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Parts PDF
Parts PDF
and call it the method of integration by parts, abbreviated simply as “by parts.”
Z
An example. Consider the integral x cos x dx. Let u = x, and let dv = cos x dx. Then
du = dx, and v = sin x. We have, by parts,
Z Z
x cos x = x sin x − sin x dx.
That last integral is easy to integrate, and we have the answer, x sin x + cos x + C.
Note that our original integrand, x cos x was a product, and we integrated one term of
that product, namely, cos x, when we applied the method of integration by parts. That’s why
it’s called that, you integrate one part of the integrand. With any luck, you’ve simplified the
problem.
Be careful, though, you could complicate the problem if you use the wrong part. Suppose
we had chosen to let u = cos x and dv = x dx. Then du = − sin x dx, and v = 12 x2 . By parts,
we would then have Z Z
x cos x = − 2 x sin x + 21 x2 sin x dx,
1 2
and the new integral is harder to solve then the original one was.
Generally speaking, why you apply parts, you want to choose u so that is simplifies when
you differentiate it, and choose dv so that, at least, you can integrate it.