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History Of Mumbai (Bombay) - Pdf Download

Sapana Vinodvijapur
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Sapana
15th June 2007 From India, Pune

Too Good...... Read when u have time in hand....

Ancient yet modern, fabulously rich yet achingly poor.

The city of Bombay originally consisted of seven islands, namely Colaba, Mazagaon, Old
Woman's Island , Wadala, Mahim, Parel, and Matunga-Sion. This group of islands, which
have since been joined together by a series of

reclamations, formed part of the kingdom of Ashoka , the famous

Emperor of India.

After his death, these islands passed into the hands of various Hindu rulers until 1343. In
that year, the Mohammedans of Gujerat took possession and the Kings of that province of
India ruled for the next two centuries. The only vestige (mark) of their dominion over
these islands that remains today is the mosque at Mahim.

In 1534 the Portuguese, who already possessed many important trading centers on the
western coast, such as Panjim, Daman, and Diu, took Bombay by force of arms from the
Mohammedans. This led to the establishment of numerous churches which were
constructed in areas where the majority of people were Roman Catholics. There used to be
two areas in Bombay called " Portuguese Church ". However,

only one church with Portuguese-style facade still remains; it is the St.

Andrew's church at Bandra. The Portuguese also fortified their possession by building
forts at Sion, Mahim, Bandra, and Bassien which, although in

disrepair, can still be seen. They named their new possession as "Bom
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Baia" which in Portuguese means " Good Bay ".

A hundred and twenty-eight years later the islands were given to the English King Charles
II in dowry on his marriage to Portuguese Princess Catherine of Braganza in 1662. In the
year 1668 the islands were acquired by the English East India Company on lease from the
crown for an annual sum of 10 pounds in gold; so little did the British value these islands
at that time. The Company, which was operating from Surat, was in search for another
deeper water port so that larger vessels could dock,

and found the islands of Bombay suitable for development. The shifting of the East India
Company's headquarters to Bombay in 1687 led to the eclipse of Surat as a principal
trading center. The British corrupted the Portuguese name "Bom Baia" to " Bombay ". The
Kolis used to call the islands "Mumba" after Mumbadevi, the Hindu deity to whom a
temple is dedicated at Babulnath near Chowpatty's sandy beaches.

The first Parsi to arrive in Bombay was Dorabji Nanabhoy Patel in 1640. The Parsis,
originally from Iran, migrated to India about 900 years ago. This they did to save their
religion, Zoroastrianism, from invading Arabs who proselytized Islam. However, in 1689-
90, when a severe plague had struck down most of the Europeans, the Siddi Chief of
Janjira made

several attempts to re-possess the islands by force, but the son of the former, a trader
named Rustomji Dorabji Patel (1667-1763), successfully warded off the attacks on behalf
of the British with the help of the 'Kolis', the original fisher-folk inhabitants of these
islands. The remnants of the Koli settlements can still be seen at Backbay reclamation,
Mahim, Bandra, Khar, Bassien and Madh island.

Sir George Oxenden became the first British Governor of the islands, and was succeeded
later by Mr. Gerald Aungier who made Bombay more populous by attracting Gujerati
traders, Parsi ship-builders, and Muslim

and Hindu manufacturers from the mainland. He fortified defenses by

constructing the Bombay Castle (the Fort, since then vanished except for a small portion of
the wall) and provided stability by constituting courts of law.

Between 1822 and 1838, cattle from the congested fort area used to graze freely at the
Camp Maidan (now called Azad Maidan), an open ground opposite the Victoria Terminus.
In 1838, the British rulers introduced a 'grazing fee' which several cattle-owners could not
afford. Therefore, Sir Jamshedji Jeejeebhoy spent Rs. 20,000 from his own purse for

purchasing some grasslands near the seafront at Thakurdwar and saw that the starving
cattle grazed without a fee in that area. In time the area became to be known as "Charni"
meaning grazing. When a railway station on the BB&CI railway was constructed there it
was called
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Charni Road.

The Zoroastrian Towers of Silence on Malabar hill were built by Seth Modi Hirji Vachha in
1672. The Zoroastrians believe in venerating the earth, fire, and water and hence they
prefer to expose their dead to the elements and flesh-eating birds within the confines of
the Towers of Silence. The first fire-temple was also built in the same year by Seth Vachha
opposite his residence at Modikhana within the British fort. Both of the these structures
can still be seen today although they have been expanded and strengthened.

The inroads of the sea at Worli, Mahim, and Mahalaxmi turned the ground between the
islands into swamps making Bombay an extremely

unhealthy place at that time. Many commuters going to the Fort by boat between islands
lost their lives when there was a storm during the monsoons (July to September). During
the next 40 years much was done to improve matters. Reclamation work to stop the
breeches at Mahalaxmi and Worli were undertaken. The Hornby Vellard was completed in
1784, during the Governorship of Mr. Hornby. In 1803 Bombay was connected with
Salsette by a causeway at Sion. The island of Colaba was joined to Bombay in 1838 by a
causeway now called Colaba Causeway and the

Causeway connecting Mahim and Bandra was completed in 1845 at the total cost of
Rs.1,57,000 donated entirely by Lady Avabai Jamsetjee Jeejeebhoy, wife of the first
baronet Sir Jamsetjee Jeejeebhoy with a stipulation that no toll would be charged to
citizens for its use by the government. Initially the cost was estimated at Rs.100,000 but as
the work commenced in 1842 the cost escalated. When the initial sum was exhausted and
work about to stop Lady Jeejeebhoy once again dipped in to her personal purse with a
second donation to the treasury of Rs.57,000.

Sir Robert Grant (1779-1838) governed Bombay from 1835 to 1838 and was responsible
for the construction of a number of roads between Bombay and the hinterland. The Thana
and Colaba Causeways were built during his tenure as well as the Grant Medical College
attached to the

Sir Jamshedji Jeejeebhoy (J.J.) Group of hospitals.

On Saturday 16th of April, 1853 a 21-mile long railway line, the first in India, between
Bombay 's Victoria Terminus and Thana was opened. The

Great Indian Peninsular (GIP) and the Bombay Baroda and Central

India (BB&CI) Railway were started in 1860 and a regular service of steamers on the west
coast was commenced in 1869. Also during this

period Bombay enjoyed great economic wealth. Raw cotton from Gujerat was shipped to
Lancashire in England through Bombay port, and after being spun and woven into cloth,
returned to be sold in the Indian market.
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increased the demand for cotton in the West and several personal fortunes were made
during

this period from the resulting trade. The opening of the Suez Canal in 1869

brought the West closer to Bombay, and as the city became more prosperous, many
schemes were launched for reclaiming additional land and building more roads and
wharves. Bombay began to attract

fortune hunters by the hundreds and the population had swelled from 13,726 in 1780 to
644,405 in 1872, in a little less than a hundred years. By 1906 the population of Bombay
was to become 977,822.

In 1858, following the First War of Independence (the British called it the "Sepoy Mutiny")
of 1857 in which the Rani of Jhansi and her infant son strapped on her back were killed,
the East India Company was accused of mismanagement and the islands reverted to the
British Crown. In 1862 Sir Baartle Frere was appointed Governor, an office which he held
until 1867. By 1862 the town had spread over the lands reclaimed through constructions of
causeways and it is from this date we have the rise of

the modern city of Bombay. In 1864 a fountain was to be erected in his honour at the
Victoria Gardens by the Agri-Horticultural Society of Western India. Somehow, the plans
were changed at the last moment and the fountain, named after the Greek goddess Flora,
was placed in the centre of the city on what used be known as Hornby Road.
Unfortunately, no plaque was placed on the fountain to commemorate the name of
Governor in whose memory it was supposed to have been erected.

Around 1860 the piped water supply from Tulsi and Vehar lakes (and later Tansa) was
inaugurated. One reform which met with much superstitious opposition, before it was
implemented, was the sealing and banning the use of water from open wells and tanks that
bred mosquitoes. A good drainage system was also constructed at the same time. However,
several decades later, the same wells were to serve Bombay by providing non-potable
water to supplement the same from the lakes. This was true especially during those years
when the monsoons failed to provide sufficient water in the catchment areas of the lakes.
However, well water is now used all over the city to supplement the water received from
the lakes.

The later half of the 19th century was also to see a feverish construction of buildings in
Bombay, many of which such as, the Victoria Terminus, the General Post Office, Municipal
Corporation, the Prince of Wales Museum, Rajabai Tower and Bombay University,
Elphinstone College and the Cawasji Jehangir Hall, the Crawford Market, the Old
Secretariat

(Old Customs House) and the Public Works Department (PWD) Building, still stand today
as major landmarks. The Gateway of India was built to commemorate the visit of king
George V and Queen Mary for the Darbar
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The docks at Bombay are a monument of the industry, enterprise and integrity of the
Wadia family which moved in from Surat at the instigation of the British. In 1870 the
Bombay Port Trust was formed. In 1872, Jamshedji Wadia, a master ship-builder
constructed the "Cornwalis", a frigate of 50 guns, for the East India Company, a success
which led to several orders from the British Navy. In all the Wadias, between 1735-1863
built 170 war vessels for the Company, 34 man-of-war for the

British Navy, 87 merchant vessels for private firms, and three vessels for the Queen of
Muscat at Bombay docks.

The Princess Dock was built in the year 1885 and the Victoria Dock and the Mereweather
Dry Docks in 1891. Alexandra Dock was completed in 1914. The closing years of the 19th
Century were tragic for Bombay

as the bubonic plague caused great destruction of human life once more. One significant
result of the plague was the creation of the City Improvement Trust which in later years
encouraged the development of the suburbs for residential purposes to remove the
congestion in the city.

As Bombay 's superintendent of police in 1885, Charles Forjett was a favourite of the
Indian people. Many wept openly when he returned to England. He sacked British
constables who unduly harassed the locals and cracked down on the Parsi mafia which was
involved in the liquor business in the Falkland Road area, which included the famous
"Play House" which the locals corrupted to "pillhouse". The "Pillhouse" area would acquire
notoriety in later years as the infamous "cages" area housing Bombay 's infamous red-light
district.

Lord Sandhurst governed Bombay between 1895 and 1900 and it was during his tenure
that the Act was passed which constituted the City Improvement Trust which, among
other things, built the Sandhurst Road in 1910 and handed it over to the municipality. The
Sandhurst Road railway station (upper level) was built in 1921.

As a result of a mysterious fire which started in one of its holds, on a very hot summer's
day on Friday April 14, 1944, the ship " Fort Stikine " (7420 tons) blew up in the Bombay
docks. At the time the ship was about to unload a lethal combination of cargo of dried fish
and cotton bales (loaded from Karachi), timber, gun powder, ammunition, and gold bars
from London (the latter to stabilize the Indian Rupee, which was sagging due to the
Second World War and fear of invasion from Japan). The gold bullion

was valued at approx. two million Pounds Sterling at that time. Nobody is certain as to
how the fire started but the two explosions which followed were so loud that windows
rattled and/or shattered as far away as Dadar, a distance of 8 miles. The destruction in the
docks and surrounding area was immense and several hundred dock workers were killed
instantly. A majority of brave men of the Bombay Fire Brigade, who answered the
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call to duty immediately after the first blast, lost their lives in the second

explosion (a monument has been erected in the docks in their honour). The population of
the city was panic stricken as rumours spread rapidly that the explosions signaled the
commencement of hostilities by the Japanese on the same style as the surprise attack on
Pearl Harbour in the Hawaiian islands in December 1941. The Japanese were in fact
nowhere near Bombay since they were engaged in fighting a losing battle with the British
army in Burma at that time. Nevertheless, the Bombay Central (BB&CI) and Victoria
Terminus (GIP) stations were packed to capacity with terrorized people fleeing the city in
whichever train they could board for their villages with all belongings they could carry. At
the time of the explosion, one of the gold bars crashed through the roof of the third floor
apartment of a Parsi named D.C. Motivala more than a mile from the docks. He promptly
returned the gold bar to the authorities. Almost all of the other gold bars were
subsequently recovered from different parts of the city; the last ones to be found were
hauled up from the bottom of the sea in the docks. However, during normal dredging
operations carried out periodically to maintain the depth of the docking bays one or two
gold bars were found intact sporadically as late as the 1970s and returned to the British
government. The government took full responsibility for the disaster and monetary
compensation was paid to citizens who made a claim for loss or damage to property.

The Port Trust Railway from Ballard Pier to Wadala was opened in 1915. Along this
railway were built grain and fuel oil depots. The kerosene oil installations were developed
at Sewri and for petrol at Wadala. In the same year the first overhead transmission lines of
the Tata Power Company were erected, and in 1927 the first electric locomotives

manufactured by Metropolitan Vickers of England were put into service for

passenger trains up to Poona and Igatpuri on the GIP railway and later electric multiple
unit (EMUs) commuter trains ran up to Virar on the BB&CI railway and up to Karjat and
Kasara of the GIP railway. During the Second World War these EMUs were joined
together to form long trains which carried troops and small arms and ammunition to and
from Bombay

to the hinterland.

The Fort (downtown) area in Bombay derives its name from the fact that the area fell
within the former walled city, of which only a small fragment survives as part of the
eastern boundary wall of the St. George's Hospital .

In 1813 there were 10,801 persons living in the fort, 5,464, or nearly 50%, of them Parsis.
With the growth of the city more people came from the Fort to such suburbs as Byculla,
Parel, Malabar Hill, and Mazagaon. European sports clubs for cricket and other games
came in to existence early in the 19th Century. The Bombay Gymkhana was formed in 1875
exclusively for Europeans. Other communities followed this example, and various Parsi,
Muslim, and Hindu gymkhanas were started nearby with fierce sports competitions
among them being organized on a communal basis.
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minded persons, such as the

late A.F.S. Talyarkhan, and sports teams based on community, especially cricket teams,
came to an end gradually after independence from British rule in 1947.

The historic session of the All India Congress Committee began on the 7th of August 1942.
Its venue was the Gowalia Tank Maidan, where the congress was born in 1885. It was at
this session that the "Quit India" call was given by Mahatma Gandhi and other Indian
National Congress leaders. The Indian leaders were arrested by the British soon
afterwards but the momentum of the Quit India movement could not be stopped and

led to the final withdrawal of the British on 15 August 1947. The last British

troops on Indian soil left for England through the archway of the Gateway of India on that
day. They bade farewell from where they had entered 282 years before. The people of
Bombay , in a gesture of generosity wished them bon voyage, forgetting the bitter
memories of the fight for independence. Today the maidan from where the call to "Quit
India" was given is called the "August Kranti Maidan".

After independence the Congress party led by Jawaharlal Nehru at the Center was swept to
power in most of the Indian States, which were constituted on the basis of language
spoken by the majority of its people. The Bombay State included the city as its seat of
government. In 1960 the state of Bombay was split into Maharashtra and Gujarat states
again on linguistic basis, the former retaining Bombay city as its capital. The Congress
party continued to administer Maharashtra until 1994 when it was replaced by the Shiv
Sena-Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) coalition.

With the success of the back-bay reclamation scheme in the late 1960s and early 1970s
Nariman Point became the hub of the business activity. Several offices shifted from the
Ballard Estate to Nariman Point which ultimately became one of the most expensive real
estate in the world as high demand pushed prices to astronomical limits. Nariman Point is
named after K.F. Nariman, president of the Bombay Provincial Congress Committee and
former mayor of Bombay. Churchgate Street was also renamed as Veer Nariman Road
after independence.

The Stock Exchange at Bombay was established in 1875 as "The Native Share and
Stockbrokers Association" which has evolved over the decades in to its present status as
the premier Stock Exchange in India . It is one of the oldest in Asia having preceded even
the Tokyo Stock Exchange which was founded in 1878. In the early days the business was
conducted under the shade of a banyan tree in front of the town hall. The tree can still be
seen in the Horniman Circle Park. In 1850 the Companies Act was passed and that
heralded the commencement of the joint stock companies in India. The American Civil
War of 1860 helped Indians to establish brokerage houses in Bombay . The leading broker
at the time, Premchand Roychand, assisted in framing conventions, ground rules and
procedures for trading which are respected even now. He was the first Indian broker who
could speak and write in fluent English. The New
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with a fee of Re. 1/-. This fee has gradually increased over the years and today it is a over a
crore.

In January 1899, the Brokers' Hall was inaugurated by James M. MaClean, M.P. After the
First World War the Bombay Stock Exchange (BSE) was housed in an old building near
the Town Hall. In 1928, the present plot of land was acquired surrounded by Dalal Street,
Bombay Samachar Marg, and Hammam Street. A building was constructed in 1930 and
occupied in December of that year.

In 1995 the operations and dealings of the BSE were fully computerized and thus the
famous out-cry system of share trading was replaced by screen based trading as in other
modern stock exchanges around the world. Today Bombay is the financial and business
capital of India .

The BSE is housed in the 28-storied Phiroze Jeejeebhoy Towers in the same place where
the old building once stood. Sir Phiroze Jamshedji

Jeejeebhoy was the Chairman of the Exchange from 1966 till his death in 1980. The
building has been named after him since its construction commenced during his
Chairmanship and was completed just as he passed away.

Sapana

Vinodvijapur
15th June 2007 From India, Mumbai

With the same spirit...i guess this also can be added up....sooooooooooo
cooooooooooooool :)

Awesome! B_O_M_B_A_Y

Bombay has no bombs and is a harbour not a bay.

Churchgate has neither a church nor a gate. It is a railway station.

There is no darkness in Andheri.

Lalbaag is neither red nor a garden.

No king ever stayed at Kings Circle .

Nor did Queen Victoria stay at Victoria Terminus.

Nor is there any princess at Princess Street .

Lower Parel is at the same level as Parel
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There are no marines or sailors at Marine Lines.

The Mahalaxmi temple is at Haji Ali not at Mahalaxmi.

There are no pigs traded at Dukar bazaar.

Teen bati is a junction of 3 roads, not three lamps.

Trams used to terminate at Kings circle not Dadar* Tram Terminus (Dadar T.T.).

Breach Candy is not a sweetmeat market, but there is a Hospital.

Safed Pool has the dirtiest and blackest water.

You cannot buy coal at Kolsa street.

There are no Iron smiths at Lohar chawl.

There are no pot makers at Kumbhar wada.

Lokhandwala complex is not an Iron and steel market.

Null bazaar does not sell taps.

You will not find ladyfingers at Bheendi Bazaar.

Kalachowki does not have a black Police station.

Hanging Gardens are not suspended.

Mirchi Gully does not sell chillies.

Figs do not grow in Anjir Wadi.

Sitafals do not grow in Sitafal Wadi,

Jackfruits do not grow at Fanaswadi.

But it is true that you may get fleeced at Chor Bazaar!

AMCHI MUMBAI
A City where everything is possible, especially
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Where lovers first love and then marry,

Where there is place for every Tom, Dick and Harry

Where telephone bills make a person ill,

Where a person cannot sleep without a pill.

Where carbon-dioxide is more than oxygen,

Where the road is considered to be a dustbin,

Where college canteens are full and classes empty,

Where Adam teasing is also making an entry,

Where a cycle reaches faster than a car,

Where everyone thinks himself to be a star,

Where sky scrapers overlook the slum,

Where houses collapse as the monsoon comes,

Where people first act and then think,

Where there is more water in the pen than ink,

Where the roads see-saw in monsoon,

Where the beggars become rich soon,

Where the roads are levelled when the minister arrives,

Where college admission means hard cash,

Where cement is frequently mixed with ash.

This is Mumbai my dear, But don't fear, just cheer, come to Mumbai every year!

THINGS TO PROVE YOU'RE A BOMBAYITE

1. You say "town " and expect everyone to know
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2 You speak in a dialect of Hindi called 'Bambaiya Hindi',

which only Bombayites can understand.

3. Your door has more than three locks.

4. Rs 500 worth of groceries fit in one paper bag.

5. Train timings (9.27, 10.49 etc) are really important events of life.

6. You spend more time each month traveling than you spend at home.

7. You call an 8' x 10' clustered room a Hall.

8. You're paying Rs 10,000 for a 1 room flat, the size

of walk-in closet and you think it's a "steal."

9. You have the following sets of friend: school friends, college friends, neighborhood
friends,

office friends and yes, train friends, a species unique only in Bombay.

10. Cabbies and bus conductors think you are from Mars

if you call the roads by their Indian name,

they are more familiar with Warden Road, Peddar  Road, Altamount Road .

11. Stock market quotes are the only other thing* besides cricket which you follow
passionately.

12. The first thing that you read in the Times of India is the " Bombay Times" supplement.

13. You take fashion seriously.

You're suspicious of strangers who are actually nice to you.

14. Hookers, beggars and the homeless are invisible.

15. You compare Bombay to New York 's Manhattan instead of any other cities of India.

16. The most frequently used part of your car is the horn.
17. You insist on calling CST as VT, and Sahar
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Santacruz airports instead of Chatrapati Shivaji International Airport.

18. You consider eye contact an act of overt aggression.

19. Your idea of personal space is no one actually standing on your toes.

20. Being truly alone makes you nervous.

21. You love wading through knee deep mucky water in the monsoons, and actually call it
''romantic'.

22. Only in Bombay , you would get Chinese Dosa and Jain Chicken

Salaam Bombay......

Vinodvijapur
15th June 2007 From India, Mumbai

Hieee Sapana, Guess what...its a rainy time again...just thought to refresh again... Had
published a article.... Jst browze thru... Keeep posted. Vinod Vijapur

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