Anatomy of an AI system Human operator

ee
Unpaid immaterial labour

Fr
Object of analysis and targeting
! Issues Unpaid trainer of AIs
Free care and maintainance
Privacy
Digital security Creating new content for training datasets

An anatomical case study of the Amazon echo as a artificial intelligence system made of human labor Unpaid immaterial labour Ra

Mostly immaterial Labour Knowledge and Experience

Voice command Reception of results

Domestic infrastructure Amazon Echo Dot

! Issues
3 Right to repair
5
Open schematics
6
1 1
Diagnostic tools
4 2 2 Planned obsolescence
2 1
Amazon Echo Dot Proprietary software Amazon Echo Dot
2 2 Privacy
1 1 Digital Security
3
Product of labor
(Subject-object)

(1) Texas Instruments DM3725 Digital Media Processor

(1) National Semiconductor LP55231 Programmable 9-Output LED Driver (x4)
(2) Micron MT46H64M32LFBQ 256 MB (16 Meg x 32 x 4 Banks) LPDDR SDRAM
(2) Texas Instruments TLV320ADC3101 92dB SNR Low-Power Stereo ADC (x4)
(3) Samsung KLM4G1FEPD 4GB High Performance eMMC NAND Flash Memory
(3) Texas Instruments SN74LVC74A Dual Positive-Edge-Triggered D-Type Flip-Flops
(4) Qualcomm Atheros QCA6234 Integrated Dual-Band 2x2 802.11n + Bluetooth 4.0 SiP
Labour power Means of production (5) Texas Instruments TPS65910A1 Integrated Power Management IC
(Subject) (Object) (6) Texas Instruments DAC

Waste
WiFi Router

Home Wifi Routers Home Wifi Routers

Marx’s dialectic of subject and object in economy Fractal chains of production and exploitation
Visible Infrastructure
Abandoned devices
Invisible Infrastructure
Home border

Internet infrastructure

Income distribution Distributors

Amazon storage systems

Transportation
Internet Service Provider (ISP) Internet Exchange Points (IXP) Submarine Cable Infrastructure
Profit

Occupations ISP 1 ISP 2

Aproximate average
! Issues
US Dollars salary per month in USD Product
Network engineers Privacy
Network technicians
Surveillance
Households Companies Public Bodies
16200 Chief Executives (US)
Data Retention
Waste
Security
16000
Owner Network Neutrality
Energy Consumption
Setup Internet Governance
15800
Distributor Maintenance Sharks
Product ISP 5 ISP 3
Management Devices

Collecting
15600 Tools Informal sector Formal sector
Cables Formal collection and transportation
Buildings
15400 Ships

15200
ISP 4 Formal Collection
15000 Tools
Informal waste collection
14800 Waste Bins
Transportation

14600 Assemblers Aprox. Aprox.

14400
Profit
300 900.000 Km
Waste collectors
! Issues $ Routers
Submarine
communication cables
Total lenght

Routers
14200
Low paid labour Submarine cable Optical fiber Optical submarine cable repeater Waste

Transportation
Illegal working hours, (1) Polyethylene,
14000
1

Unfair compensation for unscheduled overtime (2) Mylar tape,

(3) Stranded steel wires,
Health and Safety issues 8 2 (4) Aluminium water barrier,
(5) Polycarbonate,
Waste
13800 Internship system exploitation Product (6) Copper or aluminium
tube,
10

Migrant workers rights (7) Petroleum jelly

(8) Optical fibres Auctions
13600
Working conditions ! Issues Cables (9) Polymer of Metal
Cables
Crowded dorms for workers
9 11
Street Collectors
7 3
Coating
(10) Pure Fused Silica
Workers health care programs Owner Air and water pollution Cladding
(11) Germanium Doped
13400 Toxic waste Silica Core

Coatings :
Health hazards Internet Router Internet Swich 6 4 Acrylate
Polyimide E-Waste
13200 Aluminum

Assembly
5 Gold

! Hazards Components Repeaters Repeaters Informal dismantling

Informal dismantlers
13000 line workers
Working
12800
Hazardous working conditions
! Issues
Sailors / Drivers Owner
Explosions

Internet Platforms & Services

Hazardous chemical exposure Toxic waste
12600 Exposure to dust and toxic substances Health hazards
Inconsistent health and safety policies, procedures and practices
Major depression and the risk of attempted suicide Tools Waste
12400 Ergonomic hazards : body positions, repetitive work, shift work, and job stress Servers and Infrastructure Owners and investors
Transportation
Formal Recycling Enterprises
12200
Management and administration
! Hazards
Web developers
Transportation

Intel Cloud Engineer (US)

Component
Programmers Working Hazards
PVC
12000
Profit Cargo ships $
Internet Designers ( Web, UI, UX .. )
The hazardous substances found in the e-waste include
Waste

Trucks
Infrastructure
manufacturers
Network administrators substantial quantities of lead, cadmium, chromium and Metals Plastic Components
11800
$ Trains
Cargo containers
Content producers ( users, editors, journalists )
flame-retardant plastics. Cathode ray tubes and compo-
nents with high lead content are considered dangerous to
PR & Marketing health. Inhaling or handling such substances and being in E-waste separation Labour
11600 contact with them on a regular basis can damage the
! Issues Waste
Free Labour (user labour, volunteers ,,) brain, nervous system, lungs, kidneys and the reproductive
system Working in poorly-ventilated enclosed areas with-
11400 ... out masks and technical expertise results in exposure to
Toxic waste dangerous and slow-poisoning chemicals. Due to lack of E-Waste
awareness, workers are risking their health and environ- E Waste Traders
11200 Sales Managers (US)
Health hazards Component ment as well.

11000
! Hazards Owner
10800 Working

10600 Use of toxic materials such as arsine, phos-

phine and others potentially expose workers Labour Resource Shipping
Content Platforms & Services
to health hazards which include cancer,
10400
miscarriages and birth defects. Cargo ships
Time
Irritation of skin and respiratory organs
Environmental ! Issues Trucks
(eg. Bing, Wikipedia, Weather.com ..) Knowledge Trains
10200 Neurotoxins Use of hazardous chemicals including Cargo containers
hydrochloric acid, toxic metals and gases, Waste Experience Air and water pollution
Senior Data Scientist (US)
Low-frequency electronic magnetic and and volatile solvents. ! Hazards Toxic waste Waste
10000 radiofrequency radiation Health hazards
Groundwater pollution
Ergonomic hazards : body positions, repetitive Air pollution Tools Working Environmental
Management Occupations (US) work, shift work, and job stress Toxic waste
9800
Computer Hardware Engineers (US)

Amazon Inc. Infrastructure

Air pollution (conventional pollutants and greenhouse gases)
Cargo Shift
Acoustic pollution
Corporate border Corporate border Corporate border
Cargo falling from height
9600 Devastating effects of oil spills Sailors / Drivers
Transportation

Smelters & Refiners

Dust from working cargo
Machine Learning Engineer (US) Turbulent Seas Sewage, wastewater from toilets and medical facilities,
Maintenance related injuries Bilge water leaks from engine and machinery spaces
E-Waste

AWS
9400 Profit Mooring Hazards Impact of ballast water discharges on the marine environment.
Fire Collisions with marine mammals,

9200 Software Developers, Systems Software (US) $

! Issues
Network engineers
9000 Acidic and Radioactive waste Network technicians

Recovering
Geoscientists (US)
Health and environmental hazards Management
8800
Security
Software Developers, Applications (US)
Metal
8600 Computer Network Architects (US)
Mining and Geological Engineers (US)
! Hazards Energy Consumption
8400
Owner
Working Servers Setup Servers
Component Design Engineer at Intel (US) Water Consumption 2nd Hand Resellers
8200 Data Scientist (US) Low-level radiation Maintenance Devices
Airborne metal and silica particles
Environmental
Tools
8000
Transportation, Storage, and Distribution Managers (US)

Information Security Analysts (US)

Contact with corrosive chemicals
Dangerous gases, vapors, fumes and dusts Large proportion of the harmful waste products
Smelters Ore Amazon Data Center Management
Cables
Heavy lifting, high-force pushing or pulling, toxic waste disposal
Repetitive motion during use of hand tools Buildings
Contact with molten metal
7800 Air Transportation Workers (US) Hot working conditions !
Slips, trips and falls
Moving parts on machinery and equipment Refining rare earth elements
7600 Computer Systems Analysts (US) that can cut, crush, impale, or strike After refining one ton of rare earth elements, Waste
individuals approximately 75 cubic meters of acidic waste
Noise and vibration due to machinery and water and about one ton of radioactive waste
equipment residue are produced.
Time
7400
Intel Manufacturing Supervisor (US) Tools Knowledge
AVS: Speech to Text
AVS
7200 Database Administrators (US) Experience
$
Network and Computer Systems Administrators (US)
Trader
AVS: Text to Speech
Transportation

7000

Mines Alexa Voice Service

Cargo vessel Ch. Officer (Int)
Dismantlers
Profit
6800
Alexa Voice Service performs speech to text and text to speech, Remanufacturers
Natural language processing ( NLP ) and other functions.
$ Components traders
6600 Skils Device separators
AT&T Cable Technician (US) ! Issues ! Issues Alexa skills store Manual recycling shops
6400
Cargo vessel 2nd Engineer (Int)
Hard labour Leaching facilities
AI ‘black box’ Tools Tools
Forced labour ! Issues Sec. material traders Plastic Machines Machines Smelters
Bias in language models
6200 Child labour Ore Unverified and unaudited Ra
Recycling Facilities Facilities and Refiners ! Issues
Low paid labour Toxic waste
Conflict minerals Health hazards E-Waste Acidic and Radioactive waste
Skils
6000 Web Developers (US)
Environmental and working hazards Health and environmental hazards
Owner 3rd Party
5800 Underground miner (Canada) 2nd Hand Component Ra

! Hazards ! Hazards Product

Labour Smelters

Hazards
Skils !
5600
Environmental Miners Resource Working
Native Metal Environmental
5400
Erosion Use of toxic materials such as arsine,
Plastic Working
Working Formation of sinkholes phosphine and others potentially
Underground Miner (US)
Loss of biodiversity expose workers to health hazards Low-level radiation

ASK
Landfill workers (US) Accidents Harmful waste products
5200 Health risks Devastation of surrounding vegetation which include cancer, miscarriages and Waste Waste Airborne metal and silica particles
AT&T Network Technician (US)
Contamination of soil Waste PC Contact with corrosive chemicals
toxic waste disposal
birth defects.
Intel Manufacturing Technician (US) Cave-ins Dust Dangerous gases, vapors, fumes and dusts
Acid rock drainage
5000
Flood Radon Contamination of ground and surface water Alexa Skill Kit Irritation of skin and respiratory organs
Environmental Polycarbonate
Heavy lifting, high-force pushing or pulling,
Amazon Data Center Technician (US) Gas explosions Welding fumes Repetitive motion during use of hand tools
High concentrations of arsenic, sulfuric acid, and mercury
Rail Transportation Workers (US) Chemical leakage Mercury Collection if self-service APIs, tools, Contact with molten metal
Electrocution Noise
Affecting health of the local population
Noise dust and visual pollution
Mining tools documentation and code used for
Neurotoxins Use of hazardous chemicals includ- PE Hot working conditions
4800 Fires ing hydrochloric acid, toxic metals
Heavy loads Deforestation making of 3rd party Alexa Skills Low-frequency electronic magnetic and Slips, trips and falls
and gases, and volatile solvents.
radiofrequency radiation
Polyethene
Moving parts on machinery and equipment that
Groundwater pollution can cut, crush, impale, or strike individuals
4600 Noise and vibration due to machinery and
Ergonomic hazards : body positions, Air pollution PET equipment
Explosives Workers, Ordnance Handling Experts, and Blasters (US) repetitive work, shift work, and job Toxic waste
Radio and Telecommunications Equipment Installers and Repairers (US) stress Polyethylene
4400 terephthalate

Mining Machine Operators (US)

Privatization and exploitation of common resource (Earth)

AVS: Intent
4200

4000 Cargo vessel 3rd Engineer (Int) Text to Action

3800
Hazardous Materials Removal Workers (US)
Elements Public

Closed
Disposing Tools
Machines
Facilities
Updates

3600 Component Manufacturer (US)

Garbage collector (US)
Rare Earth Elements (REE) exploitation
AI Training User voice recordings ! Privacy Data Preparation and Labeling
3400

Rare Earth elements Other used elemets

3200 Driver/Sales Workers and Truck Drivers (US)
Tank Car, Truck, and Ship Loaders (US) 100
Semiconductor Processors (US)
Immaterial labour ( eg. user labour )
3000 Unrecognized labour
Issues
Amazon Delivery Driver (US)
! Neural Network
x80 80 640
Unpaid crowdsourcing ( eg. ReCaptcha )
Landfill or
2800 g2.2xlarge GPUs vCPUs Network engineers Incineration
AI Black Box Input Output
Students, Volunteers, Interns (eg. TED talks translation volunteers )
50
Bias Network technicians Unpaid or Low paid labour Crowdworkers (eg. Amazon Mechanical Turk workers)
2600 China Energy Consumption Management Outsourced services in developing countries
element Security Informal Workers
2400 Intel Service Technician (US) 00 United States Setup Professionals
Science and engineering professionals (eg. research scientist ) Waste pickers

X
Others Maintenance Information and communications technology professionals (eg. developers )
Assembly Line Worker (US) 0
2200 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 Management
Non-Human Labour Algorithms or other machine learning systems
Amazon Warehouse Worker (US)
00.000
2000
Waste
Training
1800 ‘Since 1980, mining companies have produced four times the amount of datasets Facilities ( Offices, homes, edu.institutions ..)
many, if not all, rare metals compared to the amount they produced from Methods
the beginning of time until 1980.’ Technology ( Software, hardware, infrastructure ..) Reuse
1600

1400 GPU PVC

Foxconn Assembly line Worker (China)
Resource
1200 Databanks GPU 2nd Hand Component Metals Plastic
Product
NVIDIA GRID K520 GPU
Software developer at Fortech (Romania)
1000 Software and IT Industry Avr. (China)
word

Senior Software Engineer at SoftServe (Ukraine)

800 Mining Industry Avr. (China)
Manufacturing Industry Avr. (China)
Cargo vessel Messman (Int)
600
Software Engineer at InfoSys (India) Processors
20 th 21 st
Repair Services (China)
400
FB Content moderation for TaskUs (Philippines) On average, a 21st century citizen uses ten times In a single Iphone there is about 75 Energy Consumption Processors
Call center agents (Philippines) more minerals than one of the 20th century. elements : two-thirds of the periodic table.

200
Cargo vessel Cadet (Int)
Underground Miner (China)
8 x Intel Xeon E5-2670
Each of 80 nodes communicate updates to the model to all other nodes every second
Water Consumption Training datasets
E-Waste and Landfil Worker (India)
Underground Miner (Congo)
+20000
0
Unpaid User Labour (Int) Hours of tagged content
Corporate border

Databanks
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