Experiment no.

Title: To understand the operation of under voltage relay

Apparatus:

 3-Phase Power Supply

 Variable load
 Digital multi-meter
 Under voltage relay
 Line model

Circuit Diagram:

Figure 3.1 : Circuit Diagram

Theory

Under voltage protection is provided for AC circuit, bus bars, motors, rectifiers, transformers
etc. This type of relay is necessary for voltage control and reactive power control of network
busses and load busses. Under voltage relay can have instantaneous characteristics (for
armature type construction) or inverse characteristics (Induction, disc type construction)
depending upon design.

The relay energized by voltage to be monitored via potential transformers. The operating
voltage of the relay adjusted by proper tap setting and by proper selection of voltage ratio of
potential transformers. Relays have multiple no of power free NO & NC contacts. When
applied voltage across the relay more than the set point voltage relay become SET that is NO
contacts become close and NC become open. When operating voltage less than set point
voltage relay become RESET that is all auxiliary contacts back it is original state

Under voltage fault protection is used to protect the alternator/generator/transformer winding

from low voltage operation. Under voltage protection sense the phase to phase voltage of the
generator/transformer using instrument transformer (Potential transformer). When the voltage
drops below the rated voltage typically 85% (stage 2)-90% (stage 1) the under voltage
protection will be activated.

Principle of Under voltage protection:

Three number of potential transformer normally installed in the generator LAVT panel
(lighting arrester voltage transformer). They detect the voltage across the generator in real
time. When the voltage across the generator winding drops the simultaneous voltage drop
occurs in the PT output also. The reduced or dropped voltage activate the power system alarm
or trip circuit.

Figure 3.2 : under voltage wave form

Procedure:
  Connect the circuit as shown in figure.
 Set current and time setting of relays as per requirement.
 Connect Auxiliary D.C. Supply (110) to pin of relay and to the time interval meter.
 Switch on the D.C. supply & make sure that relay is on Glowing of LED on the front
panel of the relay.
 Switch on power supply from dimmer as well as to time interval meter.
 Adjust the voltage setting of the relay.
 Adjust the time setting of relay.
 Now by making DPDT switch on, increase the value of voltage by dimmer stat up to
the point at which the relay trip. Trip can be observed by glowing of trip LED on front
panel of relay.
 Switch is made off and relay is reset.
 Now Switch is made on & time interval meter reading is noted.
 For the same voltage setting , time setting is changed & same procedure is repeated
until all the time setting are covered.
 Again voltage setting is changed & same procedure is repeated.

OBSERVATIONS AND CALCULATIONS:

SR Nominal Set Calculated Observed Timing

NO voltage Point Tripping tripping Conditions
(Vn) (V)
1 380 16% 395.2 343 Instantaneous
2 400 16% 410.4 354 Instantaneous
3 380 16% 515.2 343 15 sec
1 400 16% 410.4 354 Time Delay
2 380 16% 395.2 345 30 sec
3 400 16% 410.4 354 30 sec
QUESTIONS
Q#1: Describe the reason for voltage unbalance in a power system?

Answer:Voltage unbalances are associated to variations in voltages and currents for three-
phase systems when the RMS voltage values or the phase angles become not equal between
the three phases (Bollen, 2000). Voltage unbalances can occur when there is a load imbalance
due to an uneven distribution of single phase loads over three-phase power systems. They can
also occur due to a large single-phase loading such as when one of the fuses become not
operational for three-phase motors. Voltage unbalances can generate overheating within the
windings of induction and synchronous machines.

Q # 2: Describe the impact of lighting surge and switching surge on a power system?

Answer: Switching surges can occur during operation of circuit breaker and line switch opening
(tripping) and closing at the same substation. In general, switching surges occur in the vicinity
of non-self-restoring insulation equipment such as generators, transformers, breakers, cables,
etc. Overvoltages caused by switching surges is a concern since they can damage insulation or
cause insulation flashover. Damage and flashovers often lead to power system outage which is
highly undesirable. The amplitude of a typical switching surge is about 1.5 pu with duration of
about one power frequency cycle.

Lightning affects the performance of power lines by both direct and indirect effects where the
transient high voltages may cause flashover on the electrical equipment on the power line. ...
The high lightning ground flash density makes Malaysia more vulnerable to both direct and
indirect lightning effects on power systems.

Q#3: Describe the impact of harmonics on nominal voltage and voltage drop?

Answer: Current and voltage harmonics in the AC supply are created by VSD (as a non-linear
load) connected on the power distribution system. Such harmonics pollute the electric plant,
which could cause problems if harmonic level increases beyond a certain level. The effect of
harmonics can be overheating of transformers, cables, motors, generators, and capacitors
connected to the same power supply with the devices generating the harmonics.
Q#4:Describe the importance and requirement of isolators in the power system?

Answer: Isolator also known as the signal isolator, is an important part of the industrial control
system, is a linear optocoupler isolation principle, the input signal is converted to output. The
input, output and working power three are isolated from each other, and are especially suitable
for equipment instruments that require electrical isolation. In another words, an isolator is a
mechanical switching device that, in the open position, allows for isolation of the input and
output of a device.