1 Probability & Statistics Solution

Chapter 9

ONE AND TWO SAMPLE TESTS OF HYPOTHESES

EXERCISE SOLUTION
Q.1 1) H o : µ = 800 Hours
H1 : µ ≠ 800 Hours
2) Level of significance α = 0.05
3) Test Statistic:
X − µo
Z=
σ/ n
4) Computations:

σ = 40 , n = 30 , X = 788

788 − 800 −12

Z= = = 1.64
40 / 30 7.303
P-value = P( |z| > 1.64)
= 2P(z < – 1.64)
= 2( 0.0505) = 0.101 (Table A.3)
5) Decision Rule: If P-value < α, reject Ho.

6) Conclusion: Since P-value = 0.101 > 0.05, so we do not reject

Ho.

Q.2 1) H o : µ = 5.5 oz
H1 : µ < 5.5 oz
2) Level of significance , α = 0.05

3) Test Statistic:
X − µo
Z=
S/ n
4) Computations:

n = 64 , X = 5.23 , S = 0.24
 2 Probability & Statistics Solution

5.23 − 5.5 − 0.27

Z= = = −9
0.24 / 64 0.03
P-value = P( z > –9) ≈ 0

5) Decision Rule: If P-value < α, reject Ho.

6) Conclusion: Since P-value ≈ 0 < 0.05, so we will reject Ho. so

the white cheddar popcorn, on average, weights less than5.5 oz.

Q.3 1) H o : µ = 40 months
H1 : µ < 40 months
2) Level of significance α = 0.05

3) Test Statistic:
X − µo
Z=
S/ n
4) Computations:

n = 64 , X = 38 , S = 5.8

38 − 40 −2
Z= = = −2.76
5.8 / 64 0.725

P-value = P(z < – 2.76) = 0.0029

5) Decision Rule: If P-value < α, reject Ho.

6) Conclusion: Since P-value = 0.0029 < 0.05, so we will reject

Ho.

Q.4 1) H o : µ = 162.5 cm
H1 : µ ≠ 162.5 cm
2) Level of significance α = 0.05

3) Test Statistic:
X − µo
Z=
σ/ n
4) Computations:
 3 Probability & Statistics Solution

n = 50 , X = 162.2 , σ = 6.9

165.2 − 162.5 2.7

Z= = = 2.77
6.9 / 50 0.9758

P-value = 2P(z < – 2.77) = 2(0.0028) = 0.0056

5) Decision Rule: If P-value < α, reject Ho.

6) Conclusion: Since P-value = 0.0056 < 0.05, so we will reject

Ho.

Q.5 1) H o : µ = 20, 000 km

H1 : µ > 20, 000 km
2) Level of significance α = 0.05

3) Test Statistic:
X − µo
Z=
S/ n
4) Computations:

n = 100 , X = 23,500 , S = 3900

23,500 − 20, 000 3500

Z= = = 8.97
3900 / 100 390

P-value = P(z > 8.97) = 1 – p( Z < 8.97) = 1 – 1 ≈ 0

5) Decision Rule: If P-value < α, reject Ho.

6) Conclusion: Since P-value ≈ 0 < 0.05, so we will reject Ho.

Q.6 1) H o : µ = 8
H1 : µ > 8
2) Level of significance, α = 0.05

3) Test Statistic:
 4 Probability & Statistics Solution

X − µo
Z=
S/ n
4) Computations:

n = 225 , X = 8.5 , S = 2.25

8.5 − 8 0.5
Z= = = 3.33
2.25 / 225 0.15

P-value = P(z > 3.33) = 1 – P(z < 3.33) = 1 – 0.9996 = 0.0004

5) Decision Rule: If P-value < α, reject Ho.

6) Conclusion: Since P-value = 0.0004 < 0.05, so we will reject

Ho.

Q.7 1) H o : µ = 10 liters
H1 : µ ≠ 10 liters
2) Level of significance, α = 0.01

3) Test Statistic:
X − µo
t= , d.f = ν = n − 1
S/ n
4) Computations:
n = 10
X: 10.2, 9.7, 10.1, 10.3, 10.1, 9.8, 9.9, 10.4, 10.3, 9.8
 X = 100.6  X 2 = 1012.58
 X 100.6
X= = = 10.06
n 10
1  (  X )  = 1 1012.58 − (100.6 )  = 0.0604
2 2

S2 =   X 2
−   
n − 1  n  9  10 
S = 0.246
10.06 − 10 0.06 By interpolation:
t= = = 0.77 Using ν = 9
0.246 / 10 0.0778
ν=9 t P
P-value = 2P(T < –0.77) , 0.543 0.30
0.77 ← →
 5 Probability & Statistics Solution
= 2 P(T > 0.77) 0.883 0.20
= 2 (0.233) = 0.466 0.34 → 0.1
or 0.4 < p-value < 0.6 0.1
5) Decision Rule: If P- 0.227 → × 0.227
0.34
value < α, reject Ho. = 0.067
P = 0.30 – 0.067 = 0.233
or 0.2 < P < 0.3
6) Conclusion: Since P-value = 0.466 > 0.01, so we do not reject
Ho.

Q.8 1) H o : µ = 220 mg
H1 : µ > 220 mg
2) Level of significance , α = 0.05

3) Test Statistic:
X − µo
t= , d.f = ν = n − 1
S/ n
4) Computations:

n = 20 , X = 244 , S = 24.5
244 − 220 24
t= = = 4.38
24.5 / 20 5.478
P-value = P(T > 4.38 ) < 0.0005 , ν = n − 1 = 19
∵ t 0.0005,19 = 3.883
5) Decision Rule: If p-vlaue < α , reject Ho.
6) Conclusion: Since P-value < 0.0005 which is less than 0.05, so
we will reject Ho.

Q.9 1) H o : µ1 = µ2
H1 : µ1 > µ 2
2) Level of significance, α = 0.05

3) Test Statistic:

t=
( )
X1 − X 2 − ( µ1 − µ 2 )
, d.f = ν = n1 + n 2 − 1
1 1
Sp +
n1 n 2
4) Computations:
 6 Probability & Statistics Solution

n1 = n2 = 30 , X1 − X 2 = 34.0% S1 = 10.5 , S2 = 10.2

( n − 1) S12 + ( n 2 − 1) S22
S2 P = 1
n1 + n 2 − 2
2 2
29 (10.5 ) + 29 (10.2 ) 6214.41
= = 107.145
30 + 30 − 2 58
SP = 10.35
34.0 − 0 34.0
t= = = 12.73 , ν = 58
1 1 2.67
10.35 +
30 30

P-value = P(T > 12.73 ) < 0.0005 ,

∵ t 0.0005,40 = 3.551 and t 0.0005,60 = 3.460
5) Decision Rule: If p-value < α , reject Ho.
6) Conclusion: Since P-value < 0.0005 which is less than 0.05, so
we will reject Ho.
Q.10 1) H o : µ1 = µ2
H1 : µ1 > µ 2
2) Level of significance, α = 0.05

3) Test Statistic:

t=
( )
X1 − X 2 − ( µ1 − µ 2 )
, d.f = ν = n1 + n 2 − 2
1 1
Sp +
n1 n 2
4) Computations:

n1 = 25 , n2 = 25 , X1 = 20 X 2 = 12 , S1 = 1.5 , S2 = 1.25

S2 P =
( n1 − 1) S12 + ( n 2 − 1) S22
n1 + n 2 − 2
2 2
24 (1.5 ) + 24 (1.25 ) 91.5
= = = 1.90625
25 + 25 − 2 48
SP = 1.38

t=
( 20 − 12 ) − 0 =
8
= 20.51 , ν = 48
1 1 0.39
1.38 +
25 25
 7 Probability & Statistics Solution
P-value = P(T > 20.51 ) < 0.0005 ,
5) Decision Rule: If p-value < α , reject Ho.
6) Conclusion: Since P-value < 0.0005 which is less than 0.05, so
we will reject Ho.

Q.11 1) H o : µ = 35 minutes
H1 : µ < 35 minutes
2) Level of significance, α = 0.05

3) Test Statistic:
X − µo
t= , d.f = ν = n − 1
S/ n
4) Computations:

n = 20 , X = 33.1 , S = 4.3 , ν = n − 1 = 19

33.1 − 35 −1.9 By interpolation:

t= = = −1.98
4.3 / 20 0.9615 Using ν = 19
P-value = P(T < – 1.98) , t P
= P(T > 1.98) = 0.033 1.729 0.05
5) Decision Rule: 1.98 ← → 0.02
If P-value < α, reject Ho. 2.093 0.025
6) Conclusion: 0.364 0.025
Since P-value = 0.033 > 0.025
0.05, so we will reject 0.251 → × 0.251
Ho. 0.364
= 0.017
P = 0.05 – 0.017
= 0.033
or 0.025 < P < 0.05
Q.12 1) H o : µ1 = µ2
H1 : µ1 ≠ µ2
2) Level of significance , α = 0.05

3) Test Statistic:

z=
( )
X1 − X 2 − ( µ1 − µ2 )
σ12 σ22
+
n1 n 2
4) Computations:
 8 Probability & Statistics Solution

n1 = 25 , n2 = 3.6 , X1 = 81 X 2 = 76 , σ1 = 5.2 , σ2 = 3.4

z=
(81 − 76 ) − 0 =
5
= 4.22
2
( 5.2 ) + ( 3.4 )
2 1.18436
25 36

P-value = 2P(z < – 4.22) = 2 (0) ≈ 0

5) Decision Rule: If p-value < α , reject Ho.
6) Conclusion: Since P-value ≈ 0 which is less than 0.05, so we
will reject Ho.

Q.13 1) H o : µ1 = µ 2
H1 : µ1 > µ 2
2) Level of significance α = 0.05
3) Test Statistic:

t=
(X1 )
− X 2 − ( µ1 − µ 2 )
1 1
SP +
n1 n 2
4) Computations:
Treatment (X1) 2.1 5.3 1.4 4.6 0.9
No Treatment(X2) 1.9 0.5 2.8 3.1

 X1
 X1 = 14.3 n1 = 5 , X1 = = 2.86
n1
 X2
 X 2 = 8.3 n2 = 4 , X2 = = 2.075
n2
 X12 = 56.43 ,  X 22 = 21.31
  X 2 − (  X )2 / n  +   X 2 − (  X )2 / n 
 1
  2
= 
1 1 2 2
S2 P
n1 + n 2 − 2
56.43 − (14.3)2 / 5 +  21.31 − ( 8.3)2 / 4 
=   
5+4−2
15.532 + 4.0875 19.6195
= = = 2.803
7 7
 9 Probability & Statistics Solution
SP = 1.674

t=
( 2.86 − 2.075) − 0 = 0.785 = 0.70
1 1 1.123
1.674 +
5 4
p-value = P(T > 0.70) , ν=7
= 0.2565 or 0.2 < p-value < 0.3

5) Decision Rule: If p-value < α , reject Ho.

By interpolation:
Using ν = 7
t P
0.549 0.30
0.70 ← →
0.896 0.20
0.347 0.1
0.1
0.151 → × 0.151
0.347
= 0.0435
P = 0.30 – 0.0435 = 0.2565
or 0.2 < P < 0.3
6) Conclusion: Since P-value = 0.2565 > 0.05 , so we do not
reject Ho.
Q.14 1) H o : µ1 = µ2
H1 : µ1 ≠ µ2
2) Level of significance α = 0.05

3) Test Statistic:

t=
( )
X1 − X 2 − ( µ1 − µ 2 )
, d.f = ν = n1 + n 2 − 2
1 1
Sp +
n1 n 2
4) Computations:

n1 = n2 = 12 , X1 = 37,900km , X 2 = 39,800 km
S1 = 5100 km , S2 = 5900 km

S2 P =
( n1 − 1) S12 + ( n 2 − 1) S22
n1 + n 2 − 2
10 Probability & Statistics Solution
2 2
11( 5100 ) + 11( 5900 ) 669,020, 000
= = = 30, 410, 000
12 + 12 − 2 22
SP = 5514.53
37,900 − 39,800 −1900
t= = = −0.84 , ν = 22
1 1 2251.297
5514.53 +
12 12
P-value = 2P(T < – 0.84)
= 2P(T > 0.84)
= 2 (0.206)
= 2(0.206)
= 0.412
Or 0.4 < p-value < 0.6
By interpolation:
Using ν = 22
P t
0.3 0.532
→ 0.84
0.2 0.858
0.347 0.326
0.1
0.308 × ← 0.308
0.326
0.094 =
P = 0.3 – 0.094
= 0.206
or 0.2 < P < 0.3
5) Decision Rule: If p-value < α , reject Ho.
6) Conclusion: Since P-value = 0.412 > 0.05, we do not reject
Ho.
Q.15 1) H o : µ1 = µ2 or µD = 0
H1 : µ1 > µ 2 or µD > 0
2) Level of significance , α = 0.05
3) Test Statistic:

D − µD
t= , ν = n −1
SD / n
4) Computationss:
Kilometers per Liter
11 Probability & Statistics Solution
Car Radial Tires Belted Tires D = X1 − X 2
X1 X2
1 4.2 4.1 0.1
2 4.7 4.9 –0.2
3 6.6 6.2 0.4
4 7.0 6.9 0.1
5 6.7 6.8 – 0.1
6 4.5 4.4 0.1
7 5.7 5.7 0
8 6.0 5.8 0.2
9 7.4 6.9 0.5
10 4.9 4.7 0.2
11 6.1 6.0 0.1
12 5.2 4.9 0.3

 D = 1.7  D 2 = 0.67
D 1.7
D= = = 0.1417
n 12
1   D) 
2
(
2
SD =  D −
2

n − 1  n 

1 
2

= 0.67 −
(1.7 )

11  12 
SD = 0.039015
= 0.198
0.1417 − 0 0.1417
t= = = 2.48 , ν = n − 1 = 11
0.198 / 12 0.05716
P-value = P(T > 2.48) = 0.01534
or 0.015 < p-value < 0.02
By interpolation:
Using ν = 1
t P
2.328 0.02
2.48 ←
2.491 0.015
0.163 0.005
12 Probability & Statistics Solution
0.005
0.152 → × 0.152
0.163
= 0.00466
P = 0.02 – 0.00466 = 0.01534
5) Decision Rule: if P-value < α, reject Ho
6) Conclusion:
Since p-value = 0.01534 < 0.05, so we will reject Ho and
concluded that cars equipped with radial tires give better fuel
economy than those equipped with betted tires.

Q.16 1) H o : µ1 = µ2 or µD = 0
H1 : µ1 ≠ µ2 or µD ≠ 0
2) Level of significance α = 0.05
3) Test Statistic:

D − µD
t= , ν = n −1
SD / n
4) Computationss:
Car Before After storage D = X1 − X 2
Storage X2
X1
1 224 116 108
2 270 96 174
3 400 239 161
4 444 329 115
5 590 437 153
6 660 597 63
7 1400 689 711
8 680 576 104

 D = 1589  D 2 = 624801
D 1589
D= = = 198.625
n 8
1   D) 
2
(
2
SD =  D −
2

n − 1  n 
13 Probability & Statistics Solution

1 (1589 ) 
2

= 624801 − 
7  8 
SD = 44169.41071
SD = 210.165
D − µD
t=
SD / n
198.625 − 0 198.625
t= = = 2.67 , ν = n −1 = 7
210.165 / 8 74.3045
P-value = 2P(T > 2.67) , ν = 7
= 2[0.015 < P 0.02] ∵ t 0.015,7 = 2.715
∴0.03 < P − value < 0.04

5) Decision Rule: if P-value < α, reject Ho

6) Conclusion:
Since p-value < 0.05, so we will reject Ho .

Q.17 1) H o : P = 0.40
H1 : P > 0.40
2) Level of significance: α = 0.05
3) Test Statistics: Binomial variable X with P = 0.40 and n = 20
4) Computations:
X = 9 , n = 20 , P = 0.4
P-value = P( X > 9 when P = 0.4) = 1 – P(X < 9 when P = 0.4)
8
= 1 −  b ( x ; 20 , 0.40 )
x =0

= 1 – 0.5956 (Table A.1)

= 0.4044
5) Decision Rule: If P-value < α, reject Ho.
6) Conclusion: Since P-value = 0.4044 > 0.05, we do not reject
Ho.

Q.18 1) H o : P = 0.40
H1 : P > 0.40
2) Level of significance: α = 0.05
3) Test Statistic: Binomial variable X with P = 0.40 and n = 15
4) Computations:
X = 8 , n = 15 , P = 0.40
P-value = P( X > 8 when P = 0.40)=1 – P(X < 8; P = 0.40)
14 Probability & Statistics Solution
7
= 1 −  b ( x ; 15 , 0.40 )
x =0

= 1 – 0.7869
= 0.2131
5) Decision Rule: If P-value < α, reject Ho.
6) Conclusion: Since P-value = 0.2131 > 0.05, we do not reject
Ho.

Q.19 1) H o : P = 0.50
H1 : P < 0.50
2) Level of significance: α = 0.05
3) Test Statistical: Binomial variable X with P = 50 and n= 20
4) Computationss:
X = 5 , n = 20 , P = 0.50
P-value = P( X < 5 when P = 0.50)
5
= 1 −  b ( x ; 20 , 0.5 )
x =0

= 0.0207
5) Decision Rule: If P-value < α, reject Ho.
6) Conclusion: Since P-value = 0.0207 < 0.05, we will reject Ho.

Q.20 1) H o : P ≥ 0.60
H1 : P < 0.60
2) Level of significance: α = 0.05
3) Test Statistical: X = 110 , n = 200 (large sample size)
pɵ − po
Z=
po q o
n
4) Computations:
X 110
Pɵ = = = 0.55
n 200
q o = 1 − Po = 1 − 0.6 = 0.4
0.55 − 0.6 −0.05
Z= = = −1.44
( 0.6 )( 0.4 ) 0.03464
200
P-value = P(z < – 1.44)
= 0.0749
5) Decision Rule: If P-value < α, reject Ho.
15 Probability & Statistics Solution
6) Conclusion: Since P-value = 0.0749 > 0.05, so we do not reject
Ho.

Q.21 1) H o : P = 1 / 5
H1 : P < 1 / 5
2) Level of significance: α = 0.05
3) Test Statistical: X = 136 , n = 1000 (large sample size)
pɵ − po
Z=
po q o
n
4) Computationss:
X 136
Pɵ = = = 0.136
n 1000
1 4
q o = 1 − Po = 1 − = = 0.8
5 5
1
Po = = 0.2
5
0.136 − 0.2 −0.064
Z= = = −5.06
( 0.2 )( 0.8) 0.01265
1000
P-value = P(Z < – 5.06) ≈ 0
5) Decision Rule: If P-value < α, reject Ho.
6) Conclusion: Since P-value ≈ 0 < 0.05,so we will reject Ho.

Q.22 1) H o : P ≤ 0.25
H1 : P > 0.25
2) Level of significance: α = 0.05
3) Test Statistical: X = 28 , n = 90 (large sample size)
pɵ − po
Z=
po q o
n
4) Computations:
X 28
Pɵ = = = 0.3111
n 90
Po = 0.25
q o = 1 − Po = 0.75
16 Probability & Statistics Solution
0.3111 − 0.25 0.0611
Z= = = 1.34
( 0.25)( 0.75) 0.0456
90
P-value = P(Z > 1.34)
= 1 – P (z < 1.34)
= 1 – 0.9099
= 0.0901
5) Decision Rule: If P-value < α, reject Ho.
6) Conclusion: Since P-value = 0.0901 > 0.05, so we do not reject
Ho.

Q.23 1) H o : P ≤ 0.8
H1 : P > 0.8
2) Level of significance: α = 0.04
3) Test Statistical: X = 250 , n = 300 (large sample size)
pɵ − po
Z=
po q o
n
4) Computationss:
X 250
Pɵ = = = 0.8333
n 300
Po = 0.8
q o = 1 − Po = 1.44
0.8333 − 0.8 0.0333
Z= = = 1.44
( 0.8)( 0.2 ) 0.02309
300
P-value = P(z > 1.44)
= 1 – P (z < 1.44)
= 1 – 0.9251 = 0.0749
5) Decision Rule: If P-value < α, reject Ho.
6) Conclusion: Since P-value = 0.0749 > 0.04, so we do not reject
Ho.

Q.24 1) H o : P = 0.25
H1 : P > 0.25
2) Level of significance: α = 0.05
3) Test Statistical: X = 16, n = 48 (large sample size)
17 Probability & Statistics Solution

pɵ − po
Z=
po q o
n
4) Computationss:
X 16
Pɵ = = = 0.3333
n 48

Po = 0.25 , q o = 1 − Po = 0.75

0.3333 − 0.25 0.0833

Z= = = 1.33
( 0.25)( 0.75) 0.0625
48
P-value = P(z > 1.33)
= 1 – P (z < 1.33)
= 1 – 0.9082 = 0.0918
5) Decision Rule: If P-value < α, reject Ho.
6) Conclusion: Since P-value = 0.0918 > 0.05,so we do not reject
Ho.
Q.25 1) H o : P1 = P2
H1 : P1 ≠ P2
2) Level of significance α = 0.05

3) Test Statistic:
Pɵ 1 − Pɵ 2
Z=
ɵɵ 1 + 1 
pq  
 n1 n 2 
4) Computations:
n1 = 100 n2 = 125 , X1 = 63 , X 2 = 59

63
Pɵ 1 = = 0.63
100
59
Pɵ 2 = = 0.472
125
n Pɵ 1 + n 2 Pɵ 2
Pɵ = 1
n1 + n 2
18 Probability & Statistics Solution

100 ( 0.63) + 125 ( 0.472 )

=
100 + 125
122
= 0.5422
225
qɵ = 1 − Pɵ = 1 − 0.5422 = 0.4578
0.63 − 0.472
Z=
( 0.5422 )( 0.4578)  + 
1 1
 100 125 
0.158
= = 2.36
0.067
p-value = 2P(z < – 2.36)
= 2(0.0091)
= 0.0182
5) Decision Rule: If p-value < α , reject Ho.
6) Conclusion: Since P-value = 0.0182 < 0.05, so we will reject
Ho.
Q.26 1) H o : P1 = P2
H1 : P1 > P2
2) Level of significance α = 0.05

3) Test Statistic:
Pɵ 1 − Pɵ 2
Z=
ɵɵ 1 + 1 
pq  
 n1 n 2 
4) Computations:
n1 = 300 n2 = 400 , X1 = 240 , X 2 = 288

X 240
Pɵ 1 = 1 = = 0.8
n1 300
X 288
Pɵ 2 = 2 = = 0.72
n 2 400
n Pɵ 1 + n 2 Pɵ 2
Pɵ = 1
n1 + n 2
19 Probability & Statistics Solution

=
( 300 )( 0.8) + ( 400 )( 0.72 )
300 + 400
528
= = 0.7543
700
qɵ = 1 − Pɵ = 1 − 0.7543 = 0.2457
0.8 − 0.72
Z=
( 0.7543)( 0.2457 )  +
1 1 

 300 400 
0.08
= = 2.43
0.0329
p-value = P(z > 2.43) = 1 – P(z < 2.43)
= 1 – 0.9925
= 0.0075
5) Decision Rule: If p-value < α , reject Ho.
6) Conclusion: Since P-value = 0.0075 < 0.05, so we will reject
Ho.

Q.27 1) H o : P1 = P2
H1 : P1 > P2
2) Level of significance, α = 0.05

3) Test Statistic:
Pɵ 1 − Pɵ 2
Z=
ɵɵ 1 + 1 
pq  
 n1 n 2 
4) Computations:
n1 = 200 n2 = 150 , X1 = 20 , X 2 = 10

X 20
Pɵ 1 = 1 = = 0.1
n1 200
X 10
Pɵ 2 = 2 = = 0.0667
n 2 150
X + X2 20 + 10
Pɵ = 1 = = 0.0857
n1 + n 2 200 + 150
20 Probability & Statistics Solution

qɵ = 1 − Pɵ = 1 − 0.0857 = 0.9143
0.1 − 0.0667
Z=
( 0.0857 )( 0.9143) 
1 1 
+ 
 200 150 
0.0333
= = 1.10
0.03023
p-value = P(z > 1.10) = 1 – P(z < 1.10)
= 1 – 0.8643
= 0.1357
5) Decision Rule: If p-value < α , reject Ho.
6) Conclusion: Since P-value = 0.1357 > 0.05, so we do not
reject Ho.

Q.28 1) H o : P1 = P2
H1 : P1 > P2
2) Level of significance α = 0.05

3) Test Statistic:
Pɵ 1 − Pɵ 2
Z=
ɵɵ 1 + 1 
pq  
 n1 n 2 
4) Computations:
n1 = 120 n2 = 280 , X1 = 29 , X 2 = 56

X 29
Pɵ 1 = 1 = = 0.2417
n1 120
X 56
Pɵ 2 = 2 = = 0.2
n 2 280
X + X2 29 + 56 85
Pɵ = 1 = = = 0.2125
n1 + n 2 120 + 280 400

qɵ = 1 − Pɵ = 0.7875
 21 Probability & Statistics Solution
0.2417 − 0.2
Z=
( 0.2125)( 0.7875) 
1 1 
+ 
 120 280 
0.0417
= = 0.93
0.04463
p-value = P(z > 0.93) = 1– P(z < 0.93) = 1 – 0.8238 = 0.1762
5) Decision Rule: If p-value < α , reject Ho.
6) Conclusion: Since P-value = 0.1762 > 0.05, so we do not
reject Ho.

Q.29 1) H o : σ2 = 0.03
H1 : σ2 ≠ 0.03
2) Level of significance α = 0.05

3) Test Statistic:

χ2 =
( n − 1) S2 , ν = n −1 = 9
σ2
4) Computations:
(From Q # 7)
n = 10 S2 = 0.0604 ,
9 ( 0.0604 )
χ2 = = 18.12
0.03
P-value = 2P( χ 2 > 18.12)= using ν = 9
= 2 (0.025 < P < 0.05)
∴ 0.05 < p-value < 0.1 2
∵ χ 0.05,9 = 16.919
or By interpolation → 18.12
p-value = 2(0.03573)
χ 20.025,9 = 19.023
= 0.07146
5) Decision Rule: If p-value or by interpolation:
< α. Reject Ho. χ2 P
6) Conclusion: Since P- 16.919 0.05
value > 0.05, so we do not 18.12 ←
reject Ho. 19.023 0.025
2.104 0.025
0.025
1.201 → × 1.201
2.104
= 0.01427
22 Probability & Statistics Solution
P = 0.05 – 0.01427
= 0.03573

Q.30 1) H o : σ2 = 36 (σ = 6)
2
H1 : σ < 36 ( σ < 6)
2) Level of significance α = 0.05

3) Test Statistic:

χ2 =
( n − 1) S2 , ν = n − 1 = 19
σ2
4) Computations:
n = 20 S = 4.51 ,

2
2 19 ( 4.51)
χ = = 10.735
36

P-value = P( χ 2 < 10.735) , ν=9

= 1 – P( χ 2 > 10.735)
∴ 0.05 < p-value < 0.1 2
∵ χ 0.95,19 = 10.117
5) Decision Rule: If p-value → 10.735
< α. Reject Ho. 2
χ 0.90,19 = 11.651
6) Conclusion: Since P-
value > 0.05, so we do not 1 – 0.95 = 0.05
reject Ho. 1 – 0.90 = 0.1

Q.31 1) H o : σ2 = 4.2
H1 : σ2 ≠ 4.2
2) Level of significance , α = 0.05

3) Test Statistic:

χ2 =
( n − 1) S2 , ν = n −1
σ2
4) Computations:
n = 64 S2 = 4.25 ,

2
2 63 ( 4.25)
χ = = 63.75
4.2
23 Probability & Statistics Solution

P-value = 2P( χ 2 > 63.75) , ν = 63

∴ 0.6 < P-value < 1 approximately 0.3 < P < 0.5
5) Decision Rule: If p-value < α. Reject Ho.
6) Conclusion: Since P- value > 0.05, so we do not
reject Ho.
Q.32 1) H o : σ = 1.40
H1 : σ > 1.40
2) Level of significance , α = 0.01

3) Test Statistic:

χ2 =
( n − 1) S2 , ν = n −1
σ2
4) Computations:
n = 12 S = 1.75 ,

2
2 11(1.75 )
χ = 2
= 17.19
(1.40 )
P-value = P( χ 2 > 17.19) , ν = 11
∴ 0.1 < P-value < 0.2
∵ χ 20.20,11 = 14.631
→ 17.19
2
χ 0.10,11 = 17.275
= 0.20
0.10 < P < 0.20
5) Decision Rule: If p-value < α. Reject Ho.
6) Conclusion: Since P- value > 0.01, so we do not reject Ho.

Q.33 1) H o : σ2 = 1.15
H1 : σ2 > 1.15
2) Level of significance , α = 0.05

3) Test Statistic:

χ2 =
( n − 1) S2 , ν = n −1
σ2
4) Computations:
24 Probability & Statistics Solution

n = 25 S2 = 2.03 ,

24 ( 2.03)
χ2 = = 42.37
1.15

P-value = P( χ 2 > 42.37)= using ν = 24

∴ 0.01 < p − value < 0.02
∵ χ 20.02,24 = 40.270
→ 42.37
2
χ 0.01,24 = 42.980
5) Decision Rule: If p-value < α. Reject Ho.
6) Conclusion: Since P-value < 0.05, so we will reject Ho.

Q.34 1) H o : σ12 = σ 22
H1 : σ12 > σ22
2) Level of significance α = 0.05

3) Test Statistic:
S2
F = 12 , , ν1 = n1 − 1 ; ν 2 = n 2 − 1
S2
4) Computations:
Men Women
n1 = 11 n 2 = 14
S1 = 6.1 S2 = 5.3
2
( 6.1)
F= 2
= 1.32 ; ν1 = 10 ; ν 2 = 13
( 5.3)
5) Critical Region:
F > Fα( ν1 ,ν 2 ) = F0.05(10,13) = 2.67
6) Conclusion: Since F = 1.32 < 2.67, so we do not reject Ho.

Q.35 1) H o : σA = σ B
H1 : σA ≠ σB
2) Level of significance, α = 0.01

3) Test Statistic:
25 Probability & Statistics Solution

S2A
F= ; ν A = n A − 1, ν B = ν B − 1
S2B
4) Computations:
Instrument A Instrument B
XA XB
0.86 0.87
082 0.74
0.75 0.63
0.61 0.55
0.89 0.76
0.64 0.70
0.81 0.69
0.68 0.57
0.65 0.53

 X A = 6.71  X 2A = 5.0893 nA= 9

 X B = 6.04  X = 4.1534
2
B nB= 9
1   1 6.71) 
2 2
(  XA ) (
2
S =
A   X 2A −  = 5.0893 −  = 0.0108
n A − 1  nA  8  9 

1   XB )  1  6.04 ) 
2 2
( (
2
S =
B  XB −
2
 =  4.1534 −  = 0.0125
n B − 1  n B  8  9 
0.0108
F= = 0.864 ; νA = 8 , νB = 8
0.0125
5) Critical Region:
1
F< or F > Fα /2( ν A ,ν B )
Fα / 2( νB ,νA )
1
F< = 0.291 or F > 3.44
3.44

6) Conclusion: Since F = 0.864 does fall in the rejection region,

so we do not reject Ho.
Q.36 1) H o : σ1 = σ2
H1 : σ1 ≠ σ2
2) Level of significance , α = 0.1

3) Test Statistic:
 26 Probability & Statistics Solution

S12
F= ; ν1 = n1 − 1 = ν 2 = n 2 − 1
S22
4) Computations:
Production line 1:
0.48 0.39 0.42 0.52 0.40 0.48 0.52 0.52
Production line 2:
0.38 0.37 0.39 0.41 0.38 0.39 0.40 0.39

 X1 = 3.73  X12 = 1.7605 n1= 8

 X 2 = 3.11  X = 1.2101
2
2 n2= 8

1   X1 )  1  3.73) 
2 2
( (
2
S =
1   X1 −
2
 = 1.7605 −  = 0.003055
n1 − 1  n1  7  8 

1  (  X 2 )  = 1 1.2101 − ( 3.11)  = 0.000155

2 2

S22 =   X 22 −   
n 2 − 1  n 2  7  8 
0.003055
F= = 19.71 ; ν1 = 7 , ν 2 = 7
0.000155
5) Critical Region:
1
F< or F > Fα /2( ν1 ,ν2 )
Fα / 2( ν2 ,ν1 )
1
F<
3.79
= 0.264 or F > 3.79 (F
0.05( 7,7 )
= 3.79 )
6) Conclusion: Since F = 19.71 > 3.79 fall in the rejection region,
so we will reject Ho.

Q.37 1) Ho : A person’s gender and time spent watching television

are independent.
H1 : A person’s gender and time spent watching television are
not independent.

2) Level of significance : α = 0.01

3) Test Statistic:
 ( O − e )2 
χ =   with ν = ( r − 1)( c − 1)
2 ij ij

i j  eij 
 
27 Probability & Statistics Solution

4) Computations:

Observed Frequencies (Oij)

Gender Total
Male Female
Over 25 hours 15 29 44
Under 25 hours 27 19 46
Total 42 48 90
Expected Frequencies (eij)
Gender Total
Male Female
Over 25 hours (42)(44)/90 (48)(44)/90 44
= 20.5 = 23.5
Under 25 hours (42)(46)/90 (48)(46)/90 46
= 21.5 = 24.5
Total 42 48 90

Oij eij (Oij – eij)2 / eij

15 20.5 1.4756
27 21.5 1.4070
29 23.5 1.2872
19 24.5 1.2347
5.4045

χ 2 = 5.40 , ν = ( 2 − 1)( 2 − 1) = 1
p-value = P( χ 2 > 5.40) χ 2 0.025,1 = 5.024
0.02 < P-value < 0.025 → 5.40
2
χ 0.02,1 = 5.412
5) Decision Rule: If P-value < α , reject Ho.
6) Conclusion: Since P-value > 0.01, so we do not reject Ho and
concluded that person’s gender and time spent watching
television are independent.
Q.38 1) Ho : Size of family is independent of level of education of
father.
H1 : Size of family is not independent of level of education of
father.
2) Level of significance : α = 0.05
 28 Probability & Statistics Solution

 ( O − e )2 
χ =   with ν = ( r − 1)( c − 1)
2 ij ij

i j  eij 
 
Observed and expected frequencies (Oij & eij)
Number of children Total
Education 0-1 2-3 Over 3
Elementary 14(18.7) 37(39.8) 32(24.5 83
Secondary 19(17.6) 42(37.4) 17(23.0) 78
College 12(8.8) 17(18.7) 10(11.5) 39
Total 45 96 59 200

Oij eij (Oij – eij)2 / eij

14 18.7 1.1813
19 17.6 0.1114
12 8.8 1.1636
37 39.8 0.1970
42 37.4 0.5658
17 18.7 0.1545
32 24.5 2.2959
17 23.0 1.5652
10 11.5 0.1957
7.4304

χ 2 = 7.43
P-value = P( χ 2 > 7.43 ) , ν = ( 3 − 1)( 3 − 1) = 4
2
0.10 < P-value < α , reject Ho. χ0.20,4 = 5.989
→ 7.43
2
χ 0.10,4 = 7.779
0.10 < p-value < 0.20
5) Decision Rule:
If p-value < α , reject Ho.
6) Conclusion: Since p-value > 0.05, so we do not reject Ho. So
size of family is independent of level of education of father.

Q.39 1) Ho : Occurrence of types of crime is independent of city

district.
H1 : Occurrence of types of crime is dependent upon city
district
2) Level of significance : α = 0.01
 29 Probability & Statistics Solution

 ( O − e )2 
χ =   with ν = ( r − 1)( c − 1)
2 ij ij

i j  eij 
 
3) Computations:
Observed and expected frequencies (Oij & eij)
Types of Crime Total
District Assault Burglary Larceny Homicide
1 162(186.4) 118(125.8) 451(423.5) 18(13.3) 749
2 310(380) 196(256.6) 996(863.4) 25(27.1) 1527
3 258(228.7) 193(154.4) 458(519.6) 10(16.3) 919
4 280(215) 175(145.2) 390(488.5) 19(15.3) 864
Total 1010 682 2295 72 4059

χ 2 = 3.19 + 12.89 + 3.75 + 19.65 + 0.48 + 14.31 + 9.65 + 6.12

+ 1.79 + 20.36 + 7.30 + 19.86 + 1.66 + 0.16 + 2.43 + 0.89
= 124.49
P-value = P( χ 2 > 124.49 ) , ν = ( 4 − 1)( 4 − 1) = 9
2
χ0.001,9 = 27.877
So p-value < 0.001

5) Decision Rule:
If p-value < α , reject Ho.
6) Conclusion: Since p-value < 0.01, so will reject Ho. so
occurrence of types of crime is dependent upon city district.