Load Flow Analysis and Incorporation of STATCOM to Improve
the Voltage Profile of Nagpur Ring Main System
Abhilash D. Pisey
M. Tech Student (Integrated Power System)
Department of Electrical Engineering
DMIETR, Wardha, India
abhilashpisey199@gmail.com
Abstract- The load flow problem has been successfully
solved for 9 Bus 132KV Nagpur ring main system by
using Newton-Raphson and Gauss-Seidel. The
comparison of results for the said system clearly shows
that the Newton-Raphson method is undeniably capable
of obtaining best solution pertaining to the proposed
Load flow problem. In the present work, voltage profile
of weak buses using STATCOM has been improved and
presented. The model for 9 Bus 132KV Nagpur Ring
Main system using MATLAB with real data from
MSETCL Nagpur has been considered.
Keywords- Load flow, Newton-Raphson, Gauss-Seidel,
Nagpur Ring main system, FACTS Devices, STATCOM.
I. INTRODUCTION
Power system engineers have witnessed an
enormous transformation in the field of power system
engineering. Power system network is the largest man made
system in the world. This network is very vast and it is very
difficult to understand its behaviour. Therefore a number of
studies need to be conducted on the system for its operation
and control. For getting values of parameters, a deep study of
this system network is required. A system may be under
steady state or transient state. When a power system is in
operation, it frequently switches over from one state to
another. Therefore the system parameters need to be
analysed under both the conditions for better operation and
control [1]. The energy is produced at the locations where
necessary raw material is available at a very low cost i.e.
pithead power station. As a result it leads to the evolution of
large central energy generating station with huge
transmission and distribution systems. Thus interconnected
power systems are preferred over isolated power system due
to large energy requirements as it gives better handling of
load and the operation is economical as compared to the
isolated system with given security and reliability constraints
[2].
A. LOAD FLOW ANALYSIS
Nandkumar Wagh
Professor
Department of Electrical Engineering
DMIETR, Wardha, India
nbwagh@gmail.com
A load flow studies is one of the most frequent
computational technique used in power system analysis
which determines the voltage, current, active, reactive
power, power factor and power loss in the system. Load
flow studies are used for planning the best operation and
control of the existing power system as well as to plan the
future expansion in order to meet increased load growth. A
number of operating stages can be investigated which
includes the loss of a generator, a transformer, a
transmission line, or a load, including contingency
conditions, and also to determine the location and size of
capacitors for power factor improvement [3]. Two methods
most conveniently used for optimum solution of a Load
Flow Problem and suggested in [2] are:
x Gauss-Seidel method (G-S) and
x Newton-Raphson method (N-R)
B. FACTS IN POWER SYSTEMS
From the last two decades a lot of efforts have been made to
develop models and new algorithms for power system
stability. Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS)
devices can be utilized for a reliable, fast and continuous
control of power flow in the transmission system. FACTS
devices (shunt, series and combined) use advance power
electronics to control power flow of transmission system.
STATCOM is incorporated to Nagpur ring main system to
enhance low voltage buses and reduce losses on the system
in this work. These devices have been applied in different
areas of power system studies, including power quality,
voltage stability, optimal power flow, power system security,
improvement in damping ratio of power system and
economic power dispatch so that power may be made
available without violating system constraints to the
consumers. The focus of this work is to present a
comprehensive investigation of the effect of STATCOM in
improving voltage stability and mitigating losses on power
transmission system [4]. Following are the merits of utilizing
FACTS devices in power system which includes;
1) Existing transmission system can be utilizing in
better way with the help of FACTS devices.
 Environmental friendly.
  Reliability and availability of transmission system
increases.

 V= SYSTEM voltage
C. STATIC SYNCHRONOUS COMPENSATOR
(STATCOM)

Static Synchronous Compensator (STATCOM) is use to
enhance transmission line performance, improve damping
ratio of power system, minimize active power losses, provide
flexible control and operation thereby improving the stability
of the system. It is a shunt connected FACTS device that
offers capacitive or inductive output current for reactive
power compensation to solve power system voltage
instability independent of the AC system voltage [5]. Figure
1 shows a simple configuration of STATCOM connection to
ac system bus through a coupling transformer.
Figure 1: The configuration of STATCOM
The device consists of a DC Voltage Source Converter (VSC),
self-commutated converters using a GCT thyristor and step-up
transformer [5]. STATCOM is a synchronous Voltage Generator
(SVG) which generates a three-phase voltage in sync with the
grid voltage via a coupling transformer, it improves the static
and dynamic voltage stability of the bus on power network and
keep the voltage of the electric system in receivable operating
mode [6]. STATCOM regulates voltage at its PCC by
controlling the amount of reactive power that is injected or
absorbed from the power system through its voltage-source
converter.
When the system voltage is high, STATCOM absorb the
reactive power (inductive mode) and the device generates and
inject reactive power into the system when the system voltage is
Where:
Qc = Reactive power
Vc= STATCOM voltage, and
X= Impedance of coupling transformer
The VSC provides multiple function, it can be used for
voltage regulation, reactive power compensation, elimination
of current harmonics and correction of power factor [7].
Figure 2 presents the STATCOM current limits in the
voltage/current feature of the compensator which defines
how the device offers better voltage support and enhance
voltage stability margin by giving more reactive power at
lower voltages. To maintain the desired power flow of the
system, the reactive output power of STATCOM is varied to
control the voltage at given transmission network terminals.
Figure 2: Terminal characteristic of STATCOM
STATCOM is fit for producing reactive power with no need
for extensive reactive power storage components. This is
accomplished by making current circle through the phase of
an AC network with the help of quick switching devices [8].
If the generated voltage of STATCOM is lesser than the
transmission line voltage, it will compete with an inductive
load and withdraw reactive power from the system. On the
other hand, when the device voltage is higher than the
transmission line voltage, it will emulate a capacitive load
and provide reactive power to the transmission line [9].
II. LOAD FLOW EQUATION
The real and reactive power entering a bus can be formulated
in following quantities. Consider the voltage at the ith is
denoted by,
low (capacitive mode). The amount of reactive power flow is Vi Vi ‘G i Vi cosG i  j sin G i  . . . .(1)
given by equation 1. The self-admittance at bus-i can also be defined as
Yii Yii ‘T ii Yii cosT ii  j sin T ii  Gii  jBii
>V V෥Vc@ . . . . (2)
Qc X (1)
Similarly, mutual admittance between the buses i and j can be
written as,
Yij Yij ‘Tij Yij cosTij  j sin Tij  Gij  jBij ... . (3) a. Gauss-Seidal method
b. Newton-Raphson method
Let the power system containing a total number of n buses.
The current injected at bus-i is given as, A. Gauss-Seidal Method:
Ii Yi1V1  Yi 2V2    YinVn The Gauss-Seidel Method is an iterative technique for solving
n . . (4) the load flow problem with successive estimation of the node
¦Y ik Vk voltages. In this method the initial voltage of the ith bus is
k 1 denoted by Vi(0), i = 2, }, n. This should read as the voltage of
the ith bus at the 0th iteration, or initial guess. Similarly this
As a consequence the power and reactive power entering a voltage after the first iteration will be denoted by Vi(1). In load
bus will also be assumed to be positive. The complex power flow of Gauss-Seidal the load buses and voltage controlled
at bus-i is then given by buses are treated differently. Thus, in these type of buses we
use the complex power equation given in (5) for updating the
n voltages. Knowing the real and reactive power injected at any
Pi  jQi Vi
I i Vi
¦ Yik V k bus we can expand (5) as
k 1
n n
Vi cos G i  j sin G i ¦ Yik V k cosT ik  j sin T ik cos G k  j sin G k  Pi ,inj  jQi ,inj Vi
¦ Yik Vk Vi
>Yi1V1  Yi 2V2    Yii Vi    Yin Vn @
k 1 k 1
n
. . . (11)
¦ Y V V cos G
k 1
ik i k i  j sin G i cosT ik  j sin T ik cos G k  j sin G k 
Can be rewrite (1) as
. 1 ª Pi ,inj  jQi ,inj º
Vi «  Yi1V1  Yi 2V2    YinVn »
…. (5) Yii ¬ Vi
¼
. . . (12)
Note that,
cosG i  j sin G i cosT ik  j sin T ik cosG k  j sin G k  Algorithm:
cosG i  j sin G i >cosT ik  G k   j sin T ik  G k @ The stepwise computational algorithm of GS method is given
cosT ik  G k  G i   j sin T ik  G k  G i  below:

Therefore substituting in (5) we get the real and reactive Step-1: With the load profile known at each bus i.e.PD, QD are
power as, known, allocate Pcal and Qcal to all generating
stations.
n
...(6) Step-2: The line and shunt admittance data is stored in the
Pi ¦Y ik ViVk cosT ik  G k  G i  computer with the assembly of admittance matrix
k 1
n YBUS and it is assembled by using the rule of self
Qi ¦ Yik ViVk sin T ik  G k  G i  . . . (7) and mutual admittances.
k 1
This is a load flow equation. Then the total real power Step-3: Iterative computation of bus voltages (Vij= 2, 3
injected in bus-i is ….,n): to start the iterations a set of initial voltage
Pi ,inj PGi  PLi . . . (8) values is assumed.
Let the injected power calculated by the load flow program be
Step-4: The Calculation of slack bus power substitution of
Pi, calc. Then the mismatch is given by
all bus voltages computed in step 3 along with Vi
'Pi Pi ,inj  Pi , calc PGi  PLi  Pi , calc . . . (9) yields S*= PjQ.
Similarly, the mismatch between the reactive power and
calculated values is given by, Step-5: Computation of line flows and line losses: in this
'Qi Qi ,inj  Qi , calc QGi  QLi  Qi , calc step the power flows on the various lines of the
network are computed. Consider the lines
. . . (10) connecting buses i and k.

III. METHODS OF LOAD FLOW ANALYSIS B. Newton-Raphson Method

In load flow analysis the Newton Raphson technique is
Due to the nonlinearity and difficulty involved in the analytical proved as most successful on account of its highly robust
expressions for the power flow equations, following numerical convergence characteristics. The number of iterations
iterative techniques are applied such as: required by the Newton- Raphson method using bus
admittances is practically independent of the number of
buses. For these reasons shorter computer time for a solution
of the load flow problem could occur when analysing large
electrical power systems.
Algorithm:
The Newton-Raphson procedure is as follows:
Step-1: Choose the initial values of the voltage magnitudes
_V_(0) of all np load buses and n 1 angles G(k) of the
voltages of all the buses except the slack bus.
Load flow analysis is carried out for 9-Bus Nagpur Ring main
system using real data as shown in table 1 in which bus no. 1 is
slack bus, all buses with bus code 2 are PQ bus and all buses
with bus code 0 refers to PV buses. Line data of the said system
is calculated and is shown in table 2. From this data output
Voltage magnitude, Voltage Angle, Load Bus active and
reactive power, generation bus active and reactive bus and line
losses values from N-R and G-S method are shown in table 3.

Step-2: Use the estimated _V_(k) and G(k) to calculate a total

(n 1) number of injected real power Pcalc(k) and
equal number of real power mismatch 'P(k).

Step-3: Use the estimated _V_(k) and G(k) to calculate total np

number of injected reactive power Qcalc(k) and equal
number of reactive power mismatch 'Q(k).

Step-4: Use the estimated _V_(k) and G(k) to formulate

the Jacobian matrix J(k),

ª 'G 2 º
«  » ª 'P2 º
« » «  »
« 'G n » « »
« 'V » « 'Pn »
Step-5: Solve J « »
2
« » for 'G( k) and Figure 3: Generalized structure of Nagpur ring main system
« 2 V » « 'Q 2 »
«  » «  »
« » « » Table 1 shows the Bus numbers of 9 Bus Nagpur Ring Main
« ' V1n p » «¬'Q1n p »¼ System with their bus codes including voltage magnitude,
« » phase angles and active and reactive powers at both load side
V
¬« 1n p ¼» and generation side.
'_V_(k)y_V_(k).
Table 2 shows the Line data of Nagpur Ring Main System
Step-6: Obtain the updates from containing 12 lines with their Per Unit (PU) values of
Resistance (R), Reactance (X) and half Susceptance (B/2). It
G 1 G 0  'G 0 … (13)
also includes the values of Transformer tapping.

k 1 (k )
ª ' V (k ) º
V V «1  k  » … (14)
«¬ V »¼

Step-7: Check if all the mismatches are below a small

number. Terminate the process if yes. Otherwise go
back to step-1 to start the next iteration with the updates given Table 1: Bus Data of Nagpur Ring main system.
by(13) and (14).

IV. DATA OF REAL SYSTEM AND PERFORMANCE

ASSESSMENT USING ITERATIVE METHODS.

A. Test Results
B Bu VM PA Pl Ql Pg Qg Qmin Q of the GS method is slow as compared to Newton Raphson
us s
N Co m method and also the maximum power mismatch of NR
o. de ax method is very less as compared to GS method. Also the
1 1
1.04
0 0 0
48
0 149.8 0 active and reactive losses of NR method are less as
7 0 compared to GS method. The chief advantage in GS method
2 2 1 2.019 74.2 12.1 0 0 0 0 is the easy programming and most efficient utilization of
3 0 1 0.977 72.58 34.88 0 0 0 0 core memory. The programming of NR method is complex
4 2 1.02 0.994 69.88 23 0 0 0 0 and it has the disadvantage of requiring a large computer
5 2 1.01 1.684 19.2 7.26 0 0 0 0 memory. But Because of higher accuracy and lowest
6 2 1.01 2.099 86.38 44.65 0 0 0 0 number of iterations, the NR method is widely preferable
7 0 1 2.086 105.7 20.29 0 0 0 0 for load flow and stability studies.
8 0 1.01 1.779 67.8 36.6 0 0 0 0
46 B. Test results using STATCOM
9 0 1.03 3.632 0 0 0 143.6 0 To investigate the effect of STATCOM on power systems
0
adequately, we have developed a MATLAB Simulink model
Table 2: Line Data of Nagpur Ring main system. of Nagpur 132kv ring main system using data accessed from
MSETCL, Nagpur. Also we have calculated a line data and
bus data of the above mentioned system which we have
LINE DATA utilized in our MATLAB programming to study the load flow
LINE FROM TO
R PU X PU B/2 PU
XMER analysis and then incorporating STATCOM to improve its
NO. BUS BUS TAP
voltage profile and stability of the system. And thus the
1 1 2 0.04833471 0.05095043 6.61E09 1 efficiency of STATCOM application in power transmission
2 1 3 0.0241673 0.025475 3.30E09 1 systems was observed. The table below shows the values of
3 1 4 0.02928721 0.03087216 4.00E09 1 voltage magnitude of 9 bus Nagpur ring main system before
4 1 7 0.13247299 0.13964183 1.81E08 1 and after application of STATCOM.
5 2 3 0.04833471 0.05095043 6.61E09 1
6 3 8 0.03222317 0.03396692 4.41E09 1 Table 4: Voltage after STATCOM placement.
7 4 5 0.07124899 0.07510463 9.74E09 1
8 5 6 0.06086595 0.06415978 8.32E09 1
Bus No Voltage without Voltage after
9 6 7 0.03268853 0.03445756 4.47E09 1 STATCOM STATCOM
10 7 8 0.05363369 0.05653608 7.33E09 1 1 1.047 1.047
11 7 9 0.05012486 0.05283746 6.85E09 1 2 1.03 1
12 8 9 0.08234803 0.08680448 1.13E08 1 3 1.0241 1.0341
4 1.03 1.0462
5 1.04 1.0349
Table 3: Comparison result of G-S and N-R method 6 1.04 1.01
Gauss- Newton 7 1.042 1.0154
Sr No. Performance Indices Seidal Raphson
8 1.0331 1.0244
1 Iterations 30 3
9 1.0662 0.98
2 Errors 0.000916096 1.12E-04
3 Time Elapsed 0.115776 0.099608
1.1
Total Load Bus Active Power
Voltage (P.U)

4 495.78 495.78
(Mw) 1.05
Total Load Bus Reactive Power 1
5 178.779 178.779
(Mvar) Vwostat
0.95
Total Generator Bus Active
6
Power (Mw)
553.081 552.052 0.9 Vwstat
Total Generator Bus Reactive 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
7 238.123 238.145
Power (Mw)
Bus Number
Line Losses
8 Total Active Line Losses 56.35 56.181
9 Total Reactive Line Losses 59.399 58.442 Figure 4: Comparison of bus voltage with and without
STATCOM.
As seen from the results of table 3, the rate of convergence Table 5: Power losses before and after STATCOM
placement

Case Ploss Ploss
(Mw) (Mvar)
Before 56.35 56.181
STATCOM
After 49.495 42.847
STATCOM
It was observed that the voltage profile of 9 bus Nagpur ring
main system obtained without STATCOM shows that buses
2 (1.03p.u) and 6 (1.04p.u) has voltage magnitude less as
compared to the other buses. Total transmission line losses
before STATCOM placement was 56.35MW and 56.181
Mvar for NR method. The total active and reactive power
loss in Nagpur ring main system after incorporating
STATCOM was reduced to 49.495MW (12.16%) and
42.847Mvar (23.73%) of active and reactive power loss
reduction shown in table 5. Thus the voltage profile of the
bus at which STATCOM was incorporated was reached close
to 1 p.u of the nominal voltage.
V. CONCLUSION
The load flow problem has been successfully solved for
Nagpur ring main system with Newton-Raphson and Gauss-
Seidal methods and the obtained results have been compared
for both the methods. The comparison of results for the said
system clearly shows that the Newton-Raphson method is
indeed capable of obtaining optimum solution efficiently for
Load flow problems. After getting the solution, the line
losses have also been reduced by taking the remedial actions
like reactive power injection with the help of STATCOM
incorporation. It is also observed that STATCOM could give
quick voltage support and mitigate power losses along the
transmission lines. Reduction of reactive power losses
along the lines is higher than the active power losses
resulting in the improvement of the voltage profile as
the device is connected to the system.
flexible AC transmission systems vol. 1: IEEE press
New York, 2000.
[5] W. Chao and Z. Yao, "Approach on nonlinear control
theory for designing STATCOM controller," IEEE
International Conference on Grey Systems and
Intelligent Services, GSIS 2007. Nanjing, 2007, pp.
871-875.
[6] L. Gyugyi, "Application characteristics of converter-
based FACTS controllers," Proceedings, International
Conference on Power System Technology, PowerCon
2000., Perth, WA, 2000, pp. 391-396.
[7] K. K. Sen, "STATCOM-Static synchronous
COMpensator: theory, modeling, and applications," in
IEEE Power Engineering Society 1999 Winter
Meeting,, 1999, pp. 1177-1183 vol.2.
[8] B. Singh, R. Saha, A. Chandra, and K. Al-Haddad,
"Static synchronous compensators (STATCOM): a
review," Power Electronics, IET, vol. 2, pp. 297-324,
2009.
[9] E. D. Agüero, J. C. Cepeda, and D. G. Colomé,
"FACTS models for stability studies in DIgSILENT
Power Factory," in IEEE PES Transmission &
Distribution Conference and Exposition-Latin America
(PES T&D-LA), 2014 2014, pp. 1-6.
[10] H. Nagesh and P. Puttaswamy, "Enhancement of
Voltage Stability Margin Using FACTS Controllers,"
International Journal of Computer and Electrical
Engineering, vol. 5, p. 261, 2013.
[11] K. Hridya, V. Mini, R. Visakhan, and A. A. Kurian,
"Analysis of voltage stability enhancement of a grid and
loss reduction using series FACTS controllers,"
International Conference on Power, Instrumentation,
Control and Computing (PICC), 2015, pp. 1-5
[12] D. V. Tein, “Analysis and modelling of STATCOM for
regulate the voltage in Power systems”, 18 th International
Scientific Conference on Electric Power Engineering
(EPE), 2017.

VI. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Authors are very much thankful to the authorities of

MSETCL, Nagpur for their valuable support in providing the
real system data of 9 bus Nagpur ring main system.

VII. REFERENCES

[1] I. J. Nagrath & D. P. Kothari, “Modern Power System

Analysis”, Second edition, Tata McGraw Hill, 2008.
[2] H. Saadat, “Power System Analysis”, Tata McGraw
Hill, 2002.
[3] Ashfaq Husain, “Electrical Power System”, 5th Edition,
2007.
[4] N. G. Hingorani, L. Gyugyi, and M. El-Hawary,
Understanding FACTS: concepts and technology of