A phrase is a group of words that go together.

It differs from a clause in that a

phrase does not have a subject and a verb. phrases (in the house, beyond the horizon)

One type of dependent clause is called a relative clause. A relative clause begins
with a relative pronoun, a pronoun such as that, which, or who. Relative pronouns
relate the clause to another word in the sentence.

that fell last night [no meaning alone]

The snow that fell last night is nearly gone. [has meaning]

In the sentence above, the relative pronoun that relates the dependent clause to
the subject of the sentence,

Compound Sentence :

1. The two independent clauses can be connected by a connecting word called a

coordinating conjunction. The coordinating conjunctions are for, and, nor, but,
or, yet, so. (Remember the acronym FANBOYS.) Use a comma before the coordinating
conjunction (FANBOYS) between two independent clauses (unless the
clauses are extremely short).
He opened the drawer, and he found his missing disk.
He opened the drawer, so he found his missing disk.
2. Another way to join independent clauses to form a compound sentence is to
put a semicolon between the clauses.
He opened the drawer; he found his missing disk.

COORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS

For shows a reason: I am very tired, for I worked very hard today.
And shows equal ideas: I am very tired, and I want to rest for a few minutes.
Nor indicates a negative choice or alternative: I am not tired, nor am I hungry right now.
But shows contrast: I am very tired, but I have no time to rest now.
Or indicates a choice or an alternative: I will take a nap, or I will go out jogging.
Yet indicates contrast: I am tired, yet I am unable to relax.
So points to a result: I am tired, so I will take a nap.

The compound complex sentence :

A compound-complex sentence consists of two or more independent clauses and

one or more dependent clauses.

Compound-Complex Sentence: Albert enlisted in the Army, and Robert,

who was his older brother, joined him a
day later.
Independent Clauses: Albert enlisted in the Army
Robert joined him a day later
Dependent Clause: who was his older brother
Compound-Complex Sentence: Because Mr. Yamamoto was a talented
teacher, he was voted teacher of the
year, and his students prospered.
Independent Clauses: he was voted teacher of the year
his students prospered
Dependent Clause: Because Mr. Yamamoto was a talented teacher.
Exercise 01 :

Identify the following groups of words as an independent, or main, clause (has a

subject and verb and can stand alone); a dependent clause (has a subject and
verb but cannot stand alone); or a phrase (a group of words that go together
but do not have a subject and verb). Use these abbreviations: IC (independent
clause), DC (dependent clause), or P (phrase).

1. Under the table 2. After I scanned the document 3. I scanned the document.
4. To fi nd a fossil 5. Mr. Darwin found a fossil.6. Over the bridge and through the woods
7. We chased the wind over the bridge and through the woods. 8. Which is on the fl oor
9. Find your new socks.10. Because of the new guidelines11. Standing on the corner12. Why are we standing on
the corner?

Exercise02 :

Write 5 compound-complex sentences.

1. Because he was my friend, I had to defend him, and I

2. Although he started late, he fi nished rapidly, and he
3. She had not eaten since the clock struck twelve, and she
4. The man who was sick tried to rise, but
5. If you want to leave,

Exercise 03 : simple /compound / complex/ compound complex :

1. Leonardo da Vinci was one of the greatest painters of the
Italian Renaissance. 2. His portrait Mona Lisa and his religious scene The Last
Supper rank among the most famous pictures ever painted. 3. Da Vinci was trained to be a
painter, but he was also one of the most versatile geniuses in all of history. 4. His interests
and achievements spread into an astonishing variety of fi elds that are usually considered
scientifi c specialties. 5. Da Vinci studied anatomy, astronomy, botany, and geology, and he
designed machines and drew plans for hundreds of inventions. 6. He recorded his scientifi c
observations and his ideas for inventions in notebooks. 7. About 4,200 pages still exist; they
are fi lled with brilliant drawings that reveal da Vinci’s powers of observation and skill as a
draftsman. 8. His recorded ideas were ahead of their time; for example, he drew plans for a fl
ying machine, and he came up with the parachute, too. 9. These drawings rank among da
Vinci’s greatest masterpieces. 10. Although scientists of his day believed in an Earth-centered
universe, da Vinci’s notebooks reveal his understanding of the Earth’s movement around the
Sun.

1. The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) compiled a list

of the seven wonders of the modern world. 2. These engineering experts based their decisions
on several factors; for example, they evaluated the pioneering quality of structures’ design or
construction, the structures’ contributions to humanity, and the engineering challenges that
were overcome to build the structures. 3. One structure on the list is the 31-mile Channel
Tunnel, or Chunnel, which connects England and France through a system
of tunnels under the English Channel. 4. Another marvel is the Panama Canal; it took 42,000
workers ten years to dig a canal across Panama to connect the Atlantic and Pacifi c oceans. 5.
Although it was completed back in 1937, San Francisco’s Golden Gate Bridge remains the
world’s tallest suspension bridge. 6. The bridge’s construction involved many diffi culties,
for workers faced strong tides, frequent storms and fog, and the problem of blasting rock
under deep water for earthquake-resistant foundations. 7. Two of the structures on the
ASCE’s list of wonders are buildings. 8. One of them is New York’s Empire State Building,
and the other is the CN Tower in Toronto, Canada. 9. Even though it is no longer the tallest
building in the world, the well-engineered Empire State Building held that record for forty
years, and its construction revolutionized the skyscraperconstruction industry.10. The Itaipu
Dam at the Brazil/Paraguay border and the dams, fl oodgates, and storm surge barriers of the
Netherlands’ North Sea Protection Works illustrate humanity’s ability to master the forces of
nature, so they are the sixth and seventh items on the list.

The Mayans began to create their civilization

in the southern Gulf Coast region and present-day Guatemala. 2. The result was remarkable
for its brilliant achievements. 3. Although they had no wheeled vehicles and no beasts of
burdensuch as horses or oxen, they moved great pieces of stone to build their temples. 4. They
had no iron tools; however, because they shaped theirstone blocks so skillfully, their pyramids
still stand. 5. The pyramids were the center of Mayan religious ceremonies. 6. The Mayans
built many city-states, and the ruins of at least eighty have been found. 7. The tallest pyramid
was as high as a twenty-story building. 8. A small temple was constructed at the top, where
priests conducted ceremonies. 9. These pyramids were surrounded by plazas and avenues.
10. The Mayans were able to build complex structures and to invent an accurate calendar
because they knew mathematics well.