCREASE
PROBLEMS THAT DEPRESSED DEMAND DURING THE S AND THE SIZE OF THE MARKET THUS RAISING THEIR PRICE (IGHER
#HINAS GROWING PROSPERITY IS CREATING A NEW MARKET PRICES PRESENT A LONG TERM THREAT TO ELEPHANTS AND
#ONSEQUENTLY THE ILLEGAL TRADE WILL GENERATE HIGHER ENCOURAGE CONTINUED POACHING )N ANY CASE POVERTY IN
PROlTS IN THE FUTURE ,EGITIMATE REGULATED SALES WOULD !FRICA IS SO SEVERE THAT EVEN A DROP IN PRICE WILL NOT STOP
UNDERCUT THE ILLEGAL MARKET AND DRIVE THE POACHERS OUT THE POACHERS
OF BUSINESS
\
02/3 #/.3
0OACHING HAS BEEN EFFECTIVELY ELIMINATED IN SOUTHERN !LTHOUGH ELEPHANT POPULATIONS IN SOUTHERN !FRICA ARE
!FRICA THROUGH EFFECTIVE MANAGEMENT OF GAME PARKS VIABLE AND INCREASING THIS IS NOT THE CASE ELSEWHERE IN
4HE DEVELOPMENT OF ECOTOURISM ALSO GIVES LOCAL PEOPLES !FRICA .OR IS IT TRUE OF THE WILD !SIAN ELEPHANT POPULA
AN INCENTIVE TO PROTECT WILDLIFE AS A LONG TERM ECONOMIC TIONS OF 3OUTH !SIA 4ESTING CANNOT REVEAL WHERE CARVED
RESOURCE 4O SUSTAIN THIS APPROACH PARKS MUST GENERATE IVORY ORIGINATED OR THE SUBSPECIES FROM WHICH IT CAME
GREATER INCOME FROM THEIR ELEPHANT POPULATIONS 2EALIS #ONSEQUENTLY LIFTING THE TRADING BAN WOULD ENABLE
TICALLY STATES CAN DO THIS ONLY BY SELLING STOCKPILED IVORY POACHERS TO SELL IVORY MORE EASILY THUS INCREASING THEIR
)F OTHER COUNTRIES HAVE A POACHING PROBLEM THEY SHOULD PROlTS AND THEIR MOTIVATION TO KILL MORE ELEPHANTS 4HE
FOLLOW THE EXAMPLE OF 3OUTH !FRICA AND "OTSWANA RATHER WIDESPREAD CORRUPTION IN !FRICA AND PARTS OF !SIA ALLOWS
THAN SEEK TO HARM THE SUCCESSFUL CONSERVANCY PROGRAMS POACHERS TO MASK THE ILLEGAL ORIGINS OF THEIR IVORY WHICH
IN THESE STATES THEY PASS OFF AS LEGALLY OBTAINED
)VORY IS EXPENSIVE TO OBTAIN THROUGH CULLS OR MONITORING 3TORAGE COSTS AND DEPRECIATION ARE PROBLEMS ONLY IF IVORY
OF VERY ELDERLY ANIMALS AND STORE )T ALSO DEGRADES OVER IS STORED IN THE HOPE OF EVENTUAL SALE +ENYAS GAME CON
TIME 4HEREFORE COMMON SENSE TELLS US TO ALLOW ITS SALE SERVANCY BURNS THE IVORY IT OBTAINS FROM CULLS OR CON
ON A PERMANENT CONTROLLED BASIS RATHER THAN THROUGH lSCATES FROM POACHERS AVOIDING BOTH OF THESE PROBLEMS
ONE OFF SCHEMES SUCH AS THE SALE TO *APAN AND SHOWING ITS COMMITMENT TO ENDING ALL POSSIBILITY OF
RENEWED TRADE
!CCORDING TO THE 3OUTH !FRICAN GOVERNMENT PROPOSAL TO 4HE RELAXATION OF #)4%3 CONTROLS COINCIDED WITH A lVE
LIFT THE BAN IN h4HE EXPERIMENTAL EXPORT OF RAW FOLD UPSURGE IN POACHING IN +ENYA AND A SIMILAR INCREASE
IVORY IN FROM "OTSWANA .AMIBIA AND :IMBABWE IN )NDIA BECAUSE CRIMINALS ASSUMED THAT THE BAN WOULD
CONDUCTED UNDER RIGOROUS #)4%3 SUPERVISION WAS SUC SOON BE LIFTED
CESSFUL IN ALL RESPECTS AND TOOK PLACE UNDER INTENSE INTER
NATIONAL SCRUTINY )T CAN CATEGORICALLY BE STATED THAT NO
IVORY OTHER THAN THE REGISTERED STOCKS WAS EXPORTED TO
*APANv
3AMPLE -OTIONS
4HIS (OUSE WOULD ALLOW TRADE IN IVORY
4HIS (OUSE WOULD SAVE THE ELEPHANTS
4HIS (OUSE BELIEVES CONSERVATION MUST JUSTIFY ITSELF ECONOMICALLY
7EB ,INKS
s #ONVENTION ON )NTERNATIONAL 4RADE IN %NDANGERED 3PECIES OF 7ILD &AUNA AND &LORA #)4)%3 HTTPWWWCITESORG
0ROVIDES INFORMATION ON #)4%3 AND #)4%3 PROGRAMS THE TEXT OF THE #)4%3 CONVENTION AND LINKS TO RESOURCES ON ENDANGERED
SPECIES
s )NTERNATIONAL &UND FOR !NIMAL 7ELFARE HTTPWWWIFAWORGIFAWGENERAL
,INKS TO INFORMATION ON THE STATUS OF ELEPHANTS AND PROJECTS TO SAVE THEM
&URTHER 2EADING
0EARCE $AVID ED %LEPHANTS %CONOMICS AND )VORY %ARTHSCAN
3NUGG )KE %LEPHANTS AND )VORY ,ESSONS FROM THE 4RADE "AN )NSTITUTE OF %CONOMIC !FFAIRS
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02/3 #/.3
/NE OF THE FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE )T IS A PRIMARY OBLIGATION OF THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM
IS THAT THE PUNISHMENT SHOULD lT THE CRIME 4HAT PRIN TO ESTABLISH CLEAR AND CERTAIN PENALTIES FOR CRIME 4HE
CIPLE IS ABROGATED WHEN A LIFE SENTENCE IS AUTOMATICALLY THREE STRIKES LAWS OFFER SUCH CLARITY AND THEIR MANDATORY
IMPOSED FOR A THIRD FELONYWHETHER THAT FELONY IS SERI NATURE MAKES PUNISHMENT CERTAIN 4HESE LAWS PREVENT
OUS AND VIOLENT OR MINOR AND NON VIOLENT "ECAUSE INCONSISTENCY IN THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM
THERE IS ONLY ONE SENTENCE POSSIBLE FOR MANY KINDS OF
CRIMES IT FOLLOWS THAT THE SENTENCE DOES NOT NECESSARILY
CORRESPOND TO THE GRAVITY OF THE OFFENSE
)T OFTEN HAPPENS THAT THE THIRD FELONYTHAT IS THE ONE (ISTORICALLY JUDGES HAVE ABUSED THE DISCRETION THAT THEY
THAT TRIGGERS THE AUTOMATIC SENTENCEIS RELATIVELY MINOR HAVE BEEN GIVEN BY THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM 4OO
&OR EXAMPLE A LIFE SENTENCE HAS BEEN IMPOSED ON SOME OFTEN JUDGES HAVE IMPOSED LIGHT SENTENCES ON CRIMINALS
ONE FOR THE ATTEMPTED SHOPLIFTING OF VIDEOTAPES ! LIFE EVEN WHEN THOSE CRIMINALS HAVE BEEN REPEAT OFFENDERS
SENTENCE FOR SUCH A CRIME IS hCRUEL AND UNUSUALv AND 4HE MANDATORY SENTENCES IMPOSED BY THREE STRIKES LAWS
AS SUCH IS FORBIDDEN BY THE %IGHTH !MENDMENT TO THE ENSURE THAT RECIDIVISTS ARE PUNISHED APPROPRIATELY
#ONSTITUTION
(ISTORICALLY JUDGES HAVE HAD DISCRETIONARY POWERS WHEN 4HE FUNDAMENTAL PURPOSE OF THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM
SENTENCING CRIMINALS THIS PRACTICE RECOGNIZES THAT SEN IS TO PROTECT THE RIGHTS AND THE SAFETY OF LAW ABIDING CITI
TENCING SHOULD TAKE INTO ACCOUNT THE CIRCUMSTANCES OF ZENS "UT THESE CITIZENS ARE NOT PROTECTED BY hREVOLVING
THE CRIME THE CHARACTER OF THE CRIMINAL AND THE AMOUNT DOOR JUSTICEv WHICH ALLOWS CRIMINALS BACK ON THE STREET
OF HARM CAUSED BY THE CRIME -ANDATORY SENTENCES ROB AFTER REPEAT OFFENSES 4HREE STRIKES LAWS REMOVE REPEAT
JUDGES OF THOSE DISCRETIONARY POWERS THAT ARE PROPERLY OFFENDERS FROM SOCIETY AND PREVENT THEM FROM COMMIT
THEIRS )NDEED MANDATORY SENTENCES ARE IMPOSED IN TING FURTHER CRIMES
EFFECT BY THE LEGISLATIVE BRANCHTHUS VIOLATING THE INDE
PENDENCE OF THE JUDICIARY AND THE SEPARATION OF POWERS
OUTLINED IN THE #ONSTITUTION
$EFENDERS OF THE THREE STRIKES LAWS CLAIM THAT THESE LAWS 3INCE THREE STRIKES LAWS HAVE BEEN INTRODUCED ACROSS THE
HAVE A POWERFUL DETERRENT EFFECT AND REDUCE THE OCCUR NATION CRIME HAS DROPPED DRAMATICALLY 4HE REASON
RENCE OF CRIME 3TATISTICS SHOW HOWEVER THAT RECIDIVISM FOR THIS DECLINE IS OBVIOUS #ONVICTED RECIDIVISTS ARE NOT
HAS NOT BEEN REDUCED BY THE PRESENCE OF SUCH LAWS AND FREE TO COMMIT MORE CRIMES AND FELONS WITH ONE OR TWO
THE GENERAL REDUCTION IN CRIME WHEN AND WHERE IT HAS STRIKES ON THEIR RECORDS ARE DETERRED BY THE PUNISHMENT
OCCURRED IS DUE TO EFFECTIVE POLICING RATHER THAN TO THAT THEY KNOW WILL FOLLOW A THIRD OFFENSE
HARSH SENTENCING
\
02/3 #/.3
4HE THREE STRIKES LAWS ARE IN EFFECT EX POST FACTO LAWS /PPONENTS OF THREE STRIKES LAWS CLAIM THAT THESE LAWS
THAT IS CRIMINAL SENTENCES CAN TAKE INTO ACCOUNTAS lRST GIVE CRIMINALS NO CHANCE TO REHABILITATE AND REDEEM
AND SECOND STRIKESCRIMES THAT WERE COMMITTED BEFORE THEMSELVES "UT STUDIES HAVE SHOWN THAT REHABILITATION
THE LAW WAS PASSED -OREOVER THE IMPOSITION OF MANDA IS HIGHLY UNLIKELY FOR RECIDIVISTS 3OMEONE WHO HAS COM
TORY MAXIMUM SENTENCES BECAUSE OF PAST HISTORY CONSTI MITTED THREE FELONIES IS NOT LIKELY TO REFORM RATHER IT IS
TUTES hDOUBLE JEOPARDYv #RIMINALS ARE BEING PUNISHED THE DESTINY OF THE RECIDIVIST TO KEEP COMMITTING CRIMES
AGAIN FOR CRIMES FOR WHICH THEY ALREADY SERVED TIME
3AMPLE -OTIONS
4HIS (OUSE WOULD RESTORE DISCRETION IN SENTENCING TO THE JUDICIARY
4HIS (OUSE WOULD MAKE THE PUNISHMENT lT THE CRIME
7EB ,INKS
s &AMILIES !GAINST -ANDATORY -INIMUMS HTTPWWWFAMMORGINDEXHTM
7EB SITE OF AN ADVOCACY GROUP THAT OPPOSES A WIDE RANGE OF MANDATORY SENTENCES NOT JUST THE THREE STRIKES LAWS )NCLUDES REVIEWS
OF LITIGATION AND BRIEFS WRITTEN FOR THE 3UPREME #OURT
s &AMILIES TO !MEND #ALIFORNIAS 4HREE 3TRIKES HTTPWWWFACTSCOM
7EB SITE OF AN ADVOCACY GROUP THAT FOCUSES SPECIlCALLY ON #ALIFORNIA LAWS )NCLUDES HISTORY AND LINKS TO KEY TEXTS AND OTHER 7EB
SITES
s ,UNGREN $AN h4HREE #HEERS FOR 4HREE 3TRIKES #ALIFORNIA ENJOYS A RECORD DROP IN CRIMEv
HTTPWWWPOLICYREVIEWORGNOVBACKUPLUNGRENHTML
$AN ,UNGREN WAS ATTORNEY GENERAL OF THE STATE OF #ALIFORNIA WHEN HE WROTE THIS ESSAY IN DEFENSE OF THE STATES THREE STRIKES LAW
&URTHER 2EADING
2EYNOLDS -IKE "ILL *ONES AND $AN %VANS 4HREE 3TRIKES AND 9OURE /UT ! 0ROMISE TO +IMBER 4HE #HRONICLE OF !MERICAS 4OUGHEST
!NTI #RIME ,AW 1UILL $RIVER "OOKS
3HICHOR $AVID EDITOR AND $ALE + 3ECHREST 4HREE 3TRIKES AND 9OURE /UT 6ENGEANCE !S 0UBLIC 0OLICY 3AGE 0RESS
:IMRING &RANKLIN % 3AM +AMIN AND 'ORDON (AWKINS #RIME AND 0UNISHMENT IN #ALIFORNIA 4HE )MPACT OF 4HREE 3TRIKES AND 9OURE
/UT )NSTITUTE OF 'OVERNMENTAL 3TUDIES 0RESS
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02/3 #/.3
!LTHOUGH MARIJUANA DOES HAVE SOME HARMFUL EFFECTS IT 5NLIKE ALCOHOL AND TOBACCO MARIJUANA HAS AN INHERENTLY
IS NO MORE HARMFUL THAN LEGAL SUBSTANCES LIKE ALCOHOL DANGEROUS HALLUCINATORY EFFECT ON THE MIND &URTHER
AND TOBACCO 2ESEARCH BY THE "RITISH -EDICAL !SSOCIA MORE MANY INDIVIDUALS ADDICTED TO MARIJUANA RESORT TO
TION SHOWS THAT NICOTINE IS FAR MORE ADDICTIVE THAN MARI CRIME TO FUND THEIR ADDICTION 4HE LEGALIZATION OF MARI
JUANA &URTHERMORE THE CONSUMPTION OF ALCOHOL AND JUANA WILL LEAD TO THE DRUG BECOMING MORE READILY AVAIL
CIGARETTE SMOKING CAUSE MORE DEATHS PER YEAR THAN DOES ABLE WHICH IN TURN WILL MEAN THAT MANY MORE PEOPLE
MARIJUANA 4HE LEGALIZATION OF MARIJUANA WILL REMOVE AN WILL GAIN ACCESS TO IT AND BECOME ADDICTED 4HE CRIME

02/3 #/.3
ANOMALY IN THE LAW WHEREBY SUBSTANCES THAT ARE MORE RATE WILL INEVITABLY RISE $ATA FROM THE .ETHERLANDS SHOW
DANGEROUS THAN MARIJUANA ARE LEGAL WHILE THE POSSESSION THAT THE DECRIMINALIZATION AND EVENTUAL LEGALIZATION OF
AND USE OF MARIJUANA REMAINS UNLAWFUL MARIJUANA DID LEAD TO AN INCREASE IN CRIME
)N RECENT YEARS SCIENTISTS AND MEDICAL RESEARCHERS HAVE 4HE 53 HAS SUPPORTED SCIENTIlC RESEARCH INTO THE MEDI
DISCOVERED THAT MARIJUANA POSSESSES CERTAIN BENElCIAL CAL BENElTS OF MARIJUANA !LTHOUGH EVIDENCE MAY SHOW
MEDICINAL QUALITIES &OR INSTANCE MARIJUANA HELPS TO THAT MARIJUANA MAY HAVE SOME MEDICINAL BENElTS WE
RELIEVE THE SUFFERING OF PATIENTS WITH MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS SHOULD EXERCISE CAUTION ABOUT LEGALIZING IT BECAUSE ITS
4HE LATEST RESEARCH THAT WAS CONDUCTED BY THE #OM USE ALSO HAS HARMFUL SIDE EFFECTS -ORE IMPORTANT THE
PLUTENSE 5NIVERSITY IN -ADRID INDICATES THAT MARIJUANA LEGALIZATION OF MARIJUANA WILL GIVE RISE TO A HOST OF SOCIAL
HAS THE POTENTIAL TO KILL SOME CANCEROUS CELLS 'OVERN PROBLEMS 4HE NEGATIVES OF LEGALIZATION FAR OUTWEIGH ITS
MENTS SHOULD ACKNOWLEDGE SUCH lNDINGS AND LEGALIZE BENElTS 7E CAN THUS SAFELY SAY THAT THE PRESENT APPROACH
MARIJUANA REPRESENTS THE MOST SENSIBLE AND EVENHANDED RESPONSE TO
THE ISSUE AT HAND
)NDIVIDUALS SHOULD BE GIVEN THE FREEDOM TO LEAD THEIR 4HE STATE IS JUSTIlED IN INTRODUCING LEGISLATION TO PRE
LIVES AS THEY CHOOSE /F COURSE SUCH FREEDOM IS NOT ABSO VENT INDIVIDUALS FROM CAUSING HARM TO THEMSELVES &OR
LUTE AND LAWS SHOULD INTERVENE TO LIMIT THIS FREEDOM INSTANCE MANY COUNTRIES HAVE LAWS REQUIRING THE WEAR
ESPECIALLY WHEN THE RIGHTS OF OTHERS ARE INFRINGED )N THE ING OF SEATBELTS IN CARS -OREOVER THE USE OF MARIJUANA
CASE OF THE USE OF MARIJUANA IT IS A VICTIMLESS CRIME DOES LEAD TO MEDICALLY AND SOCIALLY HARMFUL OUTCOMES
ONLY THE USER EXPERIENCES THE EFFECTS OF THE SUBSTANCE THAT AFFECT OTHER MEMBERS OF SOCIETY
4HE STATE SHOULD NOT ACT PATERNALISTICALLY BY LEGISLATING
AGAINST SOMETHING THAT HARMS ONLY THE ACTUAL USER
7HERE IS THE EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE THAT THE USE OF MARI 4HE LEGALIZATION OF MARIJUANA WILL LEAD TO USERS MOVING
JUANA WILL CERTAINLY LEAD USERS INTO MORE DANGEROUS ON TO HARDER DRUGS LIKE MORPHINE AND COCAINE 4HIS
NARCOTIC SUBSTANCES 4HERE IS NONE 5NDENIABLY A LARGE WOULD ULTIMATELY BRING ABOUT AN INCREASE IN SOCIAL ILLS
NUMBER OF PEOPLE USE THE DRUG DESPITE IT BEING ILLEGAL AS WELL AS THE NEED TO SPEND MORE GOVERNMENT FUNDS ON
2ATHER THAN TURN AWAY FROM THIS PROBLEM THE GOVERN REHABILITATION PROGRAMS
MENT SHOULD FACE REALITY 4HE LEGALIZATION OF MARIJUANA
WILL ENABLE THE GOVERNMENT TO REGULATE ITS USE THEREBY
PROTECTING ITS MANY USERS FROM HARMFUL ABUSE OF THE SUB
STANCE
0RESENTLY ORGANIZED CRIME SELLS MARIJUANA 4HE LEGALIZA 4HE SAME CRIMINAL ELEMENTS THAT NOW SELL MARIJUANA
TION OF MARIJUANA WILL HELP FACILITATE THE SALE OF THE DRUG MIGHT WHEN THE DRUG IS LEGALIZED DIVERSIFY AND SET UP
IN ESTABLISHMENTS LIKE !MSTERDAMS hCOFFEE HOUSESv 4HIS hCOFFEE HOUSESv THEMSELVES ,EGALIZATION WILL DO NOTH
WILL SHIFT THE SALE OF MARIJUANA AWAY FROM THE CRIMINAL ING TO SEPARATE THE SALE OF MARIJUANA FROM THE CRIMINAL
UNDERWORLD 3EVERING THE hCRIMINAL LINKv WILL ENSURE THAT UNDERWORLD #ONVERSELY IT WILL GIVE CRIMINALS A LEGITI
THE USERS NO LONGER NEED TO COME INTO CONTACT WITH ORGA MATE BASE FROM WHICH TO CONTINUE THEIR ACTIVITIES
NIZED CRIME
3AMPLE -OTIONS
4HIS (OUSE BELIEVES THAT MARIJUANA SHOULD BE LEGALIZED
4HIS (OUSE SUPPORTS THE LEGALIZATION OF DRUGS
4HIS (OUSE ADVOCATES CHANGE IN OUR PRESENT DRUG POLICY
7EB ,INKS
s /FlCE OF .ATIONAL $RUG #ONTROL 0OLICY HTTPWWWWHITEHOUSEDRUGPOLICYGOV
0ROVIDES INFORMATION ON 53 GOVERNMENT DRUG POLICY STATISTICS ON DRUG USE NEWS STORIES AND PUBLICATIONS FROM AN ANTI LEGALIZATION
PERSPECTIVE
\
s ,EGALISE #ANNABIS !LLIANCE HTTPWWWLCA UKORG
/RGANIZATION SUPPORTING THE LEGALIZATION OF MARIJUANA IN 'REAT "RITAIN
s .ATIONAL /RGANIZATION FOR THE 2EFORM OF -ARIJUANA ,AWS HTTPWWWNORMLORG
)NFORMATION ON MARIJUANA FACTS LAWS AND MEDICAL USE FROM THE OLDEST 53 ORGANIZATION SUPPORTING LEGALIZATION
&URTHER 2EADING
"ROWN $AVID #ANNABIS 4HE 'ENUS #ANNABIS 4AYLOR AND &RANCIS
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02/3 #/.3
!NY LANGUAGE IS A REmECTION OF HUMAN CULTURE AND IS AN )N THE COURSE OF HUMAN PROGRESS LANGUAGES NATURALLY
INVALUABLE CULTURAL ARTIFACT (UMANITY SUFFERS A GREAT DISAPPEAR IT IS NORMAL (ISTORY IS REPLETE WITH EXAMPLES
LOSS WHEN LANGUAGES BECOME EXTINCT ,INGUISTIC DIVER OF EVEN THE GREATEST LANGUAGES DYING OUT AND NEW ONES
SITY DESERVES NO LESS PROTECTION AND CARE THAN DOES RACIAL COMING TO PROMINENCE THIS EVOLUTION HAS NOTHING TRAGIC
DIVERSITY OR BIODIVERSITY ABOUT IT %NGLISH THE PREDOMINANT INTERNATIONAL LAN
GUAGE MAY ITSELF BREAK APART INTO SEVERAL LANGUAGES JUST
AS ,ATIN DID
#URRENTLY ABOUT LANGUAGES ENJOY THE STATUS OF OFl %XISTENCE OF MANY LANGUAGES WITHIN ONE STATE IS DESTRUC
CIAL OR STATE LANGUAGES PROMOTED THROUGH NATIONAL EDU TIVE AND HINDERS ITS DEVELOPMENT ! HEALTHY STATE AND
CATION SYSTEMS 4HIS IS VERY DISADVANTAGEOUS FOR MINORITY NATIONAL IDEOLOGY ARE IMPOSSIBLE WITHOUT A SINGLE LAN
LANGUAGES -INORITY LANGUAGES DESERVE OFlCIAL PROTEC GUAGE 3UPPORT OF MINORITY LANGUAGES IS POTENTIALLY
TION .O LANGUAGE SHOULD BE A VICTIM IN THE NAME OF DANGEROUS BECAUSE OF THE THREAT POSED TO NATIONAL UNITY
STATEHOOD /NLY THROUGH ONE LINGUA FRANCA WERE MODERN INDUSTRIAL
STATES ABLE TO REACH THEIR LEVEL OF ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
5NITY MEANS PROGRESS
4HE SPREAD AND DOMINATION OF hGLOBALv LANGUAGES ARE THE /THER THAN THE MOTHER TONGUE THE SPEAKER HAS A CHOICE
LEGACY OF COLONIALISM THESE LANGUAGES ARE AN EXAMPLE OF AND A RIGHT TO SPEAK THE LANGUAGE HE PLEASES 'LOBALIZA
CULTURAL IMPERIALISM $EPRIVING MINORITIES OF THEIR LIN TION SUPPORTS MULTILINGUALISM !S IN ANY EVOLUTIONARY
GUISTIC RIGHTS IS DENYING THEIR RIGHT TO AN IDENTITY PROCESS HUMANS DISCARD LANGUAGES THAT ARE NO LONGER
USEFUL AND ADOPT THOSE THAT ARE MOST PRACTICAL FOR THEM
4HE DEATH OF MINORITY LANGUAGES NEGATIVELY REmECTS ON 4HE ADOPTION OF WIDESPREAD LANGUAGES BRINGS MANY ECO
THE INTELLECTUAL LINGUISTIC CAPACITY OF HUMANS "ECAUSE NOMIC GAINS AND RESULTS IN MORE EFlCIENT COMMUNICA
LANGUAGE IS THE MEANS OF DEVELOPING THE INTELLECT LESS TION AND EDUCATION PROGRAMS (ISTORICALLY THOSE NATIONS

02/3 #/.3
LINGUISTIC DIVERSITY EQUALS LESS INTELLECTUAL DIVERSITY THAT WERE ABLE TO UNIFY THEIR LANGUAGE WERE ALSO ABLE TO
-OREOVER EACH EXTINCT LANGUAGE CONTAINED IRRECOVER REACH THE GREATEST LEVEL OF DEVELOPMENT
ABLE INFORMATION THAT COULD HAVE GREATLY CONTRIBUTED TO
HUMAN KNOWLEDGE HAD IT SURVIVED
3AMPLE -OTIONS
4HIS (OUSE SUPPORTS PROTECTION OF MINORITY LANGUAGES
4HIS (OUSE WOULD NOT GIVE SPECIAL STATUS TO MINORITY LANGUAGES
4HIS (OUSE AGREES THAT THERE SHOULD BE ONLY ONE OFlCIAL LANGUAGE
7EB ,INKS
s ,ANGUAGE 2IGHTS WWWLINGUISTIC DECLARATIONORGINDEX GBHTM
5NIVERSAL $ECLARATION OF ,INGUISTIC 2IGHTS REPRESENTS A MOVEMENT FOR EQUAL RIGHTS FOR ALL LANGUAGE COMMUNITIES
s 53 %NGLISH HTTPWWWUS ENGLISHORG
!MERICAN NONGOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATION LOBBYING TO MAKE %NGLISH THE OFlCIAL LANGUAGE OF THE 5NITED 3TATES
s 7ORLD ,ANGUAGES HTTPWWWETHNOLOGUECOM
! COMPREHENSIVE RESOURCE ON LANGUAGES OF THE WORLD WITH A DATABASE OF LANGUAGES
&URTHER 2EADING
#ROWLEY 4ERRY !N )NTRODUCTION TO (ISTORICAL ,INGUISTICS /XFORD 5NIVERSITY 0RESS
#RYSTAL $AVID ,ANGUAGE $EATH #AMBRIDGE 5NIVERSITY 0RESS
0ENNYCOOK !LASTAIR 4HE #ULTURAL 0OLITICS OF %NGLISH !S AN )NTERNATIONAL ,ANGUAGE !DDISON 7ESLEY
3KUTNABB +ANGAS 4OVE 2OBERT 0HILLIPSON AND -ART 2ANNUT EDS ,INGUISTIC (UMAN 2IGHTS /VERCOMING ,INGUISTIC $ISCRIMINATION
-OUTON DE 'RUYTER
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02/3 #/.3
4HE CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT FOUGHT SEGREGATION BECAUSE #ONSTITUTIONAL PRINCIPLES ARE FUNDAMENTAL AND NOT OPEN
SCHOOLS FOR BLACKS WERE INFERIOR TO WHITE SCHOOLS THE REAL TO NEGOTIATION 3EGREGATION IN PUBLIC INSTITUTIONS IS
ISSUE WAS THE QUALITY OF THE EDUCATION BLACK STUDENTS UNCONSTITUTIONAL AND PERMITTING IT IN SCHOOLS FOR WHAT
RECEIVED )F STUDIES SHOW THAT BLACK STUDENTS WILL BE EVER REASON WILL JUSTIFY OTHER KINDS OF SEGREGATION THAT
BETTER EDUCATED IN ALL BLACK SCHOOLS THEN SCHOOL SYSTEMS ARE LESS WELL INTENTIONED
MUST ACT TO SERVE THESE STUDENTS
%VEN THOUGH THE STATE REQUIRES MANDATORY EDUCATION 4HE #ONSTITUTION RESPECTS THE RIGHT OF FREE ASSOCIATION IN
THE #ONSTITUTION RESPECTS THE RIGHT OF FREE CHOICE AND FREE THE PRIVATE SECTOR BUT THE PUBLIC SECTOR IS DISTINCTLY DIF
\
02/3 #/.3
ASSOCIATION #ATHOLICS FOR EXAMPLE ARE FREE TO ATTEND FERENT #ITIZENS ARE GUARANTEED ACCESS TO PUBLIC SERVICES
CHURCH SCHOOLS WITH ALL #ATHOLIC POPULATIONS AND GIRLS IRRESPECTIVE OF RACE SEX OR CREED 4HE STATE CANNOT CREATE
CAN GO TO PRIVATE SCHOOLS THAT SERVE ONLY GIRLS 4HE RESULT SCHOOLS THAT BY DESIGN EXCLUDE ANY PART OF THE POPULA
IS THAT STUDENTS ARE ALLOWED TO ATTEND THE SCHOOLS THAT TION
SERVE THEM BEST "UT THIS SHOULD NOT BE A PRIVILEGE GIVEN
ONLY TO THOSE WHO CAN AFFORD PRIVATE SCHOOLING 0UBLIC
SCHOOL STUDENTS TOO DESERVE OPTIONS THAT SERVE THEM
AND THOSE OPTIONS SHOULD INCLUDE SINGLE SEX SINGLE RACE
SCHOOLS %QUALITY UNDER THE LAW DOES NOT MEAN SAME
NESS
3OCIETY BENElTS FROM SINGLE RACE SCHOOLS 3TUDENTS WHO 4HE LOGIC BEHIND SINGLE SEX SINGLE RACE SCHOOLS IS PATRON
ATTEND SUCH SCHOOLS PERFORM BETTER ACADEMICALLY BECAUSE IZING AND SELF DEFEATING )T ASSUMES THAT !FRICAN !MERI
THE SCHOOLS GIVE THEM A PROUD SENSE OF THEIR CULTURAL CAN MALES CANNOT LEARN WHEN THERE ARE WHITE STUDENTS
IDENTITY AND A DISCIPLINED SENSE OF RESPONSIBILITY 4HESE PRESENT OR WHEN THERE ARE GIRLS PRESENT 7OULD ANYONE
QUALITIES WILL MAKE THEM BETTER CITIZENS AFTER THEY LEAVE SUGGEST THAT WHITE STUDENTS ARE INCAPABLE OF LEARNING
THE SCHOOL SYSTEM WHEN BLACKS ARE PRESENT 4HE ASSUMPTION THAT BLACKS ARE
INCAPABLE BREEDS A FEELING OF INFERIORITY NOT PRIDE
)NTEGRATION DOES NOT NECESSARILY REPRESENT THE BLEND 3OCIETY MUST RESPECT THE CULTURAL IDENTITY AND CULTURAL
ING OF DISPARATE CULTURES INTO A UNIlED WHOLE OFTEN IT HERITAGE OF ALL OF THE PEOPLE WHO MAKE UP !MERICA 4HIS
MEANS THE DOMINANCE OF ONE CULTURE !FRICAN !MERICAN MAY REQUIRE SOME REFORMS IN THE WAY SCHOOLS CURRENTLY
STUDENTS LEARN IN DISTINCTIVE WAYS AND THEY SHOULD NOT OPERATE .EVERTHLESS WE MUST ASPIRE TO COMMON UNDER
BE FORCED INTO SCHOOLS THAT PROMOTE WHITE CULTURE AND STANDINGS AND COMMON WAYS OF DOING THINGS ! FRAG
WHITE LEARNING STYLES MENTED ATOMIZED COUNTRY CANNOT FUNCTION OR PROSPER
7E MUST NOT ENDORSE SCHOOLS THAT PROMOTE A SENSE OF
SEPARATION RATHER THAN A SENSE OF UNITY
!FTER GRADUATION EITHER IN COLLEGE OR IN THE WORKFORCE 4HE WORKING WORLD IS NOT SEGREGATED INDEED ONE OF
!FRICAN !MERICANS WILL HAVE TO FUNCTION AS MEMBERS OF A THE MOST DOMINANT CHARACTERISTICS OF !MERICAN SOCIETY
MINORITY )T IS IMPORTANT FOR THEM WHILE STILL IN SCHOOL IS ITS DIVERSITYETHNIC RACIAL AND RELIGIOUS /NE OF THE
TO HAVE A hMAJORITY EXPERIENCEvTHAT IS TO BE PART OF PRIMARY PURPOSES OF SCHOOLING IS TO PREPARE STUDENTS FOR
A COMMUNITY IN WHICH THEY ARE REGARDED AS THE NORM THE WORKING WORLD PREPARING THEM WITH A FAULTY MODEL
RATHER THAN THE EXCEPTION MAKES NO SENSE )F THE WORLD AT LARGE IS NOT SEGREGATED
THE SCHOOL SHOULD NOT BE EITHER
3AMPLE -OTIONS
4HIS (OUSE SUPPORTS THE CREATION OF SINGLE RACE PUBLIC SCHOOLS
4HIS (OUSE WOULD SERVE PUBLIC SCHOOL STUDENTS IN THE BEST WAYS POSSIBLE
4HIS (OUSE BELIEVES IN SEPARATE BUT EQUAL
7EB ,INKS
s %DUCATION 2ESOURCES )NFORMATION #ENTER !RTICLE HTTPWWWEDGOVDATABASES%2)#?$IGESTSEDHTML
%SSAY ON SCHOOL PROGRAMS FOR BLACK !MERICAN MALES
s "ALKIN *ACK - h)S THERE A SLIPPERY 3LOPE &ROM 3INGLE 3EX %DUCATION TO 3INGLE 2ACE %DUCATIONv *OURNAL OF "LACKS IN (IGHER
%DUCATION HTTPWWWJBHECOMFEATURES?BALKINHTML
!RTICLE IN OPPOSITION TO SINGLE RACE SCHOOLS
s 3MITH 3TACY h6OLUNTARY 3EGREGATIONv 0HILOSOPHY OF %DUCATION 9EARBOOK HTTPWWWEDUIUCEDU%030%3 YEARBOOK?
DOCSSMITH?SHTMLFN
!RTICLE IN SUPPORT OF VOLUNTARY SEGREGATION IN SCHOOLS

&URTHER 2EADING
&ORDHAM 3IGNITHIA "LACKED /UT $ILEMMAS OF 2ACE )DENTITY AND 3UCCESS AT #APITAL (IGH 5NIVERSITY OF #HICAGO 0RESS
(ALE *ANICE % ,EARNING 7HILE "LACK #REATING %DUCATIONAL %XCELLENCE FOR !FRICAN !MERICAN #HILDREN *OHNS (OPKINS 5NIVERSITY 0RESS

(OWARD 'ARY 2 7E #ANT 4EACH 7HAT 7E $ONT +NOW 7HITE 4EACHERS -ULTIRACIAL 3CHOOLS 4EACHERS #OLLEGE 0RESS
-URRELL 0ETER # *R !FRICAN #ENTERED 0EDAGOGY $EVELOPING 3CHOOLS OF !CHIEVEMENT FOR !FRICAN !MERICAN #HILDREN 3TATE 5NIVERSITY OF
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02/3 #/.3
4HE CONCEPT OF MONARCHY IS UNDEMOCRATIC )F THE MON #ONSTITUTIONAL MONARCHY IS A VERY EFFECTIVE POLITICAL
ARCH RETAINS ANY SIGNIlCANT POLITICAL POWERS THESE ARE SYSTEM ! HEREDITARY HEAD OF STATE ACTS AS AN IMPORTANT
UNJUSTIlABLE 7HY SHOULD THE OPINION OF ONE PERSON IN ELEMENT OF CONTINUITY WITHIN A DEMOCRATIC SYSTEM 4HE
OFlCE BY ACCIDENT OF BIRTH BE ABLE TO INmUENCE THE OUT REAL POWERS OF %UROPEAN MONARCHS ARE NEGLIGIBLE )N
COME OF ELECTIONS OR OF POLITICAL DECISION MAKING -ON THEORY A "RITISH RULER CAN VETO AN ACT OF 0ARLIAMENT BUT
ARCHY MAY ALSO BE USED TO PROP UP OTHER UNJUSTIlABLE NONE HAS DONE SO SINCE THE EARLY EIGHTEENTH CENTURY !S
ELEMENTS WITHIN GOVERNMENT FOR EXAMPLE THE (OUSE OF lGURES ABOVE THE POLITICAL CONmICTS OF THE DAY MONARCHS
,ORDS IN THE 5+ RETAIN AN IMPORTANT SYMBOLIC ROLE AS A FOCUS FOR NATIONAL
UNITY )N "RITAIN THEIR RIGHT hTO ADVISE ENCOURAGE AND
WARNv THE PRIME MINISTER HAS ACTED AS A CHECK AGAINST
OVERLY RADICAL POLICIES )N 3PAIN +ING *UAN #ARLOS ACTU
ALLY FACED DOWN A MILITARY COUP IN THE S
4HE CONCEPT OF MONARCHY IS ALSO INEGALITARIAN %VEN IF -ONARCHY ACTS AS A GUARDIAN OF A NATIONS HERITAGE A
THE MONARCHY RETAINS LITTLE OR NO POLITICAL POWER ITS PRES LIVING REMINDER OF THE EVENTS AND PERSONALITIES THAT HAVE
ENCE SUSTAINS THE TRADITIONAL CLASS SYSTEM SENDING A MES SHAPED IT !S SUCH IT IS A POWERFUL FOCUS FOR LOYALTY AND A
SAGE THAT THE CLASS YOU ARE BORN INTO MATTERS MORE THAN SOURCE OF STRENGTH IN TIMES OF CRISIS AS WELL AS A REMINDER
WHAT YOU MAKE OF YOURSELF 4HIS CAN STImE ASPIRATIONS OF ENDURING VALUES AND TRADITIONS 3EPARATING THE POSI
AND LEAD TO A CULTURE OF DEFERENCE THAT DOES NOT VALUE TIONS OF HEAD OF STATE AND HEAD OF GOVERNMENT ALSO MAKES
THE ENTREPRENEUR OR INDIVIDUAL ABILITY AND INITIATIVE ! GREAT PRACTICAL SENSE 4HE MONARCH UNDERTAKES MUCH OF
SYSTEM OF ROYAL HONORS MAY BE USED TO TIE ACHIEVERS INTO THE CEREMONIAL WORK AT HOME AND ABROAD LEAVING THE
THE TRADITIONAL SOCIAL STRUCTURES MAKING RADICAL SOCIAL PRIME MINISTER FREE TO FOCUS MORE ON GOVERNING
AND POLITICAL CHANGE LESS POSSIBLE
-ONARCHY IS HIGHLY COST EFFECTIVE WHEN COMPARED TO THE
4HE COSTS OF MONARCHY ARE UNJUSTIlABLE 4YPICALLY MON EXPENSE OF MAINTAINING A PRESIDENT WITH A LARGE STAFF AND
ARCHS AND THEIR IMMEDIATE FAMILY RECEIVE SUBSTANTIAL EQUALLY STRINGENT SECURITY REQUIREMENTS 2OYAL RESIDENCES
AMOUNTS OF MONEY FROM THE STATE TO MAINTAIN LUXURIOUS ARE HELD IN TRUST FOR THE NATION AND WOULD INCUR THE SAME
LIFESTYLES 4HE STATE ALSO SPENDS A GREAT DEAL TO MAINTAIN UPKEEP COSTS WHETHER A MONARCH INHABITED THEM OR NOT
AND RUN PALACES AND OTHER ROYAL RESIDENCES WHICH ARE -ONARCHY MORE THAN PAYS ITS WAY THROUGH ITS GENERA
SELDOM ACCESSIBLE TO THE GENERAL PUBLIC THAT SUPPORTS TION OF TOURIST REVENUE AS MILLIONS VISIT SITES ASSOCIATED
THEM THROUGH TAXES 3ECURITY COSTS ARE ALSO VERY HIGH WITH ROYALTY AND THROUGH ITS ROLE IN PROMOTING TRADE AND
INDUSTRY ABROAD ON ROYAL VISITS
\
02/3 #/.3
2OYAL FAMILIES HAVE BECOME NATIONAL EMBARRASSMENTS )N -ONARCHY IS PREFERABLE TO AN ELECTED PRESIDENCY 0RESI
AN AGE OF MASS MEDIA MONARCHIES ARE NO LONGER ABLE TO DENTS INEVITABLY ARE ASSOCIATED WITH PARTISAN POLITICS AND
MAINTAIN THE MYSTIQUE THAT ONCE SET THEM APART FROM THE THUS CANNOT REPRESENT THE NATION AS MONARCHS CAN 0UBLIC
COMMON FOLK )NSTEAD KINGS QUEENS PRINCES AND PRIN TRUST OF POLITICIANS IS SINKING TO NEW LOWS IN ALL COUNTRIES
CESSES ARE REVEALED TO BE MORTAL FALLIBLE AND SOMETIMES ANOTHER REASON WHY AN ELECTED PRESIDENT FAILS TO PROVIDE
FOOLISH !S THEIR WARDROBES SQUABBLES AND FAILING MAR A FOCUS FOR NATIONAL FEELING #ONSTITUTIONAL MONARCHY IS
RIAGES HAVE BECOME CONSTANT SOURCES OF MEDIA SCRUTINY ALSO A MORE EFFECTIVE SYSTEM OF GOVERNMENT BECAUSE IT
ANY REMAINING RESPECT FOR MONARCHY AS AN INSTITUTION HAS VESTS REAL POWER CLEARLY IN THE HANDS OF DEMOCRATICALLY
WANED (OW MANY PEOPLE TRAVELING ABROAD LIKE TO lND ACCOUNTABLE LEADERS WITH A MANDATE TO GOVERN BUT AVOIDS
THEIR HEAD OF STATE AND BY EXTENSION THEIR WHOLE COUNTRY ALL THE DANGERS OF POLITICAL GRIDLOCK THAT CAN RESULT FROM
A SOURCE OF AMUSEMENT CONmICT BETWEEN ELECTED BRANCHES OF GOVERNMENT
-ONARCHS NO LONGER CLAIM DIVINE RIGHT TO RULE &OR CEN -ONARCHS CAN BOTH FORM AND LEAD PUBLIC OPINION
TURIES THE MAIN JUSTIlCATION OF ROYAL AUTHORITY WAS A RELI !LTHOUGH ABOVE PARTY POLITICS MODERN MONARCHS HAVE
GIOUS ONE 2OMAN #ATHOLIC RULERS HAD THEIR LEGITIMACY PROVED ABLE TO RAISE IMPORTANT AND SOMETIMES UNPOPU
SUPPORTED BY THE 0OPE 0ROTESTANT RULERS OFTEN HEADED LAR ISSUES THAT WOULD OTHERWISE HAVE BEEN IGNORED &OR
THEIR OWN STATE CHURCHES )N BOTH CASES THE MONARCHS EXAMPLE IN THE 5+ 0RINCE #HARLES HAS LEGITIMIZED DIS
RIGHTFUL AUTHORITY WAS PREACHED IN CHURCH EVERY 3UNDAY CUSSION OF ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES AND STIMULATED A LIVELY
WHILE THE RULER IN TURN PROTECTED A SINGLE NATIONAL CHURCH DEBATE ABOUT THE PURPOSE OF ARCHITECTURE WHILE 0RINCESS
4ODAY SOCIETIES INCLUDE MANY FAITHS AND MANY PEOPLE $IANAS WORK WITH !)$3 SUFFERERS HELPED SHIFT PUBLIC
HAVE NO RELIGION AT ALL (ARDLY ANYONE BELIEVES THE MON OPINION
ARCH HAS A SPIRITUAL RIGHT TO EXERCISE AUTHORITY )NDEED
THOSE WHOSE RELIGION DIFFERS FROM THAT OF THE MONARCH
OFTEN ETHNIC MINORITIES MAY BE ALIENATED BY THE PRIVI
LEGES GRANTED A PARTICULAR FAITH
3AMPLE -OTIONS
4HIS (OUSE WOULD ABOLISH THE MONARCHY
4HIS (OUSE WOULD STORM THE PALACE
4HIS (OUSE WOULD RATHER BE FREE CITIZENS THAN LOYAL SUBJECTS
7EB ,INKS
s !USTRALIANS FOR #ONSTITUTIONAL -ONARCHY HTTPWWWNOREPUBLICCOMAU
!USTRALIAN ORGANIZATION OPPOSING THE CREATION OF A REPUBLIC AND SUPPORTING THE CONTINUATION OF A CONSTITUTIONAL MONARCHY
s 4HE #ENTRE FOR 2EPUBLICAN $EMOCRACY HTTPWWWCENTREFORCITIZENSHIPORG
!RTICLES IN SUPPORT OF A "RITISH REPUBLIC FROM A RADICAL POINT OF VIEW
s 2EPUBLIC HTTPWWWREPUBLICORGUK
/FFERS POLICY STATEMENTS AND ARTICLES IN SUPPORT OF AN ELECTED HEAD OF STATE FOR 'REAT "RITAIN
&URTHER 2EADING
&REEDLAND *ONATHAN "RING (OME THE 2EVOLUTION 4HE #ASE FOR A "RITISH 2EPUBLIC &OURTH %STATE
7INTERTON 'EORGE -ONARCHY TO 2EPUBLIC !USTRALIAN 2EPUBLICAN 'OVERNMENT /XFORD 5NIVERSITY 0RESS
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02/3 #/.3
-ULTICULTURALISM IS CLEARLY BETTER HOW CAN YOU EXPECT )F YOU DECIDE THAT YOU WANT TO LIVE IN A COUNTRY YOU
PEOPLE TO GIVE UP THEIR HERITAGE )MMIGRANTS DO NOT LEAVE HAVE TO RESPECT ITS TRADITIONS %XPECTING NEW CITIZENS OR
A COUNTRY TO LEAVE THEIR CULTURAL IDENTITY BEHIND RESIDENTS TO CONFORM TO CERTAIN NATIONAL NORMS IS NOT
UNREASONABLE
)F A SOCIETY CLAIMS TO BE TOLERANT OF PERSONAL CHOICE IT 7HAT SOME PEOPLE CALL SOCIAL ENGINEERING INTEGRATIONISTS
MUST RESPECT THE CHOICE OF IMMIGRANTS TO RETAIN THEIR CALL ENSURING THAT SOCIETY IS AS HARMONIOUS AND CONmICT
HERITAGE !NYTHING LESS SMACKS OF SOCIAL ENGINEERING FREE AS POSSIBLE )F DIFFERENCE BREEDS CONTEMPT THEN THE
LEAST DIFFERENCE THE BETTER
#LINGING TO AN IDEA OF MONOLITHIC NATIONAL IDENTITY IS 7E TOTALLY REJECT THE NOTION OF THE DEMISE OF THE NATION
ANACHRONISTIC 4HE NATION STATE MODEL FOR SOCIETY IS STATE )T IS STILL THE PRIMARY MODE OF NATIONAL IDENTITY !S
CRUMBLING AND IS BEING OUTSTRIPPED BY TRANSNATIONAL 53 HISTORY HAS SHOWN A NATION CAN ABSORB MILLIONS OF
MODELS SUCH AS THE %UROPEAN 5NION !S A RESULT THERE IS IMMIGRANTS AND YET MAINTAINED A UNIQUE IDENTITY
LESS EMPHASIS ON NATIONAL IDENTITY 3UCH EXCLUSIVE NATION
ALISM IS DESTRUCTIVE AND HISTORY SHOWS IT TO BE SO
0ERPETUATING A NATIONAL IDENTITY INEVITABLY LEADS TO THE 4HERE IS A MIDDLE POINT BETWEEN DENYING ANYONE THE
ALIENATION OF THOSE WHO FOR RELIGIOUS OR OTHER REASONS RIGHT TO PRACTICE THEIR RELIGION OPENLY AND DENYING ANY
CHOOSE NOT TO CONFORM )F THE NATIONAL IDENTITY DOES NOT SORT OF NATIONAL IDENTITY OR CONFORMITY ! SHARED SENSE
INCLUDE THE WEARING OF A TURBAN HEADDRESS OR ROBE THEN OF BELONGING AND PURPOSE IS VITAL FOR NATIONAL COHERENCE
THOSE WHO DO WEAR THESE GARMENTS ARE EXCLUDED FROM AND SERVES THE NATION AND THE NATIONS PEOPLES WELL IN
THE MAINSTREAM 3UCH EXCLUSION GIVES RISE TO THE NOTION TIMES OF WAR )N ADDITION WE WANT EVERYONE TO CHEER
OF THE hOTHERv AND LEAVES THOSE PERCEIVED AS THE hOTHERv THEIR FAVORITE BALL TEAM
OPEN TO PHYSICAL ASSAULT
7E SHOULD EMBRACE THE FACT THAT PEOPLE CAN SUPPORT 4HIS IS NAÉVE AND PRESUMES ARROGANTLY THAT WE HAVE
BOTH THEIR OLD AND NEW NATIONS )T SHOWS THAT WE HAVE MOVED BEYOND THE POINT WHERE WE ARE AT RISK FROM ENE
MOVED BEYOND THE DIVISIVE NATIONAL STEREOTYPING THAT MIES !S THE RISE IN EXTREMISM AND ITS SUPPORT FROM SOME
CAUSES CONmICT 4HE MORE TOLERANCE OF DIFFERENCE AND OF OUR OWN CITIZENS SHOW WE HAVE BEEN TOO LIBERAL 7E
EMBRACE OF OTHER CULTURES WE CAN ACHIEVE THE LESS CON HAVE FORGOTTEN WHY NATIONHOOD IS IMPORTANT AND WHY
mICT THERE WILL BE WE ALL NEED TO FEEL A COMMUNAL BELONGING AND AFlNITY
WITH THE BASIC VALUES OF OUR SOCIETY
3AMPLE -OTIONS
4HIS (OUSE WOULD BE MULTICULTURAL
4HIS (OUSE BELIEVES IN MULTICULTURALISM
4HIS (OUSE BELIEVES THAT THE NATION STATE IS DEAD
\
7EB ,INKS
s !USTRALIAN 'OVERNMENT )MMIGRATION 7EBSITE HTTPWWWIMMIGOVAUMULTICULTURAL
!USTRALIAN GOVERNMENT POLICY ON MULTICULTURALISM
s $IVERSITY -ULTICULTURALISM 4HE .EW 2ACISM HTTPMULTICULTURALISMAYNRANDORG
#RITIQUE OF MULTICULTURALISM BY THE !YN 2AND )NSTITUTE
&URTHER 2EADING
"ARRY "RIAN - #ULTURE AND %QUALITY !N %GALITARIAN #RITIQUE OF -ULTICULTURALISM (ARVARD 5NIVERSITY 0RESS
+YMLICKA 7ILL -ULTICULTURAL #ITIZENSHIP ! ,IBERAL 4HEORY OF -INORITY 2IGHTS /XFORD 5NIVERSITY 0RESS
+YMLICKA 7ILL AND 7AYNE .ORMAN EDS #ITIZENSHIP IN $IVERSE 3OCIETIES /XFORD 5NIVERSITY 0RESS
-ILLER $AVID #ITIZENSHIP AND .ATIONAL )DENTITY 0OLITY 0RESS
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02/3 #/.3
! NATIONAL CURRICULUM FOR MOST CORE SUBJECTS ALREADY 4HE MANDATE FOR A NATIONAL TEST MAKES EVERY LOCAL
EXISTS WITHOUT SCHOOL BOARDS AND LOCAL COMMUNITIES EVEN ITY TEACH THE SAME CURRICULUM %ACH STATE AND LOCAL
REALIZING IT -OST HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS ARE PREPARING FOR ITY SHOULD BE ABLE TO DETERMINE ITS OWN CURRICULUM AS
STANDARDIZED COLLEGE ENTRANCE EXAMS AND THEREFORE STUDY SCHOOLS ACROSS THE COUNTRY ARE VERY DIFFERENT AND SHOULD
WHAT IS NEEDED TO DO WELL ON THESE TESTS !LSO ONLY A FEW BE ABLE TO MAKE DECISIONS AT THE LOCAL LEVEL ON WHAT WILL
TEXTBOOK COMPANIES PRODUCE TEXTS FOR HIGH SCHOOL STU BE TAUGHT WITHIN THEIR CLASSROOMS 2EQUIRING NATIONAL
DENTS 7HEN LOCALITIES SELECT ONE OF THESE TEXTBOOKS THEY TESTING REMOVES THE TRADITIONAL RIGHTS OF LOCALITIES TO
ARE IN EFFECT AGREEING TO WHAT AMOUNTS TO A NATIONAL ADAPT TO COMMUNITY STANDARDS AND DESIRES WHEN MAKING
CURRICULUM "ESIDES STUDENTS ACROSS THE COUNTRY SHOULD CURRICULUM DECISIONS
LEARN THE SAME SKILLS
!S LONG AS SCHOOL BOARDS AND LOCALITIES FOLLOW THE NATIONAL -ANDATING A NATIONAL TEST WILL RESULT IN TEACHERS hTEACH
CURRICULUM STUDENT SUCCESS ON THE TEST WILL FOLLOW $RILL ING TO THE TESTSv 3TUDENTS WILL FACE DAYS OF LEARNING HOW
ING AND hTEACHING TO THE TESTv OCCUR ONLY WHEN SCHOOLS TO TAKE TESTS AT THE EXPENSE OF LEARNING SKILLS AND KNOWL
MAKE A DECISION TO TEST WITHOUT ALTERING THEIR CURRICU EDGE THAT WILL HELP THEM BECOME GOOD CITIZENS AND CON
LUMS 3TUDENTS UNDENIABLY NEED TO HAVE CERTAIN BASIC TRIBUTE IN MEANINGFUL WAYS TO SOCIETY 4HEY WILL BECOME
SKILLS AND SUBJECT MASTERY WHEN THEY GRADUATE 4HE GOOD TEST TAKERS BUT WILL MISS OUT ON THE JOY OF LEARNING
.ATIONAL !SSESSMENT OF %DUCATIONAL 0ROGRESS AND THE FOR LEARNINGS SAKE 3UBJECTS LIKE ART AND MUSIC THAT ARE
STATE DEVELOPED ASSESSMENTS WILL TEST THOSE THE SCHOOL NOT COVERED ON THE STANDARDIZED TESTS COULD BE CUT /UR
DAY AFFORDS PLENTY OF TIME FOR STUDENTS TO LEARN THE BASICS CHILDRENS EDUCATION WOULD BECOME NARROWLY FOCUSED ON
AND STILL PARTICIPATE IN ADDITIONAL ACTIVITIES AND ATTEND A YEARLY TEST
CLASSES THAT GO BEYOND THE BASICS

02/3 #/.3
4HE ENTIRE REASON THAT PUBLIC EDUCATION IN !MERICA WAS 5SING A NATIONAL TEST TO DETERMINE IF SCHOOLS AND STU
FOUNDED WAS TO DEVELOP A MORE PRODUCTIVE WORKFORCE DENTS ARE WORKING OVERSIMPLIlES EDUCATION !DVOCATES OF
!LTHOUGH EDUCATION BY ITSELF IS A WORTHY GOAL ULTIMATELY NATIONAL TESTING USE TERMS THAT ARE MORE SPECIlC TO BUSI
WHAT WE WANT FOR OUR CHILDREN IS FOR THEM TO BE SUCCESS NESS AS IF CHILDREN ARE SIMPLY WIDGETS COMING OUT AT THE
FUL INDIVIDUALS WHO ARE ABLE TO EARN A LIVING WHEN THEY END OF AN ASSEMBLY LINE 0ROPONENTS OF NATIONAL TESTING
GRADUATE FROM HIGH SCHOOL OR COLLEGE &OCUSING ON WORD USE TERMS LIKE hSETTING OBJECTIVESv hGETTING RESULTSv AND
CHOICES THAT MAY ALSO BE USED IN THE BUSINESS WORLD IS hTHE BOTTOM LINEv WHEN TALKING ABOUT OUR NATIONS CHIL
JUST A DISTRACTER USED BY OPPONENTS OF NATIONAL TESTING TO DREN 7E CANNOT LET THE UNETHICAL CORRUPT AND PROlT
SHIFT THE DEBATE AWAY FROM WHAT REALLY NEEDS TO HAPPEN DRIVEN WORLD OF BUSINESS ENCROACH INTO OUR NATIONS CLASS
IN OUR NATIONS SCHOOLS ROOMS
)N A SOCIETY WHERE EDUCATION IS SO IMPORTANT TO SUCCESS 5SING A NATIONAL TEST TO DETERMINE IF STUDENTS ARE MASTER
WE MUST MAKE SURE OUR SCHOOLS ARE PERFORMING FOR OUR ING MATERIAL IS UNFAIR AND WILL DRIVE GOOD TEACHERS OUT
NATIONS CHILDREN 4HE PRIMARY REASON FOR NATIONAL STAN OF OUR CLASSROOMS MAKING EXISTING PROBLEMS WORSE !
DARDS AND ASSESSMENT IS TO MAKE SCHOOLS AND TEACHERS BETTER ALTERNATIVE IS A BROAD BASED ASSESSMENT WHICH
ACCOUNTABLE FOR WHAT GOES ON IN THE CLASSROOM )F SCHOOLS LOOKS AT MULTIPLE MEASURES OF WHAT A STUDENT HAS LEARNED
AND TEACHERS ARE DOING A GOOD JOB THEY HAVE NOTHING TO )NSTEAD OF TESTING A STUDENT ON ONE DAY A MULTIPLE MEA
FEAR AS WE MOVE TO A NATIONAL SYSTEM OF ACCOUNTABILITY SURE ASSESSMENT USES TEACHER EVALUATIONS TEACHER CREATED
THROUGH ASSESSMENT TESTS AND STUDENT DEMONSTRATIONS THAT OCCUR OVER THE
ENTIRE SCHOOL YEAR 4HIS WOULD ESPECIALLY BENElT STUDENTS
WHO ARE NOT GOOD TEST TAKERS
$EVELOPING ACCEPTABLE NATIONAL STANDARDS IS NOT EASY 4HE IDEA OF NATIONAL STANDARDS MAY SEEM LIKE A GOOD ONE
BUT OTHER COUNTRIES HAVE DEMONSTRATED THAT CREATING UNTIL YOU START TO ACTUALLY TRY TO CREATE THE STANDARDS THAT
GOOD STANDARD TESTS THAT MOTIVATE STUDENTS AND TEACH TEACHERS MUST TEACH TO !GREEING WHAT MUST BE TAUGHT IS
ERS IS POSSIBLE %XCELLENCE IS CREATED BY BRINGING TOGETHER DIFlCULT ENOUGH IN A LOCAL SETTING NATIONALLY SUCH AGREE
THE RIGHT PEOPLE EXAMINING TEXTBOOKS AND LOOKING AT MENT IS PROBABLY NOT ACHIEVABLE 7HICH HISTORIC lGURES
STANDARDS ALREADY PUT IN PLACE BY MANY NATIONAL TEACHERS SHOULD ALL STUDENTS LEARN ABOUT 7HAT PARTS OF HISTORY
ASSOCIATIONS )N THE 5NITED 3TATES THE QUALITY OF EDUCA ARE MOST IMPORTANT !LSO GOOD STANDARDS ARE DIFlCULT TO
TION THAT STUDENTS RECEIVE DEPENDS ON WHAT STATE COUNTY CRAFT 3TANDARDS ARE EITHER TOO VAGUE SO THE TEST MAKERS
AND TOWN THEY LIVE IN AND EVEN IN WHAT PART OF TOWN AND TEACHERS DO NOT KNOW WHAT MATERIAL TO FOCUS ON OR
THEY RESIDE 4HIS VIOLATES THE PRINCIPLE OF EQUALITY THAT IS THEY ARE TOO DETAILED SO THAT TEACHERS AND STUDENTS ARE
FUNDAMENTAL TO THE VALUES OF OUR COUNTRY )F ALL TEACHERS OVERWHELMED BY THE SHEER NUMBER OF SUBJECTS THAT MUST
ARE EXPECTED TO ACHIEVE THE SAME STANDARDS THE QUALITY OF BE MASTERED
EDUCATION FOR ALL CHILDREN CAN GO UP
3AMPLE -OTIONS
4HIS (OUSE WOULD BAN NATIONAL TESTING
4HIS (OUSE BELIEVES THAT NATIONAL STANDARDS ARE MORE VALUABLE THAN LOCALLY DEVELOPED CURRICULUMS
4HIS (OUSE BELIEVES THAT NATIONAL STANDARDS WILL HAVE A DETRIMENTAL EFFECT ON EDUCATION
4HIS (OUSE BELIEVES THAT NATIONAL STANDARDS PROMOTE EQUALITY IN EDUCATION
7EB ,INKS
s %DUCATION #OMMISSION OF THE 3TATES %#3 HTTPWWWECSORGECSMAINASPPAGEHTMLISSUESASPAM
/FFERS A WEALTH OF INFORMATION ABOUT THE PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS OF NATIONAL TESTING
s .ATIONAL %DUCATION !SSOCIATION .%! HTTPWWWNEAORGACCOUNTABILITY
3ITE MAINTAINED BY THE MAJOR NATIONAL ORGANIZATION THAT OPPOSED NATIONAL STANDARDS CURRENTLY FOCUSES ON THE IMPLEMENTATION OF
THE INITIATIVE
s 0"3 &RONTLINE 4ESTING /UR 3CHOOLS HTTPWWWPBSORGWGBHPAGESFRONTLINESHOWSSCHOOLS
4HIS COMPANION 7EB SITE TO THE 0"3 SHOW &RONTLINE PRESENTS A BALANCED OVERVIEW OF THE ISSUE OF NATIONAL TESTING
\
&URTHER 2EADING
/HANIAN 3USAN /NE 3IZE &ITS &EW 4HE &OLLY OF %DUCATIONAL 3TANDARDS (EINEMANN
/RlELD 'ARY AND -INDY +ORNHABER EDS 2AISING 3TANDARDS OR 2AISING "ARRIERS )NEQUALITY AND (IGH 3TAKES 4ESTING IN 0UBLIC %DUCA
TION #ENTURY &OUNDATION 0RESS
4UCKER -ARC 3 AND *UDY " #ODDING 3TANDARDS FOR /UR 3CHOOLS (OW TO 3ET 4HEM -EASURE 4HEM AND 2EACH 4HEM *OSSEY "ASS

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02/3 #/.3
0ERCEIVING THE WORLD AS A COLLECTION OF DISTINCT NATION )N THE NEAR FUTURE THE PRESENT FRAMEWORK OF NATION
STATES IS STILL VIABLE AS A CONSTRUCT OF THE WORLD ORDER STATES WILL BE REPLACED BY LOOSE FEDERATIONS OF COUNTRIES
.ATION STATES REMAIN FORMIDABLE AND WILL BE ABLE TO REGIONAL ORGANIZATIONS ENORMOUS TRANSNATIONAL CORPORA
RESIST THE TIDE OF GLOBALIZATION FOR CENTURIES (UMAN TIONS AND INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS 0OLITICS BASED ON
NATURE WANTS TO REMAIN SEPARATE AND EQUAL MAINTAIN NATIONAL IDENTITY WILL DIE WHEN TECHNOLOGY AND CULTURAL
ING AN IDENTITY AND MARKING AND DEFENDING CERTAIN TER AND ECONOMIC ADVANCES CREATE GLOBAL SOCIAL AND CULTURAL
RITORY .O AMOUNT OF INTERNATIONALIZATION CAN DESTROY COHESION 'LOBALIZATION IS TOO STRONG TO RESIST AND ANY
THE SYSTEM THAT HAS WORKED SUCCESSFULLY FOR ALMOST NATION THAT TRIES TO DO SO WILL BE PUSHED TO THE MARGINS
YEARS OF THE WORLD ORDER
7HAT WE ARE SEEING IS NOT GLOBALIZATION BUT GROW 'LOBALIZATION IS GETTING STRONGER )N FACT THE DOMINA
ING REGIONALISM WHICH PEOPLE FEAR MAY CHALLENGE THE TION OF THE WORLD ORDER BY ONE SUPERPOWER THREATENS THE
NATION STATE NATION STATE
.O VIABLE ALTERNATIVE TO THE CURRENT ORDER EXISTS 4HE 'ROWING FEDERALISM AND REGIONALISM IN AREAS LIKE %UROPE
NATION STATE IS THE BEST SYSTEM AVAILABLE FOR PRESERVING HAVE PROVED THAT HUMANS CAN OVERCOME THEIR PAROCHIAL
CULTURES AND INSTITUTIONS $EPRIVING PEOPLE OF THEIR CONCERNS 4HIS COMBINATION OF FEDERALISM AND REGIONAL
NATIONAL IDENTITY FOR THE SAKE OF GLOBALIZATION IS A VIOLA GOVERNMENT IS LIKELY TO BE REPLACED BY GLOBAL GOVERN
TION OF HUMAN RIGHTS MENT IN THE FUTURE
/NGOING SECESSIONIST MOVEMENTS ARE EVIDENCE THAT NO 4HE SYSTEM OF NATION STATES IS OUTDATED )T GENERATES
AMOUNT OF UNIlCATION CAN KEEP TRANSNATIONAL hCOUN CONmICT AND CANNOT GUARANTEE GLOBAL ORDER 4HE IDEOL
TRIESv INTACT .UMEROUS ETHNIC AND NATIONAL GROUPS ARE OGY OF THE NATION STATE JUSTIlES VIOLENCE IN THE NAME OF
lGHTING FOR THEIR OWN NATION STATES AND THIS TREND WILL THE NATION AND THUS RUNS COUNTER TO HUMANITYS GOALS OF
CONTINUE GLOBAL PEACE AND SECURITY &ORCING PEOPLE TO REMAIN LOYAL
TO THEIR NATIONS OFTEN RESULTS IN HUMAN RIGHTS VIOLATIONS

3AMPLE -OTIONS
4HIS (OUSE BELIEVES THAT THE NATION STATE SYSTEM DOES NOT DESCRIBE THE CURRENT INTERNATIONAL ORDER
4HIS (OUSE SHOULD ENDORSE NATION STATES AGAINST GLOBALIZATION
4HIS (OUSE HOLDS THAT NATION STATES HAVE NO FUTURE
7EB ,INKS
s !DVANCED 2ESEARCH ON THE %UROPEANISATION OF THE .ATION 3TATE !2%.! HTTPWWWARENAUIONO
0ROVIDES LINKS AS WELL AS AN ANNOTATED LIST OF JOURNAL ARTICLES AND BOOKS ON NATIONALISM
s 4HE 'LOBALIST HTTPWWWTHEGLOBALISTCOM
$AILY ONLINE MAGAZINE ON KEY ISSUES BEFORE THE GLOBAL COMMUNITY
s 4HE .ATIONALISM 0ROJECT HTTPWWWNATIONALISMPROJECTORG
0ROVIDES ESSAYS ARTICLES BIBLIOGRAPHIES BOOK ABSTRACTS AND REVIEWS AND LINKS TO NATIONALISM RELATED INFORMATION
s .ATIONS 3TATES 0OLITICS HTTPWWWSCHOLIASTORGNATIONS
2ESEARCH PROGRAM ON THE CHANGES IN %UROPE WITH A PRIMARY FOCUS ON THE ROLE OF THE NATION STATE
&URTHER 2EADING
&RIEDMAN 4HOMAS , 4HE ,EXUS AND THE /LIVE 4REE 5NDERSTANDING 'LOBALIZATION &ARRAR 3TRAUS 'IROUX
'OULD #AROL AND 0ASQUALE 0AQUINO EDS #ULTURAL )DENTITY AND THE .ATION 3TATE 2OWMAN AND ,ITTLElELD
(OLTON 2 * 'LOBALIZATION AND THE .ATION 3TATE -ACMILLAN
(UNTINGTON 3AMUEL 0 4HE #LASH OF #IVILIZATIONS AND THE 2EMAKING OF 7ORLD /RDER 3IMON AND 3CHUSTER
3OROS 'EORGE 'EORGE 3OROS ON 'LOBALIZATION 0UBLIC !FFAIRS
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02/3 #/.3
#URRENTLY THE MAJORITY OF THE WORLDS ELECTRICITY IS GENER %STIMATES OF HOW LONG FOSSIL FUEL RESOURCES WILL LAST HAVE
ATED USING FOSSIL FUELS !LTHOUGH ESTIMATES VARY GREATLY REMAINED UNCHANGED FOR THE LAST FEW DECADES 0REDICTING
ABOUT THE WORLDS SUPPLY OF FOSSIL FUELS SOME ESTIMATES WHEN THESE FUELS WILL BE DEPLETED IS VIRTUALLY IMPOSSIBLE
SUGGEST THAT OIL COULD BE EXHAUSTED WITHIN YEARS AND BECAUSE NEW DEPOSITS MAY BE DISCOVERED AND BECAUSE
COAL WITHIN YEARS 4HUS WE MUST lND A NEW SOURCE THE RATE OF USE CANNOT BE PREDICTED ACCURATELY )N ADDI
OF ENERGY 7E MUST START TO CONVERT TO NUCLEAR ENERGY TION SOME EXPERTS ESTIMATE THAT THE WORLD HAS YEARS
NOW SO THERE IS NOT A MAJOR CRISIS WHEN FOSSIL FUELS DO OF NATURAL GAS 7E HAVE NO CURRENT NEED TO SEARCH FOR
RUN OUT A NEW POWER SOURCE -ONEY SPENT ON SUCH EXPLORATION
WOULD BE BETTER SPENT ON CREATING TECHNOLOGY TO CLEAN
THE OUTPUT FROM POWER STATIONS
.UCLEAR ENERGY IS CLEAN )T DOES NOT PRODUCE GASEOUS %VEN APART FROM THE SAFETY ISSUES NUCLEAR POWER PRESENTS
EMISSIONS THAT HARM THE ENVIRONMENT 'RANTED IT DOES A NUMBER OF PROBLEMS &IRST IT IS EXPENSIVE AND RELATIVELY
PRODUCE RADIOACTIVE WASTE BUT BECAUSE THIS IS A SOLID IT INEFlCIENT 4HE COST OF BUILDING REACTORS IS ENORMOUS AND
CAN BE HANDLED EASILY AND STORED AWAY FROM POPULATION THE PRICE OF SUBSEQUENTLY DECOMMISSIONING THEM IS ALSO
CENTERS "URNING FOSSIL FUELS CAUSES FAR MORE ENVIRONMEN HUGE 4HEN THERE IS THE PROBLEM OF WASTE .UCLEAR WASTE
TAL DAMAGE THAN USING NUCLEAR REACTORS EVEN IF WE FACTOR CAN REMAIN RADIOACTIVE FOR THOUSANDS OF YEARS )T MUST BE
IN THE #HERNOBYL CATASTROPHE #ONSEQUENTLY NUCLEAR STORED FOR THIS TIME AWAY FROM WATER INTO WHICH IT CAN
ENERGY IS PREFERABLE TO FOSSIL FUELS &URTHERMORE AS NEW DISSOLVE AND FAR FROM ANY TECTONIC ACTIVITY 3UCH STORAGE
\
02/3 #/.3
TECHNOLOGIES SUCH AS FAST BREEDER REACTORS BECOME AVAIL IS VIRTUALLY IMPOSSIBLE AND SERIOUS CONCERNS HAVE ARISEN
ABLE THEY WILL PRODUCE LESS NUCLEAR WASTE 7ITH MORE OVER THE STATE OF WASTE DISCARDED EVEN A FEW DECADES AGO
INVESTMENT SCIENCE CAN SOLVE THE PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED
WITH NUCLEAR ENERGY MAKING IT EVEN MORE DESIRABLE
5NFORTUNATELY THE NUCLEAR INDUSTRY HAS A BAD REPUTATION 4HE NUCLEAR INDUSTRY HAS A SHAMEFUL SAFETY RECORD !T
FOR SAFETY THAT IS NOT ENTIRELY DESERVED 4HE OVERWHELM 4HREE -ILE )SLAND WE WERE MINUTES AWAY FROM A MELT
ING MAJORITY OF NUCLEAR REACTORS HAVE FUNCTIONED SAFELY DOWN AND AT #HERNOBYL THE UNTHINKABLE ACTUALLY HAP
AND EFFECTIVELY 4HE TWO MAJOR NUCLEAR ACCIDENTS 4HREE PENED 4HE EFFECTS ON THE LOCAL PEOPLE AND THE ENVIRON
-ILE )SLAND AND #HERNOBYL WERE BOTH IN OLD STYLE REAC MENT WERE DEVASTATING 4HE FALLOUT FROM #HERNOBYL
TORS EXACERBATED IN THE LATTER CASE BY LAX 3OVIET SAFETY CAN STILL BE DETECTED IN OUR ATMOSPHERE 4RUE MODERN
STANDARDS 7E ARE ADVOCATING NEW REACTORS BUILT TO THE NUCLEAR REACTORS ARE SAFER BUT THEY ARE NOT PERFECTLY SAFE
HIGHEST SAFETY STANDARDS 3UCH REACTORS HAVE AN IMPEC $ISASTER IS ALWAYS POSSIBLE .UCLEAR POWER STATIONS HAVE
CABLE SAFETY RECORD 0ERHAPS THE BEST GUARANTEE OF SAFETY HAD A NUMBER OF hMINORv ACCIDENTS 4HE INDUSTRY HAS
IN THE NUCLEAR INDUSTRY IS THE INCREASING TRANSPARENCY TOLD US THAT THESE PROBLEMS WILL NOT HAPPEN AGAIN BUT
WITHIN THE INDUSTRY -ANY OF THE EARLY PROBLEMS WERE TIME AND TIME AGAIN THEY RECUR 7E HAVE TO CONCLUDE
CAUSED BY EXCESSIVE CONTROL DUE TO THE ORIGIN OF NUCLEAR THAT THE INDUSTRY IS TOO DOMINATED BY THE PROlT MOTIVE
ENERGY FROM MILITARY APPLICATIONS !S A CIVILIAN NUCLEAR TO REALLY CARE ABOUT SAFETY AND TOO SHROUDED IN SECRECY TO
INDUSTRY DEVELOPS IT BECOMES MORE ACCOUNTABLE BE ACCOUNTABLE )N ADDITION THE NUCLEAR INDUSTRY HAS HAD
A TERRIBLE IMPACT ON THOSE LIVING AROUND POWER PLANTS
4HE RATE OF OCCURRENCE OF CERTAIN TYPES OF CANCER SUCH
AS LEUKEMIA IS MUCH HIGHER IN THE POPULATION AROUND
NUCLEAR PLANTS
7E MUST EXAMINE THE ALTERNATIVES TO NUCLEAR ENERGY &OR !LTHOUGH ALTERNATIVE ENERGY IS NOT EFlCIENT ENOUGH TO
THE REASONS EXPLAINED ABOVE WE CAN RULE OUT FOSSIL FUELS SERVE THE ENERGY NEEDS OF THE WORLDS POPULATION TODAY
IMMEDIATELY 7E ALSO SEE ENORMOUS PROBLEMS WITH OTHER IT COULD WITH INVESTMENT IN ALL THESE METHODS BE MADE
FORMS OF ENERGY 4HE MOST EFlCIENT SOURCE OF RENEWABLE EFlCIENT ENOUGH TO SERVE HUMANKIND 7E ARE NOT ADVO
ENERGY HAS BEEN HYDROELECTRIC POWER (OWEVER THIS USU CATING A BLANKET SOLUTION TO EVERY PROBLEM -ANY DAM
ALLY CREATES MORE PROBLEMS THAN IT SOLVES "UILDING A LARGE PROJECTS COULD HAVE BEEN REPLACED BY SOLAR POWER HAD THE
DAM NECESSARILY mOODS AN ENORMOUS REGION BEHIND THE TECHNOLOGY BEEN AVAILABLE )N ADDITION MOST COUNTRIES
DAM DISPLACING TENS OF THOUSANDS OF PEOPLE $AMS ALSO USUALLY HAVE AT LEAST ONE RENEWABLE RESOURCE THAT THEY
CAUSE ENORMOUS DAMAGE TO THE ECOLOGY AND INCUR ENOR CAN USE TIDES FOR ISLANDS THE SUN FOR EQUATORIAL COUN
MOUS SOCIAL AND CULTURAL COSTS 3OLAR ENERGY HAS NEVER TRIES HOT ROCKS FOR VOLCANIC REGIONS ETC #ONSEQUENTLY
LIVED UP TO EXPECTATIONS BECAUSE IT IS HUGELY INEFlCIENT ANY COUNTRY CAN IN PRINCIPLE BECOME ENERGY SELF SUF
7IND ENERGY IS ONLY MARGINALLY BETTER WITH AN UNSIGHTLY lCIENT WITH RENEWABLE ENERGY 4HE GLOBAL DISTRIBUTION
WIND FARM THE SIZE OF 4EXAS NEEDED TO PROVIDE THE ENERGY OF URANIUM IS HUGELY UNEVEN MUCH MORE SO THAN FOR
FOR 4EXAS ALONE 4HE GREAT IRONY IS THAT NOT ONLY ARE MOST FOSSIL FUELS ACCORDINGLY THE USE OF NUCLEAR POWER GIVES
RENEWABLE SOURCES INEFlCIENT BUT MANY ARE ALSO ECOLOGI COUNTRIES WITH URANIUM DEPOSITS DISPROPORTIONATE ECO
CALLY UNSOUND 4HE OPPOSITION TO BUILDING WIND FARMS IN NOMIC POWER 5RANIUM COULD CONCEIVABLY BECOME SUB
CERTAIN AREAS HAS BEEN JUST AS STRONG AS THE OPPOSITION TO JECT TO THE SAME KIND OF MONOPOLY THAT THE /RGANIZATION
NUCLEAR POWER BECAUSE WIND FARMS DESTROY THE SCENERY OF 0ETROLEUM %XPORTING #OUNTRIES HAS FOR OIL 4HIS PRE
VENTS COUNTRIES FROM ACHIEVING SELF SUFlCIENCY IN ENERGY
PRODUCTION
4HE NUCLEAR INDUSTRY IS A MAJOR EMPLOYER )T CREATES 3UGGESTING THAT NUCLEAR POWER IS THE ONLY EMPLOYMENT
NUMEROUS JOBS AND WITH INVESTMENT WILL CREATE EVEN PROVIDER IS COMPLETELY FATUOUS %NERGY PRODUCTION
MORE WILL ALWAYS PROVIDE ROUGHLY THE SAME NUMBER OF JOBS
)F SPENDING ON THE NUCLEAR INDUSTRY WERE REDIRECTED TO
RENEWABLE ENERGY THEN JOBS WOULD SIMPLY MOVE FROM
THE ONE TO THE OTHER

3AMPLE -OTIONS
4HIS (OUSE WOULD LOOK TO THE ATOM
4HIS (OUSE WOULD GO NUCLEAR
7EB ,INKS
s 'REENPEACE .UCLEAR #AMPAIGN HTTPWWWGREENPEACEORG^NUCLEAR
)NFORMATION ON THE ORGANIZATIONS CAMPAIGNS AGAINST NUCLEAR FUELS AND WEAPONS
&URTHER 2EADING
"ERINSTEIN 0AULA !LTERNATIVE %NERGY &ACTS 3TATISTICS AND )SSUES /RYX 0RESS
"LAIR #ORNELIA .ANCY 2 *ACOBS AND *ACQUELYN & 1UIRAM %NERGY !N )SSUE OF THE S )NFORMATION 0LUS
-AKHIJANI !RJUN AND 3COTT 3ALESKA 4HE .UCLEAR 0OWER $ECEPTION 53 .UCLEAR -YTHOLOGY FROM %LECTRICITY h4OO #HEAP TO -ETERv TO
h)NHERENTLY 3AFEv 2EACTORS !PEX
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02/3 #/.3
.UCLEAR WEAPONS ARE MORALLY REPUGNANT /VER THE PAST 4HE USE OF NUCLEAR WEAPONS WOULD INDEED BE A GREAT
YEARS WE HAVE SEEN A MOVEMENT TOWARD LIMITED WAR TRAGEDY BUT SO TO A GREATER OR LESSER EXTENT IS ANY WAR
FARE AND PRECISION WEAPONS THAT MINIMIZE THE IMPACT ON 4HE REASON FOR MAINTAINING AN EFFECTIVE NUCLEAR ARSENAL IS
CIVILIANS .UCLEAR WEAPONS HAVE MASSIVE INDISCRIMINATE TO PREVENT WAR 4HE CATASTROPHIC RESULTS OF USING NUCLEAR
DESTRUCTIVE POWER 4HEY CAN KILL MILLIONS AND CAUSE CATA WEAPONS DISCOURAGE CONmICT 4HE #OLD 7AR WAS ONE OF
STROPHIC HARM TO THE WORLD ENVIRONMENT THE MOST PEACEFUL TIMES IN HISTORY LARGELY BECAUSE OF THE
NUCLEAR DETERRENTS OF THE TWO SUPERPOWERS
4HE IDEA OF A SO CALLED NUCLEAR DETERRENT NO LONGER APPLIES 4HE DETERRENT PRINCIPLE STILL STANDS $URING THE 0ERSIAN
$URING THE #OLD 7AR PEACE WAS MAINTAINED ONLY BY A 'ULF 7AR FOR EXAMPLE THE FEAR OF 53 NUCLEAR RETALIATION
BALANCE OF POWER NEITHER SUPERPOWER HAD AN ADVANTAGE WAS ONE OF THE FACTORS THAT PREVENTED )RAQ FROM USING
LARGE ENOUGH TO BE CONlDENT OF VICTORY (OWEVER A BAL CHEMICAL WEAPONS AGAINST )SRAEL ! SIMILAR FEAR MAY PRE
ANCE OF POWER NO LONGER EXISTS 7ITH THE PROLIFERATION VENT ROGUE STATES FROM USING NUCLEAR WEAPONS -OREOVER
OF NUCLEAR WEAPONS SOME ROGUE STATES MAY DEVELOP THE ALTHOUGH THE CITIZENS OF THE CURRENT NUCLEAR POWERS MAY
ABILITY TO STRIKE AT NATIONS THAT HAVE NO NUCLEAR WEAPONS OPPOSE THE USE OF FORCE AGAINST CIVILIANS THEIR OPINIONS
7OULD THE MAJOR NUCLEAR POWERS THEN STRIKE BACK AT THE WOULD RAPIDLY CHANGE IF THEY FOUND WEAPONS OF MASS
AGGRESSOR 4HE ANSWER IS UNKNOWN )N ADDITION MOST DESTRUCTION USED AGAINST THEM
OF THE EMERGING NUCLEAR THREATS WOULD NOT COME FROM
LEGITIMATE GOVERNMENTS BUT FROM DICTATORS AND TERROR
IST GROUPS 7OULD KILLING THOUSANDS OF CIVILIANS EVER BE
ACCEPTABLE IN RETALIATION FOR THE ACTIONS OF EXTREMISTS
"Y MAINTAINING A STRATEGIC DETERRENT THE CURRENT NUCLEAR 4HE NUCLEAR GENIE IS OUT OF THE BOTTLE AND CANNOT BE PUT
POWERS ENCOURAGE THE PROLIFERATION OF WEAPONS OF MASS BACK IN 4HE IDEAL OF GLOBAL NUCLEAR DISARMAMENT IS lNE
\
02/3 #/.3
DESTRUCTION #OUNTRIES BELIEVE THAT BEING A MEMBER OF IN THEORY BUT IT WILL NOT WORK IN PRACTICE .ATIONS WILL
THE hNUCLEAR CLUBv INCREASES THEIR INTERNATIONAL STATUS NOT DISARM IF THEY FEAR A ROGUE STATE HAS SECRET NUCLEAR
!LSO NATIONS AT ODDS WITH A COUNTRY WITH NUCLEAR CAPA CAPABILITY 7ITHOUT THE THREAT OF A RETALIATORY STRIKE A
BILITY FEEL THAT THEY MUST DEVELOP THEIR OWN CAPABILITY ROGUE NUCLEAR STATE COULD ATTACK OTHERS AT WILL
TO PROTECT THEMSELVES 4HEREFORE NUCLEAR POWERS MUST
TAKE THE LEAD IN DISARMAMENT AS AN EXAMPLE FOR THE REST
OF THE WORLD
.UCLEAR WEAPONS CAN FALL INTO THE WRONG HANDS 4HIS IS 7HILE NUCLEAR WEAPONS CAN BE DISMANTLED THEY CANNOT
PARTICULARLY TRUE IN 2USSIA WHICH CONTROLS THE FORMER BE EASILY DESTROYED 3PECIAL FACILITIES ARE NEEDED FOR STOR
3OVIET ARSENAL 4HE MILITARY IS DISASTROUSLY UNDERFUNDED AGE )N ADDITION DISMANTLING MISSILES DOES NOT DESTROY
NUCLEAR EXPERTS AND OFlCERS ACCUSTOMED TO A HIGH STAN THE WEAPONS GRADE PLUTONIUM THAT FORMS THEIR WAR
DARD OF LIVING ARE NOW lNDING THEMSELVES WITHOUT PAY HEADS 0LUTONIUM IS THE MOST VALUABLE PART OF THE MIS
SOMETIMES FOR YEARS !T THE SAME TIME OTHER NATIONS AND SILE HENCE THE RISK OF THEFT DOES NOT DECREASE AND MAY
EXTREMIST GROUPS ARE WILLING TO PAY SUBSTANTIAL SUMS FOR IN FACT INCREASE 3ECURITY AT PLUTONIUM STORAGE FACILITIES
THEIR SERVICES AND FOR ACCESS TO NUCLEAR WEAPONS /NLY IS OFTEN INADEQUATE MOREOVER STEALING A RELATIVELY SMALL
DESTROYING THE WEAPONS WILL END THE DANGER OF SOMEONE QUANTITY OF PLUTONIUM IS RELATIVELY EASY
STEALING A WEAPON OR EXTREMISTS TAKING OVER A NUCLEAR
BASE
3AMPLE -OTIONS
4HIS (OUSE WOULD ABOLISH NUCLEAR WEAPONS
4HIS (OUSE WOULD BAN THE BOMB
7EB ,INKS
s !BOLITION HTTPWWWABOLITIONORG
,INKS TO SITES OFFERING GENERAL INFORMATION IN SUPPORT OF GLOBAL ELIMINATION OF NUCLEAR WEAPONS
s &EDERATION OF !MERICAN 3CIENTISTS .UCLEAR &ORCES 'UIDE HTTPWWWFASORGNUKEGUIDEINDEXHTML
-AINTAINED BY AN ORGANIZATION OF SCIENTISTS ADVOCATING ELIMINATION OF NUCLEAR WEAPONS THE SITE OFFERS IN DEPTH INFORMATION ON THE
STATUS OF NUCLEAR PROLIFERATION TERRORISM AND WEAPONS OF MASS DESTRUCTION
&URTHER 2EADING
!THANASOPULOS (ARALAMBOS .UCLEAR $ISARMAMENT IN )NTERNATIONAL ,AW -C&ARLAND
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02/3 #/.3
4HE #4"4 IS THE BEST WAY TO STOP THE DEVELOPMENT AND 4HE #4"4 IS A MISGUIDED ATTEMPT TO FREEZE THE CURRENT
PROLIFERATION OF MORE AND MORE COMPLEX NUCLEAR WEAP NUCLEAR POWER BALANCE )T WILL ONLY CURTAIL THOSE NATIONS
ONS 4HE TREATY NOT ONLY LIMITS THE TECHNICAL DEVELOP THAT PRESENT NO REAL THREAT TO GLOBAL STABILITY )N FACT BY
MENT OF WEAPONS BUT ALSO REDUCES THE EXTENT TO WHICH RESTRICTING THESE COUNTRIES THE TREATY CAN MAKE THE REALITY
THEY CAN BE DISPLAYED THUS REDUCING THEIR VALUE AS A BAR OF -UTUALLY !SSURED $ESTRUCTION LESS CLEAR AND ACTUALLY
GAINING CHIP AND A SYMBOL OF POWER 4HE #4"4 MEANS ENCOURAGE RECKLESSNESS BY LESS STABLE NUCLEAR POWERS
FEWER WEAPONS IN FEWER COUNTRIES AND IS THEREFORE A VALU
ABLE WAY OF REDUCING NUCLEAR TENSIONS
.UCLEAR EXPLOSIONS HAVE A MASSIVE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT /VERT TESTING BY NUCLEAR POWERS HAPPENS IN ONLY THE MOST
AND CAUSE MASSIVE HARM ,ARGE AREAS ARE IRRADIATED BY DESERTED AND ENVIRONMENTALLY STABLE AREAS FOR EXAMPLE
THE BLASTS AND THE LONG TERM EFFECTS OF RADIOACTIVE MATE 3IBERIA AND THE DESERTS OF .EVADA AND WESTERN !USTRALIA
RIALS THROWN INTO THE ATMOSPHERE BY THE EXPLOSIONS ARE 4HUS THEIR ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT IS NOT JUST MINIMAL
UNCERTAIN .UCLEAR TESTS OFTEN INVOLVE MOVING PEOPLE OFF BUT MUCH LESS THAN THAT OF SECRET TESTS THAT MIGHT TAKE
THEIR OWN LANDS AS WITH THE &RENCH TESTS IN 0OLYNESIA IN PLACE TO CIRCUMVENT THE TREATY
AND INVOLVE THE DESTRUCTION OF HABITATS !LTHOUGH
INFORMATION IS SCANTY THE UNDERGROUND TESTS CONDUCTED
IN #HINA ARE SUSPECTED TO HAVE CAUSED EARTHQUAKES
4HE #4"4 CAN BE EFFECTIVE IN STOPPING THE TESTING OF 4HE #4"4 IS TOOTHLESS AND UNENFORCEABLE )TS ONLY SPE
NUCLEAR WEAPONS 4HE TREATY INCLUDES SPECIlC MEASURES CIlC MEASURE IS EXPULSION FROM THE TREATY RIGHTS AND OBLI
OF REDRESS AND GIVES SCOPE FOR WIDER ACTION -OREOVER GATIONS IT IS LIKELY TO AFFECT ONLY STABLE NATIONS WHOSE
VOLUNTARY COMMITMENTS TO CURTAIL NUCLEAR TESTING DO NUCLEAR ARMORIES POSE THE LEAST THREAT %FFECTIVELY THIS
HOLD MORAL FORCE 4HE &RENCH GOVERNMENT WAITED FOR THE TREATY PUTS THE TOOL OF NUCLEAR TESTING IN THE HANDS OF THE
END OF A ONE YEAR MORATORIUM BEFORE RESUMING TESTING LEAST SCRUPULOUS OF THE NUCLEAR POWERS
IN
6ERIlCATION OF THE TEST BAN IS NOW POSSIBLE THE #OM 6ERIlCATION CAN NEVER BE PERFECT THUS UNCERTAINTY AND
PREHENSIVE 4EST "AN /RGANIZATION IN 6IENNA IS IN CHARGE MISTRUST WILL ALWAYS BE PRESENT )F NATIONS PERFORM COVERT
OF THE INTERNATIONAL MONITORING SYSTEM A NETWORK OF TESTS NOT ONLY ARE THEY MORE LIKELY TO BE CONDUCTED IN
STATIONS THROUGHOUT THE WORLD THAT CAN TAKE SEISMIC A MORE DANGEROUS ENVIRONMENT BUT SUCH TESTS WILL ALSO
HYDRO ACOUSTIC AND INFRASOUND MEASUREMENTS IN ALL INCREASE INTERNATIONAL TENSIONS BECAUSE OF THE UNCER
ENVIRONMENTS 4HESE STATIONS CAN ALSO MEASURE RADIONU TAINTY ABOUT THE SOURCE OF THE RESULTING NUCLEAR POLLU
CLIDE LEVELS IN DEBRIS 4HE TREATY ALSO PROVIDES A RIGHT OF TION &URTHER THE AREAS IN WHICH TESTING WAS BANNED BY
INSPECTION BETWEEN SIGNATORIES LIKE THOSE INCLUDED IN THE THE ,IMITED 4EST "AN 4REATY ARE MORE LIKELY TO BE USED IF
53 5332 WEAPONS REDUCTION TREATIES TESTS ARE CONDUCTED SECRETLY
\
02/3 #/.3
4HE #4"4 DOES NOT THREATEN EXISTING NUCLEAR ARSENALS #OMPUTER MODELING WORKS ONLY IF IT IS BASED ON DATA
/THER ASPECTS OF NUCLEAR WEAPONS LIKE GUIDANCE SYSTEMS FROM REAL EXPLOSIONS 4HE LESS REAL DATA THE LESS RELIABLE
AND MISSILES CAN STILL BE TESTED BESIDES COMPUTER MODEL COMPUTER MODELING !S NEW TECHNOLOGIES DEVELOP MOD
ING NOW DOES MUCH OF THE WORK FOR hTESTINGv EXPLOSIONS ELING WILL BECOME INCREASINGLY UNSATISFACTORY -OREOVER
2USSIA AND "RITAIN HAVE BOTH RATIlED THE #4"4 NEITHER IT IS EXACTLY THE UNEXPECTED EFFECTS THAT ARE IMPORTANT IN
HAS ANY INTENTION OF RELINQUISHING ITS STATUS AS A NUCLEAR THE TESTS 4HEY NOT ONLY ALLOW US TO ENSURE THE WEAPONS
POWER ARE WORKING BUT ALSO YIELD DATA THAT HAVE BEEN FOUND
HIGHLY USEFUL IN THE PEACEFUL NUCLEAR INDUSTRIES THAT ARE
SPECIlCALLY PROTECTED IN THE .ON 0ROLIFERATION 4REATY
6OTERS IN THE 5NITED 3TATES FOR EXAMPLE OVERWHELM 4HE #4"4 IS A POLITICAL DEAD DUCK 0OLITICAL SUPPORT IS
INGLY FAVOR THE #4"4 7ORLD OPINION IN ALL BUT A FEW NONEXISTENT PROVED BY THE FACT THAT MANY OF THE NATIONS
ROGUE STATES STRONGLY FAVORS BANNING NUCLEAR TESTING THUS INVOLVED IN ITS DEVELOPMENT HAVE NOT RATIlED IT !
SHOWING SIGNIlCANT SUPPORT AND CREATING POLITICAL IMPE TREATY THAT HAS NONE OF THE SUPPORT NECESSARY TO COME
TUS FOR SIGNING THE TREATY INTO FORCE IS CLEARLY NOT ONE WORTH COMMITTING TIME AND
ENERGY TO
3AMPLE -OTIONS
4HIS (OUSE WOULD BAN NUCLEAR TESTING
4HIS (OUSE WOULD RATIFY THE #OMPREHENSIVE .UCLEAR 4EST "AN 4REATY
4HIS (OUSE WOULD BAN THE BOMB
7EB ,INKS
s #OALITION TO 2EDUCE .UCLEAR $ANGERS HTTPWWWCLWORGCOALITIONINDEXHTML
0ROVIDES INFORMATION ON A WIDE VARIETY OF ISSUES INVOLVING NUCLEAR WEAPONS
s #OMPREHENSIVE .UCLEAR 4EST "AN 4REATY /RGANIZATION HTTPWWWCTBTOORG
3UMMARIZES THE CURRENT STATUS OF THE #4"4
s 0HYSICIANS FOR 3OCIAL 2ESPONSIBILITY HTTPWWWPSRORGHOMEEFMIDSECURITY
/FFERS DETAILED ESSAY ON THE 53 RESPONSE TO THE #4"4
s 53 3TATE $EPARTMENT "UREAU OF !RMS #ONTROL HTTPWWWSTATEGOVTAC
)NFORMATION ON CURRENT 53 POLICY AND DIPLOMATIC NEGOTIATIONS ON A VARIETY OF ARMS CONTROL ISSUES
&URTHER 2EADING
!RNETT %RIC ED .UCLEAR 7EAPONS AFTER THE #OMPREHENSIVE 4EST "AN )MPLICATIONS FOR -ODERNIZATION AND 0ROLIFERATION /XFORD 5NIVER
SITY 0RESS
,AMBERS 7ILLIAM + .UCLEAR 4EST "AN 4REATY ! "ETTER 3HIELD 4HAN -ISSILE $EFENSE "ILL ,AMBERS
0ANDE 3AVITA #4"4 )NDIA AND THE .UCLEAR 4EST "AN 3OUTH !SIA "OOKS
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02/3 #/.3
4HE USE OF PERFORMANCE ENHANCING DRUGS IS WIDESPREAD 7E SHOULD HAVE SOME SYMPATHY FOR ATHLETES 6ERY OFTEN
AT THE /LYMPICS AND MAKES THE VICTORIES OF THOSE WHO THE TEAMS COACH COMPELS THEM TO TAKE DRUGS 4HERE ARE
TAKE THEM MEANINGLESS .EW DRUGS ARE VERY DIFlCULT TO STORIES OF #HINESE SWIMMERS EATING STEROID LACED NOODLES
DETECT BUT THE /LYMPIC AUTHORITIES ARE DOING LITTLE TO 4HE )NTERNATIONAL /LYMPIC #OMMITTEE )/# #ONFER
ADDRESS THE PROBLEM ENCE IN &EBRUARY RECOMMENDED THAT COACHES TAKE
THE /LYMPIC OATH AS WELL AS ATHLETES /LYMPIC AUTHORI
TIES ARE EMBRACING NEW TECHNIQUES TO DETECT DRUGS !
NEW MASS SPECTROSCOPY UNIT WAS INSTALLED FOR THE lRST
TIME AT THE !TLANTA 'AMES !N )NDEPENDENT !NTI
$OPING !GENCY WAS ESTABLISHED IN 3YDNEY IN AS
WAS A TESTING TECHNIQUE THAT CAN DETECT IF AN ATHLETE HAS
TAKEN GROWTH HORMONES UP TO SIX MONTHS EARLIER 4HE
BATTLE IS BEING WON CASES OF DOPING IN TWO
IN 4HE )/# IS COMING DOWN HARD ON THOSE WHO
TAKE DRUGS )T HAS INTRODUCED A TWO YEAR BAN FOR THE lRST
OFFENSE
4HE MAN WHO REVIVED THE /LYMPICS AT THE END OF THE 4HE /LYMPIC MOVEMENT GIVES CONSIDERABLE FUNDING TO
NINETEENTH CENTURY "ARON DE #OUBERTIN INSISTED THAT COMMUNITY SPORTS PROGRAMS TO TEACH FAIR PLAY -EAN
EDUCATING THE PUBLIC IN THE SPIRIT OF FAIR PLAY AND IN THE WHILE h$REAM 4EAMSv ARE ESSENTIAL TO FULlLLING THE BASIC
IMPORTANCE OF TAKING PART RATHER THAN WINNING WERE /LYMPIC AIMS FASTER HIGHER STRONGER 3URELY WATCHING
JUST AS IMPORTANT AS THE 'AMES THEMSELVES 4ODAY THE THE 'AMES CAN ONLY BE A GOOD THING BECAUSE THE COM
'AMES ARE PLAYED BY h$REAM 4EAMSv OF HIGHLY TRAINED PETITION GIVES YOUNG ATHLETES A GOAL TOWARD WHICH THEY
ATHLETESINDIVIDUALS WE CAN WATCH WITH AWE BUT NEVER CAN WORK
HOPE TO COPY
4HE MASSIVE COMMERCIALIZATION OF THE 'AMES ERODES THE 4HE /LYMPICS OFFER NO MONETARY PRIZES YET THE /LYM
IDEA OF PARTICIPATION FOR ITS OWN SAKE 7ITH SO MUCH PRIZE PICS ARE STILL hTHEv COMPETITION TO WIN ! FEW COMMERCIAL
MONEY AT STAKE WINNING AT ALL COSTS IS THE INEVITABLE AIM BREAKS IN COVERAGE IS A SMALL PRICE TO PAY FOR BILLIONS OF
4HE SPONSORS AND THEIR HEAVY HANDS EG INTERRUPTING PEOPLE TO BE ABLE TO SEE THE 'AMES 4HE SPONSORS DO
TELEVISION COVERAGE OF AN EVENT FOR A COMMERCIAL SEEM NOT HAVE SIGNIlCANT CONTROL OVER THE 'AMES 4HE )/#
MORE IMPORTANT THAN THE SPORT #ORPORATE SPONSORSHIP HAS THE STRONGER HAND AND A WIDE CHOICE OF SPONSORS
CONCENTRATES ON ATHLETES FROM THE RICHEST COUNTRIES 4HE 7ITHOUT ANY SPONSORSHIP MANY POOR COUNTRIES COULD
53 TEAMS FOR EXAMPLE BENElT FROM HUGE FUNDING AND NOT SEND TEAMS 3PONSORSHIP IS THE KEY TO BEGINNING THE
CAN THUS TRAIN TO FAR HIGHER LEVELS THAN CAN THOSE OF DEVEL PROCESS OF PUTTING ALL COUNTRIES ON AN EQUAL FOOTING
OPING COUNTRIES 4HIS PREVENTS COMPETITION ON AN EQUAL
FOOTING ONE FEATURE OF THE /LYMPIC DREAM
4HE /LYMPICS HAVE BEEN HIJACKED SO MANY TIMES FOR 7HY SHOULD WE EXPECT THE /LYMPICS TO TRANSCEND THE
POLITICAL PURPOSES THAT COMPETITION hFOR THE GLORY OF MUCH GRAVER MATTERS OF WORLD POLITICS 4HE 'AMES MAY
SPORTv CANNOT HELP BUT HAVE BEEN SMOTHERED 4HE BE AN EXCELLENT WAY TO BRING ATHLETES OF DIFFERENT NATION
-UNICH DISASTER IS THE MOST HORRIFYING 0ALESTINIAN TER ALITIES TOGETHER BUT THE /LYMPICS CANNOT DO THE WORK OF
RORISTS KILLED NINE )SRAELI ATHLETES 9ET THE 'AMES WERE THE 5NITED .ATIONS AS WELL ! BOYCOTT WAS THE ONLY REAL
\
02/3 #/.3
ONLY TEMPORARILY SUSPENDED !RE THOSE WHO PLAY THE OPTION OPEN TO THE 53 IN 4HE 5. HAD CONDEMNED
'AMES LESS IMPORTANT THAN THE SPECTACLE OF THE 'AMES THE 5332S INVASION OF !FGHANISTAN AND APPROXIMATELY
7HEN THE 53 BOYCOTTED THE -OSCOW 'AMES TO OF THE !MERICAN PEOPLE WERE DEMANDING A BOY
PROTEST THE 3OVIET INVASION OF !FGHANISTAN THE IDEA OF COTT
SPORT FOR ITS OWN SAKE WAS DEVALUED STILL FURTHER
4HE )/# AND MANY NATIONAL /LYMPIC COMMITTEES LACK 7HATEVER GOES ON IN THE COMMITTEES CANNOT AFFECT THE
INTEGRITY 4HIS KILLS THE 'AMES SPIRIT &OR EXAMPLE SEV /LYMPIC DREAM ITSELFTHAT IS CARRIED ON THE SHOULDERS
ERAL OF THE JUDGES WHO SELECTED .AGANO FOR THE OF THE ATHLETES )T IS POSSIBLE TO BE FASTER HIGHER AND
7INTER /LYMPICS 3YDNEY FOR THE /LYMPICS AND STRONGER WHEREVER THE 'AMES ARE HELD SO MONEY MATTERS
3ALT ,AKE #ITY FOR THE 7INTER /LYMPICS ARE KNOWN ARE DETACHED FROM THE /LYMPIC DREAM
TO HAVE TAKEN BRIBES FROM THE WINNING CITIES AND FROM
SOME OF THE OTHER COMPETING CITIES AS WELL
3AMPLE -OTIONS
4HIS (OUSE BELIEVES THAT THE /LYMPIC DREAM IS DEAD
4HIS (OUSE BELIEVES THAT THE BATTLE AGAINST DOPING IN SPORT IS BEING LOST
4HIS (OUSE WANTS TO WIN AT ALL COSTS
7EB ,INKS
s )NTERNATIONAL /LYMPIC #OMMITTEE HTTPWWWOLYMPICORG
/FlCIAL 7EB SITE OF THE /LYMPIC 'AMES PROVIDES INFORMATION ON THE 'AMES SINCE AND ON FUTURE 'AMES
&URTHER 2EADING
*ENNINGS !NDREW AND #LARE 3HAMBROOK 4HE 'REAT /LYMPIC 3WINDLE 7HEN THE 7ORLD 7ANTED )TS 'AMES "ACK 3IMON 3CHUSTER

,ENSKY (ELEN AND 6ARDA "URSTYN )NSIDE THE /LYMPIC )NDUSTRY 0OWER 0OLITICS AND !CTIVISM 3TATE OF .EW 9ORK 5NIVERSITY 0RESS

3CHAFFER +AY AND 3IDONIE 3MITH EDS 4HE /LYMPICS AT THE -ILLENNIUM 0OWER 0OLITICS AND THE 'AMES 2UTGERS 5NIVERSITY 0RESS

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02/3 #/.3
0OPULATION IS A MAJOR PROBLEM TODAY THE WORLD POPU -ANY POPULATION FORECASTS ARE EXAGGERATED AND DO NOT
LATION OF BILLION IS EXPECTED TO REACH MORE THAN NINE TAKE INTO ACCOUNT THE DIFFERENT PHASES OF POPULATION
BILLION BY 'IVEN THE STRAIN ON GLOBAL RESOURCES GROWTH ! NATIONS POPULATION MAY GROW RAPIDLY IN THE
AND THE ENVIRONMENT TODAY AN ENVIRONMENTAL DISAS EARLY STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT BUT WITH INDUSTRIALIZATION
TER IS CLEARLY WAITING TO HAPPEN AS THE POPULATION TIME AND RISING LEVELS OF EDUCATION THE POPULATION TENDS TO
BOMB TICKS AWAY 7HILE REPRODUCTION IS A FUNDAMENTAL STABILIZE AT THE REPLACEMENT RATE %VEN IF THE QUOTED
HUMAN RIGHT RIGHTS COME WITH RESPONSIBILITIES 7E HAVE lGURE OF BILLION BY IS TRUE THIS IS LIKELY TO
A RESPONSIBILITY TO FUTURE GENERATIONS AND POPULATION REMAIN STEADY THEREAFTER AS THE DEVELOPING NATIONS OF
CONTROL IS ONE METHOD OF ENSURING THAT NATURAL RESOURCES TODAY ACHIEVE MATURITY $EVELOPED NATIONS CAN USE ALTER
WILL BE AVAILABLE FOR OUR DESCENDANTS NATIVE METHODS TO SOLVE THE ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL
PROBLEMS ARISING FROM OVERPOPULATION !LL AVAILABLE
OPTIONS SHOULD BE EXHAUSTED BEFORE MAKING THE DRASTIC
DECISION TO CURB REPRODUCTIVE RIGHTS
#ONTRACEPTION IS AN EASY AND DIRECT METHOD OF SLOWING )MPLEMENTING WIDESPREAD CONTRACEPTION PRESENTS TECH
POPULATION GROWTH 4HE POPULARITY AND SUCCESS OF CON NICAL DIFlCULTIES 4HE COST CAN BE PROHIBITIVE ESPECIALLY
TRACEPTION IN THE DEVELOPED WORLD IS TESTAMENT TO THIS WHEN CONSIDERED ON A NATIONAL SCALE ,ARGE NUMBERS OF
TRAINED WORKERS ARE REQUIRED TO EDUCATE THE PUBLIC ON THE
CORRECT USE OF CONTRACEPTIVES %VEN WITH AN INVESTMENT IN
TRAINING BIRTH CONTROL METHODS MAY BE USED INCORRECTLY
ESPECIALLY BY THE ILLITERATE AND UNEDUCATED
#ONTRACEPTION CAN REDUCE FAMILY SIZE 7ITH SMALLER FAM -ANY AGRICULTURAL FAMILIES NEED TO HAVE AS MANY CHILDREN
ILIES A GREATER PROPORTION OF RESOURCES CAN BE ALLOCATED TO AS POSSIBLE #HILDRENS FARM WORK CAN CONTRIBUTE TO THE
EACH CHILD IMPROVING HIS OR HER OPPORTUNITIES FOR EDUCA FAMILY FOOD OR BE A SOURCE OF INCOME )N AN UNDEVELOPED
TION HEALTH CARE AND NUTRITION NATION WITHOUT A GOOD SOCIAL WELFARE SYSTEM CHILDREN
ARE THE ONLY SECURITY FOR OLD AGE &URTHERMORE HAVING A
LARGE NUMBER OF CHILDREN USUALLY ENSURES THAT SOME REACH
ADULTHOOD CHILD MORTALITY IS VERY HIGH IN THE DEVELOPING
WORLD 5NTIL THE CHILD MORTALITY RATE IS REDUCED FAMILIES
WILL NOT USE CONTRACEPTION
#ONTRACEPTION EMPOWERS WOMEN BY GIVING THEM REPRO 7OMEN MAY NOT HAVE THE CHOICE TO USE CONTRACEPTIVES
DUCTIVE CONTROL $ELAYING PREGNANCY GIVES OPPORTUNI )N MANY DEVELOPING NATIONS MALES DOMINATE IN SEXUAL
TIES FOR EDUCATION EMPLOYMENT AND SOCIAL AND POLITICAL RELATIONSHIPS AND MAKE THE DECISIONS ABOUT FAMILY PLAN
ADVANCEMENT "IRTH CONTROL CAN THEREFORE BE A LONG TERM NING 2ELIGIOUS PRESSURE TO HAVE AS MANY CHILDREN AS POS
INVESTMENT IN POLITICAL REFORM AND OFFERS SOME PROTEC SIBLE MAY ALSO BE PRESENT "IRTH CONTROL MAY NOT EVEN
TION OF WOMENS RIGHTS BE SOCIALLY ACCEPTABLE !RE WOMENS RIGHTS ADVANCED BY
CONTRACEPTION 7E DONT REALLY KNOW )N REALITY CONTRA
CEPTION TYPICALLY IS ONE ELEMENT OF A NATIONAL POPULA
TION CONTROL POLICY 3UCH POLICIES EG #HINAS ONE CHILD
\
02/3 #/.3
POLICY WHEN CONSIDERED AS A WHOLE OFTEN VIOLATE WOM
ENS RIGHTS
#ONTRACEPTION CAN HELP SAVE THE LIVES OF WOMEN IN THE 7HILE BIRTH CONTROL SHOULD BE A PRIORITY OF MANY DEVEL
DEVELOPING WORLD 4HE LACK OF OBSTETRIC CARE AND THE OPING NATIONS SUCH NATIONS OFTEN NEED TO ADDRESS OTHER
PREVALENCE OF DISEASE AND MALNUTRITION CONTRIBUTE TO MORE PRESSING ISSUES 0ROVIDING BASIC HEALTH CARE AND
A HIGH RATE OF MORTALITY AMONG PREGNANT MOTHERS AND PROPER SANITATION CAN IMPROVE THE HEALTH OF AN ENTIRE
THEIR NEWBORN CHILDREN 4HIS RISK CAN BE OVER TIMES FAMILY IN ADDITION TO REDUCING CHILD MORTALITY OFTEN A
THAT OF MOTHERS IN DEVELOPED COUNTRIES MAJOR REASON FOR PARENTS WANTING TO HAVE A LARGE NUMBER
OF CHILDREN 3PENDING ON SUCH INFRASTRUCTURE AND SER
VICES IS A FAR BETTER LONG TERM INVESTMENT THAN PROVIDING
CONTRACEPTION
3UPPORTING CONTRACEPTION IS AN EASY WAY FOR THE DEVEL #ONTRACEPTION IS A CONTROVERSIAL ISSUE IN BOTH DEVELOPED
OPED WORLD TO HELP THE DEVELOPING WORLD COPE WITH THE AND DEVELOPING NATIONS 3OME RELIGIONS PROHIBIT IT 4HIS
POPULATION CRISIS AND THE CONSEQUENT STImING OF DEVEL CAN REDUCE THE SUCCESS OF BIRTH CONTROL PROGRAMS IN THE
OPMENT #ONTRACEPTIVES COMPARED TO MONETARY AID ARE DEVELOPING WORLD AND DIMINISH THE POLITICAL APPEAL OF
LESS LIKELY TO BE MISDIRECTED INTO THE POCKETS OF CORRUPT AND THUS FUNDING FOR PRO CONTRACEPTION POLICIES IN THE
OFlCIALS DEVELOPED WORLD
3AMPLE -OTIONS
4HIS (OUSE SUPPORTS CONTRACEPTION IN DEVELOPING NATIONS
4HIS (OUSE WOULD CAP POPULATION GROWTH IN THE DEVELOPING WORLD
4HIS (OUSE BELIEVES THAT THERE ARE TOO MANY PEOPLE
4HIS (OUSE BELIEVES THAT THERE ISNT ENOUGH ROOM
7EB ,INKS
s /VER0OPULATION#OM HTTPWWWOVERPOPULATIONCOM
%XTENSIVE SITE WITH INFORMATION ON A WIDE VARIETY OF POPULATION ISSUES )NCLUDES A GOOD OVERVIEW ESSAY ON THE OVERPOPULATION CON
TROVERSY
s 0OPULATION 2EFERENCE "UREAU HTTPWWWPOPNETORG
0ROVIDES A COMPREHENSIVE DIRECTORY OF POPULATION RELATED RESOURCES
s 4HE 5NITED .ATIONS 0OPULATION )NFORMATION .ETWORK HTTPWWWUNORGPOPIN
/FFERS LINKS TO POPULATION INFORMATION ON THE 5. SYSTEMS 7EB SITES
&URTHER 2EADING
#OHEN *OEL (OW -ANY 0EOPLE #AN THE %ARTH 3UPPORT .ORTON
:UCKERMAN "EN AND $AVID *EFFERSON EDS (UMAN 0OPULATION AND THE %NVIRONMENTAL #RISIS *ONES AND "ARTLETT
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02/3 #/.3
#OMPANIES BUILD FACTORIES OVERSEAS FOR ONE PRIMARY -ANUFACTURERS KNOW THAT MISTREATING WORKERS DOES NOT
REASON &OREIGN WORKERS ARE CHEAPER 7HEN COMPANIES PAY IN THE LONG RUN 4HEY KNOW THAT A HEALTHY AND A
ARE DRIVEN BY THE PROlT MOTIVE THEY HAVE AN INCENTIVE HAPPY WORKFORCE IS GOING TO BE MORE PRODUCTIVE AND GIVE
TO PAY AS LITTLE AS POSSIBLE AND TO SKIMP ON EQUIPMENT THEIR OPERATION LONG TERM STABILITY #ERTAINLY MANUFAC
AND PROCEDURES THAT WOULD PROVIDE COMFORT AND SAFETY TURERS CARE ABOUT THE BOTTOM LINE AND IT IS PRECISELY THAT
TO WORKERS 7ORKERS NEED TO BE PROTECTED FROM CORPORA CONCERN THAT MOTIVATES THEM TO TREAT THEIR WORKERS WELL
TIONS THAT CARE MORE ABOUT PROlTS THAN PEOPLE
4HE PRESENCE OF !MERICAN COMPANIES HAS A DIRECT BEN
3OME FOREIGN GOVERNMENTS ARE SO EAGER TO ATTRACT !MERI ElT ON THE ECONOMIES OF THEIR HOST COUNTRIES 7ORKERS ARE
CAN INVESTMENT THAT THEY FAVOR MANAGEMENT OVER LABOR TAUGHT SKILLS AND EXPOSED TO NEW TECHNOLOGY -OREOVER A
4HEY DO NOT PROTECT THEIR OWN CITIZENS WITH STRONG LABOR STRONG INDUSTRIAL ECONOMY HAS BEEN PROVED TO BE THE BEST
LAWS AND THEY DO NOT GUARANTEE WORKERS THE RIGHT TO FORM WAY TO LIFT PEOPLE OUT OF POVERTY )N TIME FOREIGN WORKERS
UNIONS 7ORKERS ARE AT THE MERCY OF THEIR EMPLOYERS WILL ACHIEVE WAGES AND WORKING CONDITIONS COMPARABLE TO
THOSE ENJOYED BY !MERICAN WORKERS TODAY
!MERICAN COMPANIES LOCATED IN FOREIGN COUNTRIES HAVE 7AGES MAY BE LOW COMPARED TO 53 STANDARDS HOW
NO INCENTIVE FOR MAKING COMMITMENTS TO THE LOCAL COM EVER THE COST OF LIVING IN THESE COUNTRIES IS ALSO LOW )T
MUNITY )F THE WORKERS BECOME TOO EXPENSIVE OR IF THE IS ABSURD THEREFORE TO EXPECT !MERICAN COMPANIES TO
COMPANIES ARE FORCED TO SPEND MONEY TO IMPROVE CONDI PAY THE STANDARD MINIMUM 53 WAGE IN A COUNTRY WHERE
TIONS THEY SIMPLY PULL OUT AND MOVE TO ANOTHER COUNTRY THAT WAGE HAS TIMES THE BUYING POWER THAT IT HAS IN
WITH CHEAPER WORKERS AND LOWER STANDARDS !MERICA
"ECAUSE THEY HAVE NO UNION PROTECTIONS WORKERS ARE !CTIVISTS LIKE TO SAY THAT FACTORY JOBS IN FOREIGN COUNTRIES
OFTEN ASKED TO WORK ABSURDLY LONG HOURS WITH NO EXTRA ARE INTOLERABLE AND UNDESIRABLE BUT THE FACTS DO NOT SUP
PAY FOR OVERTIME AND IN DANGEROUS CONDITIONS WITH PORT THAT ASSERTION 0EOPLE ARE EAGER TO WORK IN A FACTORY
HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 4HEY FEAR THAT IF THEY COMPLAIN OR WHEN THEIR ALTERNATIVE IS MAKING LESS MONEY FOR A FULL DAY
REFUSE TO WORK WHEN DEMANDED THEY WILL BE lRED AND OF BACKBREAKING AGRICULTURAL WORK 4O THE WORKERS JOBS
REPLACED BY SOMEONE WHO IS DESPERATE FOR A JOB IN !MERICAN FACTORIES REPRESENT OPPORTUNITIES TO GAIN A
HIGHER STANDARD OF LIVING
#HILD LABOR IS CONDONED IN MANY COUNTRIES WHERE !MER 4HE !MERICAN OBJECTION TO CHILD LABOR IS FOUNDED ON THE
ICAN COMPANIES DO BUSINESS BUT !MERICAN COMPANIES IDEALISTIC NOTION THAT CHILDREN SHOULD BE IN SCHOOL "UT
SHOULD REFUSE TO TAKE PART IN THIS ABUSE 4HERE IS LITTLE IN MANY COUNTRIES WHERE THE FACTORIES OPERATE UNIVERSAL
HOPE FOR THE FUTURE OF COUNTRIES WHERE A CHILD MUST PRO SCHOOLING IS NONEXISTENT AND THE CHILD WHO IS THROWN OUT
VIDE LABOR INSTEAD OF GETTING AN EDUCATION OF A FACTORY JOB GOES BACK ON THE STREET )N MANY CASES
THE CHILD WHO DOES NOT WORK IN A FACTORY WILL SIMPLY
WORK SOMEPLACE ELSE IN POOR FAMILIES IT IS EXPECTED THAT
ANYONE WHO IS ABLE TO WORK WILL EARN A WAGE TO SUPPORT
THE FAMILY
\
3AMPLE -OTIONS
4HIS (OUSE WILL NOT BUY MATERIALS MADE IN FOREIGN SWEATSHOPS
4HIS (OUSE WOULD FORCE !MERICAN COMPANIES TO LET FOREIGN WORKERS UNIONIZE
7EB ,INKS
s %NDING 3WEATSHOPS HTTPWWWSWEATSHOPSORG
4HIS 7EB SITE IS SPONSORED BY THE ACTIVIST ORGANIZATION #O OP !MERICA )T DISCUSSES hSWEATSHOPv CONDITIONS IN FOREIGN COUNTRIES AND
ENCOURAGES CITIZENS TO TAKE ACTION TO ELIMINATE THEM
s 3WEATSHOPS FOR THE .EW 7ORLD /RDER HTTPWWWFEEORGVNEWSPHPNID
4HIS ESSAY FROM THE &OUNDATION FOR %CONOMIC %DUCATION ARGUES THAT !MERICAN PROTESTS ABOUT FOREIGN FACTORIES ARE ILL INFORMED
&URTHER 2EADING
&EATHERSTONE ,IZA ET AL 3TUDENTS !GAINST 3WEATSHOPS 4HE -AKING OF A -OVEMENT 6ERSO "OOKS
-ORAN 4HEODORE ( "EYOND 3WEATSHOPS &OREIGN $IRECT )NVESTMENT AND 'LOBALIZATION IN $EVELOPING .ATIONS "ROOKINGS )NSTITUTION

6ARLEY 0AMELA AND #AROLYN -ATHIASEN EDS 4HE 3WEATSHOP 1UANDARY #ORPORATE 2ESPONSIBILITY ON THE 'LOBAL &RONTIER )NVESTOR
2ESPONSIBILITY 2ESEARCH #ENTER
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02/3 #/.3
6IOLENCE IS NEVER JUSTIlED UNDER ANY CIRCUMSTANCES ,IFE 7E ARE NOT ARGUING THAT VIOLENCE IS OF ITSELF A GOOD THING
IS SACRED AND NO CAUSE OR BELIEF ALLOWS A PERSON TO TAKE 7E ARE SAYING THAT WHEN OTHERS ARE USING VIOLENCE TO
THE LIFE OF ANOTHER ENDANGER PRINCIPLES AS FUNDAMENTAL AS HUMAN RIGHTS
PEOPLE HAVE A DUTY TO STAND UP AGAINST THEM .OT TO DO
SO WOULD MERELY ALLOW EVIL TO SPREAD UNCHECKED
.EITHER SIDE IN A WAR EMERGES AS A VICTOR 7AR RARELY SET $ISPUTES DO SOMETIMES PERSIST AFTER WARS BUT OFTEN WARS
TLES ISSUES &OR EXAMPLE 7ORLD 7AR ) CREATED THE CON CAN LEAD TO THE RESOLUTION OF SOME ISSUES &OR EXAM
DITIONS THAT LED TO 7ORLD 7AR )) 7AR ALWAYS CREATES PLE 7ORLD 7AR )) PREVENTED FASCISM FROM TAKING OVER
SUFFERING ON BOTH SIDES /FTEN THE INNOCENT SUFFER AS IN %UROPE AND THE 0ERSIAN 'ULF 7AR LED TO 3ADDAM (US
THE CASE OF THE lREBOMBING OF $RESDEN OR THE DROPPING SEINS WITHDRAWAL FROM +UWAIT )N THESE CASES THE FAILURE
OF THE ATOMIC BOMB ON (IROSHIMA IN 7ORLD 7AR )) TO ACT WOULD HAVE LED TO THE OPPRESSION OF MILLIONS AND
PERMITTED AN AGGRESSOR TO TRIUMPH
0ACIlSTS BELIEVE THAT VIOLENCE BEGETS VIOLENCE 0ACIlSTS DO 0ACIlSM IS A LUXURY THAT SOME CAN PRACTICE BECAUSE OTHERS
NOT HAVE TO RETREAT COMPLETELY FROM WORLD AND DOMES lGHT 0ACIlSTS CLAIM MORAL SUPERIORITY WHILE ENJOYING
TIC AFFAIRS $URING 7ORLD 7AR ) CONSCIENTIOUS OBJECTORS THE LIBERTY FOR WHICH OTHERS HAVE DIED 7E FOUGHT BOTH
STOOD UP AGAINST THE MILITARISM AND CYNICAL DIPLOMACY WORLD WARS TO COMBAT AGGRESSION AND INJUSTICE 7E DID
THAT HAD LED TO THE CONmICT )N MANY COUNTRIES THEY WERE OUR MORAL DUTY IN RESISTING TYRANNY
EXECUTED FOR THEIR BELIEFS

02/3 #/.3
7HEN WAR IS INEVITABLE PACIlSTS CAN PROTEST THE CRUELTIES 4HIS TYPE OF PROTEST IS NOT TRUE PACIlSM WHICH REJECTS
OF WAR SUCH AS TORTURE ATTACKS ON CIVILIANS AND OTHER WAR OUTRIGHT "Y ADMITTING THAT WAR IS SOMETIMES INEVI
CONTRAVENTIONS OF THE 'ENEVA #ONVENTION IN AN ATTEMPT TABLE YOU ARE ACKNOWLEDGING THAT SOMETIMES PEOPLE
TO CURB VIOLENCES EXCESSES CANNOT SIT BY AND DO NOTHING
'REAT RELIGIOUS LEADERS SUCH AS *ESUS AND 'ANDHI HAVE )N PRACTICE MOST WORLD RELIGIONS HAVE ADOPTED VIOLENCE
ALWAYS ADVOCATED PACIlSM 4HEY BELIEVE THAT h(E WHO IN THE SHAPE OF CRUSADES OR HOLY WARS TO SERVE THEIR
LIVES BY THE SWORD DIES BY THE SWORDv &OR THOUSANDS OF ENDS !ND DOES NOT THE "IBLE ADVOCATE hAN EYE FOR AN
YEARS THE WISEST THINKERS HAVE BELIEVED THAT VIOLENCE DOES EYEv 7HEN AN AGGRESSOR ENDANGERS LIBERTY AND FREEDOM
NOT END SUFFERING BUT MERELY INCREASES IT HUMANITY MUST USE VIOLENCE TO COMBAT HIM
3AMPLE -OTIONS
4HIS (OUSE WOULD BE PACIlST
4HIS (OUSE REJECTS VIOLENCE
4HIS (OUSE WOULD TURN THE OTHER CHEEK
7EB ,INKS
s 4HE 'OOD 7AR AND 4HOSE 7HO 2EFUSED TO &IGHT )T HTTPWWWPBSORGITVSTHEGOODWARAMERICAN?PACIlSMHTML
0"3 7EB SITE PROVIDING OVERVIEW OF PACIlSM IN !MERICAN HISTORY
s 0ACIlSM HTTPWWWUTMEDURESEARCHIEPPPACIlSMHTM
0HILOSOPHICAL DISCUSSION OF PACIlSM
s 4HE 0ARADOX OF 7AR AND 0ACIlSM HTTPWWWLEADERUCOMSOCIALSCIENCESCLARKHTML
(ISTORICAL DISCUSSION OF PACIlSM FROM A #HRISTIAN POINT OF VIEW
&URTHER 2EADING
#OOPER 3ANDI 0ATRIOTIC 0ACIlSM 7AGING 7AR ON 7AR IN %UROPE /XFORD 5NIVERSITY 0RESS ON $EMAND
-C#ARTHY #OLMAN !LL OF /NE 0EACE %SSAYS ON .ONVIOLENCE 2UTGERS 5NIVERSITY 0RESS
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02/3 #/.3
,EGAL REQUIREMENTS FOR PARENTAL ACTION PARTICULARLY THOSE 4HE CAUSES AT THE CORE OF JUVENILE DELINQUENCY ABUSIVE
THAT INCLUDE SANCTIONS FOR NONACTION PROVIDE AN INCEN FAMILIES AND CHILD NEGLECT ARE NOT NECESSARILY THE KIND OF
TIVE FOR PARENTS TO ACT RESPONSIBLY )F PARENTS ARE LIABLE PROBLEMS THAT CAN BE SOLVED BY THE LEVERAGE OF CRIMINAL
FOR THEIR INACTION OR THE INAPPROPRIATE ACTIONS OF THEIR OR CIVIL SANCTIONS )N INSTANCES WHERE PARENTS ARE ABSENT
CHILDREN THEY ARE MORE LIKELY TO MAKE SURE THEIR CHILDREN OR NEGLECTFUL DEEP SOCIAL PROBLEMS ARE OFTEN THE CAUSE
ARE SUPERVISED AND WELL CARED FOR 0ROBLEMS SUCH AS ALCOHOLISM POVERTY POOR EDUCATION
POOR HEALTH AND POOR HEALTH CARE AND FAMILY HISTORIES
\
02/3 #/.3
OF ABUSE CAN LOCK A FAMILY INTO A NEGATIVE CYCLE THAT CON
TINUES TO PERPETUATE BEHAVIORS THAT OTHERS MIGHT VIEW AS
IRRESPONSIBLE 4HERE IS A DANGER THAT THE PROPOSED SANC
TIONS WILL MAKE FAMILIES TRAPPED IN SUCH PROBLEMS AFRAID
TO SEEK HELP FROM SOCIAL SERVICES FOR FEAR OF PUNISHMENT
-INOR CHILDREN SHOULD NOT BE HELD LEGALLY ACCOUNTABLE 7HILE GENERALLY TRUE THERE ARE INSTANCES WHERE THE
FOR THEIR ACTIONS NOR SHOULD THEY BE OBLIGATED TO PROVIDE AMOUNT OF INmUENCE OF PARENTS OVER A CHILDS LIFE IS NEG
FOR THEMSELVES UNTIL THEY HAVE REACHED THE AGE OF MAJOR LIGIBLE 3OME CHILDREN RUN AWAY FROM HOME OR FORCIBLY
ITY 'OVERNMENTS HAVE ESTABLISHED LAWS DRAWING DISTINC SEPARATE THEMSELVES FROM THEIR PARENTS OF THEIR OWN
TIONS BETWEEN ADULTS AND JUVENILES FOR A REASON 4HESE ACCORD /N OCCASION JUVENILES COMMIT CRIMES SO HEI
GOVERNMENTS BELIEVE THAT JUVENILES MAKE MISTAKES AND NOUS AND SO UNEXPECTED THAT NO REASONABLE PERSON
ARE NOT NECESSARILY MATURE ENOUGH TO BE FULLY RESPON WOULD THINK THAT THE PARENTS WERE ULTIMATELY RESPONSIBLE
SIBLE FOR OR COMPLETELY AWARE OF THE CONSEQUENCES OF 4HERE ARE ALSO SIGNIlCANT DIFFERENCES BETWEEN CULTURES AS
THEIR ACTIONS 0ARENTS AND THE COMMUNITY AT LARGE HAVE TO WHAT AGE CONSTITUTES hADULTHOODv 4HE AGE OF MAJOR
A RESPONSIBILITY TO RAISE CHILDREN TO ACT APPROPRIATELY IN ITY VARIES SIGNIlCANTLY AMONG THE NATIONS OF THE WORLD
SOCIETY )F SOCIETY OR MORE SPECIlCALLY PARENTS FAIL IN THE 7HILE MANY 7ESTERN COUNTRIES CONSIDER AN YEAR OLD
TASK IT IS NOT REASONABLE FOR THE CHILDREN TO BE CHARGED AN ADULT OTHER CULTURES SEE THE BEGINNINGS OF ADULTHOOD
WITH SOLE RESPONSIBILITY FOR THEIR ACTS IN THE EARLY TEENAGE YEARS !DULTHOOD CAN ALSO BE SEEN AS
A PHASED IN PROCESSA CONTINUUM OF INCREASING RESPON
SIBILITY WITH DRIVING LEAVING SCHOOL VOTING DRINKING
HAVING SEX GETTING MARRIED WITHOUT PARENTAL PERMISSION
JOINING THE ARMED FORCES AND STANDING FOR PUBLIC OFlCE
CONSIDERED AS MILESTONES 4HUS MULTINATIONAL OR GLOBAL
ACCORDS ON PARENTAL RESPONSIBILITY OR CHILDRENS RIGHTS ARE
POTENTIALLY PROBLEMATIC
,AWS THAT ENSHRINE PARENTAL RESPONSIBILITY IMPROVE 4HIS ARGUMENT STEMS FROM TWO mAWED ASSUMPTIONS lRST
FAMILY LIFE !S PARENTS ARE ENCOURAGED TO TAKE RESPONSI THAT PARENTS WHO ARE SEPARATED OR DIVORCED CANNOT ACT
BILITY FOR THEIR CHILDREN AND SUCH RESPONSIBILITY BECOMES RESPONSIBLY AND SECOND THAT DOING hTHE RIGHT THINGv
A CULTURAL NORM FAMILIES WILL DEVELOP CLOSER BONDS MAR NECESSARILY EQUATES WITH POSITIVE FAMILY VALUES ! PARENT
RIAGES WILL BECOME STRONGER AND THE PROBLEMS OF BROKEN MAY PLAY A VERY ACTIVE ROLE IN THE LIVES OF HER OR HIS CHIL
FAMILIES WILL DECREASE DREN YET STILL HAVE A HORRIBLE MARRIAGE OR MENTALLY OR
PHYSICALLY ABUSE THE CHILDREN ! PARENT WHO IS NOT MAR
RIED TO A CHILDS OTHER PARENT MAY STILL PLAY AN ACTIVE AND
VALUABLE ROLE IN THE LIFE OF THE CHILD EVEN IF THE PARENTS
DO NOT LIVE IN THE SAME HOME
0ARENTAL RESPONSIBILITY LAWS HELP COMPEL PARENTS WHO $ECADES OF LEGAL EXPERIENCE IN COUNTRIES THAT ORDER CHILD
ARE DELINQUENT IN THEIR SUPPORT OF A CHILD TO BECOME SUPPORT FROM SEPARATED OR DIVORCED PARENTS HAVE DEMON
INVOLVEDAT LEAST ON A lNANCIAL LEVEL 4HIS CAN ALSO STRATED THAT PARENTS WHO WANT TO SEVER TIES lNANCIAL OR
DISCOURAGE IRRESPONSIBLE MEN FROM INDULGING IN PROMIS OTHERWISE CAN DO SO EITHER BY DEFAULTING ON PAYMENTS
CUOUS AND RECKLESS SEXUAL BEHAVIOR AND THUS POSSIBLY OR HIDING FROM THE LAW 4HESE LAWS MAY EVEN HAVE A
FATHERING A NUMBER OF CHILDREN BY DIFFERENT MOTHERS NEGATIVE EFFECT BY FOSTERING RESENTMENT TOWARD THE CHILD
OR OTHER PARENT WITHIN THE PARENT COMPELLED TO PROVIDE
SUPPORT #HILD SUPPORT ORDERS MAY ALSO HARM ANY SUBSE
QUENT CHILDREN AN ESTRANGED PARENT MAY HAVE BY IMPOV
ERISHING A SECOND FAMILY IN FAVOR OF THE lRST
#HILDREN ARE LESS LIKELY TO ENGAGE IN ACTS OF DELINQUENCY #HILDREN PRONE TO ENGAGE IN ACTS OF SERIOUS JUVENILE DELIN
IF THEY FEEL THAT THEIR PARENTS ARE LIKELY TO BE HELD LEGALLY QUENCY ARE RARELY INTERESTED IN THE FEELINGS OF OR EFFECTS

02/3 #/.3
RESPONSIBLE FOR THEIR ACTIONS OF THEIR ACTIONS ON PARENTS )N FACT THE WORST JUVENILE
DELINQUENTS ARE PROBABLY MORE LIKELY TO ACT OUT IF THEY
BELIEVE lRST THAT THE ACTION WILL RESULT IN HARM TO THE
PARENTS THEY SEEK TO REBEL AGAINST AND SECOND THAT THEIR
PARENTS WILL BE HELD RESPONSIBLE IN PLACE OF THEM
3AMPLE -OTIONS
4HIS (OUSE BELIEVES PARENTS SHOULD BE HELD CRIMINALLY LIABLE FOR THE ILLEGAL ACTIVITIES OF THEIR CHILDREN
4HIS (OUSE BELIEVES PARENTS SHOULD BE HELD CIVILLY LIABLE FOR THE ILLEGAL ACTIVITIES OF THEIR CHILDREN
4HIS (OUSE BELIEVES THAT ON BALANCE PARENTS ARE MORE RESPONSIBLE FOR THE ACTIONS OF CHILDREN THAN THE CHILDREN ARE THEMSELVES
4HIS (OUSE BELIEVES AN INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION ON CHILD WELFARE SHOULD BE ADOPTED
7EB ,INKS
s 4HE 'REAT 9OUNG /FFENDERS !CT $EBATE HTTPWWWLAWYERSCATGYADDEBATESSEPHTM
/NLINE DEBATE OVER THE /NTARIO #ANADA 0ARENTAL 2ESPONSIBILITY !CT
s .ATIONAL #ONFERENCE OF 53 3TATE ,EGISLATURES HTTPWWWNCSLORGPROGRAMSPRESSSCHOOLVIOLENCE,%')3HTM
/VERVIEW OF PARENTAL RESPONSIBILITY IN JUVENILE JUSTICE
s /FlCE OF *UVENILE *USTICE AND $ELINQUENCY 0REVENTION HTTPOJJDPNCJRSORGPUBSREFORMCH?DHTML
3ITE SUMMARIZES PARENTAL RESPONSIBILITY LAWS IN THE 5NITED 3TATES
&URTHER 2EADING
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02/3 #/.3
.O PERSON WHO IS lNANCIALLY DEPENDENT ON SOMEONE ELSE )F A POLITICIAN WERE DEPENDENT ON ONLY ONE SOURCE OF
IS TRULY FREE TO SERVE THE PUBLIC GOOD IN A DISINTERESTED FUNDING UNDUE INmUENCE MIGHT BE A POSSIBILITY "UT SO
WAY 7HEN A POLITICIAN DEPENDS ON HUGE SUMS OF MONEY MANY SPECIAL INTEREST GROUPS ARE ACTIVE IN 7ASHINGTON
CONTRIBUTED BY AN ORGANIZATION HIS OR HER VOTE IS INEVI THAT POLITICIANS GET CONTRIBUTIONS FROM DOZENS IF NOT
\
02/3 #/.3
TABLY INmUENCED BY THE WISHES OF THAT ORGANIZATION RATHER HUNDREDS OF THEM 4HE INmUENCE OF ANY ONE GROUP
THAN BY WHAT IS BEST FOR THE COUNTRY THEREFORE IS NEGLIGIBLE EVEN A CONTRIBUTION OF
IS ONLY A hDROP IN THE BUCKETv WHEN CAMPAIGNS COST
MILLIONS
4HE SIZE OF CONTRIBUTIONS HAS BECOME SO LARGE THAT DONORS !CCUSATIONS OF UNDUE INmUENCE ARE OFTEN VAGUE AND
CERTAINLY EXPECT SOME KIND OF PAYBACK ! MANUFACTURERS UNSUPPORTED BY FACTS 7ATCHDOG ORGANIZATIONS LIKE TO
ASSOCIATION WILL NOT GIVE AWAY JUST AS A GES MAKE STATISTICAL CORRELATIONS BETWEEN DONATIONS AND
TURE OF GOOD WILL IT EXPECTS TO SEE ITS CONCERNS FAVORABLY VOTES BUT THAT IS NOT REAL EVIDENCE THAT VOTES HAVE BEEN
ADDRESSED IN LEGISLATION hBOUGHTv $ONT FORGET THAT ACTUALLY BUYING VOTES IS A
CRIME AND IS VIGOROUSLY PROSECUTED
&OR GENERATIONS LAWMAKERS HAVE RECOGNIZED THAT THE 3PECIAL INTERESTS ARE CONDEMNED FOR HAVING TOO MUCH
POWER OF SPECIAL INTERESTS CAN LEAD TO CORRUPTION MORE INmUENCE BUT THE CAUSAL LOGIC OF THE ACCUSERS IS FUN
THAN YEARS AGO FOR EXAMPLE #ONGRESS FORBADE UNIONS DAMENTALLY mAWED 7HEN THE .ATIONAL !BORTION AND
FROM ACTING TO INmUENCE FEDERAL ELECTIONS "UT THE CRE 2EPRODUCTIVE 2IGHTS !CTION ,EAGUE .!2!, MAKES
ATION OF POLITICAL ACTION COMMITTEES 0!#S AND THE CONTRIBUTIONS TO POLITICIANS IT DOES NOT BUY THE VOTES OF
PROLIFERATION OF SOFT MONEY HAVE ALLOWED SPECIAL INTEREST LEGISLATORS WHO WOULD HAVE VOTED DIFFERENTLY ON REPRO
GROUPS TO VIOLATE THE SPIRIT OF THE LAW WHILE OBEYING ITS DUCTIVE ISSUES 2ATHER .!2!, GIVES MONEY TO CANDI
LETTER DATES WHO HAVE ALREADY INDICATED THEIR SUPPORT FOR POLI
CIES IN LINE WITH .!2!,S POSITION
-ONEY PURCHASES ACCESS TO POLITICIANS WHO ARE MORE 0EOPLE WHO WANT TO KILL SPECIAL INTEREST GROUPS ARE USUALLY
WILLING TO MAKE TIME FOR DONORS THAN FOR AVERAGE CITIZENS THINKING OF GROUPS THAT SUPPORT A POSITION THEY OPPOSE
!CCESS LEADS NATURALLY TO INmUENCE 4HE AVERAGE CITIZEN IS 3PECIAL INTEREST GROUPS SPAN THE POLITICAL SPECTRUM AND
SHORTCHANGED BY THE CURRENT SYSTEM WHICH FAVORS CASH REPRESENT MANY POINTS OF VIEW )NDEED THE VARIETY OF
RICH ORGANIZATIONS GROUPS WITH COMPETING INTERESTS IS AN INDICATION OF A
HEALTHY AND VIGOROUS POLITICAL SYSTEM
/RGANIZATIONS OFTEN SPEND HUNDREDS OF MILLIONS OF DOL )NDIVIDUALS SHOULD ORGANIZE THEMSELVES INTO GROUPS TO
LARS TO LOBBY POLITICIANS 4HEY WOULD NOT SPEND SUCH REPRESENT THEMSELVES MORE EFFECTIVELY #ONGRESS PASSES
SUMS IF THEY DID NOT THINK SUCH EXPENDITURES WERE EFFEC LAWS THAT AFFECT THE DAILY LIVES OF TEACHERS FOR EXAMPLE
TIVE IN HELPING THEM GET WHAT THEY WANT !GAIN MONEY SURELY TEACHERS HAVE THE RIGHT TO HAVE THEIR VOICES HEARD
CLEARLY IS SHAPING LEGISLATION THROUGH THEIR UNIONSWHEN THOSE LAWS ARE DRAWN UP
3AMPLE -OTIONS
4HIS (OUSE WOULD CHANGE CAMPAIGN lNANCE LAWS TO ALLOW CONTRIBUTIONS FROM INDIVIDUALS ONLY
4HIS (OUSE WOULD LOBBY #ONGRESS TO ADVANCE ITS INTERESTS
7EB ,INKS
s -ISSING THE 0OINT ON #AMPAIGN &INANCE HTTPWWWCLAREMONTORGWRITINGSPRECEPTSELLMERSHTML
!N ESSAY FROM THE #LAREMONT )NSTITUTE FOR THE 3TUDY OF 3TATESMANSHIP AND 0OLITICAL 0HILOSOPHY THAT ARGUES THAT THE FEAR OF SPECIAL
INTEREST GROUPS HAS BEEN EXAGGERATED
s -ONEY AND 0OLITICS 7HO /WNS $EMOCRACY HTTPWWWNETWORK DEMOCRACYORGMAPWELCOMESHTML
! PROJECT OF )NFORMATION 2ENAISSANCE AND .ATIONAL )SSUES &ORUMS 2ESEARCH THIS 7EB PAGE DISCUSSES THE PROS AND CONS OF VARIOUS
PROPOSALS TO CHANGE THE ROLE OF MONEY IN POLITICS
s 9OUR 'UIDE TO THE -ONEY IN 53 %LECTIONS HTTPWWWOPENSECRETSORGINDEXASP
7EB SITE OF THE #ENTER FOR 2ESPONSIVE 0OLITICS PROVIDES DATA ABOUT CAMPAIGN CONTRIBUTIONS BY DONOR AND BY RECIPIENT h.EWS
ALERTSv mAG INSTANCES WHERE CONTRIBUTIONS MAY HAVE INmUENCED CONGRESSIONAL VOTING

&URTHER 2EADING
$REW %LIZABETH 4HE #ORRUPTION OF !MERICAN 0OLITICS 7HAT 7ENT 7RONG AND 7HY /VERLOOK 0RESS
%LDER ,ARRY 3HOWDOWN #ONFRONTING "IAS ,IES AND THE 3PECIAL )NTERESTS 4HAT $IVIDE !MERICA 3T -ARTINS 0RESS
*UDIS *OHN " 4HE 0ARADOX OF !MERICAN $EMOCRACY %LITES 3PECIAL )NTERESTS AND THE "ETRAYAL OF THE 0UBLIC 4RUST 2OUTLEDGE
0HILLIPS +EVIN 7EALTH AND $EMOCRACY ! 0OLITICAL (ISTORY OF THE !MERICAN 2ICH "ROADWAY "OOKS
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02/3 #/.3
4HE LAW SHOULD RECOGNIZE FREEDOM OF CHOICE )F ) WANT TO 4HESE RIGHTS ARE COUNTERED BY THE DAMAGE POLYGAMY
MARRY MORE THAN ONE PERSON WHY SHOULD THE STATE STOP DOES TO WOMEN AND FAMILIES 0OLYGAMY HARMS CHILDREN
ME )F MY PARTNER AGREES TO THE ADDITION TO THE FAMILY WHO ARE PRESENTED WITH CONFUSING SIGNALS ABOUT ROLE
THEN WHY SHOULD THE STATE PRESUME TO SAY IT KNOWS BETTER MODELS AND FAMILY LIFE )T ALSO REDUCES A WOMANS FREE
7E HAVE A RIGHT TO PRIVACY AND A RIGHT TO NONINTERFERENCE DOM 7OMEN OFTEN DO NOT HAVE A SAY IN WHETHER THE
IN OUR FAMILY LIFE HUSBAND TAKES ANOTHER WIFE
4HE ADDITION OF EXTRA PARENTAL lGURES DOES NOT NECESSAR ! POLYGAMOUS FAMILY WILL DEVELOP A HIERARCHY WITH A
ILY UNDERMINE FAMILY UNITS 2ATHER MORE PROVIDERS CAN hHEAD WIFEv DOMINATING THE OTHERS 7HY ENCOURAGE AND
MAKE GREATER CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE HOME /FTEN THERE IS INSTITUTIONALIZE THE VERY THING THAT LEADS TO THE BREAK UP
LOVE NOT JEALOUSY BETWEEN WIVES WHO ARE HAPPY TO HAVE OF THE MAJORITY OF FAMILY UNITS NAMELY JEALOUSY AND
OTHERS SHARE THEIR WORK (IERARCHIES EXIST IN MONOGA SEXUAL ENCOUNTERS WITH OTHERS )T IS TRUE THAT JEALOUSY
MOUS FAMILIESBETWEEN HUSBAND AND WIFE BETWEEN EXISTS OUTSIDE MARRIAGES AND IN MONOGAMOUS MARRIAGES
SIBLINGS 4HAT THEY CAN EXIST IN POLYGAMOUS MARRIAGES IS BUT WHY SET UP A SITUATION IN WHICH IT IS GUARANTEED
NOT A STRONG ARGUMENT AGAINST SUCH UNIONS WHICH ARE
CAPABLE OF PRODUCING STABLE HOMES 3OME MARRIAGES ARE
GOOD SOME BADTHATS TRUE OF BOTH MONOGAMY AND
POLYGAMY
4HE IDEA THAT THE INDIVIDUAL CAN LOVE ONLY ONE PERSON IS -ARRIAGE IS ABOUT DEVOTION TO ANOTHER THE GIVING OF ONE
FALSE A PRODUCT OF A PARTICULAR TIME PLACE AND CULTURE SELF WHOLLY TO THAT PERSON GRANTING LOVE TO THEM TO THE
0OLYGAMY HAS BEEN THE NORM IN MANY SOCIETIES THROUGH EXCLUSION OF ALL OTHERS (OW COULD ONE HAVE SUCH A RELA
OUT HISTORY 0OLYGAMY IS NOT ABOUT FREEDOM TO FORNICATE TIONSHIP WITH MORE THAN ONE PERSON )T IS NOT POSSIBLE TO
WITH ANYONE IT IS ABOUT CEMENTING RELATIONSHIPS WITH LOVE MORE THAN ONE PERSON 0OLYGAMY THEREFORE NECES
INDIVIDUALS ONE WANTS TO SPEND THE REST OF ONES LIFE WITH SARILY INVOLVES THE EXPLOITATION OF AT LEAST ONE PARTY AND
JUST AS IN MONOGAMOUS MARRIAGES THE DENIGRATION OF THE RELATIONSHIP THAT EXISTS BETWEEN
THE OTHERS
0OLYGAMY REDUCES THE DESIRE FOR ADULTERY BY PROVIDING !DULTERY IS BASED ON A DESIRE FOR SOMEONE OUTSIDE THE
ALTERNATIVES FOR SEXUAL EXPLORATION WITHIN THE FAMILY UNIT HOME !DULTERY STILL OCCURS IN POLYGAMOUS SOCIETIES
\
02/3 #/.3
4HIS REDUCES THE STRAINS ON FAMILY LIFE AND MINIMIZES THE )NDEED POLYGAMY ENCOURAGES ADULTERY BECAUSE IT DILUTES
LIKELIHOOD OF BREAKDOWN AND DIVORCE THE IDEA OF lDELITY TO ONE PERSON SUBSTITUTING THE LEGITI
MACY OF INTERCOURSE WITH MANY
/F COURSE AN INDIVIDUAL SHOULD NOT BELONG TO ANOTHER ,EGALIZING POLYGAMY WOULD LEGITIMIZE THE IDEA OF WOMEN
"UT THIS ATTACK DISPLAYS AT BEST A LACK OF UNDERSTANDING AS OBJECTS BELONGING TO THEIR HUSBANDS 4HIS IS EXACTLY THE
ABOUT THE CULTURES OF OTHERS AND AT WORST VEILED RACISM THINKING WE WANT TO DISCOURAGE 7HILE POLYGYNOUS MAR
7E SHOULD NOT STOP PEOPLE FROM PRACTICING THEIR FAITHS IN RIAGES ARE TECHNICALLY POSSIBLE IN THE -USLIM WORLD THEY
THIS COUNTRY 0OLYGAMY IS ACCEPTABLE WITHIN THE -USLIM ARE VERY RARE BECAUSE THE REQUIREMENT THAT ALL WIVES BE
FAITH 7HY SHOULD NOT THE VALIDITY OF SUCH MARRIAGES BE TREATED FAIRLY +ORAN IS ALMOST IMPOSSIBLE TO MEET
RECOGNIZED )T IS NOT POSSIBLE TO LOVE ONE PERSON AS MUCH AS ANOTHER
IMPOSSIBLE TO GIVE ONE PERSON AS MUCH THOUGHT OR TIME
AS ANOTHER 4HE VERY LOW RATE OF POLYGYNY IN )SLAM POINTS
TO THE PROBLEMS INNATE IN POLYGAMY
4HIS IS A CHEAP SLUR 0OLYGAMY DOES NOT NECESSARILY CREATE /NCE ALLOWED POLYGAMY WILL FACILITATE FORCED MAR
OTHER OFFENSES 9OU CANNOT SAY SOMETHING SHOULD BE RIAGES AND INCREASE THE POTENTIAL FOR INCEST AS MEN MARRY
ILLEGAL BECAUSE THERES A THEORETICAL LINK TO OTHER ILLEGAL CLOSE RELATIVES TO KEEP THEM WITHIN THE CLOSED COMMU
THINGS &ORCED MARRIAGE IS AN ISSUE IN SOME MONOGAMOUS NITY STRUCTURE POLYGAMY SO OFTEN CREATES )NDEED WHERE
SOCIETIES 7E AGREE THAT SOCIETY NEEDS TO DECIDE HOW IT POLYGAMY IS FOUND A WEALTH OF OTHER OFFENSES FOLLOWS
WANTS TO HANDLE THAT OFFENSE BUT THAT QUESTION IS ENTIRELY #HILD ABUSE RAPE WELFARE FRAUD AND INCEST ARE ALL STAPLES
SEPARATE FROM THE ISSUE OF ALLOWING POLYGAMY OF THE POLYGAMOUS COMMUNITIES IN THE 5NITED 3TATES
*UST AS IMPORTANT POLYGAMY ENCOURAGES THE BROADER
EXPLOITATION OF WOMEN
3AMPLE -OTIONS
4HIS (OUSE WOULD LEGALIZE POLYGAMY
4HIS (OUSE BELIEVES MONOGAMY IS NOT THE ONLY WAY
4HIS (OUSE BELIEVES THAT THREE ISNT A CROWD
7EB ,INKS
s -ULTI FAITH !TTITUDES TO 0OLYGAMY HTTPWWWPOLYGAMYCOM
3ITE PROMOTING PLURAL MARRIAGE
s 4APESTRY OF 0OLYGAMY HTTPWWWPOLYGAMYORG
5TAH BASED ORGANIZATION FORMED TO lGHT THE ABUSES OF POLYGAMY AND SUPPORT FORMER POLYGAMOUS WIVES AND FAMILY MEMBERS
&URTHER 2EADING
!LTMAN )RWIN AND *OSEPH 'INAT 0OLYGAMOUS &AMILIES IN #ONTEMPORARY 3OCIETY #AMBRIDGE 5NIVERSITY 0RESS
"ARASH $AVID 0 AND *UDITH %VE ,IPTON -YTH OF -ONOGAMY &IDELITY AND )NlDELITY IN !NIMALS AND 0EOPLE /WL "OOKS
#HAPMAN 3AMUEL 0OLYGAMY "IGAMY AND (UMAN 2IGHTS ,AW 8LIBRIS #ORPORATION
'ORDON 3ARAH "ARRINGER 4HE -ORMON 1UESTION 0OLYGAMY AND #ONSTITUTIONAL #ONmICT IN .INETEENTH #ENTURY !MERICA 5NIVERSITY OF
.ORTH #AROLINA 0RESS
4RACY +ATHLEEN 4HE 3ECRET 3TORY OF 0OLYGAMY 3OURCEBOOKS
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02/3 #/.3
0ORNOGRAPHY DEBASES HUMAN INTERACTIONS BY REDUCING &REEDOM OF SPEECH IS ONE OF OUR MOST CHERISHED RIGHTS
LOVE AND ALL OTHER EMOTIONS TO THE CRUDELY SEXUAL 3EX #ENSORSHIP MIGHT BE JUSTIlED WHEN FREE SPEECH BECOMES
IS AN IMPORTANT ELEMENT IN RELATIONSHIPS BUT IT IS NOT OFFENSIVE TO OTHERS BUT THIS IS NOT THE CASE WITH POR
THE BE ALL AND END ALL OF THEM 0ORNOGRAPHY ALSO DEBASES NOGRAPHY )T IS lLMED LEGALLY BY CONSENTING ADULTS FOR
THE HUMAN BODY AND EXPLOITS THOSE LURED INTO IT )T ALSO CONSENTING ADULTS AND THUS OFFENDS NO ONE 0ORNOGRAPHY
ENCOURAGES UNHEALTHY OBJECTIFYING ATTITUDES TOWARD THE INJURES NO ONE AND IS A LEGITIMATE TOOL TO STIMULATE OUR
OPPOSITE SEX 0ORNOGRAPHY IS NOT A VICTIMLESS CRIME 4HE FEELINGS AND EMOTIONS IN MUCH THE SAME WAY AS MUSIC
VICTIM IS THE VERY FABRIC OF SOCIETY ITSELF ART AND LITERATURE DO
0ORNOGRAPHY HELPS TO REINFORCE THE SIDE OF OUR SEXUAL 0ORNOGRAPHY IS A LEGITIMATE EXPLORATION OF SEXUAL FANTASY
IDENTITY THAT SEES PEOPLE AS OBJECTS AND DEBASES BOTH ONE OF THE MOST VITAL PARTS OF HUMAN LIFE 0SYCHOLOGISTS
THEIR THOUGHTS AND BODIES 7E HAVE SEEN EVIDENCE OF THIS HAVE CONlRMED THE IMPORTANT IF NOT DRIVING ROLE THAT
IN THE WAY PICTURES OF SEMINAKED WOMEN HARDLY EVER SEXUAL IMPULSES PLAY IN SHAPING OUR BEHAVIOR 2EPRESSING
MEN ARE USED IN ADVERTISING 3OCIETYS ACCEPTANCE OF POR OR DENYING THIS PART OF OUR PERSONALITIES IS BOTH PRUD
NOGRAPHY LEADS TO THE OBJECTIlCATION OF WOMEN AND THUS ISH AND IGNORANT #ONSEQUENTLY PORNOGRAPHY SHOULD
DIRECTLY TO SEXUAL DISCRIMINATION BE AVAILABLE FOR ADULTS TO VARY THEIR SEX LIVES )NDEED FAR
FROM hCORRODING THE FABRIC OF SOCIETYv PORNOGRAPHY CAN
HELP MAINTAIN AND STRENGTHEN MARRIAGES BY LETTING COU
PLES FULLY EXPLORE THEIR SEXUAL FEELINGS
3OCIETYS APPARENT TOLERANCE OF LEGAL PORNOGRAPHY 4HIS IS NOT TRUE NO hSLIPPERY SLOPEv SCENARIO EXISTS
ENCOURAGES ILLEGAL FORMS SUCH AS CHILD PORNOGRAPHY !RE 0EOPLE INTERESTED IN CHILD PORNOGRAPHY WILL OBTAIN IT
WE TO ALLOW PEDOPHILES THE hLEGITIMATE SEXUAL EXPLORA REGARDLESS OF ITS LEGAL STATUS (UMAN SEXUALITY IS SUCH THAT
TIONv OF THEIR FEELINGS 4HE OPPOSITION CANNOT LET HUMAN MERE EXPOSURE TO ADULT PORNOGRAPHY DOES NOT ENCOURAGE
IMPULSES OVERRIDE SOCIETAL RULES THAT PROTECT CHILDREN INDIVIDUALS TO EXPLORE CHILD PORNOGRAPHY
-ANY RAPISTS ARE OBSESSED WITH PORNOGRAPHY )T ENCOUR 3ADLY RAPE WILL EXIST WITH OR WITHOUT PORNOGRAPHY
AGES THEM TO VIEW WOMEN AS OBJECTS AND HELPS JUSTIFY 2APISTS MAY USE PORNOGRAPHY BUT PORNOGRAPHY DOES
THEIR CONTENTION THAT WOMEN ARE WILLING PARTICIPANTS IN NOT CREATE RAPISTS 4HE CLAIM THAT PORNOGRAPHY IS RAPE
THE ACT )NDEED FEMINISTS HAVE PROPOSED THAT PORNOGRA IS INVALID /UR LEGAL SYSTEM DEPENDS ON THE DISTINCTION
PHY IS RAPE BECAUSE IT EXPLOITS WOMENS BODIES 0ORNOGRA BETWEEN THOUGHT AND ACT THAT THIS CLAIM SEEKS TO BLUR
PHY SERVES ONLY TO ENCOURAGE BRUTAL SEX CRIMES 0ORNOGRAPHY IS A LEGITIMATE FORM OF EXPRESSION AND
ENJOYMENT 'OVERNMENT SHOULD NOT CENSOR IT IN THE
INTERESTS OF SEXUAL REPRESSION AND PRUDERY
3AMPLE -OTIONS
4HIS (OUSE BELIEVES PORNOGRAPHY DOES MORE HARM THAN GOOD
4HIS (OUSE WOULD BAN PORNOGRAPHY
4HIS (OUSE BELIEVES THAT PORNOGRAPHY IS BAD FOR WOMEN
\
7EB ,INKS
s !MERICAN #IVIL ,IBERTIES 5NION HTTPWWWACLUORG&REE3PEECH&REE3PEECH-AINCFM
)NFORMATION ON COURT CHALLENGES TO CENSORSHIP INCLUDING ARGUMENTS IN SUPPORT OF A BROAD UNDERSTANDING OF FREEDOM OF SPEECH
s 0ORNOGRAPHY AS A #AUSE OF 2APE HTTPWWWDIANARUSSELLCOMPORNTOCHTML
3UMMARY OF SCHOLARLY BOOK SHOWING THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PORNOGRAPHY AND VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN
&URTHER 2EADING
#ORNELL $RUCILLA &EMINISM AND 0ORNOGRAPHY /XFORD 5NIVERSITY 0RESS
*UFFER *ANE !T (OME 7ITH 0ORNOGRAPHY 7OMEN 3EX AND %VERYDAY ,IFE .EW 9ORK 5NIVERSITY
3TROSSEN .ADINE $EFENDING 0ORNOGRAPHY &REE 3PEECH 3EX AND THE &IGHT FOR 7OMENS 2IGHTS .EW 9ORK 5NIVERSITY 0RESS
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02/3 #/.3
5NTIL PRIESTS IN THE 7ESTERN CHURCH WERE PERMIT 4HE EARLIEST CHURCH FATHERS INCLUDING 3T !UGUSTINE
TED TO MARRY 4HE "IBLE DOES NOT MANDATE CELIBACY AND SUPPORTED THE CELIBATE PRIESTHOOD )N THE FOURTH CENTURY
IN FACT 3T 0ETER THE lRST POPE WAS MARRIED 4HE TRUE CHURCH COUNCILS ENACTED LEGISLATION FORBIDDING MARRIED
HISTORY AND TRADITIONS OF THE 2OMAN #ATHOLIC CHURCH MEN WHO WERE ORDAINED FROM HAVING CONJUGAL RELATIONS
INCLUDE THE OPTION FOR PRIESTS TO MARRY WITH THEIR WIVES 7E DO NOT KNOW IF ANY OF THE APOSTLES
OTHER THAN 0ETER WERE MARRIED BUT WE DO KNOW THAT
THEY GAVE UP EVERYTHING TO FOLLOW *ESUS -ORE IMPOR
TANT *ESUS LED A CELIBATE LIFE
4HE NUMBER OF PRIESTS IN !MERICA IS ON THE DECLINE AND 0ROTESTANT CHURCHES WHICH DO NOT REQUIRE CELIBACY ALSO
MANY PARISHES ARE WITHOUT A PRIEST 4HE PROHIBITION ON ARE HAVING PROBLEMS RECRUITING CLERGY 7ORLDWIDE THE
MARRIAGE PUSHES SOME MEN AWAY FROM THE PRIESTHOOD NUMBER OF NEW PRIESTS IS INCREASING /NLY THE DEVELOPED
4HE REQUIREMENT OF CELIBACY DRASTICALLY REDUCES THE POOL WORLD HAS SEEN A DECLINE IN PRIESTLY VOCATIONS ! RECENT
FROM WHICH THE CHURCH CAN SELECT PRIESTS AND MEANS THAT STUDY SHOWED THAT VOCATIONS WERE ON THE RISE IN DIOCESES
THE CHURCH IS NOT ALWAYS GETTING THE hBEST AND THE BRIGHT IN THE 53 THAT WERE LOYAL TO THE TEACHINGS OF THE CHURCH
ESTv INCLUDING PRIESTLY CELIBACY
0ROTESTANT CLERGY SUCCESSFULLY BALANCE THEIR WORK IN THE ! CELIBATE PRIEST CAN DEVOTE ALL HIS TIME TO HIS PARISHIO
CHURCH AND THEIR FAMILIES 7ERE PRIESTS PERMITTED TO NERS ! MARRIED PRIEST MUST SPEND TIME WITH HIS FAMILY
MARRY AND HAVE FAMILIES THEIR FAMILIES COULD SERVE AS 0ROTESTANT CLERGY HAVE BALANCED THEIR WORK FOR THE CHURCH
EXAMPLES TO OTHERS )N ADDITION MARRIAGE CAN PROVIDE A WITH THEIR FAMILY RESPONSIBILITIES ONLY WITH DIFlCULTY
PRIEST WITH INCREASED SOCIAL SUPPORT AND INTIMACY -ANY WIVES AND FAMILIES OF 0ROTESTANT CLERGY REPORT FEEL
ING SECOND TO THE CONGREGATION

02/3 #/.3
0RIESTLY CELIBACY IS OUTDATED )T SETS THE PRIEST APART FROM 4HE PRIEST IS SET APART FROM THE WORLD (E HAS A UNIQUE
THE WORLD AND THE EXPERIENCES OF HIS PARISHIONERS ROLE (E REPRESENTS #HRIST TO HIS PARISHIONERS *UST AS
*ESUS LED A LIFE OF CHASTITY DEDICATED TO 'OD A PRIEST MUST
OFFER HIS LIFE TO 'ODS PEOPLE
#ELIBATE PRIESTS CAN NEVER EXPERIENCE THE INTIMATE AND 4HE CELIBATE PRIEST HAS A UNIQUE UNDERSTANDING OF THE
COMPLICATED MARITAL RELATIONSHIP 4HEY LACK CREDIBILITY POWER OF SELF CONTROL AND THE GIVING OF THE SELF WHICH
WHEN CONDUCTING MARITAL AND FAMILY COUNSELING -AR ARE KEY IDEAS IN MARRIAGE 4HE PRIEST IS MARRIED TO THE
RIED PRIESTS CAN BETTER SERVE THEIR PARISHIONERS BECAUSE OF CHURCH AND CAN COUNSEL COUPLES AND FAMILIES USING THAT
THEIR MARITAL AND FAMILY EXPERIENCES KNOWLEDGE
4HE PROSPECT OF CELIBACY DRAWS SEXUALLY DYSFUNCTIONAL #ELIBACY AND PEDOPHILIA ARE NOT CONNECTED 3EXUAL ABUSE
MEN TO THE PRIESTHOOD 4HEY HOPE THAT BY TOTALLY DENY ALSO OCCURS IN RELIGIONS WHERE CLERGY ARE PERMITTED TO
ING THEIR SEXUALITY THEY WILL NOT ENGAGE IN PEDOPHILIA MARRY 3TUDIES HAVE SHOWN THAT SEXUAL ABUSERS ACCOUNT
BUT UNFORTUNATELY THEY OFTEN CANNOT OVERCOME THEIR FOR LESS THAN OF 2OMAN #ATHOLIC CLERGY A lGURE COM
DEVIANT DESIRES 0ERMITTING PRIESTS TO MARRY WOULD BRING PARABLE TO CLERGY IN OTHER DENOMINATIONS
MEN WITH HEALTHY SEXUAL DESIRES TO THE PRIESTHOOD
3AMPLE -OTIONS
4HIS (OUSE WOULD PERMIT PRIESTS TO MARRY
4HIS (OUSE WOULD HAVE THE 6ATICAN STOP REQUIRING PRIESTLY CELIBACY
4HIS (OUSE BELIEVES THAT A MARRIED PRIEST IS A BETTER PRIEST
7EB ,INKS
s #ELIBACY OF THE #LERGY HTTPWWWNEWADVENTORGCATHENAHTM
/FFERS A DETAILED ARTICLE ON THE HISTORY AND THEOLOGY OF PRIESTLY CELIBACY
s (OW TO 2EFUTE !RGUMENTS !GAINST 0RIESTLY #ELIBACY HTTPWWWCATHOLICITYCOMCOMMENTARY(UDSONCELIBACYHTML
#LEAR PRESENTATION OF ARGUMENTS AGAINST CELIBACY WITH REFUTATIONS
s ,ETS 7ELCOME "ACK -ARRIED 0RIESTS HTTPWWWUSCATHOLICORGSBHTM
!RTICLE WRITTEN BY A MARRIED FORMER PRIEST ARGUES AGAINST PRIESTLY CELIBACY
&URTHER 2EADING
-C'OVERN 4HOMAS 0RIESTLY #ELIBACY 4ODAY &OUR #OURTS 0RESS
3CHOENHERR 2ICHARD ! 'OODBYE &ATHER 4HE #ELIBATE -ALE 0RIESTHOOD AND THE &UTURE OF THE #ATHOLIC #HURCH /XFORD 5NIVERSITY
0RESS
3TICKLER !LPHONSO - 4HE #ASE OF #LERICAL #ELIBACY )TS (ISTORICAL $EVELOPMENT AND 4HEOLOGICAL &OUNDATIONS )GNATIUS 0RESS
3TRAVINSKA - * ED 0RIESTLY #ELIBACY )TS 3CRIPTURAL (ISTORICAL 3PIRITUAL AND 0SYCHOLOGICAL 2OOTS .EWMAN (OUSE 0RESS
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02/3 #/.3
4HE PRIMARY FUNCTION OF GOVERNMENT IS TO hSECURE THE 4HE RIGHT TO PRIVACY UNDERLIES THE &OURTH !MENDMENT TO
GENERAL WELFAREv OF ITS CITIZENS 3ECURITY IS A COMMON THE #ONSTITUTION WHICH PROHIBITS UNREASONABLE hSEARCH
GOOD THAT IS PROMISED TO ALL !MERICANS AND IT MUST TAKE AND SEIZUREv 7HEN THE GOVERNMENT COLLECTS AND SHARES
PRIMACY OVER INDIVIDUAL CONCERNS ABOUT PRIVACY INFORMATION ABOUT ITS CITIZENS IT IS CONDUCTING AN ELEC
TRONIC VERSION OF SUCH PROHIBITED SEARCHES
%LECTRONIC SURVEILLANCEOF lNANCIAL TRANSACTIONS FOR !NY PROPOSAL THAT INCREASES THE POWER OF GOVERNMENT
EXAMPLEIS AN ESSENTIAL TOOL FOR TRACKING THE ACTIONS OF AGENCIES SHOULD BE DISMISSED (ISTORICALLY GOVERNMENT
TERRORISTS WHEN THEY ARE PLANNING ATTACKS 4HE GOVERN AGENCIES EG THE )23 HAVE ABUSED THEIR POWER OVER
MENT CANNOT STAND BY AND WAIT UNTIL CRIMINAL ACTS ARE CITIZENS )NCREASED POWER MEANS A GREATER POTENTIAL FOR
COMMITTED IT MUST STOP ATTACKS BEFORE THEY HAPPEN ABUSE
4IGHTER SECURITY CONTROLS AT AIRPORTS AND BORDERS WILL 4IGHTER SECURITY CONTROLS CAN BE USED TO TARGET SPECIlC
HELP PREVENT DAMAGE AND LOSS OF LIFE )N ADDITION TO THEIR ETHNIC AND RELIGIOUS GROUPS IN A WAY THAT IS UNFAIR AND
DETERRENT EFFECT THEY WILL ENABLE OFlCIALS TO STOP ATTACKS DISCRIMINATORY
AS THEY ARE HAPPENING
4IGHTER IMMIGRATION LAWS AND MORE RIGOROUS IDENTIlCA 0REVENTIVE MEASURES AFFECT THE INNOCENT AS WELL AS THE
TION PROCEDURES FOR FOREIGNERS ENTERING THE COUNTRY WILL GUILTY 4HIS IS ESPECIALLY TRUE IN THE CASE OF FOREIGN NATION
REDUCE THE POSSIBILITY OF TERRORISTS ENTERING THE COUNTRY ALS 4IGHTER IMMIGRATION CONTROLS MAY EXCLUDE FOREIGNERS
WHOSE PRESENCE IN !MERICA WOULD BE BENElCIAL TO THE
COUNTRY
4HE RIGHT TO PRIVACY IS BY NO MEANS ABSOLUTE AND !MERI (ISTORY HAS SHOWN THAT THE INVOCATION OF NATIONAL SECU
CANS ALREADY ALLOW THE GOVERNMENT TO CONTROL SOME OF RITY HAS OFTEN LED TO THE RESTRICTION OF FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS
THEIR PRIVATE ACTIONS 4HE GOVERNMENT CAN REQUIRE DRIV &OR EXAMPLE *APANESE !MERICAN CITIZENS WERE INTERNED
ERS TO WEAR SAFETY BELTS FOR EXAMPLE !NY INTRUSIONS ON DURING 7ORLD 7AR )) TO INCREASE SECURITY 7E SHOULD NOT
PRIVACY FOR THE SAKE OF SECURITY WOULD BE MINIMAL AND ALLOW THE GOVERNMENT TO TAKE EVEN SMALL STEPS IN A DIREC
FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS WOULD STILL BE RESPECTED TION THAT CAN LEAD TO SOMETHING WORSE
3AMPLE -OTIONS
4HIS (OUSE SUPPORTS THE CREATION OF A NATIONAL IDENTITY CARD
4HIS (OUSE WOULD GIVE THE GOVERNMENT MORE POWER IN TIME OF WAR
7EB ,INKS
s 0RIVACILLAORG HTTPWWWPRIVACILLAORG
! 7EB SITE DEVOTED TO GATHERING INFORMATION ON PRIVACY ISSUES AND LINKS TO PRIVACY 7EB SITES
s 0RIVACY VS 3ECURITY ! "OGUS $EBATE HTTPWWWBUSINESSWEEKCOMTECHNOLOGYCONTENTJUNTC?HTM
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RITY IS A FALSE DICHOTOMY

s 0RIVACY VS 3ECURITY IN THE !FTERMATH OF THE 3EPTEMBER 4ERRORIST !TTACKS HTTPWWWSCUEDUETHICSPUBLICATIONSBRIElNGS
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02/3 #/.3
4HE PEOPLE HAVE A RIGHT TO KNOW ABOUT THOSE IN POWER 0EOPLE WILL ALWAYS BE FASCINATED ABOUT INTIMATE DETAILS
4HEIR SALARIES ARE PAID FOR BY THE PEOPLE WHETHER THROUGH OF THE POWERFUL AND FAMOUS .EVERTHELESS PUBLIC lGURES
TAXES IN THE CASE OF POLITICIANS AND CIVIL SERVANTS OR BY HAVE THE SAME RIGHT TO PRIVACY THAT THE REST OF US ENJOY
REVENUE GENERATED BY lLMS #$S 46 ETC IN THE CASE .OR SHOULD PUBLIC lGURES BE HELD TO HIGHER STANDARDS OF
OF CELEBRITIES 4HE DECISIONS OF POLITICIANS AFFECT MANY PERSONAL BEHAVIOR THAN THE REST OF SOCIETY BY A SENSATION
ASPECTS OF PEOPLES LIVES IN EXCHANGE THE PEOPLE HAVE ALIST PRESS )F THE PRESS FOCUSED ON THE POLICIES AND PUBLIC
THE RIGHT TO MAKE INFORMED JUDGMENTS ABOUT THE KIND ACTIONS OF POLITICIANS RATHER THAN THEIR PERSONAL FOIBLES
OF LEADERS THEY WANT !NY ATTEMPT TO RESTRICT WHAT MAY DEMOCRACY WOULD BE BETTER SERVED
BE REPORTED ABOUT PUBLIC lGURES COULD EASILY BECOME A
CONSPIRACY TO MANIPULATE VOTERS OR TO KEEP THEM IN THE
DARK
!LL ELECTIONS ARE TO A GREATER OR LESSER EXTENT ABOUT THE 0RIVATE MORALITY AND ECCENTRICITIES ARE NOT AUTOMATI
CHARACTER OF POLITICIANS 5NLESS THE VOTERS KNOW ABOUT CALLY RELATED TO SOMEONES ABILITY TO DO A JOB WELL -ANY
POLITICIANS PRIVATE LIVES THEY WILL NOT BE ABLE TO MAKE GREAT POLITICAL LEADERS HAVE HAD MESSY PERSONAL LIVES
INFORMED DECISIONS AT THE POLLING BOOTH &OR EXAMPLE WHILE OTHERS WITH BLAMELESS PRIVATE LIVES HAVE BEEN
MANY WOULD THINK THAT A POLITICIAN WHO BETRAYED HIS JUDGED FAILURES )F MODERN STANDARDS OF PRESS INTRUSION
WIFE BY HAVING AN AFFAIR WAS EQUALLY CAPABLE OF BREAKING AND SENSATIONALISM HAD BEEN APPLIED IN THE PAST HOW
HIS PROMISES AND LYING TO HIS COUNTRY MANY RESPECTED LEADERS WOULD HAVE REACHED OR SURVIVED
IN OFlCE
)F INVESTIGATIVE JOURNALISTS ARE PREVENTED FROM SCRUTINIZ 3UCH CLOSE PRESS SCRUTINY ACTUALLY PLACES PUBLIC lGURES
ING THE PRIVATE LIVES OF PUBLIC lGURES THEN CORRUPTION UNDER CONSIDERABLE STRAIN MAKING BOTH POOR PERFOR
AND CRIME WILL BE MUCH EASIER TO HIDE MANCE IN OFlCE AND PERSONAL PROBLEMS MORE LIKELY
7HERE IS THE DIVIDING LINE BETWEEN PUBLIC AND PRIVATE #ONTINUAL PROBING INTO THE PRIVATE LIVES OF PUBLIC lGURES
BEHAVIOR $RAWING UP RULES TO LIMIT THE PRESS WILL MEAN ACTUALLY HARMS DEMOCRACY 6ERY FEW POTENTIAL CANDIDATES
\
02/3 #/.3
THAT SOME QUESTIONABLE BEHAVIOR MAY NEVER BE REPORTED HAVE SPOTLESS PRIVATE LIVES 4HE PROSPECT OF lERCE PRESS
&OR EXAMPLE 0RESIDENT &RANÀOIS -ITTERRAND OF &RANCE SCRUTINY WILL DETER MANY FROM SEEKING PUBLIC OFlCE AND
HID HIS CANCER FROM THE &RENCH ELECTORATE FOR YEARS 7AS DENY THE PUBLIC THEIR TALENTS 4HOSE WHO DO RUN FOR OFlCE
THIS A PUBLIC OR A PRIVATE MATTER (E ALSO HAD A MISTRESS WILL TEND TO BE UNREPRESENTATIVE INDIVIDUALS OF A PURITAN
AND ILLEGITIMATE DAUGHTER WHO SECRETLY ACCOMPANIED ICAL NATURE WHOSE VIEWS ON SEX FAMILY LIFE DRUGS ETC
HIM ON SOME OF HIS FOREIGN VISITS AT STATE EXPENSE !GAIN MAY BE SKEWED AND INTOLERANT
WAS THIS A PRIVATE OR A PUBLIC MATTER
-ANY POLITICIANS POINT OUT THEIR FAMILY VALUES AND PUB 7HEN POLITICIANS USE THEIR PERSONAL MORALITY AND FAMILY
LICIZE ASPECTS OF THEIR PRIVATE LIVES WHEN IT IS TO THEIR LIVES TO WIN ELECTIONS THEY HAVE CHOSEN TO MAKE THEM
ADVANTAGE )F THE PUBLIC IMAGE THEY SEEK TO CREATE IS AT A PUBLIC ISSUE 4HIS DOES NOT JUSTIFY INTRUSION INTO THE
VARIANCE WITH THEIR OWN PRACTICE SUCH HYPOCRISY DESERVES PRIVACY OF THOSE POLITICIANS WHO DO NOT PARADE THEIR PER
TO BE EXPOSED SONAL LIVES IN A CAMPAIGN
0UBLIC lGURES SEEK ELECTION OR FAME KNOWING THAT IT WILL -ANY PUBLIC lGURES ACHIEVE CELEBRITY STATUS LARGELY BY
BRING ATTENTION TO THEIR PRIVATE LIVES #ONSTANT SCRUTINY ACCIDENT IT IS A BY PRODUCT OF THEIR PURSUIT OF SUCCESS IN
IS THE PRICE OF FAME -ANY CELEBRITIES ACTIVELY SEEK MEDIA THEIR PARTICULAR lELD 4HEY DO NOT WISH TO BE ROLE MODELS
EXPOSURE TO ADVANCE THEIR CAREERS /NCE SUCCESS HAS BEEN AND CLAIM NO SPECIAL MORAL STATUS SO WHY SHOULD THEIR
BOUGHT IN SUCH A FASHION COMPLAINING OF PRESS INTRUSION PRIVATE LIVES BE SUBJECTED TO PUBLIC SCRUTINY
INTO THOSE FEW ASPECTS THE STAR WOULD PREFER TO REMAIN
HIDDEN IS HYPOCRITICAL
3AMPLE -OTIONS
4HIS (OUSE BELIEVES THAT PUBLIC lGURES HAVE NO RIGHT TO PRIVATE LIVES
4HIS (OUSE DEMANDS THE RIGHT TO KNOW
4HIS (OUSE CELEBRATES THE POWER OF THE PRESS
&URTHER 2EADING
#OLLINS 'AIL 3CORPION 4ONGUES 'OSSIP #ELEBRITY AND !MERICAN 0OLITICS -ORROW
7ACKS 2AYMOND 0RIVACY AND 0RESS &REEDOM 'AUNT
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02/3 #/.3
0ROSTITUTION IS AN ISSUE OF INDIVIDUAL LIBERTY 4HE CONTROL 0ROSTITUTES DO NOT HAVE A GENUINE CHOICE 4HEY ARE OFTEN
OF ONES OWN BODY IS A BASIC HUMAN RIGHT 7E DO NOT ENCOURAGED OR FORCED TO WORK IN THE SEX INDUSTRY BEFORE
IMPOSE LEGAL PENALTIES ON MEN AND WOMEN WHO CHOOSE THEY ARE OLD ENOUGH TO MAKE A REASONED DECISION -ANY
TO BE PROMISCUOUS 7HY SHOULD THE EXCHANGE OF MONEY HAVE THEIR REASONING IMPAIRED BY AN UNHAPPY FAMILY
SUDDENLY MAKE CONSENSUAL SEX ILLEGAL BACKGROUND PREVIOUS SEXUAL ABUSE OR DRUGS 4HEY MAY

02/3 #/.3
BE COMPELLED TO ENTER PROSTITUTION BY CIRCUMSTANCES
BEYOND THEIR CONTROL SUCH AS SUBSTANCE ADDICTION OR THE
NECESSITY TO PROVIDE FOR A FAMILY
0ROSTITUTION HAS EXISTED IN ALL CULTURES THROUGHOUT HIS 'OVERNMENTS HAVE A DUTY TO PROTECT THE MORAL AND
TORY 'OVERNMENTS SHOULD RECOGNIZE THAT THEY CANNOT PHYSICAL HEALTH OF THEIR CITIZENS ,EGALIZING PROSTITU
ERADICATE IT #ONSEQUENTLY THEY SHOULD PASS LEGISLATION TION WOULD IMPLICITLY APPROVE A DANGEROUS AND IMMORAL
THAT MAKES PROSTITUTION SAFER RATHER THAN PERSIST WITH PRACTICE 0ROSTITUTION IS NEVER A LEGITIMATE CHOICE FOR A
FUTILE AND DANGEROUS PROHIBITION YOUNG GIRL
0ROSTITUTES HAVE PERFORMED A VALID SOCIAL FUNCTION FOR 0ROSTITUTION HARMS THE FABRIC OF SOCIETY 3EXUAL INTER
THOUSANDS OF YEARS 0ROSTITUTION ACTUALLY HELPS MAINTAIN COURSE OUTSIDE OF MARRIAGE OR A RELATIONSHIP OF LOVE SHOWS
MARRIAGES AND RELATIONSHIPS ! PURELY PHYSICAL COMMER DISREGARD FOR THE SANCTITY OF THE SEXUAL ACT AND FOR THE
CIAL TRANSACTION DOES NOT JEOPARDIZE THE EMOTIONAL STA OTHER PARTNER IN A RELATIONSHIP %MOTIONAL COMMITMENT
BILITY OF A RELATIONSHIP )N )TALY FOR EXAMPLE VISITING A IS INEXTRICABLY LINKED TO PHYSICAL COMMITMENT
PROSTITUTE DOES NOT VIOLATE THE LAW AGAINST ADULTERY
-ANY LIBERTARIAN FEMINISTS BELIEVE THAT PROSTITUTION &EMINISTS OVERWHELMINGLY OPPOSE PROSTITUTION 4HE RAD
REmECTS THE INDEPENDENCE AND DOMINANCE OF MODERN ICAL FEMINIST SCHOOL THAT EMERGED IN THE S SUPPORTS
WOMEN 4HE MAJORITY OF PROSTITUTES ARE WOMEN /NCE THE IDEA THAT PROSTITUTION LEADS TO THE OBJECTIlCATION OF
THE DANGER OF ABUSE FROM MALE CLIENTS AND PIMPS IS WOMEN -EN WHO USE WOMENS BODIES SOLELY FOR SEXUAL
REMOVED THE CAPACITY OF WOMEN TO CONTROL MENS SEXUAL GRATIlCATION DO NOT TREAT THEM AS PEOPLE 4HIS LACK OF
RESPONSES IN A lNANCIALLY BENElCIAL RELATIONSHIP IS LIBER RESPECT DEHUMANIZES BOTH THE PROSTITUTE AND THE CLIENT
ATING &URTHERMORE MANY CAMPAIGNERS FOR THE RIGHTS OF AND DOES NOT REPRESENT A VICTORY FOR EITHER SEX
PROSTITUTES NOTE THAT THE HOURS ARE RELATIVELY SHORT AND
THE WORK WELL PAID 0ROSTITUTES ARE PAID FOR SERVICES OTHER
WOMEN MUST PROVIDE WITHOUT CHARGE
3OME STUDIES SUGGEST THAT PROSTITUTION LOWERS THE INCI (OW CAN YOU PROVE THAT SOME INDIVIDUALS WHO VISIT PROS
DENCE OF SEX CRIMES TITUTES WOULD OTHERWISE HAVE COMMITTED VIOLENT OFFENSES
0SYCHOLOGICAL THERAPIES THAT RECOMMENDED THE USE OF
PROSTITUTES HAVE BEEN WIDELY DISCREDITED 4HE NUMBER
OF REPORTED ATTACKS ON PROSTITUTES AND THE CONSIDERABLY
GREATER NUMBER OF SUCH CRIMES THAT GO UNREPORTED SUG
GEST THAT PROSTITUTES ARE THE VICTIMS OF THE MOST SERIOUS
CRIMES )N 6ICTORIA WHERE PROSTITUTION IS LEGAL TWO RAPES
OF PROSTITUTES ARE REPORTED EACH WEEK
,EGALIZATION WOULD IMPROVE THE SEXUAL HEALTH OF PROS -ORE SEXUAL HEALTH PROBLEMS ARE INEVITABLE 7HEN PROSTI
TITUTES AND AS A RESULT THAT OF THEIR CLIENTS 4HE SEXUAL TUTION IS LAWFUL AND SOCIALLY ACCEPTABLE A GREATER NUMBER
TRANSACTION WOULD OCCUR IN A CLEAN AND SAFE ENVIRONMENT OF MEN WILL USE PROSTITUTES -EDICAL STUDIES SHOW THAT
RATHER THAN ON THE STREET )N AREAS WHERE PROSTITUTION IS THE CONDOM IS ONLY EFFECTIVE -OREOVER DURING THE
LEGAL PROSTITUTES HAVE REGULAR HEALTH CHECKS AS A CONDI PERIOD BETWEEN EACH HEALTH CHECK A PROSTITUTE COULD
TION OF WORKING IN THE BROTHELS &URTHERMORE THE USE CONTRACT AND TRANSMIT A SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASE
OF CONTRACEPTION IS COMPULSORY AND CONDOMS ARE FREELY #ONSEQUENTLY THE LEGALIZATION OF PROSTITUTION WILL RESULT
AVAILABLE IN THE TRANSMISSION OF MORE POTENTIALLY FATAL DISEASES
,EGALIZING PROSTITUTION WOULD BREAK THE LINK BETWEEN 4HE LEGALIZATION OF THE "UNNY 2ANCH IN .EVADA DID NOT
PROSTITUTES AND PIMPS 0IMPS PHYSICALLY ABUSE PROSTI PREVENT THE MAJORITY OF PROSTITUTES FROM CONTINUING TO
TUTES AND OFTEN THREATEN GREATER VIOLENCE THEY CONlSCATE WORK OUTSIDE OF THE LICENSED BROTHEL AND REMAIN DEPEN
PART IF NOT ALL OF THEIR EARNINGS AND OFTEN ENCOURAGE THE DENT ON PIMPS ,ICENSED BROTHELS ARE EXPENSIVE FOR PROS
\
02/3 #/.3
WOMEN TO BECOME ADDICTED TO DRUGS 0ROVIDING A SECURE TITUTES TO WORK IN AND FOR CLIENTS TO VISIT ! LEGAL BUSINESS
ENVIRONMENT IN WHICH TO WORK FREES MEN AND WOMEN OF HAS TO PAY FOR RENT HEALTH CHECKS AND SECURITY PROSTI
PIMPS TUTES WORKING OUTSIDE THE hSYSTEMv NEED NOT WORRY ABOUT
SUCH EXPENSES 3OME PROSTITUTES USE PRIVATE APARTMENTS
WHILE OTHERS WORK ON THE STREET ,EGALIZING PROSTITUTION
WILL NOT REMOVE THE STREET MARKET OR THE DANGERS ASSOCI
ATED WITH IT 4HE DANGEROUS STREET ENVIRONMENT IS A CON
SEQUENCE OF ECONOMICS NOT LEGAL CONTROLS
,ICENSED BROTHELS WILL IMPROVE THE QUALITY OF LIFE FOR 0ROSTITUTES WILL CONTINUE TO WORK ON THE STREETS AND ARE
PEOPLE WHO LIVE AND WORK IN AREAS CURRENTLY FREQUENTED UNLIKELY TO WORK NEAR THE COMPETITION OFFERED BY THE
BY PROSTITUTES 2EGULATIONS CAN REQUIRE BROTHELS TO LOCATE LICENSED BROTHELS &URTHERMORE WILL LOCAL GOVERNMENTS
IN AREAS AWAY FROM HOMES AND SCHOOLS WANT TO CREATE hGHETTOSv OF PROSTITUTION IN CERTAIN AREAS
%XISTING LEGAL PROHIBITIONS AGAINST PROSTITUTION DO NOT -ERELY BECAUSE SOME INDIVIDUALS BREAK A LAW DOES NOT
WORK 0ROSTITUTES ARE REGULARLY ARRESTED AND lNED 4O PAY MEAN THAT THE LAW ITSELF IS AT FAULT OR THAT IT SHOULD BE
THE lNES THEY MUST PROSTITUTE THEMSELVES 4HE LAWS BAN ABOLISHED 4HE EASE WITH WHICH PROSTITUTES CAN RETURN TO
NING PROSTITUTION ARE COUNTERPRODUCTIVE WORK SUGGESTS THAT PENAL SANCTIONS SHOULD BE MORE SEVERE
RATHER THAN REMOVED ALTOGETHER
,EGALIZING PROSTITUTION WOULD GIVE GOVERNMENTS ECO !N ECONOMIC BENElT CANNOT OFFSET SOCIAL HARMS THAT
NOMIC BENElTS ! TAX ON THE FEE CHARGED BY A PROSTITUTE RESULT FROM THE LEGALIZATION OF CERTAIN PROHIBITED ACTIVI
AND THE IMPOSITION OF INCOME TAX ON THE EARNINGS OF TIES /THERWISE WE WOULD ENCOURAGE GOVERNMENTS TO
PROSTITUTES WOULD GENERATE REVENUE BECOME INVOLVED IN OTHER UNLAWFUL TRADES INCLUDING TRAF
lCKING IN DRUGS -OREOVER SEX WORKERS ARE UNLIKELY TO
DECLARE THEIR TRUE EARNINGS FROM WHAT IS A CONlDENTIAL
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE WORKER AND CLIENT 4HUS THE
AMOUNT OF REVENUE GENERATED IS LIKELY TO BE SLIGHT
4HE PROBLEM OF A HIGH CONCENTRATION OF hSEX TOURISTSv ,EGALIZING PROSTITUTION WOULD RENDER THE COUNTRY IN
IN A SMALL NUMBER OF DESTINATIONS WILL DISAPPEAR ONCE QUESTION A DESTINATION FOR SEX TOURISTS 2ELAXED LEGAL CON
A LARGER NUMBER OF COUNTRIES LEGALIZE PROSTITUTION 3UP TROLS ON PROSTITUTION IN 4HAILAND THE 0HILIPPINES AND IN
PORTING THIS MOTION THEREFORE WILL REDUCE THE PROBLEM THE .ETHERLANDS HAVE MADE THESE COUNTRIES ATTRACTIVE TO
OF SEX TOURISM THESE UNDESIRABLE INDIVIDUALS
3AMPLE -OTIONS
4HIS (OUSE WOULD HAVE LOTS MORE SEX
4HIS (OUSE WOULD LEGALIZE BROTHELS
4HIS (OUSE WOULD DECRIMINALIZE PROSTITUTION
&URTHER 2EADING
#HAPKIS 7ENDY *ILL 0OESNER AND !NNIE 3PRINKLE ,IVE 3EX !CT 7OMEN 0ERFORMING %ROTIC ,ABOR 2OUTLEDGE
)VISON )RENE &IONAS 3TORY ,ITTLE "ROWN
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02/3 #/.3
4HE PEOPLE SHOULD HAVE THEIR SAY AS OFTEN AS POSSIBLE 'OVERNING INVOLVES ESTABLISHING LONG TERM GOALS /NCE
2EFERENDA WERE UNCOMMON IN THE PAST BECAUSE THEY THE PEOPLE ELECT THEIR REPRESENTATIVES THE VOTERS SHOULD
WERE DIFlCULT TO ORGANIZE .OW THAT TECHNOLOGY IE THE PERMIT THEM TO ENACT THEIR PLATFORMS /FTEN LEGISLATION IS
)NTERNET MAKES THIS TASK EASIER WE SHOULD UTILIZE IT TO UNPOPULAR INITIALLY BUT BECOMES ACCEPTABLE EVEN POPU
FURTHER THE SPIRIT OF DEMOCRACY AND INCREASE THE INVOLVE LAR IN THE LONG RUN 3UCH LEGISLATION WOULD NEVER SURVIVE
MENT OF THE PEOPLE 3WITZERLAND IS AN EXAMPLE OF A NATION A REFERENDUM )F PEOPLE DONT LIKE WHAT THEIR GOVERN
THAT USES FREQUENT REFERENDA EFlCIENTLY MENT IS DOING THEY CAN VOTE THE POLITICIANS OUT OF OFlCE
'OVERNMENTS JOB IS TO LEAD NOT TO FOLLOW ESPECIALLY ON
SOCIAL LEGISLATION THAT INITIALLY MAY HAVE LIMITED SUPPORT
7EVE SEEN DRAMATIC EXAMPLES OF THIS DURING THE S
AND S WHEN THE 53 FEDERAL GOVERNMENT FORCED
DESEGREGATION IN OPPOSITION TO SOUTHERN WHITE OPINION
&REAKISH RESULTS CAN BE AVOIDED BY REQUIRING A CERTAIN &REAKISH RESULTS CAN OCCUR IF NO TURNOUT THRESHOLD IS
PERCENTAGE SAY OF THE ELECTORATE TO CAST A VOTE FOR REQUIRED FOR A REFERENDUM TO BE VALID )F THE THRESHOLD IS
A REFERENDUM TO BE VALID TOO HIGH NO REFERENDUM WILL EVER BE VALID
0EOPLE ARE APATHETIC ABOUT POLITICS BECAUSE THEIR VOICE 0EOPLE ARE CURRENTLY BORED WITH POLITICS 4HE LAST THING
IS HEARD ONLY AT THE VOTING BOOTH &REQUENT REFERENDA THEY WANT IS TO VOTE MORE OFTEN 4HIS WILL LEAD ONLY TO
WOULD STIMULATE INTEREST IN POLITICS BECAUSE PEOPLE WOULD GREATER APATHY AND EVEN LOWER TURNOUTS #ALIFORNIA IS
ACTUALLY GET A SAY IN DECISIONS A CLASSIC EXAMPLE OF FREQUENT REFERENDA FAILING TO DRAW
NOTICEABLE INTEREST
)N MANY CASES LEGISLATURES DECIDE ON THE WORDING OF A 2EFERENDA ARE VERY ARTIlCIAL 4HE GOVERNMENT CAN CON
REFERENDUM BUT COUNTRIES COULD ESTABLISH AN INDEPEN TROL THE TIMING WHICH IS A KEY FACTOR IN DECIDING THE
DENT BODY THAT WOULD TAKE OVER THIS TASK AND OVERSEE THE OUTCOME 4HE MEDIA BY PLAYING AN IRRESPONSIBLE ROLE
PROCESS )T COULD BE DONE BY THE BODY THAT OVERSEES GEN CAN FURTHER DISTORT THE RESULT &URTHERMORE HOW SHOULD
ERAL ELECTIONS )N MOST DEMOCRACIES THESE AUTHORITIES ARE THE ALL IMPORTANT WORDING OF THE QUESTION BE DECIDED
ACKNOWLEDGED AS FAIR AND UNBIASED 2EFERENDA WASTE A HUGE AMOUNT OF MONEY
-ANY COUNTRIES HAVE PARTY SYSTEMS WITH LITTLE DIFFER )F NONE OF THE PARTIES SUPPORT A POLICY IT IS BECAUSE IT HAS
ENCE BETWEEN PARTIES #ONSEQUENTLY LARGE SECTORS OF THE NO SIGNIlCANT SUPPORT AMONG THE PEOPLE
PUBLIC lND THEIR VIEWS UNREPRESENTED 2EFERENDA WOULD
BE A REMEDY
3AMPLE -OTIONS
4HIS (OUSE CALLS FOR THE INCREASED USE OF REFERENDA
4HIS (OUSE WOULD VOTE ON IT
4HIS (OUSE WOULD GIVE POWER BACK TO THE PEOPLE
\
7EB ,INKS
s $IRECT $EMOCRACY #AMPAIGN HTTPWWWHOMEUSERSPRESTELCOUKRODMELL
)NFORMATION IN SUPPORT OF DIRECT DEMOCRACY A SYSTEM UNDER WHICH THE PUBLIC RATHER THAN REPRESENTATIVES VOTE ON ISSUES
s 4O #OLLECT THE 7ISEST 3ENTIMENTS HTTPWWWVOTEORGDIRECTHTM
3CHOLARLY ESSAY ON THE REFERENDUM IN 53 HISTORY AS WELL AS ARGUMENTS FOR AND AGAINST USE OF THE REFERENDUM
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02/3 #/.3
2ELIGION IS A STRONGER FORCE THAN ANY MATERIAL INCENTIVES 2ELIGION IS EXTREMELY DANGEROUS BECAUSE IT CAN BE USED
)T IS FAR BETTER AT DIRECTING BEHAVIOR TOWARD SOCIAL BET TO JUSTIFY BRUTAL ACTIONS 4HE )NQUISITION CARRIED OUT ITS
TERMENT THAN EITHER LAWS OR PHYSICAL FORCE &OR EXAMPLE TORTURE IN THE NAME OF 'OD (ITLERS FOLLOWERS AMONG
BOTH 'ANDHI AND -ARTIN ,UTHER +ING *R CONDUCTED THEM THE SO CALLED 'ERMAN #HRISTIANS WERE ALSO BELIEV
NONVIOLENT PROTESTS BASED ON RELIGIOUS VALUES ERS IN THEIR &ÓHRER 2ELIGION SHOULD NEVER BE INVOLVED
IN POLITICS BECAUSE IT CAN BE USED AS AN INSTRUMENT OF
CONTROL OR TO ACHIEVE A RULERS AIMS
4HE VERY EXISTENCE OF THEOCRATIC STATES EG )RAN PROVES 4HEOCRATIC STATES BECOME TOTALITARIAN REGIMES BECAUSE
THAT RELIGION CAN BE A LEGITIMATE SOURCE OF POLITICAL POWER THEY ARE BASED ON OBEDIENCE TO A RULER WHO IS SEEN AS
'OVERNMENTS IN THEOCRATIC STATES ARE MUCH MORE STABLE 'ODS REPRESENTATIVE RATHER THAN ON A DEMOCRATIC CON
THAN IN SECULAR COUNTRIES BECAUSE LEADERS ARE VIEWED AS STITUTION
APPOINTED BY 'OD 0OLITICAL STABILITY IN ITS TURN LEADS TO
ECONOMIC WELFARE
"IBLICAL COMMANDMENTS ARE THE BASIS OF 7ESTERN ETHI 2ELIGIONS LIKE )SLAM JUSTIFY hHOLYv WARS AGAINST THE
CAL AND LEGAL SYSTEMS 2ELIGION TEACHES US TOLERANCE FOR hUNFAITHFULv MEANING PEOPLE OF OTHER RELIGIONS 2ELI
PEOPLE OF OTHER RACES AND RELIGIONS 5SUALLY BELIEVERS ARE GIOUS CONVICTIONS LIKE THESE PAVED THE WAY FOR THE TERROR
MORE PEACEFUL AND TOLERANT THAN NONBELIEVERS IST ATTACKS OF 3EPTEMBER
)N THE STATES WHERE RELIGION DEVELOPS FREELY AND PEOPLE 2ELIGION HAS LED TO THE CREATION OF GREAT ART BUT IT HAS
HAVE FREE ACCESS TO PLACES OF WORSHIP CHURCHES HAVE ALSO LED TO ITS DESTRUCTION 2EMEMBER THE 4ALIBANS
ALWAYS SERVED AS A SHELTER FOR THE POOR 3OME OF THE DESTRUCTION OF THE GREAT "UDDHAS IN !FGHANISTAN 3TILL
GREATEST WORKS OF ART WERE CREATED IN THE NAME OF 'OD WORSE RELIGION CAN BE A SOURCE OF EXTREME NATIONALISM
&URTHERMORE 7OODROW 7ILSON SUGGESTED THAT A STRONG )N )SLAM #HRISTIANITY AND *UDAISM 'OD IS DESCRIBED AS
AFlNITY EXISTS BETWEEN RELIGIOUS COMMITMENT AND PATRIO hMIGHTY WARRIORv hJUST KINGv OR hRIGHTEOUS JUDGEv (E
TISM ,OVE OF COUNTRY JUST LIKE LOVE OF 'OD CERTAINLY PUNISHES THE UNJUST THE UNRIGHTEOUS AND THE DISOBEDI
INSPIRES GOOD DEEDS ENT 4HE IDEA THAT A NATION IS THE INSTRUMENT OF 'ODS
WILL HAS LED TO WAR AND THE SUBJUGATION OF PEOPLE VIEWED
AS UNGODLY

02/3 #/.3
-OST WARS ARE NOT STARTED BY RELIGION ALTHOUGH RELIGION 7HETHER RELIGION IS A GENUINE REASON FOR WAR OR ONLY ITS
OFTEN SERVES TO JUSTIFY THEM -OST WARS ARE STARTED FOR PRETEXT IS NOT IMPORTANT 7HAT IS VITAL IS THAT RELIGION CAN
ECONOMIC REASONS OR FOR TERRITORIAL GAIN BE AND IS OFTEN USED TO MAKE PEOPLE lGHT IN THE NAME
OF HIGH IDEALS TO FURTHER AIMS OF HATRED 4HUS RELIGION
CAUSES MORE HARM THAN GOOD
7ESTERN STATES GREW AS A RESULT OF RELIGION AND RELIGIOUS .ORTH !MERICAN NATIONS EMERGED ONLY BECAUSE OF ECO
PHILOSOPHY 7ESTERN %UROPEAN AND .ORTH !MERICAN NOMIC FACTORS THE EXISTENCE OF FAMINE AND OVERPOPULA
SOCIETIES ARE STILL BASED ON 0ROTESTANT IDEALS OF DILIGENCE TION IN %UROPE ON THE ONE HAND AND THE FREE MARKETS OF
THRIFT AND MODERATION THE 5NITED 3TATES ON THE OTHER 4HE REALITIES OF CAPITAL
ISM NOT THE TENETS OF RELIGIOUS FAITH PROMPT PEOPLE TO
BE DILIGENT AND THRIFTY
3AMPLE -OTIONS
4HIS (OUSE BELIEVES THAT RELIGION IS A POSITIVE INmUENCE ON PEOPLE
4HIS (OUSE BELIEVES THAT CHURCH AND STATE MUST BE KEPT SEPARATE
7EB ,INKS
s 5NITED 3TATES )NSTITUTE OF 0EACE HTTPWWWUSIPORGRELIGIONPEACEINDEXHTML
3ITE REPORTS ON THE )NSTITUTES 2ELIGION AND 0EACEMAKING )NITIATIVE AND PRESENTS REPORTS ON PEACEMAKING EFFORTS IN RELIGIOUS WARS
s /NTARIO #ONSULTANTS ON 2ELIGIOUS 4OLERANCE HTTPWWWRELIGIOUSTOLERANCEORG
0RESENTS INFORMATION ON VARIOUS ASPECTS OF RELIGION AND INCLUDES AN EXTENSIVE TABLE OF ALL CONTEMPORARY RELIGIOUS WARS WITH A BRIEF
DESCRIPTION OF EACH
&URTHER 2EADING
'OPIN -ARC (OLY 7AR (OLY 0EACE (OW 2ELIGION #AN "RING 0EACE TO THE -IDDLE %AST /XFORD 5NIVERSITY 0RESS !PRIL
(UNTER 3HIREEN 4 AND -ARC 'OPIN 4HE &UTURE OF )SLAM AND THE 7EST #LASH OF #IVILIZATIONS OR 0EACEFUL #OEXISTENCE 0RAEGER
+EPEL 'ILLES *IHAD 4HE 4RAIL OF 0OLITICAL )SLAM 4RANSLATED BY !NTHONY 2OBERTS (ARVARD 5NIVERSITY 0RESS
3MOCK $AVID 2 2ELIGIOUS 0ERSPECTIVES ON 7AR #HRISTIAN -USLIM AND *EWISH !TTITUDES 2EV ED 5NITED 3TATES )NSTITUTE OF 0EACE
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02/3 #/.3
2ELIGIOUS BELIEF IS COMPLETELY IRRATIONAL 'OD EXISTS %VIDENCE THAT 'OD IS A REALITY IS GOOD 4HAT WE LIVE IN A
7HERES THE PROOF 4HERE IS NONE 2EPORTED MIRACLES HEAL BEAUTIFUL ORDERLY UNIVERSE IN WHICH HUMAN BEINGS EXIST
INGS ETC ARE NEVER RELIABLY PROVED )N ANY CASE EVERYONES AND HAVE SPECIAL MORAL AND SPIRITUAL AWARENESS POINTS
RELIGIOUS EXPERIENCES ARE DIFFERENT AND SHOW THE PSYCHOLOGI CLEARLY TO THE EXISTENCE OF A DIVINE CREATOR OF THE UNIVERSE
CAL DIFFERENCES BETWEEN HUMAN BEINGS RATHER THAN PROVING "ILLIONS OF PEOPLE HAVE HAD RELIGIOUS EXPERIENCES ALL OF
ANY OBJECTIVE DIVINE REALITY "ELIEF IN 'OD IS SIMPLY WISH THEM REVEALING THE EXISTENCE OF DIVINE REALITY
FULlLLMENT ! LOVING ALL POWERFUL BEING WATCHING OVER US
WOULD BE NICE BUT THERE ISNT ANY
\
02/3 #/.3
4HE WORLD IS FULL OF THE SUFFERING AND PAIN OF THE INNO -OST SUFFERING AND PAIN CAN BE ACCOUNTED FOR BY THE FREE
CENT )F 'OD IS GOOD AND ALL POWERFUL THEN WHY IS SUCH WILL THAT HUMANS EXERCISE 'OD MADE US FREE AND WE
SUFFERING PERMITTED %ITHER 'OD DOES NOT EXIST OR HE IS USE THAT FREEDOM FOR EVIL AS WELL AS FOR GOOD !S FOR ILL
NOT WORTH BELIEVING IN BECAUSE HE DOES NOT CARE ABOUT NESS AND DISEASE IT IS HARD FOR US TO KNOW THE MIND OF
HUMAN SUFFERING 'OD BUT IT MAY BE THAT THESE TRIALS ARE A NECESSARY PART
OF A WORLD IN WHICH FREE AND SPIRITUAL HUMAN BEINGS CAN
EVOLVE AND DEVELOP
-ODERN SCIENCE HAS SHOWN RELIGIOUS BELIEF TO BE WRONG 7HAT AN INACCURATE CARICATURE OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN
&ROM 'ALILEO TO $ARWIN TO THE MODERN DAY SCIENTISTS SCIENCE AND RELIGION )N FACT MOST OF THE GREAT SCIENTISTS
HAVE CONTINUALLY UNCOVERED THE TRUE NATURAL MECHANISMS OF HISTORY HAVE BEEN RELIGIOUS BELIEVERS 4HE MORE WE
BEHIND THE BEGINNING AND EVOLUTION OF THE UNIVERSE LEARN ABOUT THE PHYSICAL WORLD THE MORE IT SEEMS THAT AN
4HESE LEAVE NO GAPS FOR 'OD TO ACT IN SCIENCE HAS REVEALED INTELLIGENT 'OD DESIGNED IT TO PRODUCE HUMAN LIFE 4HE
A CLOSED NATURAL ORDER GOVERNED BY NATURAL LAWS 3CIENCE PHYSICAL SIDE OF REALITY DOES NOT IN ANY CASE PRECLUDE A
HAS ALSO PROVED THAT THERE IS NOT A hSOULv BUT THAT ALL OUR SPIRITUAL DIMENSION .OR DOES THE FACT THAT THE MIND AND
MENTAL STATES ARE SIMPLY CAUSED BY BRAIN ACTIVITY !CCORD BRAIN ARE CLOSELY CORRELATED MEAN THAT THEY ARE THE SAME
INGLY THERE IS NO REASON TO BELIEVE IN LIFE AFTER DEATH ONE THING
OF THE MAIN TENETS OF RELIGIOUS BELIEF
2ELIGIONS THROUGH THE AGES AND STILL TODAY HAVE BEEN 2ELIGION MAY HAVE BEEN THE OCCASION FOR VARIOUS SOCIAL
AGENTS OF REPRESSION SEXISM ELITISM HOMOPHOBIA CON AND POLITICAL WRONGS BUT IT IS NOT THE CAUSE 9OU CAN BE
mICT WAR AND RACIAL HATRED 4HE EVILS FOR WHICH RELIGION SURE THAT IF YOU TOOK AWAY ALL THE WORLDS RELIGIONS PEOPLE
IS RESPONSIBLE IN THE SOCIAL AND POLITICAL WORLDS EASILY WOULD STILL IDENTIFY THEMSELVES WITH NATIONAL AND POLITI
OUTWEIGH WHATEVER SMALL PSYCHOLOGICAL COMFORT RELIGIOUS CAL GROUPS AND GO TO WAR OVER TERRITORY ETC %QUALLY ELIT
BELIEF MAY GIVE ISM AND BIGOTRY ARE SADLY PARTS OF HUMAN NATURE WITH OR
WITHOUT RELIGION 3ERIOUS AND SINCERE RELIGIOUS BELIEF IS A
FORCE FOR GOOD IN THE WORLD PROMOTING HUMILITY MORAL
ITY WISDOM EQUALITY AND SOCIAL JUSTICE 3OCIAL JUSTICE IS
AT THE HEART OF THE #HRISTIAN GOSPEL
2ELIGIOUS TRADITIONS AND THE IRRATIONAL FERVOR WITH WHICH 7E NEED RELIGIOUS TRADITIONS TO PROVIDE US WITH MORALS
PEOPLE ADHERE TO THEM DIVIDE HUMANITY 4HEY PROVIDE AND VALUES IN A RAPIDLY SECULARIZING AGE 3CIENTISTS AND
A PROLIFERATION OF INCOMPATIBLE AND CONTRADICTORY MORAL POLITICIANS CANNOT TELL US HOW TO DISTINGUISH RIGHT FROM
CODES AND VALUES 4HE ONLY PROSPECT FOR A GLOBAL MORAL WRONG 7E NEED THE MORAL INSIGHT OF RELIGIOUS TRADITIONS
ITY IS A SECULAR ONE BASED ON RATIONAL CONSENSUAL VIEWS WHICH ARE REPOSITORIES OF MANY GENERATIONS OF SPIRITUAL
AND POSITIONS RATHER THAN ON PARTISAN LOCAL IRRATIONAL WISDOM TO GUIDE US IN ETHICAL MATTERS
PREJUDICES )N THE INTEREST OF GLOBAL HARMONY WE SHOULD
DISCARD RELIGIOUS BELIEFS
3AMPLE -OTIONS
4HIS (OUSE REJOICES THAT 'OD IS DEAD
4HIS (OUSE DOES NOT BELIEVE
4HIS (OUSE BELIEVES THAT RELIGION HAS DONE MORE HARM THAN GOOD
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#ONTAINS ESSAYS AND ARTICLES SUPPORTING A METAPHYSICAL PHILOSOPHY OF NATURALISM THAT DENIES THE EXISTENCE OF 'OD
s 4HEISM !THEISM AND 2ATIONALITY HTTPWWWLEADERUCOMTRUTHTRUTHHTML
0HILOSOPHICAL ESSAY IN SUPPORT OF A THEISTIC WORLD VIEW

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02/3 #/.3
4HE LEGAL PRECEDENT BEHIND !FRICAN !MERICAN DEMANDS 2EPARATIONS ARE NOT HISTORICALLY JUSTIlED 4HE CALL FOR
FOR SLAVERY REPARATIONS ORIGINATES FROM 53 !RMY &IELD REPARATIONS IS MERELY THE MERGING OF DEMAGOGIC APPEALS
/RDER ISSUED BY 'EN 7ILLIAM 4ECUMSEH 3HERMAN TO POPULISM BY !FRICAN !MERICAN LEADERS AND THE OVERLY
IN )T STATED THAT EACH hFREEDMANv SHOULD RECEIVE LITIGIOUS NATURE OF !MERICAN CULTURE 'ENERAL 3HERMAN
ACRES OF LAND AND A DRAFT ANIMAL TO WORK THE LAND AS WOULD HAVE GIVEN PROPERTY AND TANGIBLE GOODS #ASH
COMPENSATION FOR THEIR ENSLAVEMENT "ITTERNESS OVER THE PAYMENTS AND PROPERTY TRANSFER ARE NO LONGER JUSTIlED
GOVERNMENTS FAILURE TO HONOR THAT ORDER EXISTS IN BLACK )F THE GOVERNMENT WANTS TO HELP DESCENDANTS OF SLAVES
CULTURE AND CONTRIBUTES TO RACIAL HOSTILITY 2EPARATIONS IT SHOULD OFFER OPPORTUNITIES FOR ECONOMIC DEVELOP
COULD POSSIBLY REDUCE SOME OF THAT HOSTILITY AND LEAD TO MENT AND EDUCATION &URTHERMORE SHOULD REPARATIONS
BETTER RACE RELATIONS IN !MERICA BE DECIDED ON HOW WOULD THEY BE DETERMINED (OW
MUCH IS AN MULE WORTH IN TODAYS DOLLARS 3HOULD
THE GOVERNMENT EXECUTE THE ORDER OR ADJUST IT BASED ON
COST OF LIVING CHANGES AND ECONOMIC CHANGES #ALLS FOR
REPARATIONS ENTRENCH PERCEPTIONS OF !FRICAN !MERICANS
AS VICTIMS A SURE ROAD TO LEARNED HELPLESSNESS
(ISTORICAL PRECEDENTS FOR REPARATIONS TO !FRICAN !MERI 7HO SHOULD RECEIVE THE PAYMENTS !FRICAN !MERICANS
CAN DESCENDANTS OF SLAVES ARE THE PAYMENT BY 'ERMANY OR !FRICANS OR BOTH 4HE HISTORICAL PRECEDENTS CITED ARE
TO )SRAEL FOR THE .AZI (OLOCAUST AND THE PAYMENTS INVALID 'ERMANY WAS FORCED TO MAKE REPARATIONS TO
MADE BY THE 53 FEDERAL GOVERNMENT FOR ITS INTERNMENT )SRAEL BECAUSE 'ERMANY HAD COMMITTED A CRIME AGAINST
OF *APANESE !MERICANS DURING 7ORLD 7AR )) )N ADDI HUMANITY GENOCIDE AGAINST THE *EWISH PEOPLE OF %UROPE
TION HISTORICAL PRECEDENT FOR REPARATIONS EXISTS IN THE 'ENOCIDE IS DIFFERENT FROM SLAVERY %CONOMICALLY SLAVERY
ONGOING PROVISION OF SOCIAL SERVICES TO .ATIVE !MERICAN MANDATES BETTER TREATMENT BECAUSE THE SLAVES POSSESSED
POPULATIONS IN .ORTH !MERICA VALUE ON THE OPEN MARKET 4HE *APANESE !MERICANS
IN CONCENTRATION CAMPS WERE TREATED HORRIBLY BY THE
53 GOVERNMENT (OWEVER THEY WERE ALSO A VERY EASILY
DElNED AND TRACKED GROUP OF INDIVIDUALS WHO COULD BE
MONETARILY COMPENSATED 4HE !FRICAN !MERICAN SLAVES
ARE MANY GENERATIONS AWAY FROM THEIR ANCESTORS WHO
WERE ACTUALLY SLAVES 4RACKING DOWN WHO IS DESCENDED
FROM WHOM WOULD BE A HUGE IF NOT IMPOSSIBLE TASK
.ATIVE !MERICANS RECEIVE PAYMENTS AND SOCIAL SERVICES
BASED ON THEIR TREATIES WITH THE 53 GOVERNMENT AND THE
GOVERNMENTS OF THE )NDIAN TRIBES 4HE DESCENDANTS OF
!FRICAN SLAVES HAVE NO NATION STATE OR TREATIES WITH THE
GOVERNMENT
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02/3 #/.3
3LAVERY WAS DEEMED A CRIME AGAINST HUMANITY IN THE 4HE 53 GOVERNMENT IS NOT AFFECTED BY THIS DESIGNATION
SUMMER OF AT THE 5NITED .ATIONS 7ORLD #ONFER 4HE 2OME 3TATUTE OF THE )NTERNATIONAL #RIMINAL #OURT
ENCE !GAINST 2ACISM IN 3OUTH !FRICA 4HE DESIGNATION HAS NOT BEEN RATIlED BY THE 53 )N ADDITION THE 53 HAS
HAS LEGAL IMPLICATIONS -OST IMPORTANT THERE IS NO STAT SOVEREIGN IMMUNITY AND COULD NOT BE SUED BY ITS OWN
UTE OF LIMITATIONS FOR CRIMES AGAINST HUMANITY MEANING CITIZENS IN !MERICAN COURTS 4HE lRST CASE SEEKING REPA
53 INSTITUTIONS COULD BE HELD LIABLE FOR TRANSGRESSIONS RATIONS #ATO V THE 5NITED 3TATES WAS DISMISSED
DATING TO THE lRST INSTANCE OF SLAVE TRADE IN THE !MERICAS CITING 53 SOVEREIGN IMMUNITY
IN IN *AMESTOWN 6IRGINIA
!FRICANS SHOULD BE PAID REPARATIONS FOR SLAVERY 3LAVERY !LLOWING SOME HARMED GROUPS TO RECEIVE REPARATIONS
ENTRENCHED A VIOLENT AND CORRUPT POLITICAL SYSTEM AND FROM THE GOVERNMENT WILL ENCOURAGE OTHER TRANSGRESSED
FOSTERED A CULTURE THAT ACCEPTED THE COMMODIlCATION GROUPS TO PRODUCE AND PRESENT THEIR OWN CLAIMS FOR
OF HUMAN LIFE 4HE HARMS INmICTED BY SLAVERY HINDERED REPARATIONS 2EPARATIONS CLAIMS COULD CONCEIVABLY BANK
!FRICAS DEVELOPMENT THUS !FRICANS SHOULD RECEIVE COM RUPT OUR GOVERNMENT AND TORPEDO OUR ECONOMY 7HY
PENSATION AND REPARATIONS SHOULD THE 53 GOVERNMENT PROVIDE REPARATIONS -ANY
OTHER NATIONS PARTICIPATED IN THE SLAVE TRADE INCLUDING
!FRICAN NATIONS -ANY !RAB NATIONS ALSO BENElTED FROM
THE INSTITUTION OF SLAVERY 3AUDI !RABIA TRADED AND USED
SLAVES FOR DEVELOPMENT EXTENSIVELY MANY DECADES AFTER
THE INSTITUTION OF SLAVERY HAD BEEN ABOLISHED IN THE 7EST
ERN (EMISPHERE
0RIVATE CORPORATIONS SHOULD PAY REPARATIONS TO DESCEN 0RIVATE CORPORATE LIABILITY LAWSUITS SHOULD BE AVOIDED
DANTS OF SLAVES -ANY PRIVATE CORPORATIONS HELD SLAVES -ERGERS AND ACQUISITIONS MAKE THE lNANCIAL LIABILITY TOO
OR SOLD SLAVES AND PROlTED GREATLY FROM THEIR PARTICIPA COMPLICATED TO TRACE THUS ONLY OBVIOUS AND lNANCIALLY
TION IN CHATTEL SLAVERY )N *ULY 6OLKSWAGEN !' IMPORTANT CORPORATIONS WOULD BE CAUGHT UP IN THIS FOLLY
ADMITTED TO USING THE FORCED AND UNPAID SLAVE LABOR 4HINK ON THIS ALSO /NE UNFAVORABLE AND HALF THOUGHT
OF %ASTERN %UROPEANS DURING 7ORLD 7AR )) AND OUT COURT RULING COULD DERAIL THE MANY SERIOUS EFFORTS TO
ANNOUNCED PLANS TO SET UP A FUND TO COMPENSATE THESE BRING THIS ISSUE TO PUBLIC ATTENTION AND DISCUSSION IN THE
WORKERS 5NITED 3TATES
3AMPLE -OTIONS
4HIS (OUSE WOULD GIVE REPARATIONS TO THE DESCENDANTS OF SLAVES
4HIS (OUSE BELIEVES THAT THE 53 FEDERAL GOVERNMENT SHOULD PROVIDE REPARATIONS FOR ITS PART IN THE TRANSATLANTIC SLAVE TRADE
4HIS (OUSE BELIEVES THAT MORAL ANDOR lNANCIAL ATONEMENT FOR THE RACIAL SINS OF THIS COUNTRYS FATHERS IS DESIRABLE
7EB ,INKS
s -ILLIONS &OR 2EPARATIONS HTTPWWWMILLIONSFORREPARATIONSCOM
4HIS 7EB SITE MAINTAINED BY AN ORGANIZATION IN FAVOR OF REPARATIONS HAS SOME NEWS AND MAGAZINE LITERATURE AND SOME PERSONAL
THOUGHTS ABOUT REPARATIONS
s 7E 7ONT 0AY HTTPWWWWEWONTPAYCOM
4HIS 7EB SITE HAS THE PERSONAL TESTIMONY OF MORE THAN )NTERNET VISITORS WHO ALL SOUND OFF ABOUT RACISM 3OME OF THE PARTICI
PANTS ARE QUALIlED AND CITE SOURCES OTHERS DO NOT 4HIS IS A GREAT 7EB SITE FOR TEACHING ABOUT SOURCE QUALIlCATIONS AND LOGICAL FALLA
CIES IN ARGUMENT
&URTHER 2EADING
(OROWITZ $AVID 5NCIVIL 7ARS 4HE #ONTROVERSY OVER 2EPARATIONS FOR 3LAVERY %NCOUNTER
2OBINSON 2ANDALL 4HE $EBT 7HAT !MERICA /WES TO "LACKS 0LUME
7INBUSH 2AYMOND ! ED 3HOULD !MERICA 0AY 3LAVERY AND THE 2AGING $EBATE OVER 2EPARATIONS !MISTAD
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02/3 #/.3
5NIFORMS HELP CREATE A STRONG SENSE OF COMMUNITY THUS 5NIFORMS SUPPRESS INDIVIDUALISM AND DISCOURAGE STU
PROMOTING DISCIPLINE AND HELPING RAISE ACADEMIC STAN DENTS FROM ACCEPTING RESPONSIBILITY FOR ASPECTS OF THEIR
DARDS 4HIS IS WHY EDUCATORS FREQUENTLY ADOPT THEM OWN LIVES 4HEY ENCOURAGE TEACHERS TO VIEW STUDENTS AS
WHEN TRYING TO REVIVE FAILING SCHOOLS A GROUP RATHER THAN AS INDIVIDUALS WITH DIFFERENT CHARAC
TERS AND ABILITIES 5NIFORMS WERE BETTER SUITED TO AN AGE
OF ROTE LEARNING AND MILITARY STYLE DISCIPLINE 4HEY DO
NOT BELONG IN MODERN EDUCATION WHICH ENCOURAGES THE
IMAGINATION AND INTELLECTUAL EXPLORATION THAT IS BECOM
ING INCREASINGLY IMPORTANT IN THE WIDER ECONOMY -ANY
SCHOOLS INDEED MANY COUNTRIES MANAGE TO MAINTAIN
HIGH STANDARDS OF DISCIPLINE COMMUNITY AND ACADEMIC
PERFORMANCE WITHOUT ADOPTING UNIFORMS
7EARING UNIFORMS ACTS AS A SOCIAL LEVELER ALL STUDENTS ARE 3TUDENTS ALWAYS lND WAYS TO TEASE OR BULLY OTHERS REGARD
EQUAL IN THE EYES OF THE SCHOOL AND OF EACH OTHER )N INSTI LESS OF WHAT CLOTHES ARE WORN 4HE FASHION CONSCIOUS WILL
TUTIONS WITHOUT UNIFORMS STUDENTS ARE OFTEN COMPETITIVE OWN THE SAME NUMBER OF OUTlTS REGARDLESS OF WHETHER OR
IN DRESS AND WORRY ENDLESSLY ABOUT THEIR APPEARANCE NOT THEY CAN WEAR THEM TO SCHOOL THEY WILL CHANGE THE
0UPILS WITHOUT EXPENSIVE TRENDY CLOTHES MAY BECOME MINUTE CLASSES ARE OVER 0ARENTS OFTEN lND SOME UNIFORM
SOCIAL OUTCASTS -ANY PARENTS PREFER UNIFORMS BECAUSE ITEMS SUCH AS JACKETS VERY EXPENSIVE AND COMPLAIN THAT
THEY SAVE MONEY THEY CAN NEVER BE WORN OUTSIDE THE SCHOOL
5NIFORMS HAVE PRACTICAL BENElTS OUTSIDE THE SCHOOL 5NIFORMS MAKE STUDENTS VERY IDENTIlABLE 4HEY EMPHA
BUILDING )F STUDENTS ARE IDENTIlED WITH A PARTICULAR SIZE THE DIVISIONS BETWEEN SCHOOLS INCREASING THE POSSI
INSTITUTION THEY MAY BE MORE AWARE OF THEIR BEHAVIOR BILITY OF BULLYING AND lGHTS BETWEEN STUDENTS FROM RIVAL
4HEY MAY ACT MORE CONSIDERATELY OF OTHERS WHILE TRAVEL INSTITUTIONS
ING TO AND FROM THE SCHOOL /N ORGANIZED TRIPS TEACHERS
lND KEEPING TRACK AND MONITORING BEHAVIOR OF STUDENTS
EASIER
5NIFORMS PREPARE STUDENTS FOR LIFE AFTER GRADUATION 4HE BUSINESS WORLD IS INCREASINGLY RELAXED ABOUT DRESS
WHEN BUSINESSES WILL EXPECT THEM TO ADHERE TO CORPORATE CODES MAKING THE SCHOOLS THAT INSIST ON UNIFORMS ANACH
DRESS CODES RONISTIC !DULTS WHO ATTENDED SCHOOLS WITHOUT UNIFORMS
DO NOT APPEAR TO STRUGGLE IN THE WORKPLACE
5NIFORMS MAKE IT EASY FOR TEACHERS TO MONITOR DRESS /FTEN IT IS THE UNIFORM THAT IS INAPPROPRIATENOT WARM
CODES FAIRLY 3CHOOL ADMINISTRATORS AND STUDENTS CON ENOUGH IN WINTER OR TOO HOT IN SUMMERLARGELY BECAUSE
STANTLY BATTLE ABOUT WHAT CLOTHING IS APPROPRIATE IN IT IS BADLY DESIGNED AND CHEAPLY PRODUCED 'IRLS COM
SCHOOLS WITHOUT UNIFORMS PLAIN ABOUT BEING FORCED TO WEAR SKIRTS EVEN IN THE COLD
EST MONTHS 3OME GROUPS SUCH AS CONSERVATIVE -USLIMS
MAY OPPOSE SPECIlC UNIFORM STYLES FOR CULTURAL REASONS
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02/3 #/.3
3TUDENTS WILL ALWAYS ATTEMPT TO SUBVERT DRESS CODES SO
THE STAFF WILL HAVE TO BE VIGILANT IN ANY CASE
3AMPLE -OTIONS
4HIS (OUSE WOULD INTRODUCE SCHOOL UNIFORMS
4HIS (OUSE WOULD CREATE A STRONGER SCHOOL ETHOS
4HIS (OUSE BELIEVES SUCCESSFUL EDUCATION RESTS ON lRM DISCIPLINE
7EB ,INKS
s !MERICAN #IVIL ,IBERTIES 5NION !#,5 !LL $RESSED 5P AND .OWHERE TO 'O 3TUDENTS AND 4HEIR 0ARENTS &IGHT 3CHOOL 5NIFORM
0OLICIES HTTPWWWACLUORGFEATURESFAHTML
3ITE SUMMARIZING ONE CAMPAIGN AGAINST SCHOOL UNIFORMS WITH LINKS TO INFORMATION ON OTHER PROTESTS AND !#,5 LEGAL ACTION
s !#,5 ,ITIGATION 2ESULTING FROM -ANDATORY 3CHOOL 5NIFORM 0OLICIES HTTPWWWGATENET^RWMS5NIFORM,INKS,ITIGATION
HTML
,INKS TO INFORMATION ON !#,5 CHALLENGES TO DRESS CODES AS WELL AS SUMMARIES OF !#,5 STANDS ON THE ISSUE
s !#,5 0HILLY !DOPTS 3CHOOL 5NIFORM 0OLICY HTTPWWWACLUORGNEWSWAHTML
PRESS RELEASE PRESENTING OPPOSING VIEWPOINTS ON 0HILADELPHIAS ADOPTION OF SCHOOL UNIFORMS
s 53 $EPARTMENT OF %DUCATION -ANUAL ON 5NIFORMS HTTPWWWEDGOVUPDATESUNIFORMSHTML
SUMMARY OF ARGUMENTS IN SUPPORT OF SCHOOL UNIFORMS GUIDE TO ADOPTING UNIFORMS AND SAMPLE SCHOOL DISTRICT POLICIES ON
UNIFORMS
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02/3 #/.3
4HE CURRENT PUBLIC EDUCATION SYSTEM IS FAILING COUNTLESS 4HE !MERICAN PUBLIC EDUCATION SYSTEM HAS BEEN CENTRAL
STUDENTS PARTICULARLY IN INNER CITY NEIGHBORHOODS )N AN TO !MERICAN DEMOCRACY )T HAS PROVIDED EDUCATION FOR
ERA WHERE EDUCATION IS THE KEY TO SUCCESS THESE CHILDREN ALL CHILDREN REGARDLESS OF THEIR ETHNIC BACKGROUND THEIR
ARE NOT BEING PROVIDED WITH THE CHANCE TO DEVELOP THE RELIGION THEIR ACADEMIC TALENTS OR THEIR ABILITY TO PAY )T
SKILLS NECESSARY TO COMPETE IN THE MODERN WORLD 6OUCH HAS HELPED MILLIONS OF IMMIGRANTS ASSIMILATE AND PRO
ERS GIVE POOR PARENTS THE ABILITY TO SEND THEIR CHILDREN TO VIDED THE CIVIC EDUCATION NECESSARY FOR FUTURE CITIZENS
BETTER SCHOOLS 4HESE CHILDREN SHOULD NOT BE SACRIlCED TO UNDERSTAND !MERICAN VALUES %STABLISHING A VOUCHER
WHILE WE WAIT FOR PUBLIC SCHOOL REFORM SYSTEM IS SAYING THAT WE ARE GIVING UP ON PUBLIC EDUCA
TION )NSTEAD OF GIVING UP WE SHOULD PUT OUR EFFORTS INTO
REFORMING THE SYSTEM
4HE COMPETITION FOR STUDENTS WILL FORCE ALL SCHOOLS TO 4HE COMPETITION FOR STUDENTS WOULD DESTROY INNER CITY
IMPROVE 4HEY WILL HAVE TO USE THEIR RESOURCES TO EDUCATE PUBLIC SCHOOLS -UCH OF THEIR STUDENT BODY WOULD mEE

02/3 #/.3
THEIR STUDENTS RATHER THAN SQUANDER THEM ON BUREAU TO hBETTERv PRIVATE SCHOOLS LEAVING INNER CITY SCHOOLS
CRACIES AS MANY DO TODAY %VENTUALLY THE UNSALVAGEABLE WITH LITTLE TO NO FUNDING -OST STATES FUNDING OF PUBLIC
SCHOOLS WILL CLOSE AND THE OTHERS WILL GROW STRONGER SCHOOLS IS DETERMINED BY NUMBER OF STUDENTS ENROLLED )F
PRODUCING AN OVERALL BETTER LEARNING ENVIRONMENT 4HE ENROLLMENT LAGS THEN THE SCHOOL IS NOT AS WELL FUNDED AS
MARKET WILL REGULATE THE EDUCATION PRODUCED IT WAS THE PREVIOUS YEAR )F ENROLLMENT BOOMS THEN FUND
ING INCREASES 4HUS EVEN IF URBAN SCHOOLS ARE MOTIVATED
TO IMPROVE THEY WILL LACK THE RESOURCES TO DO SO
4HE MONEY WOULD HELP SOME FAMILIES AND THAT IS WORTH 4HE GOVERNMENT VOUCHERS ARE NOT MONETARILY SUBSTAN
THE RISKS .OT ALL STUDENTS IN NONPERFORMING SCHOOLS TIAL ENOUGH TO GIVE TRUE lNANCIAL AID TO STUDENTS 4HEY
WILL BE ABLE TO ATTEND A PRIVATE SCHOOL (OWEVER AFTER ARE NOT LARGE ENOUGH TO HELP POOR STUDENTS GO TO PRI
THE STUDENTS WHO CAN AFFORD SUCH AN OPPORTUNITY LEAVE VATE SCHOOLS 4HE VOUCHERS MAKE PRIVATE EDUCATION MORE
NONPERFORMING SCHOOLS MORE RESOURCES WILL BE AVAILABLE AFFORDABLE FOR PEOPLE WHO COULD ALREADY AFFORD IT )N
AT THOSE NONPERFORMING SCHOOLS TO EDUCATE THE REMAIN ADDITION PRIVATE SCHOOLS MAY NOT BE WILLING TO ACCEPT ALL
ING STUDENTS 0RIVATE SCHOOLS WOULD HAVE NO REASON TO STUDENTS WITH VOUCHERS 4HEY COULD ALWAYS RAISE TUITION
CHANGE ADMISSION STANDARDS OR TUITION NOR IS THERE OR STANDARDS FOR ADMISSION NEUTRALIZING ANY IMPACT
REASON TO THINK THAT A GREAT SWELL IN PRIVATE SCHOOL ENROLL VOUCHERS WOULD HAVE
MENT WOULD RESULT
6OUCHERS WILL EVENTUALLY LEAD TO A SCHOOL SYSTEM THAT 6OUCHER PROGRAMS WOULD SET UP A SCHOOL SYSTEM THAT
IS LIBERATED FROM BUREAUCRATS AND POLITICIANS ENABLING IS NOT ACCOUNTABLE TO THE PUBLIC )NVESTIGATIONS OF CUR
EDUCATORS AND PARENTS TO DETERMINE HOW BEST TO EDUCATE RENT PROGRAMS IN -ILWAUKEE 7ISCONSIN AND #LEVELAND
CHILDREN /HIO HAVE FOUND UNLAWFUL ADMISSIONS REQUIREMENTS
ILLEGALLY IMPOSED FEES AND EVEN FRAUD
.O VIOLATION OF THE SEPARATION OF CHURCH AND STATE WOULD 6OUCHERS INVOLVE THE INDIRECT GIVING OF PUBLIC FUNDS
OCCUR .O STUDENT WOULD BE FORCED TO ENTER A RELIGIOUS TO RELIGIOUS SCHOOLS 4HIS TRANSFER OF FUNDS AMOUNTS TO
SCHOOL /NLY FAMILIES AND STUDENTS INTERESTED IN A PRIVATE A VIOLATION OF THE DOCTRINE OF SEPARATION OF CHURCH AND
OR RELIGIOUS EDUCATION WOULD USE THE VOUCHERS !NY STU STATE
DENTS WHO DESIRED A MORE TRADITIONAL CURRICULUM WOULD
BE ALLOWED TO STUDY IN PUBLIC SCHOOLS
3AMPLE -OTIONS
4HIS (OUSE BELIEVES THAT THE GOVERNMENT SHOULD CEASE THE USE OF SCHOOL VOUCHERS
4HIS (OUSE RECOMMENDS THAT EDUCATIONAL VOUCHERS BE USED FOR PRIVATE AND PAROCHIAL SCHOOLS
4HIS (OUSE BELIEVES THAT THE ISSUING OF VOUCHERS BY THE GOVERNMENT IS JUSTIlED
7EB ,INKS
s 3CHOOL 6OUCHERS 4HE 7RONG #HOICE FOR 0UBLIC %DUCATION HTTPWWWADLORGVOUCHERSVOUCHERS?MAINASP
!N ANTI SCHOOL VOUCHER 7EB SITE CONTAINING A DETAILED REPORT OUTLINING MANY REASONS WHY VOUCHERS ARE A POOR POLICY OPTION
s 6OUCHERS AND %DUCATIONAL &REEDOM ! $EBATE
HTTPWWWCATOORGPUBSPASPA ESHTML
4HIS 7EB PAGE FROM THE #ATO )NSTITUTE PRESENTS A DEBATE ON THE ISSUE OF VOUCHERS !LONG WITH BOTH SIDES OF THE ARGUMENT THE SITE
OFFERS LINKS AND POLICY ANALYSIS
s 7HAT !RE THE )SSUES 6OUCHERS HTTPWWWPTAORGPROGRAMS)33VOUCHERSHTM
4HE 04! 7EB SITE PROVIDES EXCELLENT BACKGROUND ON THE ISSUE THROUGH VARIOUS LINKS AND ARTICLES
&URTHER 2EADING
$OERR %DD !LBERT * -ENENDEZ AND *OHN - 3WOMLEY 4HE #ASE !GAINST 3CHOOL 6OUCHERS 0ROMETHEUS
+ILPATRICK $AVID 7 #HOICE IN 3CHOOLING ! #ASE FOR 4UITION 6OUCHERS ,OYOLA 0RESS
+OLBERT +ATHRYN AND :AK -ETTGER EDS *USTICE 4ALKING 3CHOOL 6OUCHERS .EW 0RESS
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02/3 #/.3
3CIENCE GIVES HUMANS THE ABILITY TO hPLAY 'ODv AND TO 4ALK OF hPLAYING 'ODv !SIDE FROM ASSUMING THE EXISTENCE
INTERFERE IN AREAS ABOUT WHICH WE KNOW NOTHING 3CI OF A DEITY THAT MANY DO NOT BELIEVE IN THE TALK OF PLAYING
ENTISTS HAVE ALREADY CLONED ANIMALS AND RECENTLY SOME 'OD IMPLIES A VIOLATION OF SET BOUNDARIES 7HAT BOUND
SCIENTISTS ANNOUNCED THAT THEY WILL ATTEMPT TO CLONE ARIES 3ET BY WHOM 4HE PROPOSITION IS SIMPLY AFRAID OF
HUMANS 3UCH IRRESPONSIBLE AND POTENTIALLY DANGER THINGS ABOUT WHICH IT KNOWS NOTHING 4HE ASSERTION THAT
OUS MEDDLING IS TAKING PLACE IN THE NAME OF SCIENTIlC WE ARE MEDDLING IN AREAS WE DO NOT UNDERSTAND SHOULD
ADVANCEMENT BE REPLACED WITH A CALL FOR BETTER REGULATION OF SCIENTIlC
ENQUIRY NOT ITS ABOLITION
3CIENCE HAS GREATLY INCREASED THE CAPABILITY OF MEN AND 3CIENCE DOES NOT KILL HUMANS DO 7E CANNOT BLAME SCI
WOMEN TO KILL EACH OTHER 7ARS THAT USED TO BE FOUGHT ENCE FOR THE mAWS IN HUMAN NATURE AND WE CANNOT ATTRI
FACE TO FACE ON THE BATTLElELD WITH COMPARATIVELY FEW BUTE SUFFERING TO SCIENCE ANY MORE THAN TO RELIGION OR
CASUALTIES ARE NOW FOUGHT FROM MILES AWAY IN ANONYM PHILOSOPHY BOTH OF WHICH HAVE CAUSED WARS 4HE EXAM
ITY 4HE BUILDUP OF NUCLEAR ARSENALS DURING THE #OLD 7AR PLE GIVEN ILLUSTRATES HOW SCIENCE BRINGS WITH IT ACCOM
GAVE HUMANITY THE CAPABILITY OF OBLITERATING THE ENTIRE PANYING RESPONSIBILITY -UTUALLY ASSURED DESTRUCTION
WORLD TIMES OVER !T CERTAIN TIMES IN HISTORY SUCH AS ENSURED THAT NEITHER THE 5NITED 3TATES NOR THE 3OVIET
THE #UBAN MISSILE CRISIS THE WORLD HAS STOOD ON 5NION DEPLOYED NUCLEAR WEAPONS
THE BRINK OF DESTRUCTION
3CIENCE HAS PERVERTED THE FUNDAMENTAL BASIS OF HUMAN 3CIENCE HAS GREATLY INCREASED THE ABILITY OF PEOPLE TO COM
RELATIONS 4HE WORD hSOCIETYv ITSELF COMES FROM hSOCIAL MUNICATE 4ELEPHONES AND E MAIL NOW ENABLE PEOPLE ON
IZATIONvTHE IDEA OF INTERACTION AND COMMUNICATION OPPOSITE SIDES OF THE WORLD TO STAY IN TOUCH 4HE )NTER
7ITH THE )NTERNET TELEVISION AND COMPUTER GAMES NET ALLOWS PEOPLE UNPRECEDENTED ACCESS TO INFORMATION
HUMANS ARE COMMUNING WITH A LIFELESS COLLECTION OF ANYTHING FROM SPORTS SCORES TO DEBATING CRIB SHEETS !NY
MICROCHIPS NOT EACH OTHER STUDY OF PREINDUSTRIAL SOCIETY WILL SHOW THAT COMPUTER
GAMES APPEAR TO HAVE TAKEN THE PLACE PREVIOUSLY HELD BY
RECREATIONAL VIOLENCE
3CIENCE IS DESPOILING THE NATURAL WORLD 0OWER GRIDS RUIN -ODERN MEDICINES HAVE MORE THAN DOUBLED OUR LIFE
THE COUNTRYSIDE ACID RAIN FROM COAL AND GAS lRED POWER EXPECTANCY AND PREVENTED FATAL CHILDHOOD DISEASES 4HE
STATIONS KILLS lSH AND ANIMALS ARE CRUELLY EXPERIMENTED WORLDS POPULATION COULD NOT BE FED WITHOUT FERTILIZERS
ON TO FURTHER RESEARCH .OT ONLY DOES SCIENCE GIVE US THE AND PESTICIDES TO INCREASE CROP YIELDS AND MACHINERY
POTENTIAL TO DESTROY EACH OTHER IT ALSO TAKES A MASSIVE TOLL TO HARVEST THEM EFlCIENTLY 3CIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY ARE
ON OUR NATURAL SURROUNDINGS ESSENTIAL TO MODERN EXISTENCE 7E MUST USE THEM WITH
CARE AND NOT ABUSE THEM "UT CONDEMNING SCIENCE AS A
MENACE IS LUDICROUS
3AMPLE -OTIONS
4HIS (OUSE BELIEVES SCIENCE IS A THREAT TO HUMANITY
4HIS (OUSE FEARS SCIENCE
4HIS (OUSE BELIEVES THAT SCIENTISTS ARE DANGEROUS

7EB ,INKS
s )NSTITUTE OF 3CIENCE IN 3OCIETY )3)3 HTTPWWWI SISORGUK
-AINTAINED BY )3)3 A NONPROlT ORGANIZATION WORKING FOR SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY IN SCIENCE THE SITE OFFERS INFORMATION ON CURRENT
ISSUES IN SCIENCE
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3ITE PROVIDES INFORMATION ON THE ORGANIZATIONS INITIATIVES TO EXPLORE THE ECONOMIC SOCIAL ETHICAL ENVIRONMENTAL AND POLITICAL
IMPACTS OF TECHNOLOGY
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02/3 #/.3
4HE CURRENT TENSION IN THE INTERNATIONAL ARENA IS LIKELY 7E DONT HAVE ENOUGH EVIDENCE TO SHOW THAT TERRORISM IS
TO INCREASE LEADING TO GREATER DISSATISFACTION WITH !MERI MORE OF A THREAT THAN IN PAST DECADES 'OVERNMENTS ARE
CAN POLICIES 4HIS IN TURN MAY RESULT IN MORE TERRORIST LIKELY TO TAKE ADVANTAGE OF THE FEAR OF TERRORISM AND SEIZE
ATTACKS 4ERRORISTS NOW USE ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY AND ARE THE MOMENT TO STRENGTHEN THEIR REGIMES -ODERN GOV
ORGANIZED IN NETWORKS OF HARD TO TRACK CELLS !DDRESSING ERNMENT AGENCIES ARE SOPHISTICATED ENOUGH TO COUNTER
MODERN TERRORISM IS IMPOSSIBLE WITHOUT CURBING SOME TERRORISM WITHOUT IMPINGING ON CITIZENS RIGHTS 7HAT
RIGHTS IS NOT ACCEPTABLE IS TO INFRINGE ON CIVIL RIGHTS USING THE
EVENTS OF 3EPTEMBER AS AN EXCUSE
,IBERTY DEPENDS ON SECURITY 7E MUST ELIMINATE TERROR 4HE 5NITED 3TATES WAS FOUNDED ON THE PRINCIPLE OF LIM
ISM TO PROTECT OUR FREEDOM 7E NEED TO UPDATE WIRETAP ITED GOVERNMENT AND INALIENABLE RIGHTS 4HE GOVERNMENT
PING LAWS TO CONFORM TO CHANGING TECHNOLOGIES AND GIVE CAN TAKE STEPS TO THWART TERRORISM WITHOUT INFRINGING
LAW ENFORCEMENT AGENCIES ADDED POWERS OF SEARCH AND ON OUR RIGHTS &OR EXAMPLE INSTEAD OF GIVING AGENCIES
SEIZURE BROADER RIGHTS OF DETENTION THE AGENCIES COULD DO BETTER
WORK IN COLLECTING EVIDENCE SO THAT THEY CAN BRING CRED
IBLE CHARGES
/UR IMMIGRATION LAWS ARE TOO LAX AND THE )MMIGRATION )N THE WAKE OF 3EPTEMBER THE GOVERNMENT DETAINED
AND .ATURALIZATION 3ERVICE HAS FAILED IN ITS JOB 4HE TER MORE THAN NON 53 NATIONALS SOME FOR LONG PERI
RORISTS RESPONSIBLE FOR 3EPTEMBER ENTERED THE 5NITED ODS AND DEPRIVED THEM OF BASIC RIGHTS GUARANTEED UNDER
3TATES LEGALLY AND UNDOUBTEDLY OTHERS ARE STILL HERE IN INTERNATIONAL LAW 4HIS IS NOT APPROPRIATE FOR A NATION
HIDING 7E NEED STRICTER LAWS AND BETTER ENFORCEMENT THAT PRIDES ITSELF ON ITS SUPPORT OF INDIVIDUAL FREEDOM
\
02/3 #/.3
)N ANY LARGE SCALE ATTEMPT TO lGHT TERRORISM SOME ABUSES (ISTORICALLY MANY LIMITATIONS ON RIGHTS STARTED WITH
OF RIGHTS ARE CERTAIN TO OCCUR (OWEVER ENDING ALL SECU GOOD INTENTIONS 0ERMITTING VIOLATIONS OF RIGHTS EVEN IN
RITY MEASURES BECAUSE THEY MAY VIOLATE RIGHTS IS NOT A A FEW CASES IS THE TOP OF A SLIPPERY SLOPE 4HE PUBLIC
GOOD IDEA 4HE MAJORITY OF THE MEASURES ARE INTENDED TO WILL TOLERATE INCREASED VIOLATION OF RIGHTS AND EVENTUALLY
SAFEGUARD CIVIL LIBERTIES NOT ABUSE THEM FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS WILL BE ERODED
3ECURITY MEASURES HAVE NOT REALLY LIMITED FREEDOM AND )F THE 5NITED 3TATES LOSES ITS CHERISHED LIBERTIES TO TERROR
53 MEASURES ARE COMPARABLE WITH THOSE OF OTHER DEVEL ISM THE TERRORISTS WIN
OPED COUNTRIES
2ANDOM SEARCHES AT AIRPORTS ENSURE AGAINST ETHNIC PROlL &RUITLESS RANDOM SEARCHES OF ELDERLY WOMEN TODDLERS
ING )N MANY AIRPORTS THE SOFTWARE THAT RUNS THE AIRLINE AND UNIFORMED AIRLINE PILOTS HAVE BECOME STANDARD AT
RESERVATION SYSTEM CALLED #OMPUTER !SSISTED 0ASSENGER 53 AIRPORTS AS MORE AND MORE INNOCENT PASSENGERS ARE
0RESCREENING 3YSTEM #!003 SELECTS PASSENGERS WHOSE TREATED LIKE SUSPECTS RATHER THAN CUSTOMERS 3OME OF THE
CARRY ON AND CHECKED BAGS WILL REQUIRE ADDITIONAL SECU RED mAGS FOR #!003 SYSTEM ARE PERSONS LAST NAME METH
RITY SCREENING #!003 ALSO CHOOSES PASSENGERS AT RANDOM ODS OF PAYMENT TICKETS PAID IN CASH ARE HIGHLY SUSPECT
FOR SCREENING OR WHETHER A RENTAL CAR IS WAITING 4HESE CRITERIA ARE VERY
VAGUE AND DO NOT TARGET REAL SUSPECTS
3AMPLE -OTIONS
4HIS (OUSE BELIEVES THAT SECURITY IS THE MOST IMPORTANT GOAL
4HIS (OUSE WOULD NOT TRADE LIBERTY FOR SECURITY
7EB ,INKS
s !MNESTY )NTERNATIONAL #ONCERNS 2EGARDING 0OST 3EPTEMBER $ETENTIONS IN THE 53 HTTPWEBAMNESTYORGAINSF)NDEX
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POSSIBLE TERRORISTS FOLLOWING 3EPTEMBER
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s /FlCE OF (OMELAND 3ECURITY HTTPWWWWHITEHOUSEGOVHOMELAND
"USH ADMINISTRATION SITE PROVIDING LATEST NEWS ON THE DOMESTIC CAMPAIGN AGAINST TERRORISM
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HTTPWWWOBJECTIVISTCENTERORGARTICLESWTHOMAS?TRADING SECURITY LIBERTYASP
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02/3 #/.3
3ELF DETERMINATION IS A FUNDAMENTAL RIGHT THAT MUST BE #ALLS FOR INDEPENDENCE DESTABILIZE COUNTRIES AS SEEN IN
AFFORDED TO A NATIVE OR NATIONAL GROUP 4HE 5. 'ENERAL .ORTHERN )RELAND +ASHMIR 0ALESTINE THE "ASQUE AREAS OF
!SSEMBLY 2ESOLUTION 4HE $ECLARATION 'RANTING 3PAIN AND 3RI ,ANKA 4URMOIL DOES NOT SUPPORT HUMAN
)NDEPENDENCE TO #OLONIAL #OUNTRIES AND 0EOPLES THE RIGHTS IT ALMOST ALWAYS ABROGATES THEM )F THE MINORITY IS
(ELSINKI !CT AND THE !FRICAN #HARTER OF (UMAN 2IGHTS ABLE TO ACTIVELY TAKE PART IN A LEGITIMATE AND REPRESENTA
ALL ASSERT THAT SELF DETERMINATION IS AN IMPORTANT RIGHT TIVE GOVERNMENT THEN SELF DETERMINATION IS VIEWED AS AN
ILLEGITIMATE CLAIM IN INTERNATIONAL LAW 4HE 5. 'ENERAL
!SSEMBLY 2ESOLUTION ARGUES THAT TERRITORIAL INTEG
RITY AND STABILITY hTRUMPv CLAIMS FOR SELF DETERMINATION
3OME CLAIMS FOR SELF DETERMINATION AND INDEPENDENCE 4HE WRONGS INmICTED BY THE COLONIAL POWERS ARE NOT THE
WERE NOURISHED IN THE SOIL OF THE ILL TREATMENT OF NATIVE FAULT OF THE NEW GOVERNMENTS )N THE POST #OLD 7AR ERA
PEOPLES BY COLONIAL POWERS 4HE RECOGNITION OF MINORITY WE ARE MOVING AWAY FROM NATIONALIST IDEOLOGY .ATION
RIGHTS PROTECTS CULTURAL IDENTITIES THAT RISK BEING DILUTED ALISM IS ABOUT DIFFERENCE WHICH mIES IN THE FACE OF THE
4HE ACTIVITIES OF TERRORIST GROUPS SHOULD NOT UNDERMINE IDEA OF THE GLOBAL CITIZEN .ATIONALIST CAUSES ARE OFTEN
THE POLITICAL AGENDAS OF NATIONALIST PARTIES AND THE PRO PURSUED BY VIOLENT TERRORIST ORGANIZATIONS THAT SHOULD NOT
TESTS OF MINORITY GROUPS BE REWARDED FOR THEIR DISREGARD OF HUMAN LIFE "Y TRYING
TO RECOGNIZE MINORITY RIGHTS GOVERNMENTS RUN THE RISK OF
GIVING MINORITIES PREFERENTIAL TREATMENT AT THE EXPENSE OF
THE MAJORITY .ATIONAL BORDERS ARE BECOMING LESS SIGNIl
CANT DElNERS OF IDENTITY )RISH !MERICANS "RITISH -US
LIMS #ATHOLIC !FRICANS AND &RENCH SPEAKING !RABS ARE
ALL COHERENT IDENTITIES "OUNDARIES ARE NOT THE SOLUTION TO
THE FEAR OF THE THREAT OF CULTURAL DILUTION OR OPPRESSION
4HE STATE BORDERS DRAWN PARTICULARLY IN !FRICA BY COLO 4HE REDRAWING OF COUNTRY BOUNDARIES IS HARDLY THE BEST
NIAL EMPIRES WERE COMPLETELY ARTIlCIAL %THNIC GROUPS WAY TO PROMOTE STABILITY IN NEWLY INDEPENDENT NATIONS
WERE SPLIT AND DIVIDED )N THE POST COLONIAL ENVIRON )N THE /RGANIZATION OF !FRICAN 5NITY STATED IN
MENT THESE BORDERS ARE INAPPROPRIATE AND DO NOT DELIN THE #AIRO 2ESOLUTION THAT IT WOULD ACCEPT THE BOUND
EATE hTRUEv NATIONS 3ELF DETERMINATION WOULD ALLOW BOR ARIES DRAWN BY COLONIAL POWERS 'OVERNMENTS OUGHT TO
DERS TO BE REDRAWN REALISTICALLY .ATIONS OF THE WORLD CAN CONCENTRATE ON BOLSTERING STATES WITH CIVIC IDENTITIES
HAVE SELF DETERMINATION ONLY IF THEY HAVE STATEHOOD &EDERALISM IS ONE GOVERNMENT STRUCTURE THAT CAN ACCOM
MODATE SELF DETERMINATION WITHIN NATIONAL BOUNDARIES
&OR EXAMPLE IN #ANADA 1UEBEC HAS RELATIVE AUTONOMY
INCLUDING SOME NATIVE COURTS
3ELF DETERMINATION DOES NOT ALWAYS MEAN INDEPENDENCE (OW TO DETERMINE WHO HAS THE RIGHT TO CHOOSE 7HO IS
IN 'IBRALTAR IN A REFERENDUM ON REJOINING 3PAIN A hNATIVEv 3HOULD ALL OF 3PAIN HAVE BEEN ALLOWED TO VOTE
\
02/3 #/.3
WAS VOTED DOWN BY RESIDENTS -ORE THAN CHOSE TO ON THE FATE OF 'IBRALTAR 3HOULD RESIDENTS OF THE "RITISH
MAINTAIN HISTORIC AND LEGAL TIES TO "RITAIN 3ELF DETERMI MAINLAND HAVE VOTED 4HE BROADER INTERNATIONAL CONTEXT
NATION IS ABOUT REPRESENTATION AND IDENTITY AND CHOICE MAY MEAN THAT OTHER INTERESTS OR LEGAL AGREEMENTS MUST
TAKE PRECEDENCE EG RETURNING (ONG +ONG TO #HINA
AFTER OVER YEARS UNDER "RITISH RULE
3AMPLE -OTIONS
4HIS (OUSE BELIEVES IN NATIVE RIGHTS
4HIS (OUSE BELIEVES SELF DETERMINATION IS A HUMAN RIGHT
4HIS (OUSE BELIEVES THAT ONE MANS TERRORIST IS ANOTHER MANS FREEDOM lGHTER
7EB ,INKS
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OKEEDUACADINTRELFREEMANHTM
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3ITE MAINTAINED BY AN ORGANIZATION PROMOTING PEACEFUL SELF DETERMINATION CONTAINS A LIST OF CONmICTS CENTERED ON THE ISSUE OF SELF
DETERMINATION A BIBLIOGRAPHY OF PRINT RESOURCES ON THE SUBJECT AND A LIST OF ISSUES IN SELF DETERMINATION
s 3ELF $ETERMINATION FOR 'IBRALTAR 'ROUP HTTPWWWSELF DETERMINATIONGI
3ITE ILLUSTRATES THE KINDS OF ISSUES INVOLVED IN A CAMPAIGN FOR SELF DETERMINATION
&URTHER 2EADING
(OBSBAWM %RIC * .ATIONS AND .ATIONALISM 3INCE 0ROGRAMME -YTH 2EALITY #AMBRIDGE 5NIVERSITY 0RESS
)GNATIEFF -ICHAEL "LOOD AND "ELONGING *OURNEYS INTO THE .EW .ATIONALISM .OONDAY 0RESS
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02/3 #/.3
4HE PRIMARY CAUSE OF UNWANTED PREGNANCIES AND THE *UDGING BY THE NUMBER OF TEENAGE PREGNANCIES AND THE
SPREAD OF SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES 34$S IS IGNO CONTINUING SPREAD OF 34$S TEENAGERS ARE NOT GETTING
RANCE ABOUT SAFE SEX 4HE !)$3 CRISIS OF THE S AND THE MESSAGE 3EX EDUCATION IN SCHOOLS CAN BE COUNTER
S HAS SHOWN THAT SEX EDUCATION MUST BE A VITAL PART PRODUCTIVE BECAUSE TEENS lND IT FASHIONABLE TO IGNORE
OF THE SCHOOL CURRICULUM AND MAY BE SUPPLEMENTED BY WHAT TEACHERS ADVOCATE 4HE MOST EFFECTIVE CHANNEL FOR
FRANK DISCUSSION AT HOME SEX EDUCATION IS THE MEDIA PARTICULARLY 46 lLMS AND
MAGAZINES
!S THE 53 'UIDELINES FOR #OMPREHENSIVE 3EXUALITY %DU 4HIS IS THE WRONG APPROACH 3EX EDUCATION IN THE CLASS
CATION STATE hALL SEXUAL DECISIONS HAVE EFFECTS OR ROOM ENCOURAGES YOUNG TEENAGERS TO HAVE SEX BEFORE THEY

02/3 #/.3
CONSEQUENCESv AND hALL PERSONS HAVE THE OBLIGATION ARE READY AND ADDS TO PEER PRESSURE TO BECOME SEXUALLY
TO MAKE RESPONSIBLE SEXUAL CHOICESv 7HILE (OLLYWOOD ACTIVE )N ADDITION ANY CLASS DISCUSSION MAY LEAD TO RIDI
PROMOTES CASUAL THOUGHTLESS SEX AS THE NORM TEACHER CULE THUS DEVALUING THE MESSAGE 3EXUAL RESPONSIBILITY
LED DISCUSSIONS CAN ENCOURAGE RESPONSIBLE ATTITUDES ABOUT SHOULD BE DISCUSSED IN A ONE TO ONE CONTEXT EITHER WITH
SEXUAL RELATIONSHIPS OLDER SIBLINGS OR PARENTS
!BSTINENCE IS AN OUTDATED APPROACH BASED ON TRADITIONAL #LASSROOM EDUCATION SHOULD PROMOTE ABSTINENCE 3EX
RELIGIOUS TEACHING 3OME YOUNG PEOPLE MAY CHOOSE IT EDUCATION ENCOURAGES SEXUAL PROMISCUITY !DVOCATING
BUT WE CANNOT EXPECT IT TO BE THE NORM 4EENAGERS EXPRESS BOTH SAFE SEX AND RESTRAINT IS SELF CONTRADICTORY #HILDREN
THEIR SEXUALITY AS PART OF THEIR DEVELOPMENT (AVING SEX ARE AT RISK OF SEVERE PSYCHOLOGICAL AND PHYSICAL HARM
IS NOT THE PROBLEM HAVING UNSAFE SEX OR HURTING PEOPLE FROM HAVING SEX TOO YOUNG AND SHOULD BE ENCOURAGED
THROUGH SEXUAL CHOICES IS TO ABSTAIN
3AMPLE -OTIONS
4HIS (OUSE BELIEVES THAT SEX EDUCATION SHOULD TAKE PLACE AT HOME
4HIS (OUSE WOULD RATHER NOT DISCUSS IT WITH ITS PARENTS
7EB ,INKS
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c[dje\ÓY_Wbiedbojedej_\od[_]^Xehie\j^[e\\[dZ[h$C[]WdÊiBWm^Wi][d[hWj[Z^[Wj[ZZ_iYkii_ed$Jêi[ikffehj_d]_jcW_djW_dj^Wj_j
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02/3 #/.3
3EX OFFENDERS EVEN MORE SO THAN OTHER CRIMINALS ARE 4HIS PROPOSAL IS A FUNDAMENTAL VIOLATION OF THE PRINCIPLES
PRONE TO REPEAT THEIR CRIMES -AKING THEIR NAMES PUBLIC OF OUR PENAL SYSTEM WHICH ARE BASED ON SERVING A SET
\
02/3 #/.3
ENABLES PARENTS TO PROTECT THEIR CHILDREN AND REDUCE THE PRISON TERM AND THEN BEING FREED 2EGISTRATION IMPOSES
RATE OF SEXUAL CRIME BY REPEAT OFFENDERS A NEW PUNISHMENT FOR AN OLD CRIME AND INEVITABLY WILL
LEAD TO SEX OFFENDERS BEING DEMONIZED BY THEIR NEIGH
BORS /FFENDERS HAVE BEEN FORCED OUT OF THEIR HOMES OR
LOST THEIR JOBS AS A RESULT OF NOTIlCATION )NNOCENT PEOPLE
WILL ALSO SUFFER &AMILIES OF OFFENDERS HAVE BEEN SUBJECT TO
THREATS AND INACCURATE INFORMATION MADE PUBLIC BY THE
POLICE HAS LED TO THE HARASSMENT OF INNOCENT PEOPLE 3UCH
A RISK CANNOT BE TOLERATED WE CANNOT AS A SOCIETY REVERT TO
MOB RULE IN PLACE OF JUSTICE
#RIMES OF A SEXUAL NATURE ARE AMONG THE MOST ABHOR 0SYCHOLOGICAL EVALUATIONS CAN DETERMINE ACCURATELY
RENT AND DAMAGING THAT EXIST THEY CAN RUIN A CHILDS WHETHER AN OFFENDER IS STILL A RISK TO SOCIETY OR NOT
LIFE 4HOSE GUILTY OF SUCH CRIMES CANNOT BE INCARCERATED 3HOULD THE OFFENDER BE FOUND TO STILL BE A THREAT HE
FOREVER THUS EXTRA PRECAUTIONS MUST BE TAKEN ON THEIR SHOULD REMAIN IN CUSTODY )F THE TESTS INDICATE THAT THE
RELEASE TO ENSURE THAT THEY POSE NO THREAT TO THE PUBLIC OFFENDER IS NO LONGER A THREAT HE SHOULD BE FREED AND
ALLOWED TO LIVE A NORMAL LIFE -EGANS ,AW ELIMINATES THIS
DISTINCTION AND STIGMATIZES THOSE WHO HAVE GENUINELY
REFORMED /UR PENAL SYSTEM IS BASED ON THE PRINCIPLE OF
REFORMING OFFENDERS )GNORING THE POSSIBILITY OF CHANGE IS
BOTH LUDICROUS AND UNFAIR
4HESE LAWS HELP THE POLICE TO TRACK DOWN RE OFFENDERS 2EGISTERING OFFENDERS WITH THE POLICE MAY HELP LAW
MORE QUICKLY THUS THEY ARE ALSO BROUGHT TO JUSTICE MORE ENFORCEMENT BUT MAKING PUBLIC THE OFFENDERS WHERE
SWIFTLY AND SURELY 4HESE LAWS AND THEIR STRONG AND SWIFT ABOUTS ADDS NO ADVANTAGE AND MIGHT BE COUNTERPRODUC
ENFORCEMENT PROVIDE A STRONG DETERRENT AGAINST REPEAT TIVE 4HE ABUSE AND HARASSMENT THAT OFFENDERS MIGHT
OFFENSES SUFFER COULD DRIVE THEM UNDERGROUND MAKING POLICE
MONITORING MORE DIFlCULT
7E CANNOT KNOW HOW MANY CHILDREN WERE SAVED BY THESE 7HAT EVIDENCE DO WE HAVE THAT THESE LAWS HAVE BEEN
LAWS BUT EVEN ONE CHILD SAVED FROM SEXUAL ASSAULT JUSTI EFFECTIVE IN PROTECTING PEOPLE AND PREVENTING CRIME 6ERY
lES THEM LITTLE !S A RESULT OF THE LAW MANY PROSECUTORS ARE RELUC
TANT TO CHARGE JUVENILES AS SEX OFFENDERS BECAUSE THEY DO
NOT WANT CHILDREN STIGMATIZED FOR LIFE 4HESE OFFENDERS
ARE NOT GETTING TREATMENT AND COULD POSE A FUTURE RISK TO
THE PUBLIC
3AMPLE -OTIONS
4HIS (OUSE SUPPORTS A NATIONAL REGISTER OF SEX OFFENDERS
4HIS (OUSE WOULD NAME AND SHAME
7EB ,INKS
s -EGANS ,AW ,EGISLATION IN !LL 3TATES HTTPWWWKLAASKIDSORGPG LEGMEGHTM
/FFERS BACKGROUND INFORMATION ON THE *ACOB 7ETTERLING !CT AND -EGANS ,AW AS WELL AS LINKS TO SUMMARIES OF STATE NOTIlCATION
LAWS
s 2EVISING -EGANS ,AW AND 3EX /FFENDER 2EGISTRATION 0REVENTION OR 0ROBLEM
HTTPWWWAPPA NETORGREVISITINGMEGANPDF
$ETAILED ESSAY IN OPPOSITION TO -EGANS ,AW
&URTHER 2EADING
0RYOR $OUGLAS 7 5NSPEAKABLE !CTS 7HY -EN 3EXUALLY !BUSE #HILDREN .EW 9ORK 5NIVERSITY 0RESS
2YAN 'AIL 3ANDY ,ANE AND !LAN 2INZLER EDS *UVENILE 3EX /FFENDING #AUSES #ONSEQUENCES AND #ORRECTION *OSSEY "ASS
3AMPSON !DAM !CTS OF !BUSE 3EX /FFENDERS AND 4HE #RIMINAL *USTICE 3YSTEM 2OUTLEDGE

3).',% 3%8 3#(//,3
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WY^_[l[c[dj_d]_hbi$8kjWYWZ[c_Yh[ikbjiWh[dejj^[edboYh_j[h_ededm^_Y^je`kZ][j^[ikYY[iie\j^[[ZkYWj_edioij[c$?d'//,"W
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02/3 #/.3
7OMEN BENElT FROM A SINGLE SEX EDUCATION 2ESEARCH ! SURVEY BY THE !MERICAN !SSOCIATION OF 5NIVER
SHOWS THAT GIRLS IN SINGLE SEX SCHOOLS PARTICIPATE MORE SITY 7OMEN A LONG TIME ADVOCATE OF SINGLE SEX EDUCA
IN CLASS DEVELOP MUCH HIGHER SELF ESTEEM SCORE HIGHER TION ADMITTED THAT GIRLS FROM SUCH SCHOOLS DID NOT SHOW
IN APTITUDE TESTS ARE MORE LIKELY TO CHOOSE hMALEv DISCI ACADEMIC IMPROVEMENT 4HAT WOMEN FROM SINGLE SEX
PLINES SUCH AS SCIENCE IN COLLEGE AND ARE MORE SUCCESSFUL SCHOOLS ARE MORE INCLINED TO STUDY MATH AND SCIENCE IS OF
IN THEIR CAREERS )N 7HOS 7HO GRADUATES OF WOMENS COL QUESTIONABLE IMPORTANCE TO SOCIETY !S THE REPORT NOTED
LEGES OUTNUMBER ALL OTHER WOMEN 4HE 5NITED 3TATES HAS h"OYS AND GIRLS BOTH THRIVE WHEN THE ELEMENTS OF GOOD
ONLY WOMENS COLLEGES EDUCATION ARE THERE ELEMENTS LIKE SMALLER CLASSES FOCUSED
ACADEMIC CURRICULUM AND GENDER FAIR INSTRUCTIONv 4HESE
CONDITIONS CAN BE PRESENT IN COEDUCATIONAL SCHOOLS
#HILDREN IN THE FORMATIVE YEARS BETWEEN AND GRAV 4HE FORMATIVE YEARS OF CHILDREN ARE THE BEST TIME TO
ITATE TO THEIR OWN SEX 4HEY NATURALLY TEND TOWARD BEHAV EXPOSE THEM TO THE COMPANY OF THE OTHER GENDER SO THAT
IOR APPROPRIATE TO THEIR GENDER 4HUS IMPLEMENTING AN THEY LEARN EACH OTHERS BEHAVIOR AND ARE BETTER PREPARED
EDUCATION STRATEGY GEARED SPECIlCALLY TOWARD ONE GENDER FOR ADULT LIFE 4HE NUMBER OF SUBJECTS BENElTING FROM
MAKES SENSE #ERTAIN SUBJECTS SUCH AS SEX EDUCATION OR SINGLE SEX DISCUSSION IS SO SMALL THAT THIS COULD EASILY BE
GENDER ISSUES ARE BEST TAUGHT IN SINGLE SEX CLASSROOMS ORGANIZED WITHIN A COEDUCATIONAL SYSTEM
"OYS AND GIRLS DISTRACT EACH OTHER FROM THEIR STUDIES )N FACT BOYS AND GIRLS ARE A GOOD INmUENCE ON EACH OTHER
ESPECIALLY IN ADOLESCENCE AS SEXUAL AND EMOTIONAL ISSUES ENGENDERING GOOD BEHAVIOR AND MATURITY PARTICULARLY AS
ARISE 4OO MUCH TIME CAN BE SPENT ATTEMPTING TO IMPRESS TEENAGE GIRLS USUALLY EXHIBIT GREATER RESPONSIBILITY THAN
OR EVEN SEXUALLY HARASS EACH OTHER !CADEMIC COMPETI BOYS OF THE SAME AGE !CADEMIC COMPETITION BETWEEN
TION BETWEEN THE SEXES IS UNHEALTHY AND ONLY ADDS TO THE SEXES IS A SPUR TO BETTER PERFORMANCE AT SCHOOL
UNHAPPINESS AND ANXIETY AMONG WEAKER STUDENTS
3INGLE SEX SCHOOLS SUCH AS THE 6IRGINIA -ILITARY )NSTITUTE 3INGLE SEX SCHOOLS FOR WOMEN ARE A NATURAL EXTENSION OF
ARE A THROWBACK TO THE PATRIARCHAL SOCIETY OF THE PAST THE FEMINIST MOVEMENT MEN HAVE HAD THEIR OWN SCHOOLS
HISTORICALLY IN MANY CULTURES ONLY MEN WERE ALLOWED AN WHY SHOULDNT WOMEN )F SINGLE SEX SCHOOLS EXISTED ONLY
EDUCATION OF ANY SORT 3UCH SINGLE SEX INSTITUTIONS BOTH FOR MEN THEN THAT WOULD BE DISCRIMINATORY HOWEVER
REMIND WOMEN OF PAST SUBSERVIENCE AND CONTINUE TO BAR AS LONG AS BOTH GENDERS HAVE THE CHOICE OF ATTENDING
THEM FROM FULL SOCIAL INCLUSION A SINGLE SEX INSTITUTION OR A COEDUCATIONAL ONE YOU
CANNOT CALL IT DISCRIMINATION
4EACHERS THEMSELVES ARE OFTEN DISCRIMINATED AGAINST 4EACHERS FREQUENTLY FAVOR THEIR OWN GENDER WHEN TEACH
IN SINGLE SEX SCHOOLS A BOYS SCHOOL WILL USUALLY HAVE A ING COEDUCATIONAL CLASSES FOR EXAMPLE MALE TEACHERS CAN
LARGELY MALE STAFF WHERE WOMEN MAY FEEL UNCOMFORTABLE UNDERMINE THE PROGRESS AND CONlDENCE OF GIRL STUDENTS
OR DENIED OPPORTUNITY AND VICE VERSA BY REFUSING TO CALL ON THEM TO ANSWER QUESTIONS
\
3AMPLE -OTIONS
4HIS (OUSE BELIEVES IN SINGLE SEX EDUCATION
7EB ,INKS
s 3INGLE SEX %DUCATION 4HE 53 3UPREME #OURT 3PEAKS HTTPWWWTAIGACA^BALANCEINDEXRUTGINHTML
4EXT OF THE 3UPREME #OURT DECISION REQUIRING THE 6IRGINIA -ILITARY )NSTITUTE TO ADMIT WOMEN
s 4HE 4ROUBLE WITH 3INGLE 3EX 3CHOOLS HTTPWWWTHEATLANTICCOMISSUESAPRSINGSEXHTM
!RTICLE OPPOSING SINGLE SEX SCHOOLS BY A GRADUATE OF A WOMENS COLLEGE
&URTHER 2EADING
-ILLER "ERNAL ,ESLIE 3EPARATE BY $EGREE 7OMEN 3TUDENTS %XPERIENCES IN 3INGLE 3EX AND #OEDUCATIONAL #OLLEGES 0ETER ,ANG
2UHLMAN -ICHAEL "OYS 4HEMSELVES ! 2ETURN TO 3INGLE 3EX %DUCATION (OLT
3TREITMATTER *ANICE &OR 'IRLS /NLY -AKING A #ASE FOR 3INGLE 3EX 3CHOOLING 3TATE 5NIVERSITY OF .EW 9ORK 0RESS
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02/3 #/.3
4HE WORLD IS SAFER WITH A SINGLE STRONG SUPERPOWER THAN 7ITHOUT ANY OTHER NATION TO CHECK ITS POWER THE 5NITED
IT WAS IN THE hBIPOLARv #OLD 7AR WITH COMPETING GLOBAL 3TATES CAN OPERATE AS IT WANTS IN THE WORLD ARENA IGNOR
ALLIANCES )T IS ALSO FAR SAFER THAN IT WAS DURING THE lRST ING THE WISHES OF OTHER COUNTRIES IN PURSUIT OF ITS GOALS
HALF OF THE TWENTIETH CENTURY WHEN HAVING A NUMBER !T LEAST THE BIPOLAR STRUCTURE OF THE #OLD 7AR WORLD KEPT
OF POWERS RESULTED IN TWO WORLD WARS AND MANY SMALLER THE TWO SUPERPOWERS IN CHECK
CONmICTS (ISTORY SHOWS THAT THE WORLD IS BEST OFF DOMI
NATED BY A SINGLE DEMOCRACY
4HE EXISTENCE OF A SINGLE DEMOCRATIC SUPERPOWER PRO 7HILE THE 5NITED 3TATES EXTOLS DEMOCRACY IT FREQUENTLY
MOTES THE SPREAD OF DEMOCRACY )F THERE IS TO BE ONLY ONE DICTATES TO OR IGNORES THE CONCERNS OF OTHER NATIONS AND
SUPERPOWER LET IT BE DEMOCRATIC SINCE DEMOCRACY IS THE IS WILLING TO INTERVENE IN THE DOMESTIC AFFAIRS OF OTHER
MOST DESIRABLE FORM OF GOVERNMENT NATIONS FOR ITS OWN PURPOSES 4HE 5NITED 3TATES DElNITELY
ABUSES ITS POWER IN THE INTERNATIONAL ARENA $EMOCRACY
ABHORS THE ONE SIDED VERTICAL DISTRIBUTION OF POWER
$EMOCRACY PROSPERS BEST IN A WORLD IN WHICH POWER IS
DIVIDED AMONG MANY PLAYERS
!S 3EPTEMBER DEMONSTRATED MANY INTERNATIONAL 3EPTEMBER DEMONSTRATED THAT A SINGLE NATION NO

ACTORS ARE HOSTILE TO PEACE AND SECURITY 4HE WORLD NEEDS MATTER HOW POWERFUL CANNOT CONTROL WORLD EVENTS
A POWERFUL LEADER TO UNIFY THE GLOBAL EFFORT AGAINST TERROR 7ORLD DOMINATION BY A SINGLE SUPERPOWER DESTROYS THE
ISM AND PROVIDE BETTER SECURITY FOR ALL PEOPLE 7ITHOUT A CONCEPT OF EQUAL NATION STATES UPON WHICH GLOBAL SOCIETY
SINGLE SUPERPOWER COORDINATING GLOBAL SECURITY MEASURES IS BASED )T IS BOUND TO LEAD THE WORLD INTO CHAOS
%ARTH IS MUCH MORE LIKELY TO BE A TROUBLED PLACE IN THE
NEAR FUTURE

3AMPLE -OTIONS
4HIS (OUSE AGREES THAT THE EXISTENCE OF A SINGLE SUPERPOWER IS BENElCIAL
4HIS (OUSE SUPPORTS A MULTIPOLAR STRUCTURE FOR THE WORLD
4HIS (OUSE CONDEMNS THE SINGLE SUPERPOWER
7EB ,INKS
s #ARNEGIE #OUNCIL ON %THICS AND )NTERNATIONAL !FFAIRS HTTPWWWCARNEGIECOUNCILORG
53 INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS THINK TANK FOCUSING ON ETHICAL ASPECTS OF FOREIGN POLICY
s -USLIMEDIACOM HTTPWWWMUSLIMEDIACOM
! COLLECTION OF ANTI !MERICAN VIEWS AMONG THEM A FEW POSITIONS ABOUT 53 HEGEMONY
&URTHER 2EADING
"RILMAYER ,EA !MERICAN (EGEMONY 0OLITICAL -ORALITY IN A /NE 3UPERPOWER 7ORLD 9ALE 5NIVERSITY 0RESS
(UNTINGTON 3AMUEL 0 h4HE ,ONELY 3UPERPOWERv &OREIGN !FFAIRS NO -ARCH!PRIL
+AGAN 2OBERT h4HE "ENEVOLENT %MPIREv &OREIGN 0OLICY 3UMMER
fe
3-/+).' &524(%2 2%342)#4)/.3 /.

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02/3 #/.3
3MOKING IS EXTREMELY HARMFUL TO THE SMOKERS HEALTH 7HILE A GOVERNMENT HAS A RESPONSIBILITY TO PROTECT ITS
4HE !MERICAN #ANCER 3OCIETY ESTIMATES THAT TOBACCO POPULATION IT ALSO HAS A RESPONSIBILITY TO DEFEND FREEDOM
CAUSES UP TO DEATHS EACH YEARMORE THAN OF CHOICE 4HE LAW PREVENTS CITIZENS FROM HARMING OTHERS
!)$3 ALCOHOL DRUG ABUSE CAR CRASHES MURDERS SUI )T SHOULD NOT STOP PEOPLE FROM BEHAVIOR THAT THREATENS
CIDES AND lRES COMBINED 7ORLDWIDE SOME MILLION ONLY THEMSELVES $ANGEROUS SPORTS SUCH AS ROCK CLIMB
PEOPLE DIE FROM SMOKING EACH YEAR ONE EVERY SECONDS ING AND PARACHUTING ARE LEGAL .O LAWS HAVE BEEN PASSED
%STIMATES SUGGEST THAT THIS lGURE WILL RISE TO MILLION AGAINST INDULGING IN OTHER HEALTH THREATENING ACTIVITIES
BY 3MOKERS ARE TIMES MORE LIKELY TO DEVELOP SUCH AS EATING FATTY FOODS OR DRINKING TOO MUCH ALCOHOL
LUNG CANCER THAN NONSMOKERS AND SMOKING CAN LEAD TO "ANNING SMOKING WOULD BE AN UNMERITED INTRUSION INTO
A HOST OF OTHER HEALTH PROBLEMS INCLUDING EMPHYSEMA PERSONAL FREEDOM
AND HEART DISEASE /NE OF THE MAIN RESPONSIBILITIES OF ANY
GOVERNMENT IS TO ENSURE THE SAFETY OF ITS POPULATION THAT
IS WHY TAKING HARD DRUGS AND BREAKING THE SPEED LIMIT
ARE ILLEGAL 0UTTING A BAN ON SMOKING WOULD THEREFORE BE
REASONABLE
/F COURSE PERSONAL FREEDOM IS IMPORTANT WE SHOULD #IGARETTES ARE VERY DIFFERENT FROM DANGEROUS CARS OR POI
ACT AGAINST THE TOBACCO COMPANIES NOT INDIVIDUALS )F A SONOUS FOODS #IGARETTES ARE NOT DANGEROUS BECAUSE THEY
COMPANY PRODUCES FOOD THAT IS POISONOUS OR A CAR THAT ARE DEFECTIVE THEY ARE ONLY POTENTIALLY HARMFUL 0EOPLE
FAILS SAFETY TESTS THE PRODUCT IS IMMEDIATELY TAKEN OFF SHOULD STILL BE PERMITTED TO SMOKE THEM ! BETTER COM
THE MARKET !LL CIGARETTES AND OTHER TOBACCO PRODUCTS ARE PARISON IS TO UNHEALTHY FOODS &ATTY FOODS CAN CONTRIB
POTENTIALLY LETHAL AND SHOULD BE TAKEN OFF THE MARKET )N UTE TO HEART DISEASE OBESITY AND OTHER CONDITIONS BUT
SHORT SMOKING SHOULD BE BANNED THE GOVERNMENT DOES NOT PUNISH MANUFACTURERS OF THESE
\
02/3 #/.3
PRODUCTS "OTH CIGARETTES AND FATTY FOODS ARE SOURCES
OF PLEASURE THAT WHILE HAVING SERIOUS ASSOCIATED HEALTH
RISKS ARE FATAL ONLY AFTER MANY DECADES 4HEY ARE QUITE
DIFFERENT FROM POISONOUS FOODS OR UNSAFE CARS WHICH
POSE HIGH IMMEDIATE RISKS
3MOKING IS NOT A CHOICE BECAUSE NICOTINE IS AN ADDICTIVE #OMPARING TOBACCO TO HARD DRUGS IS INACCURATE 4OBACCO
DRUG %VIDENCE SUGGESTS THAT TOBACCO COMPANIES DELIB IS NOT DEBILITATING IN THE SAME WAY THAT MANY ILLEGAL
ERATELY PRODUCE THE MOST ADDICTIVE CIGARETTES THEY CAN NARCOTICS ARE IT IS NOT COMPARABLE TO HEROIN IN TERMS OF
5P TO OF SMOKERS BEGIN WHEN THEY ARE UNDER AGE ADDICTIVENESS AND IT IS NOT A MIND ALTERING SUBSTANCE
OFTEN DUE TO PEER PRESSURE /NCE ADDICTED CONTINU THAT LEADS TO IRRATIONAL VIOLENT OR CRIMINAL BEHAVIOR )T IS
ING TO SMOKE IS NO LONGER AN ISSUE OF FREE CHOICE BUT MUCH LESS HARMFUL THAN ALCOHOL -ANY OTHER SUBSTANCES
OF CHEMICAL COMPULSION 4HE GOVERNMENT SHOULD BAN AND ACTIVITIES CAN BE ADDICTIVE EG COFFEE PHYSICAL EXER
TOBACCO JUST AS IT DOES OTHER ADDICTIVE DRUGS LIKE HEROIN CISE BUT THIS IS NO REASON TO MAKE THEM ILLEGAL 0EOPLE
AND COCAINE BECAUSE IT IS THE ONLY WAY TO FORCE PEOPLE TO ARE ABLE TO ABSTAINMANY GIVE UP SMOKING EVERY YEAR
QUIT -OST SMOKERS SAY THAT THEY WANT TO KICK THE HABIT IF THEY CHOOSE TO LIVE A HEALTHIER LIFE .EVERTHELESS MANY
SO THIS LEGISLATION WOULD BE DOING THEM A FAVOR ENJOY SMOKING AS PART OF THEIR EVERYDAY LIFE
-OST SMOKERS ARE LAW ABIDING CITIZENS WHO WOULD LIKE TO #RIMINALIZING AN ACTIVITY OF ABOUT ONE SIXTH OF THE
STOP 4HEY WOULD NOT RESORT TO CRIMINAL OR BLACK MARKET WORLDS POPULATION WOULD BE INSANE !S !MERICAS PRO
ACTIVITIES IF CIGARETTES WERE NO LONGER LEGALLY AVAILABLE HIBITION OF ALCOHOL DURING THE S SHOWED BANNING
THEY WOULD JUST QUIT "ANNING SMOKING WOULD MAKE A POPULAR RECREATIONAL DRUG LEADS TO CRIME )N ADDITION
THEM QUIT AND MASSIVELY LIGHTEN THE BURDEN ON HEALTH GOVERNMENTS WOULD LOSE THE TAX REVENUE FROM TOBACCO
RESOURCES SALES WHICH THEY COULD USE TO COVER THE COSTS OF HEALTH
CARE
4HE EFFECTS OF SMOKING ARE NOT RESTRICTED TO SMOKERS 4HE EVIDENCE THAT PASSIVE SMOKING CAUSES HEALTH PROBLEMS
3ECOND HAND SMOKE JEOPARDIZES THE HEALTH OF NONSMOK IS VERY SLIM !T MOST THOSE WHO LIVE WITH HEAVY SMOKERS
ERS AS WELL 2ESEARCH SUGGESTS THAT NONSMOKING PARTNERS FOR A LONG TIME MAY HAVE A VERY SLIGHTLY INCREASED RISK OF
OF SMOKERS HAVE A GREATER CHANCE OF DEVELOPING LUNG CANCER 3MOKE lLLED ENVIRONMENTS CAN BE UNPLEASANT FOR
CANCER THAN OTHER NONSMOKERS "EYOND THE HEALTH RISKS NONSMOKERS BUT REASONABLE AND RESPONSIBLE SOLUTIONS
SMOKE ALSO CAN BE EXTREMELY UNPLEASANT IN THE WORKPLACE CAN BE FOUND /FlCES OR AIRPORTS COULD HAVE DESIGNATED
OR IN BARS AND RESTAURANTS 3MOKING CAUSES DISCOMFORT AS SMOKING AREAS AND MANY RESTAURANTS OFFER PATRONS THE
WELL AS HARM TO OTHERS AND SHOULD BE BANNED CHOICE OF SMOKING AND NONSMOKING SECTIONS !LLOWING
PEOPLE TO MAKE THEIR OWN DECISIONS IS SURELY ALWAYS THE
BEST OPTION 2ESTRICTING SMOKING IN PUBLIC PLACES MAY
SOMETIMES BE APPROPRIATE BANNING IT WOULD BE LUNACY
!T THE VERY LEAST ALL TOBACCO ADVERTISING SHOULD BE BANNED 7HERE IS THE EVIDENCE THAT EITHER OF THESE MEASURES
AND CIGARETTE PACKS SHOULD HAVE EVEN MORE PROMINENT WOULD AFFECT THE RATE OF TOBACCO CONSUMPTION #IGARETTE
AND GRAPHIC HEALTH WARNINGS COMPANIES CLAIM THAT ADVERTISEMENTS MERELY PERSUADE
PEOPLE TO SWITCH BRANDS NOT START SMOKING 0EOPLE START
SMOKING BECAUSE OF PEER PRESSURE )NDEED FORBIDDING
CIGARETTES WILL MAKE THEM MORE ATTRACTIVE TO ADOLESCENTS
!S FOR HEALTH WARNINGS IF THE KNOWLEDGE THAT CIGARETTES
HAVE SERIOUS HEALTH RISKS DETERRED PEOPLE FROM SMOKING
THEN NO ONE WOULD SMOKE 0EOPLE START AND CONTINUE TO
SMOKE IN THE FULL KNOWLEDGE OF THE HEALTH RISKS

3AMPLE -OTIONS
4HIS (OUSE WOULD BAN TOBACCO
4HIS (OUSE WOULD NOT SMOKE
4HIS (OUSE WOULD DECLARE WAR ON THE TOBACCO INDUSTRY
7EB ,INKS
s #ENTER FOR $ISEASE #ONTROL AND 0REVENTION 4OBACCO HTTPWWWCDCGOVTOBACCOINDEXHTM
2ESEARCH DATA AND REPORTS RELATING TO TOBACCO AS WELL AS TOBACCO INDUSTRY DOCUMENTS AND CAMPAIGNS FOR TOBACCO CONTROL
s 0HILLIP -ORRIS HTTPWWWPHILIPMORRISUSACOM
-AJOR TOBACCO COMPANY SITE OFFERING GOVERNMENT REPORTS ON TOBACCO AS WELL AS INFORMATION ON TOBACCO ISSUES INCLUDING THE MAR
KETING OF TOBACCO PRODUCTS
s 3MOKING &ROM !LL 3IDES HTTPWWWCSBROWNEDU^LSHSMOKINGHTML
,INKS TO STATISTICS AND HUNDREDS OF ARTICLES ON BOTH SIDES OF THE ARGUMENT
s 4HE 4OBACCO (OMEPAGE HTTPWWWTOBACCOORG
0ROVIDES RECENT INFORMATION ON TOBACCO RELATED ISSUES AS WELL AS DOCUMENTS TIMELINES AND LINKS TO ALL ASPECTS OF THE TOBACCO CON
TROVERSY
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02/3 #/.3
(UMANKIND ALWAYS STRUGGLES TO EXPAND ITS HORIZONS 4HE (IGH IDEALS ARE ALL WELL AND GOOD BUT NOT WHEN THEY
CURIOSITY THAT CONSTANTLY PUSHES AT THE BOUNDARIES OF OUR COME AT THE EXPENSE OF THE PRESENT /UR WORLD IS MARRED
UNDERSTANDING IS ONE OF OUR NOBLEST CHARACTERISTICS 4HE BY WAR FAMINE AND POVERTY WITH BILLIONS OF PEOPLE
EXPLORATION OF THE UNIVERSE IS A HIGH IDEAL SPACE TRULY IS STRUGGLING SIMPLY TO LIVE FROM DAY TO DAY /UR DREAMS OF
THE lNAL FRONTIER 4HE INSTINCT TO EXPLORE IS FUNDAMEN EXPLORING SPACE ARE A LUXURY WE CANNOT AFFORD )NSTEAD OF
TALLY HUMAN ALREADY SOME OF OUR MOST AMAZING ACHIEVE WASTING OUR TIME AND EFFORT ON PRESTIGE PROJECTS LIKE THE
MENTS HAVE TAKEN PLACE IN SPACE .O ONE CAN DENY THE SPACE PROGRAM WE MUST SET OURSELVES NEW TARGETS /NCE
\
02/3 #/.3
SENSE OF WONDER WE FELT WHEN FOR THE lRST TIME A NEW WE HAVE ADDRESSED THE PROBLEMS WE FACE ON %ARTH WE WILL
MAN MADE STAR ROSE IN THE SKY OR WHEN .EIL !RMSTRONG HAVE TIME TO EXPLORE THE UNIVERSE BUT NOT BEFORE THEN
STEPPED ONTO THE -OON 3PACE EXPLORATION SPEAKS TO THAT 4HE MONEY SPENT ON PROBES TO DISTANT PLANETS WOULD BE
PART OF US THAT RISES ABOVE THE EVERYDAY BETTER INVESTED IN THE PEOPLE OF OUR OWN PLANET ! WORLD
FREE FROM DISEASE A WORLD WHERE NO ONE LIVES IN HUNGER
WOULD BE A TRULY GREAT ACHIEVEMENT
4HE EXPLORATION OF SPACE HAS CHANGED OUR WORLD 3AT 3ATELLITE TECHNOLOGY HAS BENElTED HUMANKIND (OWEVER
ELLITES ALLOW US TO COMMUNICATE INSTANTANEOUSLY WITH LAUNCHING SATELLITES INTO %ARTH ORBIT DIFFERS SIGNIlCANTLY
PEOPLE ON DIFFERENT CONTINENTS AND TO BROADCAST TO PEOPLE FROM EXPLORING SPACE -ISSIONS TO OTHER PLANETS AND INTO
ALL OVER THE WORLD 4HE 'LOBAL 0OSITIONING 3YSTEM ALLOWS INTERSTELLAR SPACE DO NOT CONTRIBUTE TO LIFE ON OUR PLANET
US TO PINPOINT LOCATIONS ANYWHERE IN THE WORLD 7EATHER -OREOVER MOST SATELLITES ARE COMMERCIAL THEY ARE
SATELLITES SAVE LIVES BY GIVING ADVANCE WARNING OF ADVERSE LAUNCHED AND MAINTAINED BY PRIVATE COMPANIES 3PACE
CONDITIONS TOGETHER WITH OTHER SCIENTIlC INSTRUMENTS IN EXPLORATION REQUIRES HUGE GOVERNMENT SUBSIDIES AND WILL
ORBIT THEY HAVE HELPED US GAIN A BETTER UNDERSTANDING OF NEVER BE COMMERCIALLY VIABLE &OR EXAMPLE THE 6OYAGER
OUR WORLD 2ESEARCH INTO CLIMATE CHANGE FOR EXAMPLE MISSIONS ALONE COST ALMOST 53 BILLION 4HIS MONEY
WOULD BE ALMOST IMPOSSIBLE WITHOUT THE DATA PROVIDED COULD BE BETTER SPENT ELSEWHERE
BY SATELLITES
3PACE EXPLORATION HAS HAD MANY INDIRECT BENElTS 4HE 4HESE AUXILIARY ADVANTAGES COULD HAVE COME FROM ANY
SPACE PROGRAM HAS BROUGHT ABOUT GREAT LEAPS IN TECH PROJECT 4HEY ARE A RESULT OF GIVING PEOPLE HUGE AMOUNTS
NOLOGY 4HE NEED TO REDUCE WEIGHT ON ROCKETS LED TO OF MONEY AND MANPOWER TO SOLVE PROBLEMS NOT A RESULT
THE MICROCHIP AND THE MODERN COMPUTER 4HE NEED TO OF A SPECIlC PROGRAM &OR EXAMPLE MANY OF THE ADVANCES
PRODUCE SAFE BUT EFlCIENT POWER SOURCES FOR THE !POLLO IN MINIATURIZATION WERE THE RESULT OF TRYING TO BUILD
MISSIONS LED TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF PRACTICAL FUEL CELLS BETTER NUCLEAR MISSILES THIS IS NOT A GOOD REASON TO CON
WHICH ARE NOW BEING EXPLORED AS POSSIBLE POWER SOURCES TINUE BUILDING NUCLEAR WEAPONS 3IMILAR RESOURCES WOULD
FOR CLEANER CARS 4HE EFFECTS OF ZERO GRAVITY ON ASTRONAUTS BE FAR BETTER DEVOTED TO PROJECTS WITH WORTHIER GOALS
HAVE SUBSTANTIALLY ADDED TO OUR KNOWLEDGE OF THE WORK FOR EXAMPLE CANCER RESEARCH OR RESEARCH INTO RENEWABLE
INGS OF THE HUMAN BODY AND THE AGING PROCESS 7E CAN ENERGY SOURCES 4HESE TOO COULD PROVIDE MANY SIDE
NEVER KNOW EXACTLY WHICH BENElTS WILL EMERGE FROM THE BENElTS BUT WOULD TACKLE REAL PROBLEMS
SPACE PROGRAM IN THE FUTURE BUT WE DO KNOW THAT WE
WILL CONSTANTLY MEET NEW OBSTACLES AND IN OVERCOMING
THEM WILL lND NEW SOLUTIONS TO OLD PROBLEMS
3PACE EXPLORATION IS AN INVESTMENT IN THE FUTURE /UR 3PACE EXPLORATION IS A WASTE OF RESOURCES )F WE WANT TO
WORLD IS RAPIDLY RUNNING OUT OF RESOURCES /VERPOPU TACKLE THE PROBLEMS OF OVERPOPULATION OR OF THE DEPLE
LATION COULD BECOME A SERIOUS WORLDWIDE THREAT #ON TION OF RESOURCES WE MUST ADDRESS THEM ON %ARTH INSTEAD
SEQUENTLY IGNORING THE VAST POTENTIAL OF OUR OWN SOLAR OF CHASING AN ELUSIVE DREAM 7E CAN DEAL WITH THE PROB
SYSTEMMINING RESOURCES ON ASTEROIDS OR OTHER PLANETS LEMS OF OUR PLANET IN PRACTICAL WAYS AND WE MUST TACKLE
OR EVEN COLONIZING OTHER WORLDSWOULD BE FOOLISH )F THEM WITH ALL THE RESOURCES AND ALL THE POLITICAL WILL WE
WE FAIL TO DEVELOP THE ABILITY TO TAKE ADVANTAGE OF THESE HAVE
POSSIBILITIES WE MAY lND IT IS TOO LATE
3AMPLE -OTIONS
4HIS (OUSE WOULD EXPLORE THE UNIVERSE
4HIS (OUSE WOULD EXPLORE THE &INAL &RONTIER
4HIS (OUSE WOULD REACH FOR THE STARS

7EB ,INKS
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02/3 #/.3
!LTHOUGH THERAPEUTIC CLONING WILL INVOLVE THE CREATION -ERELY HOPING FOR A GOOD OUTCOME DOES NOT MAKE
AND DESTRUCTION OF THOUSANDS OF EMBRYOS THE RESULTING IMMORAL ACTIONS ACCEPTABLE -EDICAL RESEARCH SHOULD BE
BENElTS WILL BE SO GREAT AS TO OUTWEIGH MORAL CONSIDER GOVERNED BY MORAL AND ETHICAL CONCERNS (OWEVER MUCH
ATIONS /NCE THE RESEARCH GOALS HAVE BEEN ACHIEVED THE SYMPATHY WE FEEL FOR SUFFERERS OF TERMINAL DISEASES WE
USE OF EMBRYO TREATMENTS CAN BE GREATLY REDUCED 4HE CANNOT TOLERATE THE USE OF HUMAN EMBRYOS AS MEANS TO
LIKELY RESULT OF CURING PEOPLE OF FATAL DISEASES IS WORTH AN END 3TEM CELL RESEARCH IS INHERENTLY CONTRADICTORY
THE COST ,IVES WOULD BE CREATED AND THEN DESTROYED IN ORDER TO
SAVE OTHER LIVES
7E ALREADY ACCEPT THE CREATION AND DESTRUCTION OF hSPAREv 4HE LOSS OF EMBRYOS IN )6& IS A REASON TO CONDEMN )6&
EMBRYOS FOR CYCLES OF IN VITRO FERTILIZATION )6& )6& TREATMENT )T IS NOT A REASON FOR ALLOWING ANOTHER PROCE
FACILITATES THE CREATION OF HUMAN LIFE 3TEM CELL TREAT DURE THAT WILL SACRIlCE MUCH MORE POTENTIAL LIFE
MENTS WILL SAVE EXISTING HUMAN LIVES 4HE INFERTILE WILL
STILL SURVIVE 4HE SUFFERERS OF (UNTINGTONS CHOREA OR
!LZHEIMERS WILL NOT )F WE ACCEPT THE MORALITY OF )6& WE
MUST ACCEPT THE MORALITY OF STEM CELL TREATMENT
4HE CREATION STORAGE AND DESTRUCTION OF EMBRYOS CAN -EDIA FEARS OF MAD SCIENTISTS FREE TO MANIPULATE AND
BE STRICTLY CONTROLLED 4HERE SHOULD BE NO FEAR OF h&RAN DESTROY HUMAN LIFE MAY BE OVERSTATED (OWEVER RESEARCH
KENSTEIN SCIENCEv PROJECTS CARRY A SIGNIlCANT RISK OF DESTROYING THOUSANDS
OF EMBRYOS FOR LITTLE OR NO SCIENTIlC GAIN
\
02/3 #/.3
4HE MORAL STATUS OF THE EMBRYO IS DISTINCT FROM THAT OF 4HE EMBRYONIC HUMAN SHOULD HAVE THE SAME MORAL
THE FETUS 7HAT REASON IS THERE TO ASSERT THAT LIFE BEGINS STATUS AS THE FETUS OR THE CHILD OR THE ADULT !T WHAT
AT THE STAGE OF EMBRYO CREATION 4HE ACCEPTED TEST FOR PHYSIOLOGICAL POINT DO WE DECLARE AN EMBRYO hHUMANv
CLINICAL DEATH IS AN ABSENCE OF BRAIN STEM ACTIVITY 4HE !RE WE TO BASE A DECLARATION OF BEING HUMAN ON PHYSICAL
FETUS lRST ACQUIRES A FUNCTIONING BRAIN SIX WEEKS AFTER THE APPEARANCE 4HAT THE EMBRYO LOOKS DIFFERENT FROM THE
EMBRYO HAS BEEN CREATED 7E CANNOT CONDONE THE hWAST FETUS AND FROM THE ADULT DOES NOT PROVE THAT THE EMBRYO
AGEv OF HUMAN EMBRYOS (OWEVER WE MUST BE WARY OF IS NOT A HUMAN BEING
REGARDING THE LOSS OF AN EMBRYO AS THE LOSS OF HUMAN
LIFE
7E CANNOT EQUATE HUMAN EMBRYOS WITH HUMAN BEINGS 4HE PROPER TEST OF HUMANITY SHOULD BE IF THE EMBRYO
JUST BECAUSE THEY COULD DEVELOP INTO ADULTS "ETWEEN HAS THE POTENTIAL TO ORGANIZE ITSELF INTO A hLIVING HUMAN
AND OF EMBRYOS ARE LOST NATURALLY THROUGH WHOLEv %VERY EMBRYO HAS THIS CAPACITY 4HE FACT THAT
FAILURE TO IMPLANT IN THE WALL OF THE UTERUS 4HE POTEN EMBRYOS ARE LOST NATURALLY DOES NOT IMPLY THAT THE
TIAL OF AN EMBRYO TO DEVELOP DOES NOT OF ITSELF MAKE THE DESTRUCTION OF EMBRYOS IS MORALLY ACCEPTABLE
EMBRYO HUMAN
&URTHER RESEARCH REQUIRES THE USE OF THE STEM CELLS FOUND 2ESEARCHERS HAVE NO NEED TO USE EMBRYO STEM CELLS
IN EMBRYOS 2ESEARCH DONE WITH ADULT CELLS HAS YIELDED 2ESEARCH HAS CONTINUED FOR MANY YEARS INTO THE USE OF
VERY LITTLE PROGRESS BECAUSE OF THE DIFlCULTY OF hREPRO ADULT STEM CELLS 4HESE CELLS ARE REPLACEABLE AND COULD BE
GRAMMINGv AN ADULT CELL TO DEVELOP AS THE PARTICULAR USED FOR THE PURPOSES OF TREATMENT AND RESEARCH WITHOUT
NEURON OR TISSUE CELL REQUIRED 4HE GREATER UNDERSTAND THE DESTRUCTION OF EMBRYOS
ING OF HUMAN CELLS THAT SCIENTISTS WILL GAIN FROM RESEARCH
WITH EMBRYO STEM CELLS MAY INCREASE THE UTILITY OF ADULT
CELLS IN THE FUTURE &OR THE PRESENT RESOURCES SHOULD BE
CONCENTRATED ON RESEARCH WITH STEM CELLS HARVESTED FROM
EMBRYOS
3AMPLE -OTIONS
4HIS (OUSE WOULD ALLOW STEM CELL RESEARCH
4HIS (OUSE SUPPORTS THERAPEUTIC CLONING
7EB ,INKS
s "IOETHICS #LONING HTTPWWWAJOBONLINECOMCLONINGPHP
0ROVIDES A WIDE VARIETY OF RESOURCES ON THE ETHICS OF CLONING AND GENETIC RESEARCH
s 4HE %THICS OF 2EPRODUCTIVE AND 4HERAPEUTIC #LONING 2ESEARCH HTTPWWWWITSACZABIOETHICSGENETHICSHTM
3CHOLARLY ARTICLE THAT ARGUES THAT NO ETHNICAL ISSUES ARISE IN REPRODUCTIVE AND THERAPEUTIC CLONING
s 4HERAPEUTIC #LONING (OW )T )S $ONE 0OSSIBLE "ENElTS HTTPWWWRELIGIOUSTOLERANCEORGCLO?THERHTM
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&URTHER 2EADING
(ARRIS *OHN #LONES 'ENES AND )MMORTALITY %THICS AND THE 'ENETIC 2EVOLUTION /XFORD 5NIVERSITY 0RESS
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0OLICY -)4 0RESS
,AURITZEN 0AUL ED #LONING AND THE &UTURE OF (UMAN %MBRYO 2ESEARCH /XFORD 5NIVERSITY 0RESS
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02/3 #/.3
4ERM LIMITS ENSURE THAT POLITICIANS DO NOT BECOME COR %XPERIENCE COUNTS IN POLITICS WHERE EVEN THE MOST ABLE
RUPTED BY POWER AND LOSE TOUCH WITH THE PEOPLE AND NEW OFlCEHOLDER WILL TAKE MANY MONTHS OR EVEN YEARS TO
PRINCIPLES THAT lRST GOT THEM ELECTED 2EPRESENTATIVES FULLY GRASP THE JOB 0OLICY ISSUES AND LEGISLATIVE BILLS ARE
WHO SPEND TOO MANY YEARS IN OFlCE LIVING IN THE NATIONAL COMPLICATED AND THE PUBLIC IS BEST SERVED BY A SYSTEM
CAPITAL FAR FROM THEIR CONSTITUENTS AND SURROUNDED BY THAT ALLOWS THE RE ELECTION OF EXPERIENCED POLITICIANS )F
LOBBYISTS AND FELLOW POLITICIANS EASILY BECOME PART OF A LONG TERM OFlCEHOLDERS BECOME TOO DIVORCED FROM THE
PROFESSIONAL GOVERNING CLASS REMOTE FROM THE CONCERNS VOTERS THEY WILL LOSE THE NEXT ELECTION 4HE REGULAR NEED
OF NORMAL PEOPLE 4ERM LIMITS RECREATE A CLASS OF CITIZEN TO RUN FOR RE ELECTION ENSURES ACCOUNTABILITY AND KEEPS
LEGISLATORS WHO SEE POLITICAL OFlCE AS A BRIEF CHANCE TO POLITICIANS IN TOUCH WITH GRASS ROOTS OPINION
IMPROVE THEIR COUNTRY RATHER THAN AS A LONG TERM COM
FORTABLE CAREER
4ERM LIMITS WILL OVERCOME THE ADVANTAGES THAT INCUM 4ERM LIMITS ARE AN INSULT TO THE INTELLIGENCE OF VOTERS
BENTS HAVE IN ANY RE ELECTION CAMPAIGN 4HESE ADVAN WHO IN A DEMOCRACY ARE AT LIBERTY TO VOTE OUT AN UNSAT
TAGES INCLUDE NAME RECOGNITION AND GREATER ACCESS TO ISFACTORY INCUMBENT 0REVENTING A POPULAR INCUMBENT
FUNDING FROM SPECIAL INTERESTS FROM RUNNING SIMPLY REMOVES THE VOTERS RIGHT TO MAKE
IMPORTANT POLITICAL DECISIONS )F INCUMBENTS SEEM TO
HAVE AN UNFAIR ADVANTAGE IT IS BECAUSE OF OTHER ASPECTS OF
THE POLITICAL SYSTEM EG LACK OF CONTROLS ON CAMPAIGN
lNANCING
4HE REGULAR NEED TO WAGE COSTLY RE ELECTION CAMPAIGNS #ORRUPTION IS ACTUALLY MORE LIKELY TO OCCUR IN A SYSTEM
MAY DAMAGE ELECTED REPRESENTATIVES JUDGMENT AND EVEN WITH TERM LIMITS BECAUSE OFlCEHOLDERS HAVE NO INCENTIVE
THEIR HONESTY 4HEY MUST DO WHAT IS POPULAR RATHER THAN TO DO THEIR BEST FOR THE VOTERS WHOM THEY WILL NOT FACE
WHAT IS RIGHT ACTING IN THE NARROW INTEREST OF CONSTITU AGAIN )NDEED LESS HONEST POLITICIANS MAY BECOME MORE
ENTS RATHER THAN CONSIDERING THE GENERAL WELFARE OF THE CORRUPT SEEING THE NEED TO PROlT FROM THEIR POSITION AS
ENTIRE COUNTRYS POPULATION )N ADDITION POLITICIANS RUN QUICKLY AS POSSIBLE !LTERNATIVELY THEY MAY TOADY TO BIG
NING FOR REELECTION MUST PANDER TO SPECIAL INTERESTS TO BUSINESS IN THE HOPE OF LANDING LUCRATIVE LOBBYING JOBS
SECURE FUNDING ONCE OUT OF OFlCE
4ERM LIMITS WOULD BRING FRESH FACES TALENTS AND EXPERI !MATEUR POLITICIANS THROWN INTO LEGISLATURES BY THE
ENCES TO THE POLITICAL PROCESS 4HEY WOULD ENSURE THAT ENFORCED EARLY RETIREMENT OF MORE EXPERIENCED POLITI
ELECTED OFlCIALS HAD EXPERIENCE IN THE hREAL WORLDv OUT CIANS ARE LIKELY TO BE NAÉVE AND EASILY EXPLOITED BY SPECIAL
SIDE PARTY POLITICAL MACHINES AND BRING MORE lRST HAND INTERESTS 4ERM LIMITS ARE ALSO LIKELY TO AFFECT THE RELATION
KNOWLEDGE OF BUSINESS AND INDUSTRY TO GOVERNMENT SHIP BETWEEN THE LEGISLATIVE AND EXECUTIVE BRANCHES OF
GOVERNMENT BECAUSE LEGISLATORS WILL NOT HAVE THE EXPERI
ENCE TO DEAL EFFECTIVELY WITH THE PRESIDENT
\
3AMPLE -OTIONS
4HIS (OUSE WOULD IMPOSE TERM LIMITS
4HIS (OUSE WOULD CLEAN UP POLITICS
4HIS (OUSE CALLS FOR THE RETURN OF THE CITIZEN LEGISLATOR
4HIS (OUSE BELIEVES A NEW BROOM SWEEPS CLEAN
7EB ,INKS
s 4ERM ,IMITS 4AKE %FFECT
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s 53 #ONGRESSIONAL AND 3TATE 4ERM ,IMIT !CTION 0AGE HTTPWWWTERMLIMITSORG
0RESENTS JUSTIlCATIONS FOR TERM LIMITS AS WELL AS STATE BY STATE INFORMATION ON THE STATUS OF TERM LIMITS AND OTHER RESOURCES ON THE
TOPIC
&URTHER 2EADING
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#RANE %DWARD ( AND 2OGER 0ILON EDS 4HE 0OLITICS AND ,AW OF 4ERM ,IMITS #ATO )NSTITUTE
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02/3 #/.3
/NE MANS TERRORIST IS ANOTHER MANS FREEDOM lGHTER 4HE EXAMPLE OF 3OUTH !FRICA IS AN ISOLATED ONE )N MANY
-OST TERRORIST ORGANIZATIONS DO NOT ENGAGE IN VIOLENCE CASES THE POLITICAL SITUATION IN REGIONS WHERE TERRORISTS
SIMPLY FOR THE JOY OF IT OR FOR PERSONAL GAIN )NSTEAD THEY OPERATE IS FAR MORE COMPLEX AND IT IS FAR LESS CLEAR WHO IS
STAND FOR A PARTICULAR POLITICAL POSITION AND OFTEN FOR A IN THE RIGHT AND WHO IS IN THE WRONG "OTTOM LINE +ILL
GROUP OF PEOPLE %VERY CONmICT HAS AT LEAST TWO SIDES ING PEOPLE IS IMMORAL "Y ACCEPTING VIOLENCE AS A POLITI
,OOK AT THE !FRICAN .ATIONAL #ONGRESS IN 3OUTH !FRICA CAL TOOL THESE GROUPS BECOME NO MORE THAN MURDERERS
&OR MANY YEARS THE 3OUTH !FRICAN GOVERNMENTAND AND SHOULD BE TREATED AS SUCH
MANY FOREIGN GOVERNMENTSREGARDED IT AS AN ILLEGAL TER
RORIST ORGANIZATION 3OUTH !FRICAS BLACK MAJORITY ON THE
OTHER HAND VIEWED IT AS A CHAMPION OF FREEDOM (ISTORY
WILL RECORD THAT IT WAS ON THE SIDE OF JUSTICE AND THE
APARTHEID GOVERNMENT WAS IN THE WRONG
!NY GOVERNMENTS PRIMARY RESPONSIBILITY IS TO SAVE LIVES 'IVING IN TO TERRORISTS MAY SAVE LIVES IN THE SHORT TERM
(ISTORY HAS SHOWN THAT MILITARY ACTION HAS LITTLE CHANCE OF BUT IS HARMFUL IN THE LONGER TERM -ANY TERRORIST GROUPS
SUCCEEDING AGAINST TERRORISTS $EFEATING TERRORIST GROUPS RESORT TO VIOLENCE BECAUSE THEY HAVE NOT BEEN ABLE
IS ALMOST IMPOSSIBLE WITHOUT UNBEARABLY RESTRICTING THE TO ACHIEVE THEIR GOALS THROUGH DEMOCRATIC MEANS "Y

02/3 #/.3
FREEDOMS OF THE INNOCENT )N THE CASE OF PROLONGED INTER MAKING CONCESSIONS THE LEGITIMATE GOVERNMENT SETS A
NAL CAMPAIGNS OF TERRORISM THE PROMISE OF NEGOTIATIONS DANGEROUS PRECEDENT AND BASICALLY SAYS THAT GROUPS THAT
WILL ALMOST ALWAYS LEAD TO A CEASElRE )N THE CASE OF MORE USE VIOLENCE ARE MORE LIKELY TO GET THEIR WAY THAN THOSE
ISOLATED INCIDENTS SUCH AS HOSTAGE TAKING MAKING CON THAT USE PEACEFUL METHODS 'OVERNMENTS MUST DEMAND
CESSIONS USUALLY SAVES LIVES THAT GROUPS ABANDON VIOLENCE AND CEASE ACTS OF TERRORISM
BEFORE NEGOTIATIONS CAN EVEN BE CONSIDERED
-ANY TERRORIST CAMPAIGNS ARE THE RESULT OF LONG STAND )N FACT TERRORISTS WILLINGNESS TO USE VIOLENCE GIVES THEM
ING POLITICAL DISAGREEMENTS 4ERRORISM IS OFTEN FUELED BY A UNDUE POWER AT THE NEGOTIATING TABLE THEY CAN INSIST THAT
LONG HISTORY OF HATRED AND DISTRUST )N SUCH SITUATIONS THE ALL THEIR DEMANDS BE MET OR THEY WILL RESUME TARGETED
GOVERNMENT MUST TAKE THE lRST STEPS BECAUSE IT IS ALWAYS AND RANDOM MURDER 4ERRORISTS CANNOT BE TRUSTED
THE MORE POWERFUL SIDE IN THE CONmICT AND CAN MORE READ
ILY MAKE CONCESSIONS /NLY BY TAKING THE LEAD WILL THE
GOVERNMENT BE ABLE TO END THE KILLING
2EFUSING TO TALK TO TERRORISTS CAN CLOUD THE ISSUES SUR !GAIN NEGOTIATING WITH TERRORISTS GIVES THEM A LEGITIMACY
ROUNDING THEIR ACTIVITIES 0UBLIC SYMPATHY FOR THEIR CAUSE THAT THEY DO NOT DESERVE 4HOSE WHO USE PEACEFUL MEANS
MAY BE AROUSED BECAUSE THEY APPEAR TO BE lGHTING AN TO ACHIEVE THEIR GOALS SHOULD BE RESPECTED THOSE WHO
UNRESPONSIVE EVEN OPPRESSIVE GOVERNMENT "Y NEGOTIAT MURDER AND TERRORIZE INNOCENT CIVILIANS MUST BE TREATED
ING A GOVERNMENT DENIES THEM THE OPPORTUNITY TO PRES NOT AS POLITICAL LEADERS BUT AS CRIMINALS
ENT THEMSELVES AS MARTYRS AND PERMITS PUBLIC SCRUTINY OF
THEIR OFTEN RADICAL DEMANDS
3AMPLE -OTIONS
4HIS (OUSE WOULD TALK TO TERRORISTS
4HIS (OUSE BELIEVES THAT FORCE CANNOT ELIMINATE IDEOLOGY
4HIS (OUSE WOULD BOMB THEIR BELIEFS OUT OF EXISTENCE
7EB ,INKS
s &EDERATION OF !MERICAN 3CIENTISTS HTTPWWWFASORGIRPTHREATTERRORHTM
)NFORMATION ON STEPS TAKEN TO COMBAT TERRORISM AFTER 3EPTEMBER
s )NTERNATIONAL 0OLICY )NSTITUTE FOR #OUNTER 4ERRORISM HTTPWWWICTORGIL
-AINTAINED BY AN )SRAELI INSTITUTE THE SITE OFFERS GENERAL INFORMATION ON STATE SPONSORED TERRORISM TERRORISM AND THE LAW AND
INTERNATIONAL AND NATIONAL COUNTERTERRORISM ACTIVITIES
s 53 3TATE $EPARTMENT #OUNTERTERRORISM /FlCE HTTPWWWSTATEGOVSCT
0ROVIDES CURRENT INFORMATION ON TERRORISM AS WELL AS A STATEMENT OF 53 COUNTERTERRORISM POLICY
s 4ERRORIST 'ROUP 0ROlLES HTTPWEBNPSNAVYMIL^LIBRARYTGPTGPMAINHTM
-AINTAINED BY THE $UDLEY +NOX ,IBRARY OF THE .AVAL 0OSTGRADUATE 3CHOOL THIS SITE LINKS TO HUNDREDS OF REPORTS AND 7EB SITES ON
TERRORISM
s 4HE 4ERRORISM 2ESEARCH #ENTER HTTPWWWTERRORISMCOMINDEXSHTML
/FFERS ESSAYS ON CURRENT ISSUES AS WELL AS LINKS TO DOCUMENTS RESEARCH AND RESOURCES DEVOTED TO COUNTERTERRORISM
&URTHER 2EADING
(OFFMAN "RUCE )NSIDE 4ERRORISM #OLUMBIA 5NIVERSITY 0RESS
,ESSER )AN / "RUCE (OFFMAN *AMES !RQUILLA ET AL #OUNTERING THE .EW 4ERRORISM 2AND #ORPORATION
2EICH 7ALTER ED /RIGINS OF 4ERRORISM 0SYCHOLOGIES )DEOLOGIES 4HEOLOGIES 3TATES OF -IND 7OODROW 7ILSON #ENTER
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02/3 #/.3
4HE &OOD AND $RUG !DMINISTRATION IS RESPONSIBLE FOR 7HEN #ONGRESS DELINEATED THE ROLE OF THE &$! IN THE
REGULATING DRUGS WHICH ARE DElNED AS hSUBSTANCES OTHER &OOD $RUG #OSMETICS !CT OF IT DID NOT STIPULATE
THAN FOOD THAT ARE INTENDED TO AFFECT THE STRUCTURE AND THAT THE &$! SHOULD REGULATE TOBACCO 'IVEN THE EXIS
FUNCTION OF THE BODYv 3INCE THE NICOTINE IN TOBACCO HAS TENCE OF ANOTHER AGENCY THAT HAD TOBACCO IN ITS PURVIEW
THIS EFFECT IT SHOULD BE CLASSIlED AS A DRUG AND ITS SALE THE "UREAU OF !LCOHOL 4OBACCO AND &IREARMSIT IS CLEAR
DISTRIBUTION AND PROMOTION SHOULD BE CONTROLLED BY THE THAT #ONGRESS HAD NO SUCH INTENT -OREOVER AS #ONGRESS
GOVERNMENT CLEARLY REGARDS TOBACCO AS A COMPLETELY LEGAL SUBSTANCE THE
&$! HAS NO BUSINESS RESTRICTING IT
2ESTRICTING THE SALE OF NICOTINE IS ESPECIALLY IMPORTANT 9ES THE &$! HAS REGULATORY POWER OVER DRUGS THE &$!
BECAUSE IT IS HARMFUL AND ADDICTIVE -OST PEOPLE WHO IS ALSO RESPONSIBLE FOR ENSURING THAT DRUGS ARE hSAFE AND
SMOKE ARE UNABLE TO QUIT EVEN THOUGH THEY WANT TO EFFECTIVEv BEFORE ALLOWING THEM TO BE MARKETED 'IVEN
EARLIER &$! STATEMENTS CLEARLY THE AGENCY DOES NOT
INTEND TO RULE THAT TOBACCO IS SAFE 2ATHER THE &$!
PLANS TO RULE THAT TOBACCO IS UNSAFE AND DANGEROUS AND
BAN IT FROM THE MARKET COMPLETELY 2EMEMBER #ON
GRESS NEVER INTENDED TO BAN TOBACCO FROM THE MARKET
4HE ADDICTIVE POWER OF NICOTINE IS RECOGNIZED BY THE 4HE &$! HAS TAKEN ADVANTAGE OF A VERY VAGUE DElNITION
TOBACCO INDUSTRY )NTERNAL INDUSTRY DOCUMENTS SHOW OF hDRUGv IN ORDER TO CLASSIFY NICOTINE AS SUCH )N ADDI
THAT TOBACCO COMPANIES RECOGNIZE THAT NICOTINE IS THE TION LABELING NICOTINE AN hADDICTIVE DRUGv WHICH MAKES
ELEMENT IN CIGARETTES THAT SMOKERS CRAVE MOST 4HEY HAVE IT SOUND LIKE HEROIN IS PATENTLY UNFAIR AND UNTRUE
TAKEN CARE TO ENSURE THAT EVEN LOW TAR CIGARETTES REMAIN -ILLIONS OF PEOPLE HAVE QUIT SMOKING USUALLY WITHOUT
HIGH IN NICOTINE AND ONE TOBACCO COMPANY ACTIVELY OUTSIDE HELP AND FORMER SMOKERS OUTNUMBER CURRENT
TRIED TO DEVELOP TOBACCO PLANTS WITH HIGHER NICOTINE SMOKERS IN THE ADULT POPULATION
CONTENT #LEARLY THE TOBACCO INDUSTRY INTENDED THIS
DRUG TO HAVE AN EFFECT ON THE FUNCTION OF THE BODY
'IVEN THAT NICOTINE IS ADDICTIVE DISCOURAGING YOUNG 4HE DANGERS OF SMOKING HAVE BEEN KNOWN FOR MORE
PEOPLE FROM SMOKING IS VITAL 3URVEYS SHOW THAT VERY THAN YEARS AND EVERY CIGARETTE PACKAGE ACKNOWLEDGES
FEW PEOPLE START SMOKING AFTER THE AGE OF 4HERE THEM "UT THE INDIVIDUAL HAS A RIGHT TO ASSESS THOSE DAN
FORE WE MUST BAN THE SALE OF CIGARETTES TO MINORS AND GERS PERSONALLY AND MAKE A DECISION ABOUT WHETHER TO
OUTLAW ADVERTISING DIRECTED TO THEM SMOKE 4HE GOVERNMENT HAS NO RIGHT TO INTERFERE WITH
THAT RIGHT OR TO MAKE THE DECISION FOR THE INDIVIDUAL

02/3 #/.3
5NQUESTIONABLY SMOKING CREATES HEALTH PROBLEMS 4HE DECISION TO CLASSIFY TOBACCO AS A DRUG IS AN EXAMPLE
INDEED TOBACCO HAS CAUSED A MAJOR PUBLIC HEALTH CRISIS OF GOVERNMENT BY lAT 4HE REPRESENTATIVES OF THE PEOPLE
4HE &$! HAS A RESPONSIBILITY TO THE CITIZENS OF THE MEMBERS OF #ONGRESS DID NOT MAKE THE DECISION IT WAS
5NITED 3TATES TO DO WHAT IT CAN TO IMPROVE PUBLIC HEALTH MADE UNILATERALLY BY A GOVERNMENT AGENCY ONE THAT WAS
INCLUDING IMPLEMENTING REGULATIONS TO REDUCE THE USE OF FAR EXCEEDING ITS DESIGNATED POWERS AND SECONDED BY AN
TOBACCO IN THE COUNTRY EXECUTIVE BRANCH THAT HAD NO REGARD FOR DUE LEGISLATIVE
PROCESS
3AMPLE -OTIONS
4HIS (OUSE WOULD PETITION #ONGRESS TO DESIGNATE TOBACCO AS A DRUG
4HIS (OUSE BELIEVES THAT THE &OOD AND $RUG !DMINISTRATION SHOULD LABEL TOBACCO AS A DRUG
7EB ,INKS
s !MERICAN #ANCER 3OCIETY HTTPWWWCANCERORGEPRISEMAINDOCROOTPEDPED?ASPSITEAREAPED
.ATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS 7EB SITE SUPPLIES CANCER INFORMATION AND STATISTICS
s !MERICAN ,UNG !SSOCIATION HTTPWWWLUNGUSEORGTOBACCO
.ATIONAL ORGANIZATION 7EB SITE OFFERING INFORMATION ON THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SMOKING AND LUNG DISEASE
s "ROWN 5NIVERSITYS 3MOKING &ROM !LL 3IDES HTTPWWWCSBROWNEDUPEOPLELSHSMOKINGHTML
7EB SITE INCLUDES SEVERAL DOCUMENTS DISCUSSING BOTH SIDES OF THE DEBATE
s 3OCIETY FOR 2ESEARCH ON .ICOTINE AND 4OBACCO HTTPWWWSRNTORG
3YMPOSIA OF ABSTRACTS ON TOBACCO AND NICOTINE ADDICTION
&URTHER 2EADING
'ATELY )AIN 4OBACCO ! #ULTURAL (ISTORY OF (OW AN %XOTIC 0LANT 3EDUCED #IVILIZATION 'ROVE 0RESS
,EMIEUX 0IERRE 3MOKING AND ,IBERTY 'OVERNMENT AS A 0UBLIC (EALTH 0ROBLEM 6ARIA 0RESS
2AIN 2OBERT , AND 3TEPHEN $ 3UGARMAN 2EGULATING 4OBACCO /XFORD 5NIVERSITY 0RESS
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02/3 #/.3
4WO PARTY SYSTEMS HAVE EMERGED EITHER AS THE RESULT OR 7HILE IDEOLOGY AND THE WILL OF THE ELECTORATE MAY HAVE
THE REmECTION OF THE WILL OF THE ELECTORATE /FTEN THE TWO BEEN A FACTOR AT ONE STAGE IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF A TWO
PARTIES REPRESENT KEY IDEOLOGICAL DIVISIONS IN SOCIETY OVER PARTY DEMOCRACY THESE ARE FACTORS THAT LIMIT POLITICAL
THE DIRECTION OF POLICY EG BETWEEN LEFT AND RIGHT SMALL PROGRESS TODAY 4HE #OLD 7AR WITH ITS DIVISIONS OF LEFT
GOVERNMENT AND ACTIVIST GOVERNMENT LIBERALISM AND AND RIGHT IS OVER AND IDEOLOGICAL LABELS ARE INCREASINGLY
AUTHORITARIANISM -OST VOTERS HAVE LITTLE INTEREST IN THE MEANINGLESS 3UCH HISTORICAL PRECEDENTS MAKE THE CRE
MINUTIAE OF POLICY BUT THEY CAN UNDERSTAND THE BROAD ATION OF THIRD PARTIES DIFlCULT 4HE DOMINANT PARTIES
POLITICAL CHOICES PRESENTED TO THEM BY THE TWO DISTINCT TEND TO SHAPE ELECTORAL RULES TO EXCLUDE SMALLER PARTIES
PARTIES AND MAKE THEIR DECISIONS AT ELECTION TIME ACCORD AND THE MORE DOMINANT PARTIES TEND TO BE THE MOST SUC
INGLY CESSFUL AT FUND RAISING 4HUS A TWO PARTY SYSTEM LIMITS
THE CHOICE OF THE ELECTORATE
'OVERNMENTS IN TWO PARTY SYSTEMS ARE MORE ABLE TO DRIVE -ULTIPARTY SYSTEMS TEND TO PRODUCE COALITION GOVERN
THEIR POLICIES THROUGH THE LEGISLATURE BECAUSE THEY OFTEN MENTS THAT HAVE TO WORK TO BALANCE INTERESTS AND PRO
HAVE A CLEAR MAJORITY OF REPRESENTATIVES THERE #ONSE DUCE A CONSENSUS 4HUS THE ELECTORATE IS LIKELY TO ACCEPT
QUENTLY THEY CAN IMPLEMENT IMPORTANT CHANGES QUICKLY IMPORTANT CHANGES THESE GOVERNMENTS MAKE AND NOT
AND WITHOUT COMPROMISE REVERSE THEM AT THE NEXT ELECTION
"ECAUSE TWO PARTY SYSTEMS TEND TO BE LESS VOLATILE VOTERS )NCUMBENCY CAN MEAN COMPLACENCY 4HE LONGER PEOPLE
RETAIN THEIR REPRESENTATIVES AS INCUMBENTS LONGER #ONSE HOLD OFlCE THE MORE COMFORTABLE THEY BECOME AND THE
QUENTLY THE LEGISLATORS ARE VERY EXPERIENCED 4HIS RESULTS LESS LIKELY THEY ARE TO TAKE RISKS AND MAKE CONTROVERSIAL
IN BETTER AND MORE CONSISTENT POLICY AND MORE EFFECTIVE DECISIONS 4HEY CAN BE HIGHLY INmUENCED BY LOBBYISTS
SCRUTINY OF THE EXECUTIVE BRANCH AND LOSE TOUCH WITH THE PEOPLE THEY ARE SUPPOSED TO
REPRESENT 4HE FREER MARKETPLACE OF IDEAS IN A MULTIPARTY
SYSTEM FORCES POLITICIANS TO ADAPT THEIR MESSAGE AND
BECOME MORE RESPONSIVE TO MINORITY VOICES
"ECAUSE PARLIAMENTARY MAJORITIES IN MULTIPARTY SYSTEMS 4HE THREAT OF A NO CONlDENCE VOTE A COLLAPSING COALITION
CAN SHIFT SUDDENLY THESE SYSTEMS ARE FAR LESS STABLE THAN OR THE DEPARTURE OF A COALITION PARTNER FROM A GOVERNING
TWO PARTY SYSTEMS -ULTIPARTY SYSTEMS ARE ALSO LESS FAIR MAJORITY FORCES LEADERS TO MAKE COMPROMISES AND COM
TO THE ELECTORATE BECAUSE POLICIES FORMED AFTER AN ELEC PROMISES MAKE FOR POLICIES THAT SERVE THE INTERESTS OF THE
TION ARE OFTEN THE RESULT OF BACKROOM DEALS THAT IGNORE MAJORITY OF THE VOTERS -OREOVER MOST COUNTRIES HAVE
CAMPAIGN PROMISES AND VOTER WISHES CONSTITUTIONAL MECHANISMS TO ENSURE A RELATIVELY SMOOTH
TRANSITION TO A NEW GOVERNMENT
4WO PARTY SYSTEMS BETTER REmECT MAINSTREAM CENTRIST -ODERATION IS NOT NECESSARILY IN THE PUBLICS BEST INTER
VIEWS 4O REMAIN COMPETITIVE PARTIES WILL TEND TO MOD EST ! MULTIPARTY SYSTEM HELPS ENSURE THAT THE VIEWS OF
ERATE THEIR PLATFORMS A VARIETY OF DIFFERENT INTERESTS ARE CONSIDERED IN POLICY
MAKING

3AMPLE -OTIONS
4HIS (OUSE BELIEVES RULE BY A MAJORITY PARTY IS SUPERIOR TO COALITION GOVERNMENT
4HIS (OUSE BELIEVES A TWO PARTY SYSTEM IS SUPERIOR TO A MULTIPARTY SYSTEM
4HIS (OUSE WOULD AMEND NATIONS CONSTITUTIONS TO INCREASE ELECTORAL COMPETITION
7EB ,INKS
s )NSTITUTE FOR $EMOCRACY AND %LECTORAL !SSISTANCE HTTPWWWIDEAINT
)NTERGOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATION THAT DRAWS ON COMPARATIVE EXPERIENCE TO DEVELOP POLICY OPTIONS TOOLS AND GUIDELINES RELATING TO
POLITICAL PARTICIPATION ELECTORAL SYSTEMS AND POLITICAL PARTIES
s 4OWARD A -ORE 2ESPONSIBLE 4WO 0ARTY 3YSTEM HTTPWWWAPSANETORG^POP!03!?2EPORTHTM
!MERICAN 0OLITICAL 3CIENCE !SSOCIATIONS CRITIQUE OF THE SUITABILITY OF !MERICAN POLITICAL PARTIES TO A MODERN ACTIVIST STATE
&URTHER 2EADING
,AVER -ICHAEL AND .ORMAN 3CHOFELD -ULTIPARTY 'OVERNMENT 4HE 0OLITICS OF #OALITION IN %UROPE 5NIVERSITY OF -ICHIGAN 0RESS

,IJPHART !REND 0ATTERNS OF $EMOCRACY 'OVERNMENT &ORMS AND 0ERFORMANCE IN 4HIRTY 3IX #OUNTRIES 9ALE 5NIVERSITY 0RESS
2EYNOLDS $AVID $EMOCRACY 5NBOUND 0ROGRESSIVE #HALLENGES TO THE 4WO 0ARTY 3YSTEM 3OUTH %ND 0RESS
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02/3 #/.3
4HE VETO POWER IS AN ANACHRONISM 4HE 0 GOT THIS 4HE 0 HAS WIELDED VETO POWER WITH INCREASING SUCCESS
PRIVILEGE FOR TWO REASONS THAT HAVE NO APPLICATION IN THE BOTH DURING AND AFTER THE #OLD 7AR "ETWEEN AND
POST #OLD 7AR WORLD &IRST TO PROTECT NATIONAL INTERESTS MEMBERS OF THE 0 VETOED RESOLUTIONS 9ET
THE "IG 4HREE THE 53 "RITAIN AND THE 3OVIET 5NION BETWEEN AND THEY UTILIZED THE VETO ON ONLY
MADE THE VETO A PREREQUISITE FOR ESTABLISHING THE 5NITED SEVEN OCCASIONS WHILE MANDATING MORE THAN PEACE
.ATIONS FOLLOWING 7ORLD 7AR )) 3ECOND THE 0 HELD KEEPING OPERATIONS 4HIS lGURE EXCEEDS THE TOTAL NUMBER
UNRIVALED STRATEGIC MIGHT THROUGH THEIR NUCLEAR WEAPONS OF OPERATIONS UNDERTAKEN IN THE PRECEDING YEARS 4HE
TECHNOLOGY OR NUCLEAR CAPACITY 4HE 0 WILL NOT ABANDON USE OF THE VETO DURING THE #OLD 7AR MAY HAVE SAVED
THE 5. OR THE CAUSE OF GLOBAL PEACE IF THEY LOSE THE VETO THE WORLD FROM NUCLEAR WAR .OW INCREASING PROLIFERA
POWER -OREOVER THE GLOBAL POWER BALANCE HAS SHIFTED TION OF NUCLEAR WEAPONS IS A REASON FOR MAINTAINING THE
DRAMATICALLY SINCE .UCLEAR WEAPONS HAVE SPREAD UNITY OF THE 0 BY MEANS OF THE VETO )F THE 0 IS SPLIT
IN THE PAST DECADES 0AKISTAN .ORTH +OREA %GYPT )SRAEL ON A MATTER OF INTERNATIONAL SECURITY ANY OF ITS MEM
)NDIA 3OUTH !FRICA AND )RAN HAVE OR ARE DEVELOPING BERS COULD BECOME A ROGUE STATE )N ADDITION THE LOGIC OF
NUCLEAR WEAPONS DIVIDE AND RULE APPLIES IN THE INTERNATIONAL ARENA
3TATISTICS DO NOT REVEAL THE TRUE DEFECT OF THE INSTITU 7E MUST EXPECT THAT NATIONS WILL CIRCUMVENT THE 3ECU
TIONAL ARRANGEMENT 4HE 3ECURITY #OUNCIL CONSISTENTLY RITY #OUNCIL &OLLOWING THE 9UGOSLAV CONmICT THE 3ECU
FAILS TO CONSIDER ISSUES THAT MIGHT BE VETOED &OR EXAM RITY #OUNCIL ENDORSED .!4/S CAMPAIGN 4HE #OUN
PLE .!4/ INITIATED MILITARY ACTION AGAINST 9UGOSLAVIA CIL THEN AUTHORIZED THE DEPLOYMENT OF A PEACEKEEPING
\
02/3 #/.3
WITHOUT 3ECURITY #OUNCIL AUTHORIZATION BECAUSE IT HAD FORCE 4HE 3ECURITY #OUNCIL THUS PROVED TO BE A UNIFY
BECOME EVIDENT THAT 2USSIA AND #HINA WOULD VETO 5. ING FORCE
MILITARY INVOLVEMENT
)N THE RARE RECENT CIRCUMSTANCES IN WHICH THE VETO #OLLECTIVE SECURITY IS OFTEN INDISTINGUISHABLE FROM THE
HAS BEEN EXERCISED IT HAS BEEN HIJACKED BY IDEOLOGICAL NATIONAL INTERESTS OF THE 0 4HE MILITARY MIGHT OF 0
DEMANDS AND PETTY NATIONAL INTERESTS #HINA PREVENTED MEMBERS IS SUCH THAT THEY MUST AVOID DISAGREEMENT TO
PEACEKEEPING OPERATIONS IN 'UATEMALA AND -ACEDONIA PRESERVE INTERNATIONAL PEACE 4HE 0 MAY OCCASIONALLY
BECAUSE THESE COUNTRIES HAD TIES TO 4AIWAN 4HE VETO IS CAST THE VETO FOR SELlSH REASONS -AINTAINING UNITY IS
NO LONGER APPLIED FOR THE MAINTENANCE OF COLLECTIVE SECU MORE IMPORTANT AND MORE CRITICAL THAN EVER IN TODAYS
RITY MULTIPOLAR WORLD
4HE ISSUE OF ABOLISHING THE VETO IS WORTHY OF DISCUSSION !BOLISHING THE VETO IS IMPOSSIBLE 4HE 0 WILL NOT WILL
! DEBATE WILL CLARIFY THE NATURE OF THE VETO AND ITS APPLI INGLY CEDE ITS PREEMINENT POSITION IN INTERNATIONAL POLI
CATION AND EDUCATE THE PUBLIC ON THE #HARTERS AIMS 4HE TICS !ND REMEMBER EACH MEMBER OF 0 WOULD HAVE THE
PUBLIC COULD THEN PRESSURE MEMBERS TO ACT IN ACCORDANCE POWER OF VETO OVER ANY PROPOSAL TO REMOVE THE VETO
WITH THE #HARTER
4HE VETO POWER OPERATES TO THE DETRIMENT OF INTERNA 9OU CANNOT GLIBLY ATTRIBUTE THE FAILURE TO CREATE AN EFFEC
TIONAL ARMS CONTROL AGREEMENTS 4HE 3ECURITY #OUNCIL TIVE SYSTEM FOR ARMS LIMITATION TO 0 VETO POWER 6ETO OR
DIRECTLY OR INDIRECTLY ENFORCES THE WEB OF ARMS LIMITA NO VETO WHAT SHOULD CONSTITUTE THE APPROPRIATE 3ECURITY
TION TREATIES EITHER BECAUSE TREATIES MAKE THE #OUNCIL THE #OUNCIL RESPONSE TO A BREACH OF A NONPROLIFERATION TREATY
ENFORCING AGENT OR BECAUSE MEMBERS OF THE 0 ARE SIG 5NDER THE #HARTER THE #OUNCIL COULD AUTHORIZE ECO
NATORIES 9ET MEMBERS OF THE 0 HAVE USED THEIR VETO TO NOMIC SANCTIONS OR DIRECT MILITARY INTERVENTION 7OULD
PREVENT STRICT ENFORCEMENT OF THESE AGREEMENTS IN ORDER EITHER OVERTLY HOSTILE APPROACH ENCOURAGE DISARMAMENT
TO PROMOTE THEIR NATIONAL INTERESTS $IPLOMACY IS OFTEN BEST CONDUCTED WITHOUT THE BIG STICK
OF THE 3ECURITY #OUNCIL .ONPROLIFERATION IS PRECARIOUS
BECAUSE NATIONS HAVE DIFFERENT INTERESTS 4HESE INTERESTS
WOULD LIKELY BE INmAMED WITHOUT THE CRUCIAL SAFETY VALVE
THE VETO PROVIDES FOR POWER POLITICS
3AMPLE -OTIONS
4HIS (OUSE WOULD ABOLISH THE 3ECURITY #OUNCIL VETO
4HIS (OUSE WOULD SAY NO TO THE VETO
4HIS (OUSE WOULD VETO EVERY VETO
7EB ,INKS
s 'LOBAL 0OLICY /RGANIZATION HTTPWWWGLOBALPOLICYORGSECURITYDOCS
/FFERS DOCUMENTS ON THE 3ECURITY #OUNCIL AS WELL AS PROPOSALS TO REFORM IT
s 4HE 5NITED .ATIONS 3ECURITY #OUNCIL HTTPWWWUNORG$OCSSC
0ROVIDES INFORMATION ON THE #OUNCILS MEMBERS STRUCTURE POWERS AND FUNCTIONS AS WELL AS LINKS TO RECENT #OUNCIL DOCUMENTS
&URTHER 2EADING
2OBERTS !DAM AND "ENEDICT +INGSBURY 5NITED .ATIONS $IVIDED 7ORLD 4HE 5NITED .ATIONS 2OLE IN )NTERNATIONAL 2ELATIONS
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2USSETT "RUCE AND )AN (URD 4HE /NCE AND &UTURE 3ECURITY #OUNCIL 0ALGRAVE
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02/3 #/.3
4HE 5. MUST REFORM THE WAY IT RAISES MILITARY MISSIONS ! 5. STANDING ARMY IS UNNECESSARY )N MANY CASES 5.
5NDER THE PRESENT SYSTEM MONTHS PASS BEFORE TROOPS MISSIONS ARE VERY SUCCESSFUL SOME PROBLEMS ARISE FROM
ARE IN THE lELD THESE FORCES ARE OFTEN INADEQUATE TO THE LENGTHY AND DIFlCULT 3ECURITY #OUNCIL DELIBERATIONS
ASSIGNED MISSION BECAUSE MEMBER STATES HAVE PLEDGED INADEQUATE MANDATES ETC RATHER THAN THE SPEED AT
FEWER TROOPS THAN REQUESTED 4HUS THE 5. HAS OFTEN WHICH THE 5. GATHERED A PEACEKEEPING FORCE )F THE 5.
ACTED TOO LATE WITH TOO LITTLE FORCE AND AS A RESULT HAS HAD A STANDING ARMY IT WOULD BE MORE LIKELY TO USE INAP
FAILED TO AVERT HUMANITARIAN DISASTERS IN 3OMALIA "OSNIA PROPRIATE FORCE ! VERY RAPID RESPONSE MAY ALSO WORSEN
AND 3IERRA ,EONE ! 5. STANDING ARMY WOULD BE ABLE PROBLEMS 4HE TIME IT NOW TAKES TO GATHER AND INSERT A
TO RAPIDLY CONTAIN CRISES BEFORE THEY TURN INTO WARS AND 5. FORCE MAY PROVIDE A PERIOD IN WHICH THE WARRING
HUMANITARIAN DISASTERS GROUPS FEEL COMPELLED TO NEGOTIATE BEFORE OUTSIDE INTER
VENTION BECOMES A REALITY
"ECAUSE A 5. STANDING ARMY WOULD BE INDEPENDENT /NLY GOVERNMENTS HAVE STANDING ARMIES 4HIS PLAN
OF THE GREAT POWERS IT WOULD BE RESPECTED AS NEUTRAL )T WOULD INEVITABLY MAKE THE 5. A WORLD GOVERNMENT ONE
WOULD ALSO BE FREE OF ACCUSATIONS OF MEDDLING AND SELF THAT IS NOT DEMOCRATIC AND WHERE A TOTALITARIAN STATE HAS
INTEREST THAT ACCOMPANY THE TROOPS FROM NEIGHBORING VETO POWER OVER KEY DECISION MAKING ! STANDING ARMY
STATES IN 5. INTERVENTIONS MAY BE COUNTER PRODUCTIVE UNDERMINING PERCEPTIONS OF
THE 5.S NEUTRALITY AND WEAKENING ITS MORAL AUTHORITY
AND ABILITY TO BROKER PEACE AGREEMENTS
! 5. STANDING ARMY WOULD BE MORE EFFECTIVE THAN THE $IFFERENCES IN LANGUAGE CULTURE ETC WILL SERIOUSLY MAR
TROOPS CURRENTLY STAFlNG MANY MISSIONS -OST 5. OPER OPERATIONAL EFFECTIVENESS ESPECIALLY IN COMBAT SITUA
ATIONS ARE SUPPLIED BY DEVELOPING NATIONS WHOSE TROOPS TIONS )N ADDITION IN A MULTINATIONAL FORCE THE SUSPICION
ARE UNDEREQUIPPED AND BADLY TRAINED ! 5. STANDING ALWAYS ARISES THAT A GREAT MANY INDIVIDUAL SOLDIERS MAY
ARMY WOULD BE BETTER PREPARED AND ITS SOLDIERS WOULD BE BE TAKING SIDES IN A PARTICULAR CONmICT !RE SUCH SOLDIERS
MORE HIGHLY MOTIVATED BECAUSE THEY WOULD BE ENLISTEES TO BE PULLED OUT FROM A PARTICULAR MISSION THEREBY WEAK
RATHER THAN CONSCRIPTS ! SINGLE 5. FORCE WOULD ALSO HAVE ENING THE WHOLE FORCE ! 5. ARMY MIGHT ALSO BE VERY
BETTER COMMAND AND CONTROL THAN IS CURRENTLY THE CASE POORLY EQUIPPED IF THE ADVANCED MILITARY POWERS SEE THE
/FTEN DIFFERENT NATIONAL FORCES AND THEIR COMMANDERS 5. AS A POTENTIAL ADVERSARY THEY WILL REFUSE TO SELL IT
FAIL TO WORK EFFECTIVELY TOGETHER 3UCCESSFUL FORCES LIKE THE THEIR BEST ARMS AND MUNITIONS
&RENCH &OREIGN ,EGION SHOW THAT DIFFERENCES IN LANGUAGE
AND CULTURE NEED NOT BE PROBLEMS IN COMBAT SITUATIONS
! 5. STANDING ARMY WOULD BENElT THE WORLD ECONOMY 4HE COST OF SUCH AN ARMY WOULD BE VERY HIGH THE 5.
BY PREVENTING REFUGEE CRISES AND OTHER HUMANITARIAN WOULD HAVE TO TRAIN TRANSPORT AND EQUIP THE FORCE FOR
DISASTERS 4HESE COSTS ARE BOTH DIRECT THROUGH AID AND EVERY POSSIBLE TYPE OF COMBAT SITUATION !T PRESENT THE
INDIRECT AS DEVELOPED NATIONS OFTEN BECOME THE DESTI 5. CAN DRAW ON THE EQUIPMENT AND SKILLS OF MEMBER
NATION OF ILLEGAL IMMIGRANTS mEEING CONmICTS AT HOME STATES TO DEAL WITH VARIOUS SITUATIONS
7AR ALSO DISRUPTS TRADE AND THUS DAMAGES THE GLOBAL
ECONOMY 'REATER CONlDENCE THAT WAR CAN BE AVOIDED
WILL ENCOURAGE LONG TERM INVESTMENT AND CONTRIBUTE
\
02/3 #/.3
TO GREATER PROSPERITY 4HE 5. PAYS MEMBER STATES FOR
PROVIDING TROOPS SO A 5. STANDING ARMY WOULD NOT BE
MUCH MORE EXPENSIVE THAN THE PRESENT SYSTEM
7ITHOUT THE CREATION OF A STANDING ARMY OTHER 5. 4HE 5. CAN IMPROVE RESPONSE WITHOUT RESORTING TO A
REFORMS WILL NOT ADDRESS THE CENTRAL PROBLEMS OF PEACE STANDING ARMY ! 2APID 2EACTION &ORCE WITH ELITE MILITARY
KEEPING ! RAPID REACTION FORCE DRAWN FROM MEMBER CAPABILITY PLEDGED IN ADVANCE FOR 5. OPERATIONS WOULD
STATES MIGHT SPEED UP THE ARRIVAL OF TROOPS SLIGHTLY BUT BUILD ON THE BEST FEATURES OF THE CURRENT SYSTEM 2EMOV
THE 5. WOULD STILL BE DEPENDENT UPON THE GOODWILL OF ING THE VETO POWER OF THE 0ERMANENT &IVE IN THE 3ECURITY
ITS MEMBERS #OUNCIL WOULD AVOID DEADLOCKS AND THE COMPROMISES
THAT PRODUCE WEAK MISSION MANDATES "ETTER INTELLIGENCE
AND ANALYSIS AS WELL AS CENTRAL LOGISTICAL PLANNING WOULD
PERMIT THE 5. TO ASSEMBLE FORCES AND DRAFT MANDATES
BEFORE PROBLEMS BECAME FULL BLOWN CRISES 2ULES COULD
BE CHANGED SO THAT THE 3ECURITY #OUNCIL COULD NOT PASS
RESOLUTIONS REQUIRING FORCE UNTIL MEMBERS HAVE PLEDGED
TROOPS
3AMPLE -OTIONS
4HIS (OUSE WOULD CREATE A 5. STANDING ARMY
4HIS (OUSE WOULD GIVE THE WATCHDOG SOME TEETH
7EB ,INKS
s 5. 0EACEKEEPING HTTPWWWUNORG$EPTSDPKODPKOHOME?BOTTOMHTM
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ON MISSIONS SINCE
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BUILDING MISSIONS
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02/3 #/.3
4HE MAIN REASON TO BE A VEGETARIAN IS TO REDUCE ANIMAL %ATING MEAT DOES NOT NEED TO MEAN CRUELTY TO ANIMALS
SUFFERING &ARM ANIMALS ARE SENTIENT LIVING BEINGS LIKE ! GROWING NUMBER OF ORGANIC AND FREE RANGE FARMS CAN
HUMANS AND LIKE US THEY CAN FEEL PLEASURE AND PAIN PROVIDE MEAT WITHOUT CRUELTY 7E CAN EXTEND ANIMAL
&ARMING AND KILLING THESE ANIMALS FOR FOOD IS WRONG 4HE WELFARE LAWS TO PROTECT FARM ANIMALS BUT THAT DOES NOT
METHODS OF FARMING AND SLAUGHTER ARE OFTEN BARBARIC AND MEAN THAT IT IS WRONG IN PRINCIPLE TO EAT MEAT
CRUEL EVEN ON hFREE RANGEv FARMS !LSO IN MOST COUN
TRIES ANIMAL WELFARE LAWS DO NOT COVER ANIMALS FARMED
FOR FOOD
4O SUGGEST THAT FARM FACTORIES ARE hNATURALv IS ABSURD )T IS NATURAL FOR HUMAN BEINGS TO FARM KILL AND EAT OTHER
THEY ARE UNNATURAL AND CRUEL 4O EAT MEAT IS TO PERPETU SPECIES 4HE WILD OFFERS ONLY A BRUTAL STRUGGLE FOR EXIS
ATE ANIMAL SUFFERING ON A HUGE SCALE A LARGER CRUELER TENCE 4HAT HUMANS HAVE SUCCEEDED IN THAT STRUGGLE BY
AND MORE SYSTEMATIC SCALE THAN ANYTHING FOUND IN THE EXPLOITING OUR NATURAL ADVANTAGES MEANS THAT WE HAVE
WILD (UMANITYS hSUPERIORITYv OVER OTHER ANIMALS THE RIGHT TO USE LOWER SPECIES )N FACT FARMING ANIMALS
MEANS HUMANS HAVE THE REASONING POWER AND MORAL IS MUCH LESS BRUTAL THAN THE PAIN AND HARDSHIP ANIMALS
INSTINCT TO STOP EXPLOITING OTHER SPECIES )F ALIENS FROM INmICT ON EACH OTHER IN THE WILD
ANOTHER PLANET MUCH MORE INTELLIGENT AND POWERFUL
THAN HUMANS FARMED AND FORCE FED HUMAN BEINGS IN
FACTORY FARM CONDITIONS WE WOULD THINK IT WAS MORALLY
ABHORRENT )F THIS WOULD BE WRONG THEN IS IT NOT WRONG
FOR hSUPERIORv HUMANS TO FARM hLOWERv SPECIES SIMPLY
BECAUSE OF OUR ABILITY TO DO SO
(UMAN BEINGS ARE OMNIVORES AND ARE RATIONAL AGENTS WITH (UMAN BEINGS HAVE EVOLVED TO EAT MEAT 4HEY HAVE
FREE WILL THUS THEY CAN CHOOSE WHETHER TO EAT MEAT VEG SHARP CANINE TEETH FOR TEARING ANIMAL mESH AND DIGESTIVE
ETABLES OR BOTH )T MIGHT BE hNATURALv FOR HUMANS TO BE SYSTEMS ADAPTED TO EATING MEAT AND lSH AS WELL AS VEG
VIOLENT TOWARD ONE ANOTHER BUT THAT DOES NOT MEAN THAT ETABLES -ODERN SQUEAMISHNESS ABOUT EATING ANIMALS IS
IT IS RIGHT 3OME NATURAL TRAITS ARE IMMORAL AND SHOULD BE AN AFFECTATION OF A DECADENT SOCIETY THAT mIES IN THE FACE
RESTRAINED )N ANY CASE OUR CLOSEST ANIMAL COUSINS THE OF OUR NATURAL INSTINCTS AND PHYSIOLOGY 7E WERE MADE
APES EAT AN ALL VEGETABLE DIET TO EAT BOTH MEAT AND VEGETABLES #UTTING OUT HALF OF THIS
DIET WILL INEVITABLY MEAN WE LOSE THIS NATURAL BALANCE
"ECOMING A VEGETARIAN IS AN ENVIRONMENTALLY FRIENDLY !LL OF THESE PROBLEMS WOULD EXIST WITHOUT MEAT FARMING
THING TO DO -ODERN FARMING IS ONE OF THE MAIN SOURCES AND lSHING $EFORESTATION HAS OCCURRED FOR CENTURIES AS
OF POLLUTION "EEF FARMING IS ONE OF THE MAIN CAUSES OF HUMAN CIVILIZATIONS EXPAND BUT PLANTING SUSTAINABLE FOR
DEFORESTATION AND AS LONG AS PEOPLE CONTINUE TO BUY FAST ESTS CAN NOW COUNTERACT IT -EAT FARMERS CONTRIBUTE LITTLE
FOOD lNANCIAL INCENTIVES WILL BE IN PLACE TO CONTINUE CUT TO POLLUTION AND MANY WORSE SOURCES OF POLLUTION EXIST
TING DOWN TREES TO MAKE ROOM FOR CATTLE "ECAUSE OF OUR 6EGETABLE AND GRAIN FARMERS ALSO POLLUTE THROUGH USE OF
DESIRE TO EAT lSH OUR RIVERS AND SEAS ARE BEING EMPTIED NITRATES PESTICIDES AND FERTILIZERS &INALLY THE ENERGY
AND MANY SPECIES FACE EXTINCTION -EAT FARMERS USE UP CRISIS IS ONE OF GLOBAL PROPORTIONS IN WHICH MEAT FARMERS
FAR MORE ENERGY RESOURCES THAN THOSE GROWING VEGETABLES PLAY A MINUTE ROLE &INDING ALTERNATIVE SOURCES OF ENERGY
\
02/3 #/.3
AND GRAINS %ATING MEAT FOWL AND lSH CAUSES NOT ONLY NOT LIMITING MEAT FARMING WILL SOLVE THIS PROBLEM
CRUELTY TO ANIMALS BUT ALSO HARM TO THE ENVIRONMENT
h'OING VEGGIEv OFFERS SIGNIlCANT HEALTH BENElTS ! VEG 4HE KEY TO GOOD HEALTH IS A BALANCED DIET NOT A MEAT
ETARIAN DIET CONTAINS HIGH QUANTITIES OF lBER VITAMINS AND lSH FREE DIET -EAT AND lSH ARE GOOD SOURCES OF
AND MINERALS AND IS LOW IN FAT ! VEGAN DIET WHICH PROTEIN IRON AND OTHER VITAMINS AND MINERALS -OST
ELIMINATES ANIMAL PRODUCTS IS EVEN BETTER BECAUSE EGGS OF THE HEALTH BENElTS OF A VEGETARIAN DIET DERIVE FROM
AND DAIRY PRODUCTS ARE HIGH IN CHOLESTEROL %ATING MEAT ITS BEING HIGH IN lBER AND LOW IN FAT AND CHOLESTEROL
INCREASES THE RISK OF DEVELOPING MANY FORMS OF CANCER )N 7E CAN ACHIEVE THESE BENElTS BY AVOIDING FATTY AND FRIED
THE !MERICAN #ANCER 3OCIETY RECOMMENDED THAT FOODS EATING ONLY LEAN GRILLED MEAT AND lSH AND INCLUD
RED MEAT BE EXCLUDED FROM THE DIET ENTIRELY %ATING MEAT ING A LARGE AMOUNT OF FRUIT AND VEGETABLES IN OUR DIET !
ALSO INCREASES THE RISK OF HEART DISEASE ! VEGETARIAN DIET MEAT AND lSH FREE DIET IS UNBALANCED AND CAN RESULT IN
REDUCES THE RISK OF SERIOUS DISEASES AND BECAUSE IT IS LOW PROTEIN AND IRON DElCIENCIES !LSO IN THE 7EST A VEG
IN FAT ALSO HELPS TO PREVENT OBESITY 0LENTY OF VEGETAR ETARIAN DIET IS A MORE EXPENSIVE OPTION A LUXURY FOR THE
IAN SOURCES OF PROTEIN SUCH AS BEANS AND BEAN CURD ARE MIDDLE CLASSES &RESH FRUIT AND VEGETABLES ARE EXTREMELY
AVAILABLE EXPENSIVE COMPARED TO PROCESSED MEATS BACON BURGERS
SAUSAGES ETC
'OING VEGETARIAN OR VEGAN REDUCES THE RISK OF CONTRACT /F COURSE WE SHOULD ENFORCE THE HIGHEST STANDARDS OF
ING FOOD BORNE DISEASES 4HE INCLUSION OF ANIMAL BRAINS HYGIENE AND FOOD SAFETY "UT THIS DOES NOT MEAN THAT WE
IN ANIMAL FEED LED TO OUTBREAKS OF BOVINE SPONGIFORM SHOULD STOP EATING MEAT WHICH IN ITSELF IS A NATURAL AND
ENCEPHALITIS hMAD COW DISEASEv AND ITS HUMAN EQUIVA HEALTHY THING TO DO
LENT #REUTZFELDT *AKOB $ISEASE -EAT AND POULTRY TRANS
MIT ALMOST ALL OF THE POTENTIALLY FATAL FORMS OF FOOD POI
SONING
3AMPLE -OTIONS
4HIS (OUSE BELIEVES THAT IF YOU LOVE ANIMALS YOU SHOULDNT EAT THEM
4HIS (OUSE WOULD GO VEGGIE
7EB ,INKS
s "RITISH-EAT#OM HTTPWWWBRITISHMEATCOMHTM
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s 0EOPLE FOR THE %THICAL 4REATMENT OF !NIMALS HTTPWWWPETAORG
2ADICAL ANIMAL RIGHTS ORGANIZATION OFFERS ARGUMENTS IN FAVOR OF VEGETARIANISM AND INFORMATION ON HOW TO BECOME A VEGETARIAN
s 4HE 6IVA6EGIE 3OCIETY HTTPWWWVIVAVEGIEORGVVREASHTML
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02/3 #/.3
)N ALL DEMOCRACIES VOTER APATHY IS HIGHEST AMONG THE 4HIS IDEA IS NONSENSE 0OLITICAL PARTIES DO TRY TO CAPTURE
POOREST AND MOST EXCLUDED SECTORS OF SOCIETY "ECAUSE THE VOTES OF THE POOR ,OW TURNOUT IS BEST CURED BY MORE
POOR AND MARGINALIZED PEOPLE DO NOT VOTE GOVERNMENTS EDUCATION )N ADDITION THE FORCED INCLUSION OF THESE LESS
DO NOT CREATE POLICIES ADDRESSING THEIR NEEDS 4HIS LEADS INTERESTED VOTERS WILL INCREASE THE INmUENCE OF POLITICAL
TO A VICIOUS CYCLE OF INCREASING ISOLATION 7HEN THE MOST hSPINv BECAUSE PRESENTATION WILL BECOME MORE IMPORTANT
DISENFRANCHISED ARE REQUIRED TO VOTE THEN LOCAL STATE THAN CLEAR ARGUMENT 4HIS WILL FURTHER TRIVIALIZE POLITICS
AND NATIONAL GOVERNMENTS WILL TAKE NOTICE OF THEM AND BURY THE ISSUES UNDER A PILE OF HYPE
! HIGH TURNOUT IS IMPORTANT FOR A PROPER DEMOCRATIC )N A DEMOCRACY THE RIGHT NOT TO VOTE IS AS FUNDAMEN
MANDATE AND THE FUNCTIONING OF DEMOCRACY )N THIS SENSE TAL AS THE RIGHT TO VOTE )NDIVIDUALS SHOULD BE ABLE TO
VOTING IS A CIVIC DUTY COMPARABLE TO JURY DUTY 7EVE CHOOSE WHETHER THEY WANT TO VOTE 3OME PEOPLE ARE
MADE JURY DUTY COMPULSORY TO ENSURE THAT THE COURTS JUST NOT INTERESTED IN POLITICS AND THEY SHOULD HAVE THE
FUNCTION PROPERLY 4HIS IS A STRONG PRECEDENT FOR MAKING RIGHT TO ABSTAIN FROM THE POLITICAL PROCESS 7E COULD ALSO
VOTING COMPULSORY ARGUE THAT THOSE WHO CARE ENOUGH ABOUT KEY ISSUES TO
VOTE DESERVE TO BE HEARD ABOVE THOSE WHO DO NOT !NY
GIVEN ELECTION WILL FUNCTION WITHOUT A TURNOUT A
MUCH SMALLER TURNOUT WILL SUFlCE 4HE SAME IS NOT TRUE
OF JURIES WHICH DO REQUIRE A TURNOUT ALL OF THE
TIME %VEN IN HEALTHY DEMOCRACIES PEOPLE DONT WANT TO
PERFORM JURY DUTY THEREFORE IT HAS BEEN MADE COMPUL
SORY (OWEVER IN A HEALTHY DEMOCRACY PEOPLE SHOULD
WANT TO VOTE )F THEY ARE NOT VOTING IT INDICATES THERE
IS A FUNDAMENTAL PROBLEM WITH THAT DEMOCRACY &ORCING
PEOPLE TO VOTE CANNOT SOLVE SUCH A PROBLEM IT MERELY
CAUSES RESENTMENT
3OLDIERS IN NUMEROUS WARS AND THE SUFFRAGETTES OF MANY 4HOSE WHO FOUGHT FOR DEMOCRACY FOUGHT FOR THE RIGHT TO
COUNTRIES FOUGHT AND DIED FOR THE RIGHT TO VOTE 7E VOTE NOT THE COMPULSION TO VOTE 4HE FAILURE TO VOTE IS A
SHOULD RESPECT THEIR SACRIlCE BY VOTING POWERFUL STATEMENT BECAUSE IT DECREASES TURNOUT WHICH
DECREASES A GOVERNMENTS MANDATE "Y FORCING UNWILLING
VOTERS TO THE BALLOT BOX A GOVERNMENT CAN MAKE ITS MAN
DATE MUCH LARGER THAN THE PEOPLE ACTUALLY WISH IT TO BE
0EOPLE FORCED TO VOTE WILL NOT MAKE A CONSIDERED DECISION

0EOPLE WHO KNOW THEY WILL HAVE TO VOTE WILL TAKE POLITICS !T BEST THEY WILL VOTE RANDOMLY AT WORST THEY WILL VOTE
MORE SERIOUSLY AND START TO TAKE A MORE ACTIVE ROLE FOR EXTREME PARTIES AS HAPPENED IN !USTRALIA RECENTLY
#OMPULSORY VOTING IS EFFECTIVE )N !USTRALIA TURNOUTS ARE 4HE IDEA IS NOT FEASIBLE )F A LARGE PROPORTION OF THE
AS HIGH AS POPULATION DECIDED NOT TO VOTE IT WOULD BE IMPOSSIBLE
\
02/3 #/.3
TO MAKE EVERY NONVOTER PAY THE lNE 4HE GOVERNMENT
WOULD HAVE TO CHASE DOWN MILLIONS OF PEOPLE AND TAKE
ACTION AGAINST MILLIONS WHO WOULD NOT PAY )RONICALLY
THIS MEASURE WOULD HURT MOST THOSE WHO ARE SUPPOSEDLY
BEING ENFRANCHISED BECAUSE THEY ARE LEAST ABLE TO PAY
)N NATIONS WITH COMPULSORY VOTING POSTAL AND PROXY -ANY PEOPLE DONT VOTE BECAUSE THEY ARE BUSY AND CANNOT
VOTING IS AVAILABLE FOR THOSE WHO ARE OTHERWISE BUSY )N TAKE THE TIME OFF -AKING VOTING COMPULSORY WILL NOT GET
ADDITION WHEN )NTERNET VOTING BECOMES AVAILABLE IN A THESE PEOPLE TO THE BALLOT BOX IF THEY ARE ACTUALLY UNABLE
FEW YEARS THOSE WITH COMPUTERS WILL BE ABLE TO VOTE FROM TO DO SO
THEIR OWN HOMES
3AMPLE -OTIONS
4HIS (OUSE WOULD MAKE VOTING COMPULSORY
4HIS (OUSE BELIEVES THAT A DEMOCRACY IS NO PLACE FOR APATHY
4HIS (OUSE BELIEVES THAT VOTING IS A DUTY NOT A RIGHT
7EB ,INKS
s 4HE 'REAT 6OTING (OAX HTTPWWWMIND TREKCOMWRIT DTFVOTEHOAXINDEXHTM
/NE INDIVIDUALS RESPONSE TO COMPULSORY VOTING
&URTHER 2EADING
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02/3 #/.3
7RONGDOING AND WRONGDOERS MUST BE PUNISHED 7HEN /F COURSE WRONGDOING SHOULD BE PUNISHED "UT THE TRIAL
A CRIME HAS CONSUMED AN ENTIRE NATION ONLY A FOREIGN SHOULD BE HELD IN THE COUNTRY WHERE THE CRIME WAS COM
TRIAL CAN SUPPLY DISINTERESTED DUE PROCESS MITTED !NY OUTSIDE INTERVENTION IN MATTERS OF SOVEREIGN
STATES IS HIGH HANDED AND IMPERIALISTIC
#OUNTRIES CAN EXPLICITLY CEDE JURISDICTION FOR SUCH CRIMES #LOSURE IS THE LAST THING TRIBUNALS BRING 4HESE TRIALS ALIEN
TO INTERNATIONAL TRIBUNALS 4HESE BODIES ARE TRYING TO ATE LARGE PORTIONS OF THE NATION AND TURN PEOPLE AGAINST
ACHIEVE JUSTICE AND CLOSURE THAT WILL BENElT THE ENTIRE THE NEW GOVERNMENT WHICH IS SEEN AS COLLABORATING WITH
NATION FOREIGN IMPERIALISTS 3UCH TRIALS INCREASE TENSION

02/3 #/.3
4HE WORLD COMMUNITY MUST SEND A CLEAR MESSAGE THAT IT .O ONE CAN DISPUTE THE ENORMITY OF SUCH CRIMES "UT
WILL ACT AGAINST APPALLING WAR CRIMES 4HIS MUST BE DONE THESE TRIALS DAMAGE A NATION BY REOPENING OLD WOUNDS
ON AN INTERNATIONAL STAGE THROUGH INTERNATIONAL COURTS 3PAIN FOR EXAMPLE DID NOT EMBARK ON WITCH HUNTS FOL
LOWING THE BLOODY AND REPRESSIVE REGIME OF &RANCISCO
&RANCO )NSTEAD IT TURNED THE PAGE ON THOSE YEARS AND
MOVED ON COLLECTIVELY WITH NO RECRIMINATION "ETWEEN
JUSTICE AND SECURITY THERE IS ALWAYS A TRADE OFF 7HERE
POSSIBLE PEACE SHOULD BE SECURED BY RECONCILIATION RATHER
THAN RECRIMINATION
4HE ISSUE OF SOVEREIGNTY IS INCREASINGLY LESS IMPORTANT IN 7HATEVER THE TRUTH ABOUT GLOBALIZATION AND SOVEREIGNTY
A GLOBALIZING WORLD 4HE POOLING OF SOVEREIGNTY OCCURS WAR CRIMES TRIBUNALS DO NOT STANDARDIZE JUSTICE 4HEY ARE
WITH INCREASING FREQUENCY AND ANY STEP TOWARD AN INTER NOTHING MORE THAN VICTORS ARBITRARY JUSTICE 4HIS TYPE OF
NATIONALIZATION OF LEGAL SYSTEMS SUCH AS THE USE OF INTER JUSTICE UNDERMINES INTERNATIONAL LAW
NATIONAL TRIBUNALS IS WELCOME
7E HAVE TO UPHOLD THE PRINCIPLE THAT IF YOU COMMIT 4HE THREAT OF POSSIBLE LEGAL ACTION HAS NOT STOPPED
SERIOUS CRIMES YOU WILL BE PUNISHED )F WE DO NOT TAKE COUNTLESS HEINOUS CRIMES IN THE PAST SO WHY SHOULD IT
ACTION AGAINST WAR CRIMINALS WE WILL ENCOURAGE FUTURE NOW 4HESE PEOPLE ARE NOT RATIONAL AND HAVE NO RESPECT
CRIMES FOR INTERNATIONAL LAW
3AMPLE -OTIONS
4HIS (OUSE WOULD HAVE WAR CRIMES TRIBUNALS
4HIS (OUSE BELIEVES WAR CRIMES MUST BE PUNISHED
7EB ,INKS
s !MERICAN 5NIVERSITY 2ESEARCH /FlCE FOR 7AR #RIMES 4RIBUNALS FOR THE &ORMER 9UGOSLAVIA AND 2WANDA HTTPWWWWCLAMERI
CANEDUPUBHUMRIGHTWCRIMESRESEARCHHTML
$ETAILED SITE ON ACTUAL TRIBUNALS
s )SSUES AND #ONTROVERSIES /N &ILE 7AR #RIMES 4RIBUNALS HTTPWWWFACTSCOMICOFWARINTROHTM
#LEAR AND COMPREHENSIVE INTRODUCTION OFFERING HISTORICAL BACKGROUND AS WELL AS ARGUMENTS FOR AND AGAINST TRIBUNALS
s 3PECIAL )NTERNATIONAL #RIMINAL 4RIBUNALS HTTPWWWGLOBALPOLICYORGINTLJUSTICETRIBINDXHTM
0ROVIDES INFORMATION ON 5. WAR CRIMES TRIBUNALS IN 2WANDA AND 9UGOSLAVIA AS WELL AS EFFORTS TO ESTABLISH TRIBUNALS IN %AST 4IMOR
#AMBODIA AND 3IERRA ,EONE
&URTHER 2EADING
!SKIN +ELLY $AWN 7AR #RIMES !GAINST 7OMEN 0ROSECUTION IN )NTERNATIONAL 7AR #RIMES 4RIBUNALS -ARTINUS .IJHOFF
"ASS 'ARY *ONATHAN 3TAY THE (AND OF 6ENGEANCE 4HE 0OLITICS OF 7AR #RIMES 4RIBUNALS 0RINCETON 5NIVERSITY 0RESS
(ARRIS -ARSHALL &REEMAN 2 "RUCE (ITCHNER ET AL -AKING *USTICE 7ORK 4HE 2EPORT OF THE #ENTURY &OUNDATION4WENTIETH #ENTURY
&UND 4ASK &ORCE ON !PPREHENDING )NDICTED 7AR #RIMINALS 4WENTIETH #ENTURY &UND
(ITCHENS #HRISTOPHER 4HE 4RIAL OF (ENRY +ISSINGER 6ERSO
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02/3 #/.3
7ATER OCCURS RANDOMLY JUST LIKE OIL AND GAS WHICH ARE 7ATER IS THE MOST VITAL OF %ARTHS RANDOMLY OCCURRING
TREATED AS COMMODITIES THAT CAN BE BOUGHT AND SOLD )F RESOURCES IT IS ESSENTIAL FOR SURVIVAL #ONSEQUENTLY
COUNTRIES CAN TAKE ADVANTAGE OF THEIR GEOGRAPHIC LOCA WATER RICH COUNTRIES HAVE NO MORAL RIGHT TO PROlT FROM
TION TO SELL OIL AND GAS THEY ARE JUSTIlED IN USING WATER THIS RESOURCE %VERY INHABITANT OF THE PLANET HAS AN EQUAL
RESOURCES TO SUPPORT THEIR ECONOMIES &AILURE TO VIEW RIGHT TO WATER AND mOWING WATER HAS NO POLITICAL BOUND
WATER AS A PRECIOUS MARKETABLE COMMODITY MAKES IT FAR ARIES
LESS VALUED AND LEADS TO UNRESTRICTED WATER USE BY ENVI
RONMENTALLY UNCONSCIOUS SOCIETIES
#ONTROL AND MANAGEMENT OF WATERTHE MAINTENANCE OF )T IS IMMORAL TO CHARGE FOR WATER BEYOND THE COST OF
DAMS RESERVOIRS AND IRRIGATION SYSTEMSCOSTS MILLIONS WATER SYSTEMS MAINTENANCE 7ATER IS A COMMODITY ONLY
OF DOLLARS AND IS A BURDEN ON UPSTREAM STATES BUDGETS UP TO A CERTAIN POINT /NCE WATER EXCEEDS A RESERVOIRS
!LL OF THESE EXPENSES INCLUDING THE OPPORTUNITY COST OF CAPACITY IT IS NOT A COMMODITY BECAUSE IT WILL mOW FREE
FERTILE LANDS ALLOCATED FOR RESERVOIRS AND DAMS SHOULD BE OVER THE DAM $AMS MAY ALSO CREATE DANGEROUS CONDI
COVERED BY DOWNSTREAM STATES WHICH ARE THE PRIMARY TIONS BECAUSE DOWNSTREAM STATES MAY BE mOODED IF A DAM
CONSUMERS OF WATER &OR EXAMPLE THAT AN UPSTREAM STATE BREAKS
CANNOT USE THE WATER mOWING THROUGH IT TO PRODUCE ELEC
TRICITY TO OFFSET THE COSTS OF WATER MANAGEMENT IS UNFAIR
7ATER RESOURCES ARE DISTRIBUTED UNEQUALLY 5NEVEN DISTRI &ACED WITH SCARCITY AND DROUGHT STATES MAY RESORT
BUTION AND WASTEFUL CONSUMPTION WARRANT THE INTRODUC TO FORCE TO GAIN CONTROL OF WATER RESOURCES 4HEREFORE
TION OF THE hPAY FOR WATERv APPROACH )S IT FAIR TO PREFER MAKING WATER A COMMODITY IS A POTENTIAL CAUSE OF MANY
TO USE WATER TO IRRIGATE INFERTILE SEMI DESERTS DOWNSTREAM CONmICTS AND SHOULD BE AVOIDED
RATHER THAN USING WATER MORE EFlCIENTLY UPSTREAM
3AMPLE -OTIONS
4HIS (OUSE AGREES THAT WATER mOWS CAN BE AN ARTICLE OF TRADE
4HIS (OUSE SHOULD ENDORSE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE IN WATER RESOURCES
4HIS (OUSE DOES NOT SUPPORT LEGISLATION FOR TRADING OF WATER RESOURCES
7EB ,INKS
s 4HE 4RANSBOUNDARY &RESHWATER $ISPUTE $ATABASE HTTPWWWTRANSBOUNDARYWATERSORSTEDU
! COMPREHENSIVE RESOURCE ON WATER TREATIES
s 7ATER #ONmICTS WWWWATERCONmICTSCOM
! SITE PROMOTING UNDERSTANDING OF WATER RIGHTS AND WATER CONmICTS
s 7ORLD 7ATER #OUNCIL WWWWORLDWATERCOUNCILORG
3ITE MAINTAINED BY AN INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION DEDICATED TO IMPROVING WORLD MANAGEMENT OF WATER OFFERS ARTICLES AND RESOURCES
ON WATER ISSUES
s 4HE 7ORLDS 7ATER WWWWORLDWATERORG
5P TO DATE INFORMATION ON GLOBAL FRESHWATER RESOURCES

&URTHER 2EADING
!MERY (USSEIN ! ED 7ATER IN THE -IDDLE %AST ! 'EOGRAPHY OF 0EACE 5NIVERSITY OF 4EXAS
$E 6ILLIERS -ARQ 7ATER 4HE &ATE OF /UR -OST 0RECIOUS 2ESOURCE )SLAND 0RESS
0OSTEL 3ANDRA ,AST /ASIS &ACING 7ATER 3CARCITY .ORTON
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02/3 #/.3
7HALES SHOULD BE TREATED IN THE SAME WAY AS OTHER ANI +ILLING WHALES FOR HUMAN USE IS MORALLY WRONG -ANY
MALS AS A RESOURCE TO BE USED FOR FOOD AND OTHER PROD PEOPLE BELIEVE THAT NO ANIMAL SHOULD SUFFER AND DIE FOR
UCTS 7HALES SHOULD NOT BE HUNTED TO EXTINCTION BUT THE BENElT OF HUMANS BUT EVEN IF YOU DO NOT HOLD SUCH
IF THEIR NUMBERS ARE HEALTHY THEN HUNTING THEM SHOULD VIEWS WHALES SHOULD BE TREATED AS A SPECIAL CASE 7HALES
BE PERMITTED 3CIENTISTS HAVE CONDUCTED STUDIES OF INTEL ARE EXCEPTIONALLY INTELLIGENT AND SOCIAL BEINGS ABLE TO
LIGENCE ON DOLPHINS NOT WHALES THESE STUDIES HOWEVER COMMUNICATE mUENTLY WITH EACH OTHER 4HE HUNTING AND
CANNOT MEASURE INTELLIGENCE IN ANY USEFUL WAY !LTHOUGH THE KILLING OF ANIMALS THAT APPEAR TO SHARE MANY SOCIAL
PEOPLE IN SOME 7ESTERN NATIONS VIEW WHALES AS SPECIAL AND INTELLECTUAL ABILITIES WITH HUMANS ARE IMMORAL
AND IN NEED OF PROTECTION THIS VIEW IS NOT WIDELY SHARED
BY OTHER COUNTRIES 4O IMPOSE IT UPON OTHERS IS A FORM OF
CULTURAL IMPERIALISM
7HALE POPULATIONS ARE HEALTHY PARTICULARLY THOSE OF 7E SHOULD ADHERE TO A PRECAUTIONARY PRINCIPLE !CTUAL
MINKE WHALES WHICH NOW NUMBER OVER A MILLION ! WHALE POPULATIONS ARE NOT TRULY KNOWN BUT THEY APPEAR
RESUMPTION OF HUNTING UNDER REGULATION WILL NOT ADVERSELY TO BE NOWHERE NEAR AS GREAT AS PRO WHALERS SUGGEST 5NTIL
AFFECT THEIR SURVIVAL 4HE )7# DID NOT IMPOSE THE BAN THE INTERNATIONAL BAN SEVERAL SPECIES WERE CLOSE TO EXTINC
ON WHALING FOR MORAL REASONS BUT TO PREVENT EXTINCTION TION 4HIS COULD EASILY HAPPEN AGAIN IF THE BAN WERE
.UMBERS HAVE NOW GREATLY INCREASED 4HE BAN HAS SERVED LIFTED ESPECIALLY BECAUSE REGULATION IS DIFlCULT %VEN IF
ITS ORIGINAL PURPOSE AND IT IS TIME TO LIFT IT HUNTING WERE RESTRICTED TO THE MORE NUMEROUS SPECIES
OF WHALES OTHER LESS COMMON SPECIES MAY BE KILLED BY
MISTAKE
7HALE HUNTING IS AN IMPORTANT ASPECT OF SOME CULTURES 4RADITIONAL HUNTING METHODS ARE OFTEN CRUEL THEY INVOLVE
&OR SOME GROUPS THE HUNTING OF A SMALL NUMBER OF WHALES DRIVING WHALES TO BEACH THEMSELVES AND THEN KILLING THEM
IS AN IMPORTANT FEATURE IN THE LOCAL SUBSISTENCE ECONOMY SLOWLY WITH LONG KNIVES OR SINGLING OUT VULNERABLE NURS
A WAY OF RECONNECTING THEMSELVES WITH THE TRADITIONS OF ING MOTHERS WITH CALVES "ECAUSE ONLY SMALL NUMBERS ARE
THEIR ANCESTORS AND AFlRMING THEIR GROUP IDENTITY AGAINST TAKEN WITH RELATIVELY PRIMITIVE EQUIPMENT THE HUNTERS
THE ONSLAUGHT OF GLOBALIZATION DO NOT DEVELOP ENOUGH SKILL OR POSSESS THE TECHNOLOGY
\
02/3 #/.3
TO ACHIEVE THE CLEAN AND QUICK KILLS NECESSARY TO PREVENT
SUFFERING !LSO WHAT IF THE WHALES THESE GROUPS WISH
TO HUNT ARE FROM THE MOST ENDANGERED SPECIES 3HOULD
THESE GROUPS BE PERMITTED TO KILL THEM BECAUSE OF THEIR
hCULTURAL HERITAGEv )N ANY CASE MANY TRADITIONAL PRAC
TICES EG SLAVERY FEMALE GENITAL MUTILATION HAVE BEEN
OUTLAWED AS ABHORRENT IN MODERN SOCIETY
%CONOMIC FACTORS ARGUE FOR A RESUMPTION OF WHALING 7HALE WATCHING NOW GENERATES A BILLION DOLLARS A YEAR
)N BOTH *APAN AND .ORWAY REMOTE COASTAL COMMUNITIES MORE INCOME WORLDWIDE THAN THE WHALING INDUSTRY
DEPEND ON WHALING FOR THEIR LIVELIHOOD "OTH COUNTRIES BROUGHT IN PRIOR TO THE HUNTING BAN 4HIS INDUSTRY AND
HAVE AN INVESTMENT IN SHIPS RESEARCH PROCESSING CENTERS THE JOBS IT CREATES IN REMOTE COASTAL AREAS WOULD BE JEOP
ETC THAT WOULD BE WASTED IF THE TEMPORARY WHALING BAN ARDIZED IF WHALE NUMBERS FELL OR IF THESE INTELLIGENT ANI
WERE EXTENDED INDElNITELY MALS BECAME MUCH MORE WARY AROUND HUMAN ACTIVITY
-ODERN WHALING IS HUMANE ESPECIALLY COMPARED TO THE 7HALING IS INHERENTLY CRUEL "EFORE THE WHALE IS HAR
FACTORY FARMING OF CHICKENS COWS AND PIGS -OST WHALES POONED IT IS USUALLY EXHAUSTED BY A LONG AND STRESSFUL
DIE INSTANTLY OR VERY QUICKLY AND *APANESE RESEARCHERS CHASE "ECAUSE WHALES ARE MOVING TARGETS A MARKSMAN
HAVE DEVELOPED NEW MORE POWERFUL HARPOONS THAT WILL CAN ACHIEVE A DIRECT HIT ONLY WITH GREAT DIFlCULTY 4HE
MAKE KILLS EVEN MORE CERTAIN EXPLOSIVE TIPPED HARPOON WOUNDS MANY WHALES WHO
OFTEN SURVIVE FOR SOME TIME BEFORE lNALLY BEING KILLED
BY RImE SHOTS OR BY ADDITIONAL HARPOONS %VEN WHEN A
DIRECT HIT IS SCORED THE EXPLOSIVE OFTEN FAILS TO DETONATE
*APANESE WHALING SHIPS REPORT THAT ONLY OF WHALES
ARE KILLED INSTANTLY
7HALES DAMAGE THE lSH STOCKS ON WHICH MANY PEOPLE 4HE DECLINE IN lSH STOCKS IS CAUSED BY OVERlSHING NOT
DEPEND FOR THEIR FOOD AND LIVELIHOOD #ULLING WHALES WILL WHALE PREDATION -ANY WHALES EAT ONLY PLANKTON 4HE
REDUCE THE DECLINE IN lSH STOCKS OCEANS HAD PLENTY OF lSH BEFORE LARGE SCALE WHALING
BEGAN )NDEED SOME WHALES EAT THE LARGER lSH THAT PREY
ON COMMERCIALLY IMPORTANT SPECIES ! WHALE CULL MIGHT
HAVE THE PERVERSE EFFECT OF FURTHER REDUCING VALUABLE lSH
STOCKS
! POLICY OF LIMITED HUNTING COULD PREVENT THE POTENTIAL !NY SYSTEM THAT ALLOWS WHALING WILL BE OPEN TO CHEAT
COLLAPSE OF THE )NTERNATIONAL 7HALING #OMMISSION 4HE ING GIVEN THE DEMAND FOR WHALE MEAT IN *APAN $.!
)7# BAN WAS INTENDED TO ALLOW NUMBERS TO RECOVER THIS TESTS REVEAL THAT *APANS hSCIENTIlC WHALINGv HAS RESULTED
TEMPORARY MEASURE HAS SERVED ITS PURPOSE )F PROHIBITION IN SCARCE SPECIES BEING TAKEN AND CONSUMED *APAN AND
CONTINUES AND THE )7# BECOMES MORE CONCERNED WITH .ORWAY COULD LEAVE THE )7# BUT THIS WOULD PROVOKE AN
MORAL POSITIONS THAN WHALING MANAGEMENT *APAN AND INTERNATIONAL OUTCRY AND POSSIBLY SANCTIONS SO IT IS NOT
.ORWAY MAY LEAVE THE ORGANIZATION .OTHING IN INTERNA IN THEIR BEST INTERESTS TO DO SO
TIONAL LAW PREVENTS THEM FROM RESUMING WHALING OUTSIDE
THE )7# 4HUS WHALING WILL AGAIN BE UNREGULATED WITH
MORE WHALES DYING AND PERHAPS GREATER CRUELTY
3AMPLE -OTIONS
4HIS (OUSE WOULD ALLOW WHALING TO RESUME
4HIS (OUSE WOULD HARVEST THE BOUNTY OF THE SEA
4HIS (OUSE WOULD SAVE THE WHALE

7EB ,INKS
s 4HE )NTERNATIONAL 7HALING #OMMISSION HTTPWWWIWCOFlCEORG
,INKS TO INFORMATION ON THE ORGANIZATION AS WELL AS TO INFORMATION ON CONSERVATION EFFORTS AND SCIENTIlC RESEARCH ON WHALES DOL
PHINS AND PORPOISES
s -AKAH 7HALING 1UESTIONS AND !NSWERS HTTPWWWMAKAHCOMWHALESHTM
.ATIVE !MERICAN SITE EXPLAINING PLANS TO RESUME TRADITIONAL WHALING
s /$). HTTPODINDEPNOODINENGELSKNORWAYENVIRONMENT
.ORWEGIAN &OREIGN -INISTRY SITE WITH INFORMATION ON THAT COUNTRYS DECISION TO RESUME SOME WHALING
s 7HALE AND $OLPHIN #ONSERVATION 3OCIETY HTTPWWWWDCSORG
0ROVIDES INFORMATION ON THE STATUS OF WHALES DOLPHINS AND PORPOISES AS WELL AS EFFORTS TO PROTECT THEM
&URTHER 2EADING
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02/3 #/.3
-AKING PEOPLE WORK FOR THEIR WELFARE BENElTS BREAKS 7ORKFARE PROGRAMS ARE DEMEANING TO THE POOR WHO ARE
THE DEPENDENCY CULTURE 2ECEIVING BENElTS FOR DOING TREATED AS SLAVE LABOR .O ONE VOLUNTARILY SEEKS TO LIVE ON
NOTHING MAKES INDIVIDUALS TOO RELIANT ON THE STATE AND THE VERY LOW INCOME PROVIDED BY WELFARE BENElTS 7ORK
ENCOURAGES APATHY AND LAZINESS 4YING WELFARE PAYMENTS FARE IGNORES THE TALENTS AND AMBITIONS OF THOSE INVOLVED
TO PRODUCTIVE WORK CHALLENGES THE SOMETHING FOR NOTH TYPICALLY USING THEM FOR MENIAL TASKS AND MANUAL LABOR
ING ASSUMPTIONS OF SOME WELFARE RECIPIENTS AND SHOWS THAT TEACH THEM NO USEFUL SKILLS
THAT THE STATE HAS A RIGHT TO ASK FOR SOMETHING IN RETURN
FOR THE GENEROSITY OF ITS TAXPAYERS
7ORKFARE OFFERS A ROUTE OUT OF POVERTY BY GIVING PARTICI 7ORKFARE PROGRAMS ARE OF LITTLE USE IF NO JOBS ARE AVAIL
PANTS THE SKILLS NEEDED TO lND AND KEEP JOBS 0RODUCTIVE ABLE /FTEN PROGRAMS DO NOT TEACH PEOPLE NECESSARY
WORK INCREASES SELF RESPECT AND PROVIDES THE POOR WITH SKILLS SUCH AS LITERACY FACILITY WITH MATH AND FAMILIARITY
MORE CONlDENCE IN THEIR ABILITIES )NDIVIDUALS WHO ARE WITH MODERN INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY )NSTEAD WORKFARE
CURRENTLY WORKING ARE ALSO MORE ATTRACTIVE TO POTENTIAL RECIPIENTS ARE GIVEN MENIAL TASKS UNLIKELY TO MAKE THEM
EMPLOYERS THAN THOSE WHO ARE UNEMPLOYED MORE EMPLOYABLE 'OVERNMENT SHOULD INVEST IN EDUCA
TION AND TRAINING PROGRAMS INSTEAD OF WORKFARE &INALLY
IF PEOPLE ON WORKFARE ARE FORCED INTO REAL JOBS THAT NEED
DOING THEY SHOULD BE EMPLOYED THROUGH NORMAL CHAN
NELS
-AKING THE UNEMPLOYED WORK FOR THEIR WELFARE BENElTS 0UTTING THE UNEMPLOYED INTO WORKFARE PROGRAMS LIMITS
CALLS THE BLUFF OF THOSE CLAIMING BENElTS BUT NOT REALLY THEIR OPPORTUNITIES TO LOOK FOR REAL WORK 3OME MAY TURN
LOOKING FOR JOBS -OVING FROM A TRADITIONAL SOMETHING TO CRIME RATHER THAN ACCEPT WORKFARE PROJECTS
FOR NOTHING WELFARE POLICY TO A WORKFARE SYSTEM STOPS
INDIVIDUALS FROM BEING A BURDEN ON THE STATE )T CUTS
\
02/3 #/.3
WELFARE ROLLS VERY RAPIDLY AND ALLOWS THE GOVERNMENT TO
CONCENTRATE UPON ASSISTING THE TRULY NEEDY
3PENDING MONEY ON WORKFARE PROGRAMS IS AN INVESTMENT 7ORKFARE IS ACTUALLY MORE EXPENSIVE THAN TRADITIONAL WEL
IN PEOPLE WHO GAIN THE OPPORTUNITY TO LIFT THEMSELVES FARE PROGRAMS BECAUSE THE STATE ALSO HAS TO PAY THE COSTS
OUT OF POVERTY 7ORKFARE ALSO BENElTS THE ECONOMY OF SETTING UP THE PROGRAMS AND SUPERVISING THEM
BY PROVIDING A BETTER SUPPLY OF LABOR AND BY INCREAS
ING CONSUMER SPENDING !LTHOUGH WORKFARE PROGRAMS
MIGHT COST MORE PER PERSON THAN JUST HANDING OUT
WELFARE CHECKS THEIR ABILITY TO DETER FRAUDULENT CLAIMS
MAKES THEM CHEAPER IN THE LONG RUN
3OCIETY ALSO BENElTS FROM THE WORK DONE BY THOSE IN )NDIVIDUALS FORCED INTO WORKFARE LACK INCENTIVES TO WORK
WORKFARE PROGRAMS THAT IMPROVE THE ECONOMY OR HELP TO A HIGH STANDARD AND MAY BE ACTIVELY DISAFFECTED 4HE
THE ELDERLY AND DISABLED )N MANY CASES THE LABOR THEY WORK THEY DO IS THEREFORE UNLIKELY TO BENElT ANYONE AND
PROVIDE WOULD NOT HAVE BEEN AVAILABLE IN ANY OTHER WAY RAISES A NUMBER OF ISSUES 7OULD YOU USE A BRIDGE BUILT
BY WORKFARE LABOR 7OULD YOU TRUST YOUR AGED PARENT OR
YOUNG CHILD TO SOMEONE ON WORKFARE
7ORKFARE PROJECTS CAN BE DESIGNED SO THAT THEY DO NOT 4HOSE ON WORKFARE WILL BE COMPETING WITH THOSE WHO ARE
DISPLACE LOW PAID WORKERS )N ANY CASE MANY OF THOSE ALREADY EMPLOYED PARTICULARLY WORKERS IN MENIAL JOBS
IN MINIMUM WAGE JOBS DO SUCH WORK FOR A RELATIVELY 7HY SHOULD LOCAL GOVERNMENT PAY PEOPLE TO PICK UP
SHORT TIME BEFORE lNDING BETTER POSITIONS #ONSEQUENTLY LITTER IF WORKFARE TEAMS CAN BE MADE TO DO IT FOR MUCH
WORKFARE WILL NOT JEOPARDIZE THOSE AT THE LOW END OF THE LESS )F LOW PAID WORKERS ARE DISPLACED THE ULTIMATE RESULT
JOB MARKET MAY BE HIGHER UNEMPLOYMENT
3AMPLE -OTIONS
4HIS (OUSE WOULD INTRODUCE WORKFARE
4HIS (OUSE WOULD END WELFARE
4HIS (OUSE BELIEVES IN THE DIGNITY OF LABOR
7EB ,INKS
s )S 7ORKFARE 7ORKING HTTPWWWLINCPROJECTORG.EWSLETTERS72)4HE7ORDISSUESFOLDERBARRAISESHTML
3HORT ARTICLE SUMMARIZING THE OPINIONS OF SIX EXPERTS ON WORKFARE
s 7ORKFARE "OOM OR "UST HTTPWWWPOETIC JUSTICECOMESSAYSWORKFAREHTM
3UMMARY OF #ANADAS EXPERIENCE WITH WORKFARE
s 7ORKFARE 2ESEARCH AND !DVOCACY 0ROJECT HTTPWWWWELFARELAWORGWRAP?PROGRESSHTML
3ITE PROVIDES INFORMATION DESIGNED TO EMPOWER THOSE ON WORKFARE
s 7ORKFARE TO 7AGES HTTPWWWARCORGGRIPPRESEARCH0UBLICATIONSPUBLICATIONS0/7%2POWER0GHTML
2EPORT ON THE PROBLEMS OF WORKFARE IN 3AN &RANCISCO
&URTHER 2EADING
-INK 'WENDOLYN 7ELFARES %ND #ORNELL 5NIVERSITY 0RESS
0ECK *AMIE &RANCES &OX 0IVEN AND 2ICHARD #LOWARD 7ORKFARE 3TATES 'UILFORD 0RESS
3HAGGE %RIC 7ORKFARE )DEOLOGY FOR A .EW 5NDERCLASS 'ARAMOND 0RESS
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02/3 #/.3
:ERO TOLERANCE POLICING PROVIDES A POWERFUL DETERRENT -INOR OFFENDERS GANG MEMBERS AND THE POOR ARE VERY
TO CRIMINALS FOR THREE REASONS &IRST IT IS ACCOMPANIED UNLIKELY TO BE AWARE OF THE PUNISHMENTS FOR THEIR CRIMES
BY A GREATER POLICE PRESENCE 2ESEARCH SHOWS A DIRECT SO THE THREAT OF PUNISHMENT HAS LITTLE EFFECT ON THEM
LINK BETWEEN THE PERCEIVED CHANCE OF DETECTION AND -ANY CRIMES ARE A RESULT OF POVERTY AND DRUGS AND CAN
CRIME RATES 3ECOND STRICT AND CERTAIN PUNISHMENT BE REDUCED ONLY BY STRUCTURAL CHANGES TO THE SOCIETY NOT
DETERS CRIMINALS 4HIRD IT PROVIDES THE hSHORT SHARP BY THREATENING PUNISHMENT 4HE IDEA OF A hSHORT SHARP
SHOCKv THAT STOPS PETTY CRIMINALS FROM ESCALATING THEIR SHOCKv IS UNCONVINCING ,ABELING PEOPLE CRIMINALS AT AN
CRIMINAL BEHAVIOR )T GIVES A CLEAR MESSAGE THAT CRIME IS EARLY AGE CAUSES THEM TO PERCEIVE THEMSELVES AS SUCH 4HIS
NOT TOLERATED LEADS PETTY CRIMINALS TO COMMIT MORE SERIOUS OFFENSES
:ERO TOLERANCE POLICING IS EXTREMELY EFFECTIVE AGAINST !RRESTING SMALL SCALE PUSHERS AND USERS TARGETS THE VIC
SMALL SCALE DRUG PUSHERS WHOSE PRESENCE IN A NEIGHBOR TIMS TO STOP THE CRIME !S WELL AS BEING UNFAIR IT IS INEF
HOOD CREATES AN ATMOSPHERE IN WHICH CRIME mOURISHES FECTIVE !S LONG AS THERE IS A DEMAND FOR DRUGS THERE
$RUG USE IS A MAJOR CAUSE OF CRIME BECAUSE ADDICTS USU WILL BE DRUG DEALING $EMAND CAN BE STOPPED ONLY BY
ALLY STEAL TO SUPPORT THEIR HABIT REHABILITATION
:ERO TOLERANCE ALSO ALLOWS FOR REHABILITATION ! PRISON 0RISON SENTENCES CONTRIBUTE TO REPEAT OFFENSES 0RISONS
SENTENCE PARTICULARLY FOR JUVENILES TAKES THEM AWAY FROM SHOULD HAVE A REHABILITATIVE ROLE BUT THEY DONT *UVENILES
THE ENVIRONMENT THAT ENCOURAGED CRIMINALITY 2EHABILI WITH CRIMINAL RECORDS HAVE DIFlCULTY lNDING JOBS AND SO
TATION IS A CENTRAL TENET OF MOST PENAL CODES 4HE LARGE ARE LIKELY TO RESORT TO CRIME )N PRISON THEY MEET ESTAB
NUMBER OF POLICE ON THE STREETS ALSO INCREASES THE SUPER LISHED CRIMINALS WHO BOTH ENCOURAGE THE LIFESTYLE AND
VISION OF RELEASED PRISONERS PREVENTING REPEAT OFFENSES TEACH THE SKILLS NEEDED TO BE A SUCCESSFUL CRIMINAL 0RISON
OFTEN FOSTERS RESENTMENT OF THE POLICE 4HE HARASSMENT
THAT JUVENILES ASSOCIATE WITH ZERO TOLERANCE ALSO CREATES AN
EXTREMELY ANTAGONISTIC RELATIONSHIP WITH THE POLICE
:ERO TOLERANCE IMPROVES THE STANDARD OF POLICING )T :ERO TOLERANCE GIVES THE POLICE ALMOST LIMITLESS POWER IN
REDUCES CORRUPTION AND RACIST TREATMENT BECAUSE INDIVID POOR COMMUNITIES 4HEY ARE ABLE TO STOP AND SEARCH AND
UAL OFlCERS ARE NOT GIVEN THE SCOPE TO DECIDE THEIR ACTIONS HARASS INDIVIDUALS CONSTANTLY 5SUALLY ETHNIC MINORITIES
ON A CASE BY CASE BASIS 4HEIR RESPONSE IS SET )N ADDITION ARE TARGETED .EW 9ORK #ITY SAW A TREMENDOUS GROWTH
ZERO TOLERANCE POLICING TAKES OFlCERS OUT OF THEIR CARS AND IN COMPLAINTS ABOUT POLICE RACISM AND HARASSMENT AFTER
PUTS THEM INTO THE COMMUNITY WHERE THEY HAVE CONTACT ZERO TOLERANCE WAS INSTITUTED
WITH INDIVIDUALS #HASES AND SHOOTOUTS ACTUALLY ARE LESS
COMMON UNDER ZERO TOLERANCE
:ERO TOLERANCE IS VITAL FOR REBUILDING INNER CITIES :ERO 2EBUILDING INNER CITY NEIGHBORHOODS IS ONE OF THE MOST
TOLERANCE REDUCES THE AMOUNT OF DEAD GROUND USED FOR POWERFUL WAYS OF TARGETING CRIME AND IT OCCURS INDE
DRUG DEALING AND SO RETURNS PARKS AND OPEN SPACES TO THE PENDENT OF ZERO TOLERANCE &OR EVERY CITY WHERE URBAN
COMMUNITY "Y OFFERING PROTECTION AGAINST PETTY CRIME RENEWAL AND ZERO TOLERANCE HAVE TOGETHER BEEN ASSOCI
\
02/3 #/.3
IT ENCOURAGES SMALL BUSINESSES VITAL FOR NEIGHBORHOOD ATED WITH A FALLING CRIME RATE .EW 9ORK #ITY THERE
REHABILITATION TO RETURN TO AN AREA IS AN AREA WHERE RENEWAL HAS WORKED ON ITS OWN (ONG
+ONG -OST IMPORTANT FOR URBAN RENEWAL IS INDIVIDU
ALS TAKING PRIDE IN THEIR AREA 4HIS IS FAR MORE LIKELY TO
HAPPEN WHEN PEOPLE DONT FEEL PERSECUTED BY THE POLICE
.O POLICE PRESENCE IS SUFlCIENT TO DEFEND A BUSINESS THAT
HAS NOT CULTIVATED GOOD RELATIONS WITH THE COMMUNITY
7E CAN AFFORD ZERO TOLERANCE 0ROTECTING BUSINESSES AND 4HE ENORMOUS EXPENSE OF ZERO TOLERANCE IN MONEY MAN
DEVELOPING A REPUTATION FOR LOW CRIME ATTRACTS BOTH POWER AND PRISONS LIMITS POLICING )T LEAVES LITTLE MONEY
PEOPLE AND INVESTMENT $ETERRENCE REDUCES CRIME AND FOR ADDRESSING SERIOUS CRIME 3O ALTHOUGH TOTAL CRIME
THUS THE COST OF POLICING ALTHOUGH PRISONS ARE EXPENSIVE RATES MAY DROP SERIOUS CRIMES MAY STILL BE A PROBLEM
THE REDUCTION IN RECIDIVISM SHOULD EMPTY THEM IN TIME
4HE MOST IMPORTANT QUESTION IS WHETHER WE BELIEVE
SPENDING OUR TAX DOLLARS TO GUARANTEE OUR SAFETY IS A GOOD
USE OF THAT REVENUE -OST VOTERS SAY YES
3AMPLE -OTIONS
4HIS (OUSE BELIEVES IN ZERO TOLERANCE POLICING
4HIS (OUSE WOULD CLAMP DOWN
4HIS (OUSE BELIEVES IN STRICT PUNISHMENT
7EB ,INKS
s 7HAT )S :ERO 4OLERANCE HTTPNEWSBBCCOUKHIUKSTM
""# SITE OFFERING GENERAL INFORMATION ON THE SUBJECT
&URTHER 2EADING
!YERS 2ICK ET AL EDS :ERO 4OLERANCE 2ESISTING THE $RIVE FOR 0UNISHMENT .EW 0RESS
$ENNIS .ORMAN AND .ORMAN $AVIS EDS :ERO 4OLERANCE 0OLICING A &REE 3OCIETY #ORONET
$OWNES $AVID - AND 0AUL % 2OCK 5NDERSTANDING $EVIANCE ! 'UIDE TO THE 3OCIOLOGY OF #RIME AND 2ULE "REAKING #LARENDON

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