Out-of-Plane Loading: Wind Load Out-of-Plane Loading: Wind Loading

Parapet Parapet Design Force (ASCE 7-10)

ASCE 7-10 30.9
Flat roof (θ ≤ 7°), h ≤ 60 ft GCp
Parapet
Effective Wind Area: Positive Negative Total
• h2/3 (Section 26.2)
• h × (control joint spacing) Case A 0.9 -1.8 2.7
• Use 10 ft2
Case B 0.9 -1.1 2.0
No internal pressure

Case A:
Positive pressure: +0.9
(reduced by 10% for flat roof)
p  q h GC p  total
Negative pressure: -1.8
zone 2 since flat roof)

Case B
Positive pressure: +0.9
http://buildingscience.com/documents/insights/bsi-
050-parapets-where-roofs-meet-walls (reduced by 10% for flat roof)
Components and Cladding (C & C) Negative pressure:
-1.1 typical
Parapet Wind Load, ASCE 7-10 -1.4 corner zone
Figure 30.9-1 Reasonable to use typical if parapet
braced at corner by perpendicular wall

Design Project 9 Design Project 10

Out-of-Plane Loading: Wind Load Out-of-Plane Loading: Wind Load

Wind uplift
Wall-to-diaphragm connection Mid-height moment load from roof
determined
from MWFRS
Parapet pressure to use for designing
p1

wall? Parapet wind load reduces mid-

h1

 h  Reaction, R, is ??
Tributary p1h1  h  1  height wall moment
R
ph
  2 approximately
Area
2 h tributary area • Very conservative: parapet load is 0
• Aggressive: full parapet C&C pressure

Components and Cladding

Inside of building

• Moderate: extend wall pressure to

(C & C) Wind Load

Inside of building
parapet
h

Out-of-plane wind loads

p

• Determined from Components and

Cladding (C & C) wind loads
• Effective Wind Area: tributary area to
anchor
EFFECTIVE WIND AREA, A: For component and
cladding elements, the effective wind area is the
span length multiplied by an effective width that
need not be less than one-third the span length.

Design Project 11 Design Project 12

Out-of-Plane Loading: Wind Load Out-of-Plane Loading: Wind Load
MWFRS Roof Uplift
Flat roof: Cp ~ -0.9
0.1534 ln 1.753 G = 0.85

Interior Pressure
0.0767 ln 1.276 GCpi = ± 0.18

Values of GCp for walls shall be

reduced by 10% when θ ≤ 10°.
0.0767 ln 1.176
a: 10% of least horizontal dimension
or 0.4h, whichever is smaller, but
not less than either 4% of least
horizontal dimension or 3 ft.

Design Project 13 Design Project 14

Out-of-Plane Loading: Seismic Loading Out-of-Plane Loading: Seismic Loading

Parapet Design Force (ASCE 7-10) Wall Anchorage Force
ASCE 7-10 13.3.1 ASCE 7-10, 12.11.2
Anchor Fp
0.4a p S DSW p  z
Parapet ap Rp Fp
Fp  1  2  Fp  0.4 S DS k a I eW p
Flexible Fp  0.8S DS I eW p
 Rp   h Braced below Fp  1.2 S DSW p
 
I 
2.5 2.5 Fp shall not be less than diaphragm (max)
 p center of mass
Braced above Fp  0.2k a I eW p Rigid Diaphragm Fp  0.4 S DS I eW p
Fp not required to be taken greater than
1.0 2.5 Fp  0.48S DSW p
Fp  1.6S DS I pW p center of mass Lf
k a  1.0  2
100
Fp shall not be less than
SDS = spectral acceleration
Fp  0.3S DS I pW p Ie = importance factor
1.0 Category I, II
SDS = spectral acceleration 1.25 Category III
ap = component amplification factor 1.5 Category IV
Ip = component importance factor ka = amplification factor for diaphragm flexibility
Wp = component weight Lf = san in ft for flexible diaphragm; 0 for rigid diaphragm
Rp = component response modification factor Wp = weight of wall tributary to anchor
z = height of point of attachment
h = roof height
http://www.structuralrenovations.com/
Anchors-and-Parapet-Braces/5.jpg
13.1.4 Exemptions Structural walls shall be designed to resist
Architectural components in Seismic bending between anchors where the
Design Category B other than parapets anchor spacing exceeds 4 ft.
supported by bearing walls or shear walls.

Design Project 15 Design Project 16

Out-of-Plane Loading: Seismic Loading Out-of-Plane Loading: Maximum Moment
Wall Design Force
ASCE 7-10, 12.11.1 Fp  0.4 S DS I eW p
Fp  0.4 S DS I eW p
L M M=Pe
Fp shall not be less than x  M
Parapet force to use for designing wall. In 2 wL
Fp  0.1W p first mode, wall and parapet loads are in wL M


x
2 L
opposite directions M wL2 M 2

Inside of building
Mmax
SDS = spectral acceleration M max   
Ie = importance factor • Conservative: parapet load in opposite 2 8 2 wL2
1.0 Category I, II direction of wall

L
1.25 Category III
1.5 Category IV • Aggressive: wall and parapet load in 1
Wp = weight of wall If x < 0, Mmax = M
same direction
w
• Moderate: no parapet load

w Shear Moment

Design Project 17 Design Project 18

Non-Bearing Wall Design Non-Bearing Wall Design

Determine the loads and design the walls on the east and west side that are away
from girder reactions and the end of the wall (non-bearing wall).
• Although there will be 3 ft of tributary roof load from the roof (half of the load to
the first joist), it is acceptable to ignore that. Lintel over
• The corner zones have higher wind pressures. If there is a supporting
intersecting wall, such as at the southwest corner, nothing probably needs to be
done. If you are worried about the higher pressure in the corner zone (which is
about 8 ft from the corner in this building), add an extra bar.
Results of a survey of masons
Determine the loads and design the 6’-3” section to the south of the opening on
column line 1 between columns lines A and B. The wind load on this segment is
approximately doubled due to the tributary area from the door.
Determine the loads and design the masonry above the 12’ door openings. This is
a complicated analysis, since the masonry is supported by the lintel and also by the
roof. In other words, this is a plate that has complicated supports. To make life
simple, assume the masonry spans horizontally over the door, and determine if
joint reinforcement will be sufficient.
We do not need to worry about the lintel above the 32’ opening in terms of
horizontal spanning. It is supported by the roof.

Design Project 19 Design Project 20