seír

HST1TWTO TOLW.CA

MANUAL DE OPERACIÓN

NOMBRE DEL APARATO:

APARATO DE FRICCIÓN DE FLUIDOS

C6

DISTRIBUIDOR:

ARMFIELD TECHNICAL EDUCATÍON COMPANY LIMITED

INSTRUCTION MANUAL

FLUID FRICTION APPARATUS

 :>' .' '• - ;?$¿;»v
J
! T- • ' í '' '

ARMFI^LD TECHNICAL EDUCATIQN CQMPANY LIMITED

OPERATING INSTRUCTIONS ANDEXPERIMENTS

C6 - FLUID FRICTION APPARATUS

CONTENTS PAGE NO,

1. INTRODUCTION 1

2. RECEIPT OF EQUIPMENT 2

3. DESCRIPTION 4

4. INSTALLATION REQUIKEKENTS 7

5. ASSEMBLY 8

6. CONNECTION TO SERVICES 10

7. COMMISSIONING 12

8. ROUTINE MAINTENANCE 17

INDEX TO LABORATORY SHSETS

1. INTRODUCTIQH , -

This, apparatus is designed to allow the detailed study

of the fluid friction head losses which. occur when an
incompressible fluid flpws through pipes, bends, valves
and pipe flow metering "dévices»' 'Friction head losses
in straight pipes of different sizes can be investigated
over a range of Reynolds1 numbers from 103 to nearly
105, thereby covering the laminar, transitional and
turbulent flow regimes in smooth pipes. In addition,
an artifically roughened pipe is supplied which, at
the higher Reynolds1 numbers, shows a clear departure .., ^
from the typical smooth bore pipe characteristics.
Pipe friction is one of the classic laboratory experi-
ments and has always found a place in the practical
teaching of fluid mechanics. The results and under-
lying principies are of the greatest importance to
engineers in the aeronautical, civil, mechanical^
marine, agricultural_ and hydraulic fields.
Osborne Reynolds distinguished between laminar and tur-
bulent flow in pipes in his publication in 1883.
Ludwig Prandtl, Thomas Stanton and Paul Blasius later
analysed pipe flow data in the early part of this
century and produced the plot knowi as the Stanton diagram.
John Nikuradse extended the work to cover the case of
rough pipes and one such pipe sxipplied with this equip-
ment has been roughened for flow comparison purposes,
In addition to the equipment for the study of losses in
straight pipes, a wide. range of accessories is avail-
able including pipe fittings and control valves, a
Vénturi tube, an orifica píate assembly and a pitot
tube.
The unit is fully iustrumcnted and iü *jupp.lluLl vi.U.htir .i¡
a self-contained rig (C6-OO) or arranged for conn'ection
to the laboratory water supply systercí (C6-10) .

,
( -

- 1
2.' RgCElPT QF EQUIPMEOT

2JLlJ__SAl.Eg__I_N THE UNITED KINGDOM * -

The apparatus should be carefully unpacked and the

components checked against the Advice Note. A copy
of the Advice Note ís included on Page3 for reference,
Any omissions or breakages should be notified to
Armfield Technical Education Company Limited, within
three days of receipt.

2.2. SALES OVERSBAS

The apparatus should be carefully unpacked and the
components checked against the Packing List. A copy
of the Packing List is included on Page 3 for reference
Any omissions or breakages should be notified imraed-
iately to the Insurance Agent stated on the Insurance
Certificate if the goods were insured by Armfield
Technical Education Company Limited.
Your own insurers should be notified immediately if
insurance was arranged by yourselves.

2 —
COPY ÜF PACKIHG LIST/ADVXCE NOTE FOR C6 FLUID FRICTION
APPARATUS _ _ .—— ~ ~-r~

ONE - C6 FLUID FRICTION APPARATUS

Comprising:- .-
j- i. -
i i - Backboard incorporating Test Pipes,
- , Control Valves, Orifice Píate, Venturi
Tube, Pitot Tube and Housing and 6mm
I.D. Polythene tubas.
ítem 2 2 - Support Stands with fixing bolts
ítem 3 1 - Service Module with Volumetric Tank,
Water Level Indicator, Sump Tank?
Pump Unit with By-Pass and starter
and Transformer {non-standard supplles
only)
Item 4 1 - Set of 5 Tube Samples
ítem 5 1 - 1M Pressurised Manometer
ítem 6 1 - 1M Mercury Manometer
It. ? i „ coil of 6mm I.D. Polythene Tube.
Manometer Connection Manifold. Set
of 4 Pressure Test Probes

Item_8 1 - Discharge Pipe PVC

_9 i - stilling Baffle
ítem 10 1 - Flexible Polythene Delivery Pipe
ítem 11, 1 - Measuring cylinder
1NSTALLATSON DIAGRAM FOR FLUID FR1CTION APPARATUS C 6-00
3. DESCRIPTTOK

A general arrangement drawing and associated índex

sheet on page 14,15 and 16 respectively, shows the layout of
the fully self-contained apparatus. ^11 numerícal
references relate to this drawing,
The test circuits are mounted on a substantial plástic
lamlnated backboard strengthened by a deep frame and
carried on tubular stands. There are six pipes arranged
to próvido facilities for testing the following:
Smooth-bore pipes of varióos diameter (1)f (2)
and (4).
An artifically roughened pipe (3).
A 90° bend (14).
A 90° elbow (13).
A 45° elbow (8).
A 45° "y" (9).
A 90° "T" (15).
A sudden enlargement (6).
A sudden contraction (5).
A gate valve (10).
A globe valve (11).
A ball valve (7).
An in-line strainer (.12) .
A Venturi made of Perspex (.131.
A pipe section made of Perspex with a pitot static
tube (16).
Short samples of each size test pipe (19) are provided ,
loóse so that the students can measure the exact
diameter and determine the nature of the internal
finish. The ratio of the diameter of the pipe to the
distance of the pressure tappings frorn the ends of each
pipe has been selected to minimise end and entry effects,
A systera of isolating valves (V4) is provided whereby the
pipe to be tested can be selected without disconnecting
or-draining the system. The arrangement allows tests
to be conducted on parallel pipe configurations.
An all.G.R.P, floor standing service module incorpor-
ates a sump tank (23) and a volumetric flow measuring
tank (22). • Rapid and accurate flow measurement is thus
possible over the full working range of the apparatus.
The level rise in the measuring tank is determinad by
an independent sight gauge (25) . A sitial 1 glass vessel
of 250 mi capacity (28) is supplied for measuring the
flow rate under laminar conditions (very low flows).

Ported manómeter connection valves (V7) ensure rapid

bleeding of all inter-connecting pipework.
 INSTALIAT10N REQUIfcEMEfíTS

The apparatus requires a firm, level floor and is

designed for static operation, ideally located agalnst
a wall. Access to a source of clean water (for initial
priming) and a single phase electrical supply is
required.
5. ABSEMEt-Y

Numerical references rafer to the identification diagrara

on Page 4 following the Packing List. The following,
instructions relate to the fully self-contained apparatus,
C6-00. For installation of the C6-10 backboard only
connect the inlet and discharge pipes on the apparatus
directly to the laboratory water supply and drain.
Ignore all references to the service module.
Position the service module (3) in the required location
with the recessed panel, containing the pump start/
stop controls and volumetric sight tube, facing forwards.
Position the stilllhg baffle (9) within the volumetric
tank'of the service module, ensuring that the baffle
is located against the rear wall of the tank.
Attach the backboard (1) to the stand uprights (2)
using the bolts provided ('two per stand) . Position
this assembly over the service -module, aligning the
water inlet on the left hand side of the backboard with
the left hand edge of the service -module and the water
outlet over the volumetric tank/stilling baffle.
Connect the inlet pipe from the pump outlet to the
backboard inlet using the worm drive clips provided.
Attach the pressurised water manometer (5) and mercury
manometer (6) to the ends of the backboard using the
bolts provided ('two bolts per raanometer) . Connect the
discharge pipe (8) to the outlet of the pipe network
using a worm drive clip, Ensure that the end of the
discharge pipe is located over the stilling baffle in
the volumetric tank. Lócate the -manometer connection
manifold (7) on the'side of the volumetric tank with the
valve bodies facing forwards. Connections between the
manometers, the pressure test probes and the connection
manifolá should be effected using the polythene tubing
provided in accordance with the diagram on Page 9. •
Lócate the samples of tube (4) on the pins provided on
the left-hand side of the backboard. Lócate the
measuring cylinder (11) adjacent to the pump within the
service module.
 JTT
WATER AIR'

MERCURV WATER-

.CONNECTtON VALVES WiTH

BLEED PORT.

AIR
L_
'CCNHECTtON

L.
r-C

TEST PROBES TEST PROBES

0-1 MHg DIFFERENTIAL 0 - 1 M H 2 0 DIFFERENTIAL

MANOMETER CONNECTÍON DIAGRAM

6, CONNECTION TO SERVICES

STANDARD ELECTRIGAL _

The equipment requires connection to a IkW single-

phase, fused electrícal supply, The standard
electrical supply for this equipment is 220/240V,
50Hz. Check that the voltage and frequency of the
electrical supply agree with the label attached to the
supply cable on the equipment. Connection should be
made to the supply cable as follows:-
GREEN/YELLOW - EARTH
BROWN - LIVE (HOT)
BLUE - NEUTRAL
Fuse Rating - 5 AMPS
_NON--STANDARD ELECTRICAL SUPPLY:
When supplied for operation from a non-standard
electrical supply (110/130V, 50/60H2 or 22Ov, 60Hz), .
the equipment incorporates a transformer of appropriate
current rating, In this case the transformer is
installed within the service module.
Check that the voltage and frequency of the electrical
supply agree with the label attached to the supply
cable on the transformer. Connection should be made
as follows;-
GREEN/YELLOW ~ EARTH
BROWN - LIVE OHOT)
BLUE - NEUTRAL
Fuse Rating - 13 AMPS
If the label attached to the supply cable does not agree
exactly with the electrical supply, it will be necessary
to modify the connections to the transformer before
connecting the supply:-
Remove the lid from the transformer box by ,
releasing the four self tapping screws.
, Replace the LIVE conductor of the supply
cable in the appropriate Voltage terminal
uf the Input terminal block.
The LIVE conductor of the equipment cable
will be located'in the 5OHz Pump/motor or
60Hz Pump/Motor terminal of the Output
terminal block and should not be moved from
this position. Replace the lid on the
transformer box and secure using the four
self tapping screws.
Note: Different impellors are fitted to the water pump
to suit the frequency of the supply. Any dis-
crepancy between the frequency of the supply
and the equipment should be reported to Armfield
Technical Education Cornpany Limited.
- 10 -
 8lceX

1NPUT

264v OUTPUT v

25Qv
Live 60Hz
240v Pumo -
—, Live •Moior
220v 50Hr
¡NST
22Qv
Netilrat
130 v COWMON
* ti ve Earth
120 v E
+ -
1 .
110 v
Neutra!
0
Ear th
E
T

COLD WATER

The equiprrvent is self-contained and does not require

permanent connection to a water supply. An initial
supply of cold water will b^ required to fill the
sump tank of the service module. Water will also
be required for cleaning/flushing after use.

DRAIN (COLD WATER)

The equipment is self-contained and does not require

á drain for normal operation. A drain will be required
for cleaning/flushing purposes.

11 -
 COMMISSIONING

Having assembled the apparatus as described in the Assembly

section, the following commissioning procedure should be
adoptcd,
All numerical references relate to the General Arrange-
ment diagram on Page 14.
The sump tank (23) of the service module should be
filled with clean water to within approxiinately 50mm
of its upper edge. The apparatus should be connected .
to the electrical supply ensuring compatibility.
Glose by-pass flow control valve (VI) and inlet flow
control valve (V2),
Opérate the pump start button (.26) and observe audible
operation of the pump (.24).
Open by-pass flow control valve (VI) and observe that
water is discharged back into the sump tank (23),
Glose by-pass flow control valve (VI) ,
Glose air bleed valves (V3) - two off.
Open ball valve (7) and coarse outlet flow control
valve (V6).
Glose fine outlet control valve (V5) .
With the purup operating open inlet flow control valve
(V2) and observe discharge of water to the volumetric .
tank.
Lift durnp valve actuator (.29) situated in the volu-
¡netric tank, twist to retain in the raised position
and observe that water is returned to the sump tank.
All: pipework should be fully priined by alternately
Operating isolatlng valves (V4) and ball valve (7).
The auxillary pipe should be primed by closing valves
V4) and (7) and opening test valves (10) and (11),
Air bleed valves (V3) should be operated to remove ai^:
from the system using ;short lengths of flexible tubing
attached to the serrated outlets to direct the expelled
water to the volurnetric tank.

When fully primed, outlet valve (V6) should be closed,

followed by inlet valve (V2) before switching off the
pump. • This will maintain the system full of water.

- 12 -
 Commíssioning (Cent/,.r .)

The mercury mar.ometer (2O) should be primad with clean

mercury to the 0.5 metre datum,
Operation of the self-bleedlng manometer connections is
described in the following section.

After final positioning and adjustments, the volumetric

measuring facility should be set up as follows:
A small quantity of wetting agent may be adrnitted to
the sight tube (25) ,. via the overflow tube at the top,
This will reduce the meniscus in the tube making read-
ings clearer.
Opérate the pump starter (26).
Cióse the dump valve in the base of the volumetric tank
by operating the remote actuator (29).

Open flow control valvas (V2) and (V6).

Open ball valve (7) and allow the volumetric tank to f'ill
until water is returned to the sump via the overflow.
With the volumetric tank full, observe that the remote
sight tube (25) is full and that no air bubbles are pre-
sent. Repeatedly fill the empty volumetric tank ensur-
ing that the sight gauge is free from air bubbles.
Adjust the water level in the sump tank until the
surface is coincident with the tank step. Slacken the
securing screws at the top and bottom of the sight gauge
scale (25), and adjust the position such that the
meniscus of the fluid in the tube coincides with the
black datum line engraved between the small and larga
scales. This will ensure that the scale is positioned
accurately for volumetric measurements using either of
the ranges. A small quantity of wetting agent on the
step will enable an accurate level to be found. The
hydraulics bench is now ready for use.
NOTE:
All volumetric readings should be taken with the
stilling baffle incorporated since calibration has
effected in this condition.

- 13
V-1
^>.
I

GENERAL ARRANGEMENT FOR FLUID-FR1CT10N APPARATUS C 6-00

ÍNDEX SHEST POR C6 ARRANGKMENT DRAW1NG

Vi BY-PASS FLOW CONTROL VALVE

V2 INLET FLOW CONTROL VALVE
V3 AIR BLEED VALVES
V4 ISOLATING VALVES
V5 OUTLET FLOW CONTROL VALVE (FINE)
V6 OUTLET FLOW CONTROL VALVE (COARSE)
V7 MANOMETER VALVES.

1 6rom SMOOTH BORE TEST PIPE

2 lOrum SMOOTH BORE TEST PIPE
3 ARTIFICALLY ROUGHENED TEST PIPE
4 17.5mm SMOOTH BORE TEST PIPE
5 SUDDEN CONTRACTION
6 SUDDEN ENLARGEMENT
7 BALL VALVE
8 45° ELBOW
9 45° "Y" JUNCTION
10' GATE VALVE
11 GLOBE VALVE
12 IN LINE STRAINER
13 90° ELBOW
14 90° BEND
15 90° "T" JUNCTION
16 PITOT STATIC TUBE
17 VENTÜRI METER
18 ORÍFICE METER
19 TEST PIPE SAMPLES
20 Im MERCURY MANOMETER
21 Im PRE-SSURISED WATER MANOMETER
22 VOLUMETRIC MEASURING TANK
23 STORAGE SUMP
24 SERVICE PUMP

„ 15 —
25 SIGHT TUBS
25 PUMP START/STOP
27 MEAS'JRING CYLINDSR
28 DUMP VALVE

16
8. ROUTINE MAINENANCE

1. The equipment should be disconnected from the

electrical supply when not in use.
2. Water should be drained from all pipes in the net-
work after use. This may be facilitated by opening
all valves in the network including the inlet and
outlet flow control valves.

3. Water should be drained from the service module

when the equipment is out of use for more than a
short period of time.

4. The volumetric tank on the service module should

be periodically cleaned to remove debris.

5. The sight tube (level gauge) on the service module

and the pressurised water mancmeter should be
periodically flushed with wetting agent to reduce
the effect of the meniscus on the surface of the
water.

Note: The pump circuit is protected by a contactor

with thermal overload and no-volt protection.

- 17 -
 C6-00 FLUID FRICTION EXPERIMENTE

CONTENTS PAGE NO.

NOTES ON OPERATION OF THE APPARATUS 1

GENERAL ARRANGEMENT DIAGRAM 3

FLUID FRICTION IN A SMOOTH BORE PIPE A
>
HEAD LOSS DUE TO FRICTION B
HEAD LOSS DUE TO PIPE ' FITTINGS C

FLUID FRICTION IN A ROUGHENED PIPE D

FLOW MEASUREMENT USING DIFFERENTIAL HEAD E

18
NOTES ON OPERATION OF THE ÁPPARATUS

i
Fiow rotes through the apporatus may be adjustcd by
oporation of outlet flow control valve (V6).
Simultaneóos operation of Inlet flow control valve (V2)
will permit adjustment of the static pressure in the
apparatus together with the flow rate.

Operation of by-pass flow control (VI) will permit

reduction in static pressure when operating at low
flow rates. |
Fine outlet control valve (V5) will permit accurate
control at very low flow rates.

Suitable selection and operation of these control

valves will enable tests to be performed at different,
independent combinations of flow rate and system static
pressure. ¡
Measurement of Flow Rates using the Volxirnetric Tank

The service module incorporates a moulded volumetric

measuring tank (221 which is stepped to accommodate
low or high flow rates.
A stilling baffle is incorporated to reduce turbulence.

A remóte sight gauge (.25) , consisting of a sight tube

and sealeT is connected to a tapping in the base of the
tank and gives an instantaneous indication of water
level. The scale is divided Into two zones correspond-
ing to the volume above and below the step in the tank.
A dumo
i* valve in the base of the volumetric tank is
operated by a remote actuator (29). In operation, the
volumetric tank is emptied by lifting the dump valve,
allowing the entrained water to return to the sump (23).
When test conditions have stabilised, the dump valve
is lowered, entraining the water in the tank.

Timings are taken as the water level rises in the tank.

Low flow lates are monitored on the lower portion of
the scale corresponding to the srnall volume beneath the
step. Larger flow rates are monitored on the upper
scale corresponding to the main tank.
Before operation th-e position of the scale relative to
the tank should be adjusted as described in the cornmis-
sioning section.

( 1 3
 (
When extrcmely smail volurñetric flow ratcs ore to be
measurcd, tho measuring cylindor (28) should be used
rather than tho volumetric tank, Whcn using the
measuring cylindor, diversión of the flow to and from
thc cylinder should be synchronised as closcly as
possiblc with thc starting and stopping of a watch.
Do not attcmpt to use a definite time or a definite
volume.
Operation of the Self-Bleeding Manometers
Both the mercury and pressurised water manorneters
installed on the apparatus are fitted with quick con-
nection test probes and self-bleeding pipework.
Each test point on the apparatus is fitted with a
self-sealing connection. In operation, the dust cover is
unscrewed from the test point selected and the reguired
test probé Inserted into the exposed receptacle. Screw-
ing the collar of the test probé onto the test point
opens the integral valve permitting measurement of the
system pressure vía the pipe connected to the probé.
Each test probé is connected to the limb of a rnanometer
via a vented ball valve which is situated over the
volumetric tank. In operation the connecting valves
are set to the £O° position and the test probes screwed
onto the required test points. Pressure in the test
pipe drives fluid along the flexible connecting pipe
pushlng air bubbles to the valve where the mixture of
air and water is ejected into the volumetric tank via
the vent in the body. In this condition the valve con-
nection to the manometer remains sealed keeping the
jnanorneter fully primed.
When all air bubbles have been expelled at the vent,
the valve is turned through 9O to the live position
connecting the test point directly to the manorneter.
Prior to rernoval of the test probé, the valve is
returned to the 9O° position to prevent loss of water
from the manometer. üsing this procedure, the mano-
meters once primed will remain free from air bubbles
ensuring accuracy in readings.
The pressurised water manometer incorporates a Schrader
valve which is connected to the top manifold. This per-
mits the levéis in the limbs to be adjusted for measurement
of small differential pressures at various static
pressures.
A hand or foot pump will be required to effect reduction
of levéis at high static pressures.

2 )
GENERAL ARRANGEMENT FOR FLUID FRICTION APPARATUS C6
 FUI ID FKIcriON EXPF.RIM^NTS

FIXJID FRICTJON 1N A SmOTH BORE PIPE

To determine'the rclationship bcb^een head loss due to fluid friction

and velocity for flow of water through srnooth bore pipes.

EQUIPMENT SET-UP:

-MERCURY MANOMETER PRES5URE TAPPING5 FRESSURiSED WATER MAHOMETER

GLOSE VALVES VI.10. G.

OPEN VALVE V2.
OPEH VALVES E, F or 7
FiLL SUMP WtTH as requirsd
CLEAN WATER OPEN A ond B or C ond D
after connectíng probcs
ü
to tappings

Additional Bruiprent Required: Stcpwatch, Intemal vernier caliper

OF.THEDRY:

Professor Osborne Reynolds demonstrated that two types of flcw iray

exist in a pipe.
1) Laminar flow at low velocities .where head loss hcx velocity u.

2) Turbulent flow at higher velocities where h a un.

Tbese two types of flow are -eparated by a Transition phase -where no
definite relationship betwaen h and u exists.
Graphs of h ver sus u and log h ver sus log u show these zones.

log h
Turbultrní flow

Hi gher c r i t i c a l
Transition velocfty

Lower crilical
velocity
Laminar flow

log u
READ1NGS TO HK TAKEN:

The object is to obtain a serios oí readings of tetad loss at

different flowrates through thc three smooth bore test-pipes.
Prime the pipe network with water. Opon and cióse the appropriate
va Ivés to obtain flow oí: water Üirough the requifcd test pipe.
Measure flowratos using the volurnetric tank in conjuncticn with
flow control valve VG. For snvtll flowrates use the measuring
cylinder in conjunetion with flow control V6 (V5 closed) .
Measure head loss betv*;en thc tappings using the mercury
manctneter or prcssurised water mañaneter as appropriate.
Cbtain readings on test pipes 1, 2 and 3.
Msasure the intemal diameter of éach test pipe sample using a
vernier caliper (not supplied).

All readings should be tabulated as follows:

VOLUME TIME FLOWRATE PIPE DÍA. VELOCÍTr HEAD LOSS HEAD LOSS LOG LL LOG h

VLitres T Secs Q m!/ s d m u m,' s H mm Hg h H HtO

V -' ¿Q íhA-ha) (hc~ h c ]

; >•• xlO
T Tfd"5 12-5 H

RESULTS:

Plot a graph of h versus u for each size of pipe. Identify the

Laminar, Transition and Turbulent zones on the graphs.
Confirm that the graph is a straight line for Ü^¡e zone of Laminar
flow (h oc u) .
Plot a graph of log h versus log u for each size of pipe. Confirm
that the graph is a straight line for the zone of Turbulent flow
{h a un). Determine the slope of the straight line to find n.
Estímate the valué of Reynolds number (Re - 1 / ^ } at the start and
finish of the Transition phase. These two valúes of Re are called
the up^r and IcAser critical velocities.
is the molecular viscosity = 1.15 x 1O~3 NS/m2 at 15 C.
o.
P is the density = 999 kg/m3 at 15 C.

' A2
 Hi-TVD LOSS DUE TO FRTCriON

To confirm the head loss predicted by a pipe friction equation

associated with flow of water through a sirooth bore pipe.

EQÜIPMENT SET-UP:
MERCURY MANOMETER . PRESSURE TAPPINGS PRESSURISEO WATER HANOMETER

'!
ti!
AB C 0

]
, 1
n ' vN ¡1 (O
^ ^s y
i ' i ID) CLOSE VALVE5 VI, 10, G
N
1 ' 1 v !
VI
i_jW rr>-^-^ OPEN V A L V E V2
1 1-J

11
L_...J~ OPEH VALVES E, F or ? .
JL FILL SUMP W!TM
as required
^~~\
i
X. S
i ~^^ OLEAN WATER
N A ond 3 or C ond D
after connectin^ probcs
t cppin g s

Additional EXjuipment Required: Stcpwatch, Internal v&rnier caliper.

OF THEORY:

Por a circular pipe flowing full, the head loss due to friction
may be calculated frcm the fórmala

2gd -- 2gd

where L = length of pipe beteeen tappings (m) = lir¡ for all pipes,

d = internal diameter of the pipe (m).

u = rrean velcciby of water through the pipe (m/s).

g = 9.81 (acceleration due to gravity, m/s 3 )-

f - pipe friction coefficient (British). 4f - A (American).

Having established the valué of Reynolds number Re for flow in the

pipe, the valué of f rray be determinad frcm a Mxdy diagram.

Re - oud

- Bl
 ¿i « molecular viscosity *= 1.15 x lo' "' NS/m1 at 15°C.

P » dcnsity = 999 kg/rc3 at 15 C.

i
i
A sinplified Mcody diagram is included bclow for reference:
\
\

g
i-
o
fi:
u.

REYNOLDS NUM8ER

READINGS TO BE TAREN:

The object is to obtain a series of readings of head loss at different

flcwrates through the three snxx>th bore test pipes.
Prime the pipe network with water. Open and cióse the appropriate
valves to obtain flow of water through the reguired test pipe.
^5easure flowrates using the volumetric tank in conjunction with flow
control valve V6. For srrall flcwrates use the measuring cylinder in
conjunction with flow control valve V5 (V6 closed).
^5^asure head loss between the tappings using the mercury manorreter
or pressurised water mancn^eter as apprcpriate.
Obtain readings in test pipes 1, 2 and 3.
¿•teasure the intemal diaireter of each test pipe sample using a vernier
caliper (not supplied).
All readings should be tabulated as follows:

VOLUME TIME FLOWRAie P1P£ DÍA ^£LOCITY REYNOLE6 CALCÚLATE! HEADLOSS HEAOLOSS
No HEAOLOS5
V Litres T sccs 0 m j /s d m u m/ 5 Re - h m MZ0 Hmm Hg hrn H.,0
¿
v -* - ¿Q pud (rom > tu 1 ihA - h»)
- /¡- x 10 HOODY
" TTd^ u " 2gd
di ogrom
12-6 H

PIPE LEN67H L : m

RESULTS:

Ccnpare the valúes of head loss deterrriined by calculation with those

neasnred using the iranoreter.

Confirm that the head loss can be predicted using the pipe friction
eqi-iation provided the velccity of the fluid and the pipe dimensions
are known.

- B2 -
 1-iAuu HUcriON
1ÍEAD LOSS DUE TO PIPE FI1TINGS

To determine tho head loss associated with flew of water through

standard fittings uscd in plumbing tnstallations.
EQUIPMENT SET-UP:
MERCURY MANOMETER PRESSURlSED WATER MANQMETER

5 SUDDEN CONTRACTION
8 ENLARGEMENT
7 BALL VALVE
JL ¿5° E L B Q W
3_ ¿5° 'Y* JUNCTION
10 GATE VAL VE
vy n ^x • (C)
(0) 11
12
GLOBE VALVE
IN UNE STRAINER
¡r^
j
/ jl •*
V */
•*" FUL SUHP TANK
WiTH CLEAN WATER
13 90°
K 90°
EL80W

BEND
15 90° 'i' JUNCTION
I O O

Additional equipment required:

Sü>?-iARy OF THEDRY:

Kead loss in a pipe fitting is proportional to the velocity head of

the fluid flcwing thorough the fitting.
Ku;
h (rrHjO) -
2g
1
'K is the fitting 'factor'.
u - mean velocity of water through the pipe (m/s).
g ~ 9.81 (acceleration due to gravity m/s3},
Note: A flcw control valve is a pipe fitting which has an adjustable
'K' factor. The rninimum valué of 'K' and the relationship between
stern rroveinent and 'K' factor are irrportant in selecting a valve
for an application.
READING5 ID BE TAKEN:

Prime the network with water. Open and cióse the apprcpriate valves to
obtain flow of water through the reguired fitting.

- Cl -
 Mcasurc f.lowrates using the volumetric tank in conjunction with
flov control vaive V6.

Mensure dífferontial hcad between tappings on each fitting using the

prcssuri sed water nvmareter.

diffcrontia] hcad betwccn tappings on test valvcs using

pressurised water ir,inaix>ter and mercxiry mañane ter as appropriate
for different valve scttings íopen to closed) .
All readings should be tabula tcd as follows:

VOLUHE TIME FLOWRATG PtPE DÍA VELOC1TY VEIOCITY HEADLOSS HEADLOSS K VALVE
HEAD POSITION
V Litres T secs 0 rn s /S d m u m/s hy m HjO Hmm Hg h m H20 K/hy i volees )
' Only '
S
: ^-X10" = 4JL- ~¿- (h A -h B ) £ he- h0 1
Tí d ^2g
or
12-6 H

RESULTS:

Ccxifirm that K is a constant for each fátting over the rar.ge of

test flcwrates.
Plot a graph of K factor against valve opening for each test valve.
Note the differences in characteristic.

- C2
 FI/JID KIUCriON 1M A P.OUQfh:NI;r> PIPE

To determine the re]at-.ionship bctwccn fluid friction coefficient

and Reynolds* numbcr for flow of water through a pipe having a
roughened bore.

EQUITMENT SET-UP:
MERCURV MANOMETER PRESSURiSED WATER MANOMETER

a
1

CIÓSE VALVES VI, 10, E. F, 7.

OP£N VALVES V¿. G.
QP£N A and B or C and O
al ler connecting pro bes
to iappings-

Additional Equipcrent Reqxoired: Stopwatch, Internal vernier caliper.-

SUI^IARY OF THEORY:

For a circular pipe flowing full, the head loss due to friction
iray be calculated frora the fórmala

h =
2gd
or' 2gd

where L = lengtíi of pipe between tappings (m) = lm for all pipes,

d - internal diarreter of the pipe (m).

u ~ mean velccity of water through the pipe (m/s).

g = 9.81 (acceleration due to gravity, m/s1).

f = pi;^e friction coefficient (British). 4f = X (American).

pud , where
Re

- DI
ji «= noloou"¡ar viscos .i ty = Í 1.15 x 1O NS/m' at .15 C-

p - dcnsity = 999 kg/m 3 at ir>°C,

The rovujhix^ds faclor ~ k/d whoro k 5s tho lieight cf the sand <jral.ns.
A simpHfiod Moody diagraní is jncludod bolow for rofcrence:

0-16 -

- o-ot -

0-012-

log Re

READINGS TO BE TAKEN:

Ihe object is to obtain a series of readings of head loss at different

flowrates through the roughened pipe.
Priire the pipe netvork with water. Cpen and cióse the appropriate
valves to obtain flow of water through the roughened pipe.
í^teasure flowrates usina the volumetric tank in conjunction with flow
control valve V6. For sr^all flowrates use the measuring cylinder in
conjunction with flow control valve V5 (V6 closed),
M2asure head loss between the tappings usi_ng the mercury manoneter
or pressurised water irancrreter as appropriate.

Estimate the noninal intemal diarreter of the test pipe sample using
a x'emier caliper (not supplied). Estímate the roughness factor k/d.

All readings should be tabulated as follows:

VOLUME TIME FLOWRATE PIPE DlA VELQCfTY REYNOLDSHEADLOSS HEADLOSS PIPE

N° FRICT10N
V Lilres T secs 0 m3/ s d m U m/s Re H m m Hg h m H.,0
i.
XCFFIOFWT
P ud gdn
¿0
' rfd*
íhc- ^ 2 L LT
M or T 2 - S H

Plot a graph of pipe friction coefficient versus Reynolds1 number

(Icg scale).

Note the difference fron the snxx)th pipe curve on the Koody Diagram
wlien the flow is turbulent.
To daronstrate the application of differential head devices in the
rreasuroinent of flowrate and velocity of water in a pipe.

SETHJP:
MERCURY MANO METER PRESSURISED WATEP M A N Q M E T E R

VENTURi P1TOT GLOSE V A L V E S VI, V5

TUBE
OP£N VALVES V2t 10, 11,
E,F, G,7.
OPEN A ond B or C ond O
d f t í f connecl ing pro bes i o
•íúppings
FILL SUMP TANK
WITH CLEAN WATER

OF THSORY:

For an orifico píate or ven tur i, the flowrate and differential head
are related by the Bemoulli ©"juation with a corree t ion coefficient
for enercv aearadation.

[29 h.

where Q Ficwrate m5/s

C Discharge coefficient C ~ O-93 for a venturi
d
C, - O,6 for an orífice píate !
:
Ao Área of the throat or orífice m2 do = 14nm for the venturi ¡
do = 2Cnm for the orífice píate ;
2
Al Área of the pipe upstream m (di = 24rnm)
h - h. Differential head mi-!, O
9.81 (acceleration due to gravity, nv's1 }
Por r. mtot 1.111.x?, tiio d i f f c r e n t i a t toad nx-^asurcd botwsen the total
í»Jid static tappinnp ís cquiva.!orit to the' vclocily hcod of the fluid

(h. h. u

where U = nx?an vclocity of water throucjh the pipe (¡Vs)

(hj. - h-) - Differential head míj:0
g = 9.81 (acceleration duc to gravity, m/s1)

READINGS TO BE TAKEN:

Prime the pipe net\sork with water. Open the appropriate valves to
obtain flcw of watex Uirough tí-K2 flcwretexs.

Measure flowrates using the volunxitric tank in caijunction with flow

control valve V6.

Measure differential head between tapprngs on each flowmeter using

the nercury mañaneter or pressurised water manoreter as appropriate.

Obtain readings on the venturi, orífice píate and pitot tute, All
readings stould be tabulated as follcws:

VOLUME TIME FLOWRATE PIPE DIA VELOC1TY HEADLOSS HEADLOSS

V Litres T s ees d m U m/s H mm Hg hm HjD

5 - 4Q (hA-hs) íh c -h D )
= £.xio
or 12-6 H

RESULTS:

For each flcwrreter, calcúlate the theoretical differential head at each

flowrate.
Corrpare th.is result with the differential head measured.

- E2