ACCEPTANCE SAMPLING

Some approximations:

Hyp(N, n, p)

n>10
n n
< 0. 1 p+ <0.1
N N

n>10
p<0.1
Bin(n, p) Po(λ)
Ex. Suppose we have a large lot. To control the quality we pick 10 units randomly. If
at most one of them is defect then the lot is accepted otherwise it is rejected. The
fraction defective is p. Calculate the acceptance probability for 6 different values of p
and use these to draw the corresponding OC Curve.

Solution: Since the lot is big we approximate the number of defective units in the
sample with a binomial distribution.

10  10 
Pa =   p 0 ⋅ (1 − p)10 +   p1 ⋅ (1 − p)9
0 1

We calculate the acceptance probability for p = 1%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20% and 30%.
10  10 
p = 0.01 Pa(0.01) =   0.010 ⋅ 0.9910 +   0.011 ⋅ 0.99 9 ≈ 0.996
0 1
10  10 
p = 0.05 Pa(0.05) =   0.05 0 ⋅ 0.9510 +   0.051 ⋅ 0.95 9 ≈ 0.914
0 1
10  10 
p = 0.10 Pa(0.10) =   0.10 0 ⋅ 0.9010 +   0.101 ⋅ 0.90 9 ≈ 0.736
0 1
10  10 
p = 0.15 Pa(0.15) =   0.15 0 ⋅ 0.8510 +   0.151 ⋅ 0.85 9 ≈ 0.544
0 1
10  10 
p = 0.20 Pa(0.20) =   0.20 0 ⋅ 0.8010 +   0.201 ⋅ 0.80 9 ≈ 0.376
0 1
10  10 
p = 0.30 Pa(0.30) =   0.30 0 ⋅ 0.7010 +   0.301 ⋅ 0.70 9 ≈ 0.149
0 1

Pa

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

p
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

The slope will be different for different situations.

Double sampling plans

Ex. Suppose that a lot contains 1000 units. We have decided to use the following
double sampling plan:

1) Pick 30 units randomly.

- if all are correct then accept the lot,

- if three or more are defective then reject the lot,
- if one or two units are defective go to point 2.

2) 60 new units are selected at random.

- if the number of defectives totally in both samples add up to at most two then
accept the lot,
- if the number of defectives totally in both samples add up to three or more
then reject the lot.

Suppose that the lot contains 2% defective units. How big is the acceptance
probability?

Solution: In this example the acceptance probability is quite as easy to calculate

exact. Since the conditions for both a binomial approximation (n/N = 30/1000 ≈ 0.03
< 0.1) and a Poisson approximation are fulfilled we can use the approximation that
feels easiest.

In the solution that follows the binomial approximation is used:

n1 = 30, n2 = 60, c1 = 0, c2 = 2, r1 = r2 = 3

Let di denote the number of defectives in sample ”i”.

This means that

Sample 1
if d1 = 0 accept the lot,
if d1 ≥ 3 reject the lot,
if d1 = 1 or 2 take a new sample.

Sample 2
if d1 + d2 ≤ 2 accept the lot
if d1 + d2 ≥ 3 reject the lot

The we will accept the lot in the following situations:

 Sample 1 Sample 2
d1=0
d1=1 d2=0
d1=1 d2=1
d1=2 d2=0

This gives the acceptance probability:

Pa = P(d1=0) + P(d1=1 ∩ d2=0) + P(d1=1 ∩ d2=1) + P(d1=2 ∩ d2=0)

The probabilities that contain the intersection between the number of defectives in
sample 1 and sample 2 are solved by using conditional probabilities.

 30 
Accept the lot in sample 1: P(d1 = 0) =   0.020 ⋅ 0.98 30 ≈ 0.5455
0

Accept the lot in sample 2 when d1 = 1:

In sample 1: Take 30 observations

 30 
P(d1 = 1) =   0.021 ⋅ 0.98 29 ≈ 0.28736
 1
In sample 2: Take 60 observations
 60 
P(d2=0 | d1=1) =   0.020 ⋅ 0.98 60 ≈ 0.2976
0
 60 
P(d2=1 | d1=1) =   0.021 ⋅ 0.98 59 ≈ 0.3644
 1

Accept the lot is sample 2 when d1 = 2:

In sample 1: Take 30 observations

 30 
P(d1 = 2) =   0.02 2 ⋅ 0.98 28 ≈ 0.0988
2
In sample 2: Take 60 observations
 60 
P(d2=0 | d1=2) =   0.020 ⋅ 0.98 60 ≈ 0.2976
0

These calculations are put together:

Pa = P(d1=0) + P(d2=0 | d1=1) ⋅ P(d1=1) + P(d2=1 | d1=1) ⋅ P(d1=1) +

+ P(d2=0 | d1=2) ⋅ P(d1=2) =

= 0.5455 + 0.2976 ⋅ 0.3340 + 0.3644 ⋅ 0.3340 + 0.2976 ⋅ 0.0988 ≈ 0.7960

Double sampling plans with the OC curve going through the points
(p1, 1 – α) and (p2, β) where α = 5% and β = 10%

n1 = n 2

Approx.
Sampling- p2 Acceptance Approximate value of n1p value of
plan no p1 number when Pa = ASN(p)/n1 for
p95

c1 c2 0.95 0.50 0.10

1 11.90 0 1 0.21 1.00 2.50 1.170
2 7.54 1 2 0.52 1.82 3.92 1.081
3 6.79 0 2 0.43 1.42 2.96 1.340
4 5.39 1 3 0.76 2.11 4.11 1.169
5 4.65 2 4 1.16 2.90 5.39 1.105
6 4.25 1 4 1.04 2.50 4.42 1.274
7 3.88 2 5 1.43 3.20 5.55 1.170

2n1 = n2

Approx.
Sampling- p2 Acceptance Approximate value of n1p value of
plan no p1 number when Pa = ASN(p)/n1 for
p95

c1 c2 0.95 0.50 0.10

1 14.50 0 1 0.16 0.84 2.32 1.273
2 8.07 0 2 0.30 1.07 2.42 1.511
3 6.48 1 3 0.60 1.80 3.89 1.238
4 5.39 0 3 0.49 1.35 2.64 1.771
5 5.09 1 4 0.77 1.97 3.92 1.359
6 4.31 0 4 0.68 1.64 2.93 1.985
7 4.19 1 5 0.96 2.18 4.02 1.498
Ex. In a factory you buy large lots of bolts. When the lots arrive to the factory the
quality is controlled using the following double sampling plan.

Pick 30 bolts at random. If all are correct then accept the lot. If 3 or more are
defective then reject the lot. If the sample consists of one or two defective bolts then
you pick another 50 units. If both samples sum up to two or less defectives then the
lot is accepted. Otherwise it is rejected.

Draw an OC curve for this sampling plan.

Solution: The sampling plan can be summarized as

n1 = 30, n2 = 50, c1 = 0, c2 = 2 and r1 = r2 = 3.

Acceptance probabilities for the fraction defectives 0.01, 0.02, 0.05, 0.10 and 0.20
are calculated:

p Acceptance probabilities in sample 1 and Pa

sample 2

Sample 1:
0.01  30 
P(d1 = 0) =   0.010 ⋅ 0.99 30 ≈ 0.7397
 0
0.7397 + 0.2240 =
Sample 2:
= 0.9637
P(d1=1 … d2=0) + P(d1=1 … d2=1) +
+ P(d1=2 … d2=0) =

 50   30 
=   0.010 ⋅ 0.99 50 ⋅   0.011 ⋅ 0.99 29 +
0  1
 50   30 
+   0.011 ⋅ 0.99 49 ⋅   0.011 ⋅ 0.99 29 +
 1  1
 50   30 
+   0.010 ⋅ 0.99 50 ⋅   0.012 ⋅ 0.99 28 ≈ 0.2240
0 2

p = 0.02 ⇒ Pa ≈ 0.827 p = 0.05 ⇒ Pa ≈ 0.329

p = 0.10 ⇒ Pa ≈ 0.048 p = 0.20 ⇒ Pa ≈ 0.001

The OC curve will obtain the following appearance:

Pa

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

p
0.025 0.05 0.075 0.1 0.125 0.15

Suppose you want to find a simple sampling plan with almost the same OC curve as
the double sampling plan. Use the fraction defectives 0.05 and 0.20 to determine
such a plan.
Ex. Determine the sequential sampling plan with an OC curve that goes through the
points (p1, α) = (0.02, 0.05) och (p2, β) = (0.10, 0.10).

Solution:
The constants h1, h2 and s in the rejection line and the acceptance line are
calculated. (The value of the constant K will be found in the denominator of all three
constants.

 p (1 − p1 )  0.10 ⋅ (1− 0.02) 0.098

K = ln  2  = ln ( ) = ln ( )
p
 1 (1 − p )
2  0 . 02 ⋅ (1 − 0 . 10 ) 0 . 018

We use this expression in the equations for h1, h2 and s:

1− α 1 − 0.05
ln ( ) ln ( )
β 0 . 10
h1 = = ≈ 1.329
K 0.098
ln ( )
0.018

1− β 1 − 0.10
ln ( ) ln ( )
h2 = α = 0 . 05 ≈ 1.7056
K 0.098
ln ( )
0.018

1 − p1 1 − 0.02
ln ( ) ln ( )
1− p 2 1 − 0.10
s= = ≈ 0.0503
K 0.098
ln ( )
0.018

The acceptance line becomes d1 = -h1 + sn = -1.329 + 0.0503n

The rejection line becomes d2 = h2 + sn = 1.7056 + 0.0503n

If we calculate ASN(p) for different values of the fraction defective , p, then we obtain
the following ASN-curve.

p 1–B ASN(p) = 30 + 50 (1 – B)
 30   30 
0.01   0.011 ⋅ 0.99 29 +   0.012 ⋅ 0.99 28 ≈ 0.2570 30 + 50 ⋅ 0.2570 ≈ 42.85
 1 2
 30   30 
0.02   0.021 ⋅ 0.98 29 +   0.02 2 ⋅ 0.98 28 ≈ 0.4328 30 + 50 ⋅ 0.4328 ≈ 51.64
 1 2
 30   30 
0.03   0.031 ⋅ 0.97 29 +   0.03 2 ⋅ 0.97 28 ≈ 0.5390 30 + 50 ⋅ 0.5390 ≈ 56.95
 1 2
 30   30 
0.05   0.051 ⋅ 0.95 29 +   0.05 2 ⋅ 0.95 28 ≈ 0.5975 30 + 50 ⋅ 0.5957 ≈ 59.88
 1 2
 30   30 
0.07   0.071 ⋅ 0.93 29 +   0.07 2 ⋅ 0.93 28 ≈ 0.5354 30 + 50 ⋅ 0.5354 ≈ 56.77
 1 2
 30   30 
0.09   0.091 ⋅ 0.9129 +   0.09 2 ⋅ 0.9128 ≈ 0.4265 30 + 50 ⋅ 0.4265 ≈ 51.32
 1 2
 30   30 
0.12   0.121 ⋅ 0.88 29 +   0.12 2 ⋅ 0.88 28 ≈ 0.3494 30 + 50 ⋅ 0.3494 ≈ 47.47
 1 2
 30   30 
0.15   0.151 ⋅ 0.85 29 +   0.15 2 ⋅ 0.85 28 ≈ 0.1438 30 + 50 ⋅ 0.1438 ≈ 37.19
 1 2

60

55

50

45 ASN for the simple

40 sampling plan
35

30
ASN for the double
25
sampling plan
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5

p = 0.013 p = 0.114

In an earlier example we saw that the OC-curve for this double sampling plan almost
The values of x m and y m are found in the following table.

A Dodge & Roming table

1 1 xm
AOQL = y m ( − ) pm =
n N n

where p m is the fraction value that gives the maximum value of AOQ(p)

c xm ym c xm ym

0 1.00 0.3679 11 8.82 7.233

1 1.62 0.8400 12 9.59 7.948
2 2.27 1.371 13 10.37 8.670
3 2.95 1.942 14 11.15 9.398
4 3.64 2.544 15 11.93 10.13
5 4.35 3.168 16 12.72 10.88
6 5.07 3.812 17 13.52 11.62
7 5.80 4.472 18 14.31 12.37
8 6.55 5.146 19 15.12 13.13
9 7.30 5.831 20 15.92 13.89
10 8.05 6.528