DIRECTION: Before answering this short quiz make sure you read and

understand the topic. The quiz is part 2 for Expert System topic.
1. In no less than two paragraphs, what is the difference between Expert System
and Artificial? (Note: If you do research kindly attach the link and rephrase the
statement. DO NOT JUST COPY AND PASTE IT, it will automatically zero.)
2. Explain and make a timeline for the Evolution of Artificial Intelligence.
3. In no less than two paragraphs, explain the difference between Forward-
Chaining and Backward-Chaining.

ANSWER:
1. Expert System is a computer program that uses a set of rules for the resolution
of human knowledge problems. Expert Systems are computerized systems
designed to enhance the quality of the information required in a variety of
industries by decision makers. The non-expert can also simulate a conversation
with a professional expert in order to solve complex problems. The Expert
System may also clarify their reasoning/suggested decisions as well. Might as
well as the expert system emulates the ability of a human expert to decide or to
cope up in their own decisions. Expert System is used to help extenders and
producers to their jobs. The Expert System relies on the information-oriented
applications, in other words, it only focuses on the input information. In contrast,
artificial intelligence is a realistic way for computers to imitate the human
thinking process. The Artificial Intelligence is the thinking mechanism where
robots/technology does better things than human. Lastly, the Artificial
Intelligence includes robotics and processing of natural languages.

2. Evolution of Artificial Intelligence

1942 Programmable Mechanical Calculating
Machine
1950 Turing Test
(Alan Turing)
1956 Artificial Intelligence
(The first conference on AI by John
McCartny and Marvin Minsky)
1957 General Problem Solver
(Demonstrated by Newell)
1961 Industrial Robot
(Uminations working on GE)
1965 ELIZA & The First Expert System
(Joseph Weizenbaum E. Geigenbaum)
1968 MacHack
(Chess-playing games by Greenblatt at
MIT)
1979 Knowledge-based Medical Diagnostics
Program
(Jack Myers Harry People)
1980 Commercial Expert System
1993 Polly: Behavior-based Robotics
(Ian Horswill)
2005 Recommendation Technology
(TiVo Suggestions)
2007 NVdia launches CUDA, a set of tools
that allowed applications developers to
write programs to run on NVIDIA’s
hardware
2009 Artificial Intelligence discover CPU for
Deep Learning
2010 Democratize Data Access begins –
Kaggle – Data Science and ML
competitions and ImageNet Large Scale
Visual Recognition Challenge started to
democratize data for Image Recognition
2011 Democratize Machine Learning
Knowledge begins – Andrew NG
launches online course for Machine
Learning in Coursera and Sebastian
Thurn in Udacity
2012 Google Brain Team finds cat videos
from millions of Youtube Videos using
GPU and Deep Learning
2015 Open source framework such as
TensorFlow and Keras releases,
OpenAI starts to ensure that artificial
general intelligence benefits all of
humanity
2016 PyTorch releases
2016 Started Machine Learning as service by
companies such as Google, Amazon
and Microsoft
2017 Caffe releases
2018 Fast.ai release deep learning library,
Google releases Tensor Processing
Unit (TPU)
 2019 Proliferation of AI continues

3. Difference between Forward-Chaining and Backward-Chaining

 Forward-Chaining starts with the initial facts while the backward-chaining
starts with some hypothesis or goal first. Forward-Chaining asks too many
questions while the backward-chaining asks few questions. Forward-
Chaining tests all the rules, backward-chaining tests some rules. Forward-
Chaining provides a huge amount of information from just a small amount
of data while the backward-chaining provides a small amount of
information from just a small amount of data. Forward-Chaining attempts to
infer everything possible from the available information, backward-
chaining searches only that part of the knowledge base that is relevant to
the current problem. Forward-Chaining is a primarily data-driven while the
backward-chaining is a goal-driven. Forward-Chaining uses input, searches
rules for answer, backward-chaining begins with a hypothesis, it seeks
information until the hypothesis is accepted or rejected. Forward-Chaining
is a non-focused because it infers all conclusions may answer unrelated
questions while the backward-chaining is focused because all focused to
prove the goal and search as only the part of KB that is related to the
problem. Forward-Chaining works forward to find conclusions from facts,
backward-chaining works backward to find facts that support the
hypothesis. The Forward-Chaining tends to be breadth-first, backward-
chaining tends to be depth-first. Forward-Chaining is suitable for problems
that start from data collection, planning, monitoring and control while the
backward-chaining is suitable for problem that starts from a hypothesis,
diagnosis. Forward-Chaining has a small number of initial states but a high
number of conclusions, the backward-chaining has a small number of
initial goals and a large number of rules match the facts. The Forward-
Chaining is forming a goal difficult; the backward-chaining is easy to form
a goal.