2010 5th International Conference on Industrial and Information Systems, ICIIS 2010, Jul 29 - Aug 01, 2010, India
Application of Battery Energy Storage System
(BESS) in Voltage Control and Damping of
Power Oscillations
Bhim Singh, Fellow, IEEE and Zakir Hussain
Abstract— STATCOM with active power (energy) source
provides an effective impact on transmission system.
Although both the traditional STATCOM output voltage
magnitude and phase angle can be controlled, they cannot be
independently adjusted in steady state since the STATCOM
has no significant active power capability. In this paper a
study is carried out to compare the performance of
STATCOM and Battery Energy Storage System (BESS) to
show the effectiveness of BESS controller. A controller is
designed which is serving the purpose of voltage control and
damping of power oscillations. The results are verified in
MATLAB on a 10 bus benchmark system.
Index Terms— BESS, Dynamic stability of Power system,
Power System Damping, STATCOM, Control Techniques.
I. INTRODUCTION
O VER the last two decades, advancements in static
reactive compensator (STATCOM) technology based
on voltage source converter (VSC) concepts have
produced significant benefits [1]-[3]. STATCOM systems
offer rapid response to system events, improves voltage
and power system stabilization, enhances reliability,
control real and reactive power flow and increases power
transfer limits.
Although the STATCOM improves the performance of
power system efficiently but the introduction of energy
storage system with STATCOM as shown in Fig.1,
increases the flexibility of the control to such an extent
that it can control different aspects of the system at the
same time. The traditional STATCOM (with no energy
storage) has only two possible steady-state operating
modes: inductive (lagging) and capacitive (leading).
A traditional power system can be seen as the
interconnection of generating sources and customer loads
through a network of transmission lines, transformers, and
ancillary equipment.
Based on their structure, power system can be broadly
classified into meshed and longitudinal systems.
Independent of the structure of the power system, power
flows throughout the network is largely distributed as a
function of transmission line impedance; a transmission
line with low impedance enables larger power flows
through it than does a transmission line with high
978-1-4244-6653-5/10/$26.00 ©2010 IEEE
impedance. However transmission systems do not behave
in an ideal manner. The systems react dynamically to
changes in active and reactive power, influencing the
magnitude and profile of the power systems voltage. Quite
often it gives rise to a myriad of operational problems and
the system operator has to intervene to achieve power flow
redistribution, but with limited success.
The new technology known as “FACTS” [4] opens up
new opportunities for controlling and enhancing the usable
capacity of present, as well as new and upgraded lines.
The opportunities arise through the ability of FACTS
controllers to control the interrelated parameters that
govern the operation of transmission systems including
series impendence, shunt impendence, voltage, phase
angle and the damping of power system oscillations. These
constraints cannot be overcome while maintaining the
required system reliability by mechanical means without
lowering the usable transmission capacity. By providing
FACTS controllers, a line can be made to carry power
closer to its thermal rating. Thus the FACTS devices in a
power system can potentially overcome limitations of
mechanically controlled transmission systems. By
facilitating bulk power transfer, these FACTS devices help
in minimizing the need to build more transmission lines
and power plants.
The ability of the transmission system to transmit power
becomes impaired by one or more of the following steady-
state and dynamic-state limitations:
(i)Voltage profile Control: Maintaining desired
transmission voltage profile, Prevention of voltage
collapse, Limitation of over-voltages.
(ii)Power transmission control: Increased power
transmission, minimization of loop flows, Voltage and
frequency control.
(iii)Stabilization of system dynamics: Transient, dynamic
and steady-state stability.
In fact, the limitations on power transfer can always be
relieved by the addition of the new transmission and
generation facilities. Alternatively, FACTS controllers [5]
can enable the same objectives to be met with no major
alterations to the system layout. The main concentration
of the research work presented in this paper is to show the
advantages of interfacing battery with STATCOM and this
combination is hereafter called Battery Energy Storage
System (BESS), in addition modeling of STATCOM,
BESS, and design of controllers for improving and
controlling the voltage profile of the system and damping
514
 2010 5th International Conference on Industrial and Information Systems, ICIIS 2010, Jul 29 - Aug 01, 2010, India

of oscillations to improve the stability is also studied in
brief. Shunt compensation has the ability to automatically
support the voltage level in a specific area of the power
system.
voltages at the connection point. ea , eb and ec represent
the fundamental components of the three phase line-to-
neutral output voltage of the STATCOM's converter. L
and R represent the resistance and reactance of the
transformer. Rp accounts for losses in converter devices.
ia , ib , ic represents line currents and C is equivalent
capacitance on DC side of the converter.

. Fig.1 Functional representation of BESS

The voltage level is an immediate image of the reactive

power balance – too high a voltage means a surplus of
reactive power and vice versa. A dynamic shunt
compensator automatically and instantaneously adjusts the
Fig.3 Equivalent circuit of STATCOM
reactive power output smoothly as desired and thus
improving the system stability. The main objective of the controller is to meet the
desired performance of the system as per the preset
II. MODELING OF 10 BUS BENCHMARK TEST SYSTEM requirement. A decoupled control scheme [9] is
The network under consideration is a 10 bus benchmark considered here.
two area system as shown in Fig 2. This benchmark From Fig.3 KVL equations after rearrangement can be
system is taken from[6]. Area1 supplies the power to written as follows
Area2 (load side) across transmission system of five ⎡ −R
⎢ L 0 0
⎤
⎥
parallel transmission lines. Area1 consists of two ⎡ ia ⎤ ⎢ ⎥ ⎡ ia ⎤ ⎡V − e ⎤
⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ 1 ⎢ a a⎥
generating units one of them acting as slack generator p ⎢⎢ ib ⎥⎥ = ⎢ 0 −R
0 ⎥ ⎢ ib ⎥ + L ⎢Vb − eb ⎥ (1)
L
⎢⎣ i ⎥⎦ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢i ⎥ ⎢⎣ Vc − ec ⎥⎦
having very large inertia. Area2 consists of one generating c ⎢ −R ⎥ ⎣ c ⎦
⎢ 0 0 ⎥
unit and two load buses. The STATCOM and BESS are ⎣ L ⎦

connected at bus6 connecting Area1 and Area2. where p = d / dt

The electrical characteristics of all the three generators are A per-unit system has been adopted according to the
similar. The generators are coal fired thermal generators. definitions:
Generator1 is of 5000MVA capacity representing
equivalent for a large remote system. Gen2 and Gen3 are L' =
wb L
Zbase ; C' = 1
wb Czbase ; R' = R
Zbase ; R p' =
Rp
Zbase ;
having inertia constant H as 2.32 MW-s/MVA. The data
for all the generators is taken from [7]. This benchmark ex
system has been developed in MATLAB SIMULINK ix' =
ix
ibase
'
; vx =
vx
vbase ; ex' = ebase ; zx =
vbase
ibase
environment.
Thus in pu system the above equations can be written as

⎡ − R' w ⎤
⎢ b 0 0 ⎥
⎢ ' ⎥
⎡i' ⎤ ⎢ L ⎥ ⎡i 'a ⎤ ⎡V 'a −e 'a ⎤
a
⎢ ⎥ ⎢
p ⎢i 'b ⎥ = ⎢ 0
− R' wb ⎥⎢ ⎥ wb ⎢ ⎥ (2)
0 ⎥ ⎢i 'b ⎥ + ' ⎢V 'b −e 'b ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢
i' L' ⎥ ⎢i ' ⎥ L ⎢V ' −e ' ⎥
⎣⎢ c ⎦⎥ ⎢ ⎣ c⎦ ⎣ c c⎦
R ' wb ⎥
⎢ 0 0 - ⎥
⎢ L ⎥
⎣ ⎦
Converting abc to dq quantities using Parks
transformation eqn. (4) one may have
⎡ ' ⎤
− R wb
Fig.2 10 Bus test system ⎡ ' ⎤ ⎢⎢ '
⎥⎡ ⎤
w ⎡ '
⎥ ⎢id' ⎥ wb ⎢V d −e d
' ⎤
⎢ id ⎥ ⎥
p⎢ ⎥ = ⎢ L ⎥⎢ ⎥+ ⎢ ⎥ (3)
' ⎢ '
− R' wb ⎥ ⎣⎢ iq ⎦⎥ L' ⎢V ' −e' ⎥
III. CONTROL ALGORITHM ⎣⎢ iq ⎦⎥ ⎢ − w ⎥ ⎣ q q ⎦
⎢⎣ L' ⎥⎦
Fig.3 shows the equivalent circuit of STATCOM, which
is connected to power system [8] by a transformer. va , vb where w = dθ / dt

and vc represent the three phase line-to-neutral system

515
 2010 5th International Conference on Industrial and Information Systems, ICIIS 2010, Jul 29 - Aug 01, 2010, India

Transformation matrix is as

⎡ 1 ⎤ where
⎢ Cosθ − Sinθ ⎥
⎢ 2⎥
[C ]= 23 ⎢⎢ Cos (θ −1200 ) − Sin(θ −1200 ) 1 ⎥ (4) id & iq are the injected per unit dq STATCOM currents
⎢ 2 ⎥⎥
⎢Cos (θ − 2400 ) − Sin (θ − 2400 ) 1 ⎥ '
⎢⎣ Vdc is the per unit voltage across C
2 ⎥⎦
R ' and L' represent the transformer STATCOM losses
Equation (3) may be written in the following form: k and α are PWM modulation gain and angle
respectively
⎡ '
−R wb
⎤ Vb is the per unit battery voltage
⎡ ' ⎤ ⎢⎢ ' w ⎥⎡ ⎤
⎥ ⎢id' ⎥ ⎡ 0 w⎤ ⎡⎢id' ⎤⎥ ⎡ x1 ⎤
⎢ id ⎥
p⎢ ⎥ = ⎢ L
R 'b represents battery losses
'
⎥⎢ ⎥+⎢
'
⎥⎢ ⎥ +⎢ ⎥
'
(5)
⎢
⎣⎢iq ⎦⎥ ⎢ −w −R' wb ⎥ ⎣⎢iq ⎦⎥ ⎣⎢−w 0 ⎦⎥ ⎣⎢iq ⎥⎦ ⎣⎢x2 ⎦⎥ R dc'
represents switching losses
⎥
⎣⎢ '
L ⎦⎥
Vs per unit system side voltage
wb
θ angle of system side voltage
where x1 = L'
(v − ed' ) (6) Under steady state conditions the first two equations from
above matrix can be written in linearized form as
x2 = −
wb
(eq' ) (7) ⎡ ' ⎤
L' ⎢ −R 0 ⎥
⎡Δid ⎤ ⎢ ' ⎥ ⎡Δid ⎤ ⎡ x1 ⎤
p⎢ ⎥=w ⎢ L ⎥⎢ ⎥+⎢ ⎥ (11)
⎢⎣Δiq ⎦⎥ 0⎢ ⎥ ⎢⎣Δiq ⎥⎦ ⎣ x2 ⎦
Assuming d-axis coincides with the voltage vector, vq' − R'
⎢ 0 ⎥
⎣⎢ L' ⎦⎥
becomes zero. Neglecting the voltage harmonics produced
where
by the inverter, one can write the pair of equation for ed'
and eq' ⎡ k Vdc ⎤
⎢ w Δiq + 0 ΔVdc + 0 Δk ⎥
e = kvdc cos α
'
d
⎡ x1 ⎤ ⎢ 0
L' L'
0 ⎥
(8) ⎢ ⎥=⎢ ⎥ (12)
⎣ x2 ⎦ ⎢ Vdc k ⎥
e = kvdc sin α
'
⎢
0 0 Δα − w Δi
⎥
q
(9) L' 0 d
⎣ ⎦
where ‘k’ is a factor for the Voltage Source
[ x1 x2 ] is the control variable vector.
T
Converter(VSC) which relates the DC-side voltage to the where
amplitude (peak) of the phase–to-neutral voltage at the In the BESS system, the dc voltage is held nearly constant
VSC AC-side terminals, and α is the angle by which the
VSC voltage leads the line voltage vector. Fig.4 shows the by the battery, therefore the incremental change ΔVdc is
vector diagram of phase and dq voltages. negligible.
In d-q frame of reference the dynamic Battery Energy Fig.5 shows the block diagram of decoupled controller.
Storage System (BESS) can be modeled as given below The decoupled proportional-integral (PI) type of controller
[3]. is considered, KP1, KI1, KP2 and KI2 are the proportional
and integral gain settings of DC and AC voltage regulators
⎡ ' ⎤ respectively.
⎢ −R w
0 ⎥ q-axis
⎢ L' ws ⎥ b-axis
⎡i ⎤ ⎢ ⎥ ⎡i ⎤
d ⎥⎢d ⎥
d ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ w − R'
⎢iq ⎥ = ws ⎢
dt ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ws L'
0 ⎥ ⎢iq ⎥
⎥⎢ ⎥
iq i
⎣⎢Vdc ⎦⎥ ⎢ ' ' ⎥ ⎣⎢Vdc ⎦⎥
⎢ 1 R b R dc ⎥
⎢ 0 0 ( )⎥
⎢⎣ C' R'b + R'dc ⎥⎦
| e |= kvdc
eq e
⎡V ⎤ ⎡ ⎤
⎢ dc k cos(α+θ) ⎥ ⎢Vs cosθ ⎥
⎢ L' ⎢ L' ⎥ vd =| v |
⎢
⎥
⎥ ⎢ ⎥ id α
V ⎥ − w ⎢Vs sinθ ⎥ θ ed v
+w ⎢⎢ dc k sin(α+θ )
d-axis
s ' ⎥ s⎢ ' ⎥ (10)
⎢L ⎥ ⎢ L ⎥
⎢ i ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
i ⎢− Vb ⎥
⎢− dc k cos(α+θ )− dc k sin(α+θ)⎥ a-axis
⎢⎣ C' C' ⎥⎦ ⎢ R' C' ⎥
⎣ b ⎦ Vc

Fig. 4 STATCOM vector in synchronous frame of reference

516
 2010 5th International Conference on Industrial and Information Systems, ICIIS 2010, Jul 29 - Aug 01, 2010, India

STATCOM and BESS, the post-outage voltage is brought

back to the pre-outage voltage but the response of BESS is
faster as compared to that of STATCOM. The oscillations
are also effectively damped in BESS as shown in Fig.7.

6000

P o w e r (M W )
5000 Power Transmitted from area1 to area2

4000

1.1

V o lta g e ( p u )
Voltage at bus6
1.05

1.1

V o lta g e (p u )
Voltage at bus3
1.05

1.1

V o lta g e (p u )
Voltage at bus5
1.05

1
4.99 5 5.01 5.02 5.03 5.04 5.05 5.06 5.07 5.08
Time(s)

Fig.6 Line outage at t=5sec (i)Power flow from area1 toarea2 (ii)Voltage
at bus 6(iii) Voltage at bus3 (iv)Voltage at bus5
Fig.5 Block diagram of Decoupled controller

1.09
IV. SIMULATION RESULTS
The effectiveness of controller has been verified on 10 1.08
bus benchmark system discussed in section-II. A model of With STATCOM
the benchmark system along with STATCOM and BESS 1.07
With
BESS
with the controller has been developed in
MATLAB/SIMULINK.
V oltage at bus 6(pu)

1.06

A. Voltage Control
One of the five transmission lines connecting bus5 and 1.05

bus6 is taken out at t=5 sec. With the result of this Uncontrolled
Case
contingency there is overall system voltage drop 1.04

accompanied by oscillations. As all the generators are

provided with Power System Stabilizer (PSS) and 1.03

excitation system the voltage of the system settles down at

some other lower steady state value in uncontrolled case. 1.02

Fig.6 shows the dynamic response following the

contingency at bus6. As there is overall system voltage 1.01
drop and the load provided in area2 is voltage and 5 5.01 5.02 5.03
Time(s)
5.04 5.05 5.06 5.07

frequency dependent the power flow from area1 to area2

also goes down as shown in Fig.6.
However in controlled case when STATCOM or BESS
is connected at bus6 the controller is designed in such a
way that whenever there is voltage drop at bus6
STATCOM or BESS starts supplying reactive power to
bring the voltage up and vice versa in over voltage case so
that the preset value of voltage is achieved. Both the
controlled and uncontrolled cases are compared in Fig.7
showing the voltage at bus6.
A comparison of all three cases uncontrolled, controlled
with STATCOM and controlled with BESS is shown in
Fig.7. It is clear that although in both the controlled cases
Fig .7 line outage at t=5sec.Voltage at bus6
Because of the energy source provided with STATCOM
the flexibility of control increases as it can operate in all
the four quadrants. Thus by providing battery energy
source the BESS is more effective in damping the
oscillations.
The DC voltage is also compared in both the controlled
cases (STATCOM and BESS) as shown in Fig.8. It is
clear that DC voltage in case of BESS is almost constant
which is not the case with STATCOM. During the
transient period BESS is able to supply and absorb active

517
 2010 5th International Conference on Industrial and Information Systems, ICIIS 2010, Jul 29 - Aug 01, 2010, India

power as shown in Fig.8. This ability of active power

exchange between BESS and the bus to which it is
connected is expected to make it more demanding in
various power system control applications.
B. Damping of Power System Oscillations
Fig. 7 and Fig.8 show the results with the controller
mainly designed for voltage control. As a result of voltage
control the oscillations are also in turn controlled to some
extent especially with BESS.
The controller discussed in section-III has been modified
to damp-out power system oscillations. An additional
feedback signal is fed to the controller for the purpose of
damping the oscillations. A change in transmitted power
has been taken as the additional feedback signal. The
block diagram of this modified controller is shown in
Fig.9. A comparison of all the three cases (STATCOM,
Fig.9 Modified Damping Controller of STATCOM
BESS and Uncontrolled case) is shown in Fig.10 and
Fig.11 considering the same contingency i.e. line outage. signal which is change in transmitted power has some
It is clear from these simulation results that the modified nonzero value and is fed back to the controller to change
controller is effectively damping the power oscillations
the pulses supplied to voltage source converter (VSC). The
especially in case of BESS. In this modified controller
voltage controller is always into action whenever there is
whenever there is any oscillation in the transmitted power
any deviation in the voltage from the preset value. The
the damping
results also show the comparison of STATCOM and
BESS which shows that BESS is almost completely
damping the oscillations with new modified controller.
Because of the active power availability BESS is also able
1.02 STATCOM BESS to avoid the sudden dip in voltage at the very first instant
of contingency which is not the case with STATCOM. DC
DC Voltage(V )

1.01

1 bus voltage is also showing that BESS is able to control

0.99
DC voltage very strongly during and after the contingency,
which is because of the energy source interfaced with
0.98
capacitor on DC side of the converter as shown in Fig.11.
4.8 4.9 5 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 The reactive power exchange comes into action when the
voltage deviates from the reference value and it settles at
some steady state value to compensate the voltage drop
StatCom Reac tive PowerQ(pu)

0.1

0 created by line outage.

BESS
-0.1 STATCOM

-0.2 1.1

-0.3
1.09
-0.4
STATCOM
-0.5
4.8 4.9 5 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 1.08
BESS
Voltage at Bus6(pu)

0.5 1.07
S tatCom activ e P ower P(pu)

BESS
STATCOM
1.06

0
1.05

1.04
-0.5 Uncontrolled Case
4.95 5 5.05 5.1 5.15 5.2 5.25 5.3 5.35 5.4 5.45
Time(s) 1.03

1.02
Fig.8 Line outage at t=5sec (i) DC voltage (ii) Reactive power exchange 4.99 5 5.01 5.02 5.03 5.04 5.05 5.06 5.07 5.08
Time(s)
(iii) Active power exchange
Fig.10 Line outage at t=5sec Voltage at bus6

518
 2010 5th International Conference on Industrial and Information Systems, ICIIS 2010, Jul 29 - Aug 01, 2010, India

[4] G. Hingorani and L. Gyugyi, “Understanding FACTS: Concepts

and topology of Flexible transmission systems,” IEEE press, New
York, 2000.
[5] P. Rao, M. L. Crow and Z. Yang, “STATCOM control for power
1.2
STATCOM system voltage control application,” IEEE Trans. on Power
Delivery, vol. 15, no. 4, pp. 1252-1257, Oct .2000.
DC Voltage(V)

1 [6] C. W. Taylor, Power System Voltage Stability. New York:

McGraw-Hill, 1994.
0.8 BESS
[7] PM. Anderson and A.A.Fouad, Power system control and stability.
The Lowa state university Press,Ames,Lowa 1977.
0.6 [8] L. Cong and Y. Wang, “Co-ordinated control of generator
excitation and STATCOM for rotor angle stability and voltage
4.99 5 5.01 5.02 5.03 5.04 5.05 5.06 5.07 5.08 regulation enhancement of power systems,” IEE Proc.-Gener.
Transm. and Distrib. vol 149, no. 6. November 2002.
[9] C.Schauder and H. Mehta, “Vector analysis and control of
S tatCom Reac tiv e P owerQ (pu)

0
Advanced Static VAR Compensator”, IEE proc, vol. 140, no.4, July
1993, pp 299-306.
-0.2
STATCOM [10] Z. M. Salameh, M. A. Casacca and W.A. Lynch, “A mathematical
model for lead-acid Batteries,” IEEE Trans. on Energy Conversion,
-0.4 vol. 7, no.1, pp. 93-98, March 1992.

-0.6 BESS

-0.8
4.8 5 5.2 5.4 5.6 5.8 6

0.5
S tatCom ac tiv e Power P (pu)

BESS Bhim Singh (SM’99) was born in

0
-0.5
4.8 4.9
Fig.11 Line outage at t=5sec (i) DC voltage (ii) Reactive power exchange
(iii) Active power exchange
The simulation results have shown that the STATCOM
and BESS with single controller can be used to enhance
the performance of the power system. The results have
shown viability of STATCOM and BESS to control the
voltage, damp out PS oscillations. A new modified
controller has been proposed to control both voltage and
damp-out power oscillations. The overall results presented
have shown the effectiveness of BESS in enhancing the
power system performance. It is important to mention here
that the cost of FACTS devices will predominate in BESS
as the energy storage device required will be of small
capacity in these applications because of the obvious
reasons.
Rahamapur, India, in 1956. He received
the B.E (Electrical) degree from the
University of Roorkee, Roorkee, India, in
1977 and the M.Tech and Ph.D. degree
from the Indian Institute of Technology
STATCOM (IIT) Delhi, New Delhi, India, In 1979 and
1983, respectively. In 1983, he joined the
Department of Electrical Engineering,
5 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6
University of Roorkee, as a lecturer, and in 1988 became a Reader. In
Time(s)
December 1990, he joined the Department of Electrical Engineering, IIT
Delhi, as an Assistant Professor. He became an Associate Professor in
1994 and Professor in 1997. His area of interest includes power
electronics, electrical machines and drives, active filters, FACTS, HVDC
and power quality.
Dr. Singh is Fellow, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
(IEEE), a fellow of Indian National Academy of Engineering (INAE), the
V. CONCLUSION Institution of Engineers (India) (IE (I)), and the Institution of Electronics
and Telecommunication Engineers (IETE), a life member of the Indian
Society for Technical Education (ISTE), the System Society of India
(SSI), and the National Institution of Quality and Reliability (NIQR) and
Senior Member of Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
(IEEE).
Zakir Hussain received M.Tech degree in Power
Systems from IIT Delhi, India in 2008 and B.E
degree in Electrical Engineering from Model
Institute of Engineering and Technology, Jammu,
India in 2006. His areas of interest include FACTS
controller and their applications in Power System,
Power System Stability and Renewable Energy.

REFERENCES
[1] A. H. Norouzi and A. M. Sharaf, “Two control schemes to enhance
the dynamic performance of the STATCOM and SSSC”, IEEE
Trans. on Power Dleivery., vol.20,no.1, pp. 435-442, Jan. 2005.
[2] P. G. Gonzalez and A.G. Cerrada., “Control system for a PWM-
based STATCOM”, IEEE Trans. on Power Delivery, vol.15, no. 4,
pp. 1140-1145, Oct. 2000.
[3] Z. Yang,, C. Shen, L. Zhang, M. L. Crow and S. Atcitty,
“Integration of a StatCom and Battery Energy Storage,” IEEE
Trans. on Power Systems, vol. 16, no. 2, pp. 254-260, May 2001

519