University of Cebu

College of Engineering
Civil Engineering Department

CIVIL ENGINEERING LABORATORY MANUAL

on
CE 51C – Timber Design

Prepared by:

Engr. Kenny Glenn Silud, CE

Table of Contents:

Experiment Topics Page

No.
1 Introduction to Timber Design 3

2 Design of Floor Framing Plan 4

3 Design of Floor Joist 6

4 Design of Girders 8

5 Flexural Members 10

6 Cover Plated Beams and Bolted Sections 13

7 Design of Column 16
Axially Loaded Post
8 18
and Eccentrically Loaded post
9 Design of Ceiling Joist, Rafters, and Purlins 19

10 Roof Truss Load Analysis 22

11 Design of Top and Bottom Chord 24

12 Truss Vertical and Diagonal Member 25

2
Prepared by: Engr. Kenny Glenn Silud
 University of Cebu
College of Engineering
Civil Engineering Department

Experiment No. 1

Name:_______________________________ Course and Year:_________

Group:___________ Date:___________________

I. Title: Introduction to Timber Design

II. Objectives:
1. To understand and to apply the specifications provided to any timber
structure based on the National Structural Code of the Philippines
(NSCP) Code.
2. To identify legally used wood species available in the Philippines as
timber material.
3. To be able to differentiate the design methodology using timber from
reinforced concrete and steel design.
III. Activities:
1) Write down the regulations indicated in the National Structural Code of the
Philippines (NSCP) Code intended for timber designing
2) In the table provided compare and enumerate the properties of the following
structural materials (as many as possible)

Timber Reinforced Concrete Steel

1.)

3) Research on the wood species available in the Philippines to be used as a timber

structure. Include the stress grade available, the average standard stress and the
relative densities.

3
Prepared by: Engr. Kenny Glenn Silud
 University of Cebu
College of Engineering
Civil Engineering Department

Experiment No. 2

Name:_______________________________ Course and Year:_________

Group:___________ Date:___________________

I. Title: Designing of Floor Framing Plan

II. Objectives:
1. To identify the different structural parts in the plan.
2. To apply National Structural Code of the Philippines (NSCP) Code
provisions.
3. To illustrate the structural plan from a given floor framing plan.
III. Activities:
1) Draw and illustrate the floor framing plan of the floor plan provided below. Apply
the NSCP Code provisions on the floor framing plan when horizontal distance (A)
is 3 meters and vertical distance is 3 meters.
2) Label each structural members in the framing plan illustrated.

4
Prepared by: Engr. Kenny Glenn Silud
IV. Floor Framing Plan

5
Prepared by: Engr. Kenny Glenn Silud
 University of Cebu
College of Engineering
Civil Engineering Department

Experiment No. 3

Name:_______________________________ Course and Year:_________

Group:___________ Date:___________________

I. Title: Design of Floor Joist

II. Objectives:
1. To be able to design and compute the dimension of the floor joist using
the floor plan provided and the loadings applied to the structure.
2. To check the appropriate size of the floor joist that will pass the allowable
value for bending, shearing stress and deflection of the timber material.
3. To be able to recommend the appropriate economical size of floor joist
with respect to the loading and floor plan provided.
III. Theory:
Based on Mechanics of Rigid Bodies in the topics of shear, bending
stresses in beams and deflection in a given beam figure as the reference of
designing of floor joist. Shearing stress are the forces parallel to the area resisting
the force cause shearing stress. In this perspective we are considering the cross-
sectional figure of the beam. On the other hand, stresses caused by the bending
moment are known as flexural or bending stresses. Lastly, deflection of beams is
usually expressed in terms of its deflection from its original unloaded position.
IV. Activity:
1) Based on the discussion of “Design of Floor Joist” and the floor framing plan made
on experiment no. 2. Design the dimension of floor joist by computing the
appropriate timber material size to be used that will meet the requirements of the
allowable shear, bending stress and deflection of the specified timber material
used. Use the following standard variable for a residential structure and the timber
material properties provided below.

Variables:

Specified timber material (per group) with the following properties:

Bending and Tension Parallel to Grain:
Modulus of Elasticity:
Compression Parallel to Grain:
Compression Perpendicular to Grain:
Shear Parallel to Grain:
Specific Gravity

6
Prepared by: Engr. Kenny Glenn Silud
 Allowable deflection = L/240
i flooring = 120 N/m² (3/4’ thick Marine plywood)
i liveload = 2.0 kN/m²
Timber material trial sizes:

Size (mm x mm) Area (1x10³ mm²) Inertia (1x10⁶ mm⁴) Section Modulus (1x10⁴ mm³)
75 x 200
75 x 75
50 x 100
25 x 200
50 x 75
 University of Cebu
College of Engineering
Civil Engineering Department

Experiment No. 4

Name:_______________________________ Course and Year:_________

Group:___________ Date:___________________

I. Title: Design of Girders

II. Objectives:
1. To be able to design and compute the dimension of the girders using the
floor plan provided and the loadings applied to the structure.
2. To check the appropriate size of the girders that will pass the allowable
value for bending, shearing stress and deflection of the timber material.
3. To be able to recommend the appropriate economical size of girders
with respect to the loading and floor plan provided.
III. Theory:
Based on Mechanics of Rigid Bodies in the topics of shear, bending
stresses in beams and deflection in a given beam figure as the reference of
designing girders. Shearing stress are the forces parallel to the area resisting the
force cause shearing stress. In this perspective we are considering the cross-
sectional figure of the beam. On the other hand, stresses caused by the bending
moment are known as flexural or bending stresses. Lastly, deflection of beams is
usually expressed in terms of its deflection from its original unloaded position.
IV. Activity:
1) Based on the discussion of “Design of Girders” and the floor framing plan made on
experiment no. 2. Design the dimension of girders by computing the appropriate
timber material size to be used that will meet the requirements of the allowable
shear, bending stress and deflection of the specified timber material used. Use the
following standard variable for a residential structure and the timber material
properties provided below.

Variables:

Specified timber material (per group) with the following properties:

Bending and Tension Parallel to Grain:
Modulus of Elasticity:
Compression Parallel to Grain:
Compression Perpendicular to Grain:
Shear Parallel to Grain:
Specific Gravity:
 Allowable deflection = L/360
i flooring = 120 N/m²
i liveload = 2.0 kN/m²
Timber material trial sizes:

Size (mm x mm) Area (1x10³ mm²) Inertia (1x10⁶ mm⁴)

150 x 300
100 x 200
150 x 150
25 x 300
50 x 250
 University of Cebu
College of Engineering
Civil Engineering Department

Experiment No. 5

Name:_______________________________ Course and Year:_________

Group:___________ Date:___________________

I. Title: Timber Flexural Members

II. Objectives:
1. To be able to review stresses in beams following flexural and shearing
stresses formula.
2. To apply flexural and shearing stresses formula to any structural
problems using timber as structural material.
3. To determine and recommend the appropriate dimensions of timber
material with respect to the different loading provided.
III. Theory:
Forces and couples acting on a beam causes bending (flexural stress) and
shearing stresses on any cross section of the beam and deflection perpendicular
to the longitudinal axis of the beam. If couples are applied to the end of the beam
and no forces act on it, the bending is said to be pure bending. If forces produce
the bending, the bending is called ordinary bending.
IV. Activity:
Answer the following problem sets.

Problem 1.) A T-section consists of a 3-50mm x 100mm lumber connected as shown. It

is used as a 4m simply supported beam and loaded with the loads shown. Find the
maximum bending and horizontal shear stresses and the bending & horizontal shear
stresses 52mm above the neutral axis.

10
Problem 2.) Select the safe and most economical assigned lumber to be used as a 2 m
simply supported beam that will carry the loading shown. Use allowable deflection of
beam equal to 1/360 span. Design the rectangular beam using deflection. Use trial size
75x150mm, 125x125mm, and 100x150mm. Use the unit weight of the assigned on exp.2

Problem 3.) Check if the timber beam 200mm x 300mm simply supported on a span of
6m can carry a concentrated load of 45 kN at midspan with two 40mm diameter holes are
bored as shown. Neglect the weight of the beam and the effect of the deflection. Use
Fball = 23,000 kPa and Fvall = 700 kPa.

11
Problem 4.) Investigate whether a 350mm x 700mm beam is safe to carry the moving
loads shown. Add 25% of the load to account for impact due to moving loads. Use Fball
= 18 MPa, Fvall = 1.5 MPa and ɣw = 8.0 kN/m³. Neglect the deflection of the beam.

Problem 5.) A retaining wall is made of vertical wooden planks, 200 mm in width and 50
mm thick as shown. The wall is to retain loose earth fill with an equivalent fluid pressure
of 4.5 kN/m³. Investigate whether the plank is adequate to retain the loose earth, if the
allowable Fb = 16,000 kPa and Fv = 700 kPa. Neglect the effect of the deflection.

12
 University of Cebu
College of Engineering
Civil Engineering Department

Experiment No. 6

Name:_______________________________ Course and Year:_________

Group:___________ Date:___________________

I. Title: Cover Plated Beams and Bolted Sections

II. Objectives:
1. To be able to review stresses in beams following flexural and shearing
stresses formula.
2. To apply flexural and shearing stresses formula to any structural
problems using timber as structural material.
3. To be able to design the theoretical size of the cover plate and spacing
of the bolted sections.
III. Theory:
Forces and couples acting on a beam causes bending (flexural stress) and
shearing stresses on any cross section of the beam and deflection perpendicular
to the longitudinal axis of the beam. If couples are applied to the end of the beam
and no forces act on it, the bending is said to be pure bending. If forces produce
the bending, the bending is called ordinary bending.
Timber connectors and fasteners may be used to transmit forces between
wood members and between wood and metal members. The allowable loads and
installation of timber connectors and fastener shall be in accordance with the tables
as provided.
IV. Activity:
I. Answer the following problem sets.
Problem 1.) A 150 x 200 mm wooden beam is reinforced with 100 x 12 mm steel cover
plates at the top and bottom of the section. If the beam supports a uniform live load of 2.4
kN/m and dead load of 2.0 kN/m (including its own weight), determine its adequacy to
carry the loads. Assuming both ends of the 5 m beam are fully restrained. Use Fs
allowable = 138 MPa, Es = 200 GPa and Dao Lumber @ 80% stress grade.

13
Problem 2.) An I-Section is used as a 2.8 m simply supported beam consisting of 3pcs -
75 x 250 mm lumber arranged as shown. Compute the maximum safe load (kN/m) the
beam can support based on the strength of the bolts in shear. Use Ƭ bolts allowable = 90
MPa for the 12 mm diameter bolts in one row if spaced at 200 mm O.C.

14
 University of Cebu
College of Engineering
Civil Engineering Department

Experiment No. 7

Name:_______________________________ Course and Year:_________

Group:___________ Date:___________________

I. Title: Design of Axially Loaded Columns

II. Objectives:
1. To be able to design and compute the dimension of the column
(rectangular and circular post) of the floor plan provided and the loadings
applied to the structure.
2. To check the appropriate size of the column that will pass the allowable
value for axial stress of the timber material.
3. To determine and recommend the appropriate dimensions of timber
material with respect to the different loading provided.
III. Theory:
Axially compressed member is a member with compression force applied
along its centroid axis. Geometrically perfect, straight axially compressed member
does not exist. Such a member should not have any lateral deflection for loads
less then critical. In reality lateral deflection occurs from the very beginning of the
load application process, due to the bending caused by the initial curvature and
eccentricity of the force. Due to the material imperfection and residual stresses as
well as the variable yield point across the cross section, additional effects on lateral
defection for loads above the proportional limit emerge.

IV. Activity:
1) Based on the axially loaded column members discussion, draw the tabutary area
carried by the column member and design the columns in two types, square and
circular post, of the floor framing plan provided in the previous plates (see plate
no.2).

15
2) Design the dimension of column by computing the appropriate timber material size
to be used that will meet the requirements of allowable axial stress of the specified
timber material used. Use the following standard variable for a residential structure
and the timber material properties provided below.

Variables:

Specified timber material (per group) with the following properties:

Axial Stress:
Modulus of Elasticity:
Specific Gravity:

Design Sizes: Refer to the recommended sizes to be use on the member based
on the previous plates
Floor Joist:
Spacing:
Girder:
Column height: 3 m
i roofing load = 1.44 kPa
Dressing for square post: 9.5 mm per side
Dressing for circular post: 9.5 mm around the perimeter

16
 University of Cebu
College of Engineering
Civil Engineering Department

Experiment No. 8

Name:_______________________________ Course and Year:_________

Group:___________ Date:___________________

I. Title: Design of Eccentrically Loaded Columns

II. Objectives:
1. To be able to determine the eccentric distance that can applied to the
axial timber member (rectangular and circular post).
2. To check the eccentricity of the applied loading in the column member
that will pass the allowable value for axial stress and bending stress of
the timber material.
3. To understand the concept and difference between Winslow formula
and NSCP formula for eccentrically loaded member.
III. Theory:
A concentrically loaded strut remains straight under an increasing axial
compression until the critical load is reached when it suffers sudden collapse. A strut
subject to an increasing eccentric load starts to bend immediately and the deflection will
increase as the load increases. In this situation failure is reached when the maximum
stress or the maximum deflection exceeds that allowable, rather than the sudden
buckling collapse of a concentrically loaded strut.

V. Activity:
1) Based on the eccentrically axial loaded column members discussion, identify the
allowable eccentric distance of the previous plate (plate 7) from y and x – axis of
the two column types based on the Winslow formula and NSCP code formula for
eccentric column members. Use 25 mm eccentricity pacing per axis.
 University of Cebu
College of Engineering
Civil Engineering Department

Experiment No. 9

Name:_______________________________ Course and Year:_________

Group:___________ Date:___________________

I. Title: Design of Ceiling Joist, Rafters, and Purlins

II. Objectives:
1. To be able to design and compute the dimension of the ceiling, joist,
rafters and purlins with respect to the load combination applied to the
structure.
2. To check the appropriate size of the ceiling, joist, rafters and purlins that
will pass the allowable value will pass the allowable value for bending,
shearing stress and deflection of the timber material.
3. To be able to recommend the appropriate dimensions of structural roof
member with respect to the load combination provided.
III. Theory:
Based on Mechanics of Rigid Bodies in the topics of shear, bending
stresses in beams and deflection in a given beam figure as the reference of designing of
floor joist. Shearing stress are the forces parallel to the area resisting the force cause
shearing stress. In this perspective we are considering the cross-sectional figure of the
beam. On the other hand, stresses caused by the bending moment are known as flexural
or bending stresses. Lastly, deflection of beams is usually expressed in terms of its
deflection from its original unloaded position. Few of the timber members that resist
shear, bending stress and deflection are ceiling joist, rafters and purlins.

18
IV. Activity:
1) Based on “Design of Ceiling Joist” discussion. Draw the ceiling joist framing plan
together with its tabutary area of the load carried by the member. Design and
recommend the economical and practical dimension of the ceiling joist by
computing the appropriate timber material size to be used that will meet the
requirements of the allowable shear, bending stress and deflection of the specified
timber material used. Use the following given standard variable and the timber
material properties provided below.
Variables:

Specified timber material (per group) with the following properties:

Bending and Tension Parallel to Grain:
Modulus of Elasticity:
Compression Parallel to Grain:
Compression Perpendicular to Grain:
Shear Parallel to Grain:
Specific Gravity
Allowable deflection = L/240
i ceiling board and nailing strip = 0.24 kPa (3/4’ thick Marine plywood)
i liveload = 1.0 kN/m²
spacing: Based on the assigned spacing per group
Ceiling joist timber material trial sizes:

Size (mm x mm) Area (1x10³ mm²) Inertia (1x10⁶ mm⁴)

50 x 150
25 x 200
75 x 100

2) Based on the “Design of Rafter” discussion. Design and recommend the

economical and practical dimension of the rafter by computing the appropriate
timber material size to be used that will meet the requirements of the allowable
shear, bending stress and deflection of the specified timber material used. Use the
following given standard variable and the timber material properties provided
below.

Variables:

Specified timber material (per group) with the following properties:

Bending and Tension Parallel to Grain:
Modulus of Elasticity:
Compression Parallel to Grain:
Compression Perpendicular to Grain:
Shear Parallel to Grain:
Specific Gravity

19
 Truss used: howe truss with 6 panels
Pitch = 1/5
Sheathing = 0.19 kPa
Roof live load = 0.6 kPa
Snow load = 0.6 kPa
Ice load = 0.3 kPa
Horizontal wind pressure = 1.45 kPa
Spacing of rafters = 0.6 m o.c.
Allowable deflection = span/240

Using two load combinations:

 DL + RL + SL
 DL + RL + IL + WL

Ceiling joist timber material trial sizes:

Size (mm x mm) Area (1x10³ mm²) Inertia (1x10⁶ mm⁴) Section Modulus (1x10⁴ mm⁴)
50 x 75
25 x 100
25 x 150

3) Based on the “Design of Purlins” discussion. Design and recommend the

economical and practical dimension of the purlins by computing the appropriate
timber material size to be used that will meet the requirements of the allowable
shear, bending stress and deflection of the specified timber material used. Use the
same variables and load combinations on no. 2.

20
 University of Cebu
College of Engineering
Civil Engineering Department

Experiment No. 10

Name:_______________________________ Course and Year:_________

Group:___________ Date:___________________

I. Title: Roof Truss Load Analysis

II. Objectives:
1. To be able to analyse roof truss using the Graphical Rapid Analysis of
Structures Program (GRASP).
2. To tabulate the different load combinations.
3. To be able to identify the governing design load of the member.
III. Theory:
GRASP is a 2D structure analysis software. It is a user friendly software.
Two dimensional analysis of frame structures like beams, trusses and rigid frames can
be carried out on it. GRASP has a graphical user interface so it’s easy to draw frames
and trusses then apply loads and run analysis.
IV. Activity:
1) Using the software Graphical Rapid Analysis of Structures Program (GRASP),
analyse and determine the force of each howe truss member given the three
different load combinations. Analyse and identify the design load of the truss
member. Use the highest force of each member in the different load combination
as the design load or applied load. Also, use it as a basis for the loading in design
of the top, bottom chord and diagonal member of truss. Attach the result of GRASP
analysis of the three different load combination.

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Using three load combination:
 RL + CL + SL
 RL + CL + IL + WLL
 RL + CL + IL + WLR
Where:
RL = roof load
CL = ceiling load
SL = snow load
WLL = wind load applied at the left side of the truss
WLR = wind load applied at the right side of the truss
IL = ice load

Tabulation of Results:
Members RL + CL + SL RL + CL + IL + WLL RL + CL + IL + WLR Design Load
B-#
D-#
C-#

22
 University of Cebu
College of Engineering
Civil Engineering Department

Experiment No. 11

Name:_______________________________ Course and Year:_________

Group:___________ Date:___________________

I. Title: Design of Top and Bottom Chord

II. Objectives:
1. To be able to design and compute the dimension of the top and bottom
chord using the result from Graphical Rapid Analysis of Structures
Program (GRASP).
2. To check the appropriate size of the top and bottom chord that will pass
the allowable stress combination value of the timber material.
3. To be able to recommend the appropriate economical size of the top and
bottom chord.
III. Theory:
In general when a body is subject to combined loadings, every element will
be subject to combined normal stress from x and y axis together with the shearing stress.
For normal stresses, tensile stresses are considered positive, compressive stresses
negative, and shearing stresses positive if it creates clockwise rotation about the center.
IV. Activity:
1) Based on “Design of Top and Bottom Chord” discussion. Design and recommend
the economical and practical dimension of the top and bottom chord by computing
the appropriate timber material size to be used that will meet the requirements of
the allowable combined stress of the specified timber material used. Use the
design load based on the analysis from the previous plate. Check for safeness
using conventional and rational method.

23
 University of Cebu
College of Engineering
Civil Engineering Department

Experiment No. 12

Name:_______________________________ Course and Year:_________

Group:___________ Date:___________________

I. Title: Truss Vertical and Diagonal Member

II. Objectives:
1. To be able to design and compute the dimension of vertical and diagonal
member using the result from Graphical Rapid Analysis of Structures
Program (GRASP).
2. To check the appropriate size of the vertical and diagonal member that
will pass the allowable stress combination value of the timber material.
3. To be able to recommend the appropriate economical size of the vertical
and diagonal member.
III. Theory:
Forces and couples acting on a beam causes bending (flexural stress) and
shearing stresses on any cross section of the beam and deflection perpendicular to the
longitudinal axis of the beam. If couples are applied to the end of the beam and no forces
act on it, the bending is said to be pure bending. If forces produce the bending, the
bending is called ordinary bending.
Axially compressed member is a member with compression force applied
along its centroid axis. Geometrically perfect, straight axially compressed member does
not exist. Such a member should not have any lateral deflection for loads less then critical.
In reality lateral deflection occurs from the very beginning of the load application process,
due to the bending caused by the initial curvature and eccentricity of the force. Due to the
material imperfection and residual stresses as well as the variable yield point across the
cross section, additional effects on lateral defection for loads above the proportional limit
emerge.

IV. Activity:
1) Based on “Design of Vertical and Diagonal Truss members” discussion. Design
and recommend the economical and practical dimension of the vertical and
diagonal truss members by computing the appropriate timber material size to be
used that will meet the requirements of the allowable flexural stress for vertical
members and axial stress for diagonal members of the specified timber material
used. Use the design load based on the analysis from the previous plate.

24
Trial sizes for vertical and diagonal members

Size (mm x mm) Area (1x10³ mm²) Inertia (1x10⁶ mm⁴) Section Modulus (1x10⁴ mm⁴)
50 x 50
50 x 75
50 x 100

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