Steel Connections Theory Enu PDF

Theoretical Background
Steel Connections
Theoretical Background – Steel Connections
All information in this document is subject to modification without prior notice. No part or this manual
may be reproduced, stored in a database or retrieval system or published, in any form or in any way,
electronically, mechanically, by print, photo print, microfilm or any other means without prior written
permission from the publisher. Scia is not responsible for any direct or indirect damage because of
imperfections in the documentation and/or the software.
© Copyright 2013 Nemetschek Scia All rights reserved.
ii
Table of contents
Table of contents
Table of contents ............................................................................................................................ iii
Version Information................................................................................................................................. 1
Version info ........................................................................................................................................ 1
Introduction.............................................................................................................................................. 2
Bolted and welded frame connections.................................................................................................. 3
Introduction..................................................................................................................................... 3
List of abbreviations ....................................................................................................................... 4
Bolted connections and welded beam-column connections ..................................................... 10
General......................................................................................................................................... 10
Connection configurations ...................................................................................................... 10
Supported cross-sections ....................................................................................................... 10
Structural model ...................................................................................................................... 11
Local Coordinate System ........................................................................................................ 11
Internal forces ......................................................................................................................... 11
Bolts ............................................................................................................................................. 12
Bolt-rows positioning ............................................................................................................... 12
Measuring of distance e1 ........................................................................................................ 13
Bolt shear resistance .............................................................................................................. 13
Bolt tension resistance ............................................................................................................ 13
Bending moment .......................................................................................................................... 14
Transformation factor .............................................................................................................. 14
Bolt-row contribution ............................................................................................................... 14
Bolt elongation length ............................................................................................................. 14
Group of bolt-rows................................................................................................................... 15
Classification of Bolt-rows ....................................................................................................... 15
Alpha coefficient ...................................................................................................................... 17
Numbering of bolt-rows ........................................................................................................... 18
Centre of compression ............................................................................................................ 18
Use of 4 bolts per row ............................................................................................................. 19
Rectangular Hollow Sections .................................................................................................. 20
Connection components ......................................................................................................... 21
Normal force ................................................................................................................................. 28
Resistance .............................................................................................................................. 28
Interaction Check .................................................................................................................... 29
Shear force ................................................................................................................................... 30
Resistance .............................................................................................................................. 30
Weld sizes .................................................................................................................................... 31
Calculation of flange weld size................................................................................................ 31
Calculation of web weld size ................................................................................................... 32
The calculation of stiffener dimensions ................................................................................... 35
Haunch welds.......................................................................................................................... 37
Welded plate-to-plate connection.................................................................................................. 40
Column base connection ............................................................................................................... 41
Partial safety factor c.............................................................................................................. 41
The design compression resistance ....................................................................................... 41
The design moment resistance ............................................................................................... 44
The design tension resistance ................................................................................................ 46
The design shear resistance ................................................................................................... 46
The anchorage length ............................................................................................................. 49
The influence of the normal force ........................................................................................... 51
Rectangular Hollow Sections .................................................................................................. 52
iii
Column minor axis connections.................................................................................................... 57

Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 57
Strength of column web in bending and punching .................................................................. 58
Application to rigid bolted connection ..................................................................................... 61
Application to rigid welded connections .................................................................................. 61
Rotational stiffness and ductility................................................................................................... 62
Stiffness coefficients ............................................................................................................... 62
Calculation of stiffness ............................................................................................................ 66
Stiffness classification ............................................................................................................. 67
Check of required stiffness ..................................................................................................... 68
Transferring the connection stiffness to the analysis model ................................................... 69
Ductility classes....................................................................................................................... 70
Pinned frame connections ................................................................................................................... 71
Introduction................................................................................................................................... 71
List of abbreviations ..................................................................................................................... 72
Calculation of VRd and NRd ........................................................................................................... 75
Calculation VRd and NRd for connection type 1 ........................................................................ 75
Calculation of weld sizes .............................................................................................................. 94
Grid pinned connections ...................................................................................................................... 96
Introduction................................................................................................................................... 96
Design shear resistance VRd at notch .......................................................................................... 97
Notched elements : calculation design block shear resistance VRd ............................................. 98
Long cleat connection VRd : design shear resistance for the connection element ....................... 99
Long cleat connection VRd : design shear resistance due to the bolt distribution in the column 101
Bolted diagonal connections .............................................................................................................102
Introduction to the bolted diagonal connection .......................................................................... 102
Member resistance ..................................................................................................................... 102
Resistance of the gross section of diagonal ......................................................................... 102
Resistance of the net section of diagonal ............................................................................. 102
Resistance of the gross section of gusset plate ................................................................... 106
Resistance of the net section of gusset plate ....................................................................... 106
Determination of Anet ............................................................................................................. 106
Connection resistance................................................................................................................ 108
Shear resistance ................................................................................................................... 108
Bearing resistance ................................................................................................................ 109
Checking the connection resistance ..................................................................................... 109
Weld size calculation for gusset plate ........................................................................................ 110
Calculation of weld length ..................................................................................................... 110
Weld symbols ......................................................................................................................................111
Bolt symbols ........................................................................................................................................112
References ...........................................................................................................................................113
iv
Version Information
Welcome to the Theoretical Background for Steel Connections.
This document provides background information on the connection checks according to EN 1993-1-8.
Information from other national and international regulations are used if the topic if not directly
described by the EN.
Version info
Document Title Theoretical Background – Steel Connections
Release 2014.1
Revision 05/2014
1
Introduction
In this Theoretical Background in depth information is given regarding the design of steel connections
within Scia Engineer.
While a connection is being defined by a set of connection editable properties, in the graphical
windows of Scia Engineer, each connection component is drawn (connected members, endplates,
stiffeners, bolts, etc.). In addition, the program checks detailing requirements specified in the EN code.
The allowable resistance forces for the connection are calculated and compared with the actual forces
acting in the connection. The program also lists the parts that determine the resistance of the
connection, thus enabling the user to take appropriate actions.
After design and calculation, the program can generate overview drawings and detail drawings of the
connection and the connection elements. A full-detailed report on the calculation can be also printed.
The design is based on EN 1993-1-8.
2
Bolted and welded frame connections
Introduction
For the calculation of connections, the following characteristics of connection are introduced in EN 1993-1-8:
 Moment Resistance
 Normal force Resistance
 Shear force Resistance
 Rotational Stiffness
This design method allows us to determine a "Moment-rotation characteristic", which in turm allows us to
represent the real connection by a rotational spring connection defined in the centre lines of column and
connected beam in the point of their intersection (approximation to the real behaviour of the connection).
By using this method, the design of non-stiffened connections can be considered, which results in a
reduction of the total cost of structural steelwork.
The principles for the connection design are satisfied for a beam-column and beam to beam connections,
when the detailed application rules given in the EN 1993-1-8, Art 6.7.1 - Design moment resistance of beam-
to-column joints and splices, are followed. For the design of column bases, the application rules given the
EN 1993-1-8, Art 6.7.1 - Design resistance of column bases with base plates, are followed.
The following types of connections are supported :
 Beam-to-column connections
 Beam-to-beam connections
 Column bases
The types "Beam-to-beam" and "Column bases" are limited to symmetric and asymmetric I beams (including
the elements with variable height) and RHS sections, both for major-axis bending configurations.
For the type " Beam-to-column", the beam element is limited to symmetric and asymmetric I beams
(including the elements with variable height) and RHS sections, both for major-axis bending configuration ;
the column element is limited to symmetric I beams (including elements with variable height) in major-axis
configuration, and to symmetric I beams in minor-axis bending configuration.
3
List of abbreviations
 Transformation parameter
 Stiffness ratio
 stiffness ratio = Sj/Sj,ini
 intermediate parameters for minor axis connection
 intermediate parameters for minor axis bending
 intermediate parameters for minor axis bending
 intermediate parameters for minor axis bending
c Partial safety factor for resistance of concrete
fr Partial safety factor for friction
j Joint coefficient
M0 Partial safety factor for resistance of cross-section to overall yielding
M1 Partial safety factor for resistance to buckling
Mb Partial safety factor for resistance of bolts
Ms Partial safety factor for slip resistance
Mw Partial safety factor for welds
Mw Partial safety factor for resistance of welds
W Correlation factor
a Throat thickness of weld
a Factor for anchorage type
A Sectional area of the welds
a intermediate parameters for minor axis connection
a1 Weld size a1
a2 Weld size a2
a3 Weld size a3
Ad Area
Af Area of compressed beam flange
af Throat thickness of weld at beam flange (fillet weld)
ah Weld size of the stiffener
alfa Ratio for bolts stiffened column flange and endplate
alfa Angle between haunch and beam
alfa left Angle between endplate and left beam
alfa right Angle between endplate and right beam
alfa,ep Alfa value for endplate
alfa,fc Alfa value for column flange
As Tensile stress area of bolt
as Weld size for web doubler
As,prov Provided tensile stress area of the anchor
As,req Required tensile stress area of the anchor
Av Shear area for shear iron
Avc Shear area
aw Throat thickness of weld at beam web
aw Throat thickness of weld at beam web (fillet weld)
4
b Width of element
b b=b0+0.9dm
b0 Bolt pitch in x direction
beff Effective width
bf Beam flange width
bhf Width of haunch flange
bhi Critical width for haunch flange
bm intermediate parameters for minor axis connection
bs Width of web doubler
Bt,Rd Design tension resistance of a bolt
c Additional bearing width
c c=c0+0.9dm
c0 Bolt pitch in y direction between extreme bolt in tension zone
d1 Edge distance of circular plate
da Height of angle shaped shear iron
dc Clear depth of the column web
dm mean diameter of bolt head (nut)
do Hole diameter
e Diagonal diameter of bolt head
e Edge distance
E Modulus of elasticity
e1 Edge distance
e1,cf Edge distance for column flange
e1,ep Edge distance for endplate
Ec Modulus of elasticity for concrete
emin Minimum edge distance
F Design resistance
Fb,ep,Rd Bearing Resistance for endplate
Fb,fc,Rd Bearing Resistance for column flange
Fc,base,Rd Design compression resistance for concrete under the flange
Fc,ep,Rd Design resistance of endplate in compression
Fc,fb,Rd Design resistance of beam flange and web in compression
Fc,h,Rd Design resistance of haunch flange in compression
Fc,ha,Rd,buck Design resistance of haunch web in buckling mode
ling
Fc,ha,Rd,yield Design resistance of haunch web in yielding mode

ing
Fc,wc,Rd Design resistance of column web in compression

fcd Design value of the concrete cylinder compressive strength
fck_c Characteristic cylinder compressive strength of the concrete
FCom,Rd Punching and bending (for tension or compression zone, for individual
bolt row or bolt group)
FGlobal,Rd Global failure force (for tension and compression zone)
fj Bearing strength of the joint
Fp,Cd Design preloading force
5
FPunch,Rd,L1 Punching resistance loading case 1. (for tension or compression zone,

for individual bolt row or bolt group)
FPunch,Rd,L2 Punching resistance loading case 2. (for tension or compression zone,
for individual bolt row or bolt group)
FRd Design force in the beam flange
Fs,Rd Design slip resistance of preloaded high-strength bolt
Ft Effective design tension resistance of bolt row
Ft,anchor,max The maximum tensile force in the anchor
Ft,ep,Rd Design tension resistance of endplate in bending
Ft,fc,Rd Design tension resistance of column flange in bending
Ft,Ed Applied tensile force
Ft,wb,Rd Design resistance of beam web in tension
Ft,wc,Rd Design resistance of column web in tension
fu Tensile strength
fu Ultimate tensile strength of the weaker part
Fv,Rd Shear resistance per shear plane
Fw Design resistance of the weld
fy Yield strength
fy yield strength of the column web
fyb Yield strength of the beam
h Height of element
h Distance from bolt row to centre of compression
h Lever arm of the connection
h head Height of bolt head
h nut Height of nut
h1 Effective height for haunch without flange
hb Height of beam
hc Height of haunch
hd Effective height for haunch without flange
I Moment of inertia of the welds
Ib Moment of inertia for beam
k intermediate parameters for minor axis connection
k1 Stiffness coefficient for web panel in shear
k2 Stiffness coefficient for column web in compression
k3 Stiffness coefficient for column flange
k4 Stiffness coefficient for column web in tension
k5 Stiffness coefficient for endplate in tension
k7 Stiffness coefficient for bolt in tension
kc Stiffness coefficient for concrete block in compression
keff Effective stiffness coefficient for bolt row
keq Equivalent stiffness coefficient
kfc Reduction factor
kfr Friction factor
kI stiffness factors
kj Concentration factor
6
krot rotational stiffness factor

ks Value for slip resistance
kwc Reduction factor
l Depth of circular plate in concrete
L intermediate parameters for minor axis connection
l,anchor Anchor length
l1 Buckling Length for haunch without flange
l1 Length for weld size a1
La Length of angle shaped shear iron
lambda_r Web slenderness ratio
el
Lb Beam length
lb Basic anchorage length
lb,min Minimum anchorage length
lb,net Required anchorage length
lc Length of haunch
leff Effective length
leff,1 Effective length for mode 1
leff,2 Effective length for mode 2
leff,cp,g Effective length for circular patterns and inner bolt-row as part of group
leff,cp,g1 Effective length for circular patterns and end bolt-row as end of group
leff,cp,g2 Effective length for circular patterns and end bolt-row as start of group
leff,cp,i Effective length for circular patterns and bolt-row considered
individually
leff,nc,g Effective length for non-circular patterns and inner bolt-row as part of
group
leff,nc,g1 Effective length for non-circular patterns and end bolt-row as end of
group
leff,nc,g2 Effective length for non-circular patterns and end bolt-row as start of
group
leff,nc,i Effective length for non-circular patterns and bolt-row considered
individually
Lq Length of I shaped shear iron
ls Length of web doubler
M Actual moment
m Distance bolt to beam/column web
m1 Distance bolt to beam/column web
m2 Distance bolt to beam flange/stiffener
Mc,Rd Design moment resistance of the beam cross-section
Me Design elastic moment resistance
Mj,Rd Design moment resistance
MRd Design moment resistance
MRd Design moment resistance of the connection
MSd Design value for moment
7
My Actual moment around y axis

N Actual normal force
n minimum of 1.25m and emin
n Number of friction interfaces
Npl,Rd Design plastic resistance of cross section
NRd,c Design compression resistance for concrete
NRd,t Design tension resistance
NSd Design value for normal force
p Bolt pitch
p1 Upper part of bolt pitch
p1 Spacing
p2 Lower part of bolt pitch
pos Position of stiffener
r Root radius
r Radius of root fillet
ro Reduction factor
ro1 Reduction factor 1
ro2 Reduction factor 2
S Width across flats, diameter of bolt head
Sj Rotational stiffness
Sj,app Approximate joint stiffness
Sj,ini Rotational stiffness when the moment is zero, then initial rotational
stiffness
Sj,low lower boundary stiffness
Sj,MRd Rotational stiffness when the moment is equal to the design moment
resistance
Sj,rigid Classification boundary for rigid classification
Sj,upper upper boundary stiffness
Sl,pinned Classification boundary for pinned classification
t Thickness of element
tf Flange thickness of cross section
tfb Thickness of the beam flange
th Thickness of the stiffener
ts Thickness web doubler
tw Web thickness of cross section
twb Thickness of the beam web
twc Effective thickness of the web
twc column web thickness
u intermediate parameters for minor axis bending
VRd Design shear resistance
VRd,f Friction resistance between steel base plate and concrete
VRd,i Design shear resistance for shear iron
VSd Design value for shear force
Vwp,Rd Design shear resistance of column web
Vz Actual shear force in z direction
8
weld ab Weld size between beam and haunch

weld ac Weld size between column/endplate and haunch
weld awc Weld size for haunch without flange
x intermediate parameters for minor axis connection
x0 intermediate parameters for minor axis connection
y Position of bolt row in relation to endplate bottom
z Lever arm
9
Bolted connections and welded beam-column connections

General
Connection configurations
The EN 1993-1-8 Art 1.4 Figure 1.2 specifies possible steel connections configurations:
The same configurations are recognized within Scia Engineer:

 Single sided
 Double sided
 Splice
 Column base
 In all types, the continuous element is called column, the element where the connection is situated,
is called beam. In case of a Column base connection, the only beam is called column.
 In a splice connection a geometry check for both top and bottom flange is performed. The
difference between left and right flange axis positions is being tested. Maximum difference may be
equal to the minimum thickness of the adjacent beam/haunch flanges from both sides. If the limit is
breached, calculation design ends with an error.
Supported cross-sections
Scia Engineer Steel Connection module supports a limited number of cross-section types that may appear
on connected beams. Scia Engineer can deal with the following cross-section types:
 Rolled I beam (I+H)
 Symmetrical welded I section
 Asymmetrical welded I section
10
 I section with a haunch (elements with variable height)

 Built up I section (made of a flat and T section)
 Rolled hollow section - only connected beams, possibly column in Column base connections
In essence these cross-section types recognized within Scia Engineer are supported: I, Iw, Iwn, I var, I + I
var, I + Pl var, I + Iw var, I + 2I var, I + I var (c), RHS.
Structural model
Connection design within Scia Engineer is based on the Structural model. Within the properties of each
member the Structural model can be defined in three possible modes. It is recommended to use the
"Automatic" mode. The 'Manual' mode is not fully supported for connection design.
Local Coordinate System
Column
For the connection design within Scia Engineer it is essential, that the direction of the x-axis of the column
Local Coordinate System is pointing "upwards". Many other parameters are based on this pre-requisite.
Breaking of this rule may cause connection design discrepancies.
Beam
The design angle for a connected member is calculated as a sum of rotational angle Alpha and LCS
rotation angle of the member. Both are to be defined in the properties of a connected member. The
design angle has to be equal to 0, or a multiple of 180 degrees. In all other cases the geometry of a
connection is not valid and design will end with an error.
The direction of z-axis of local coordinate system for both beams in any splice connection has to be the
same. Breaking of this rule may cause connection design discrepancies.
In Scia Engineer it is possible to define both top and bottom structural haunch in a connection. The top
haunch is placed on the positive LCS z-axis side of the beam. On the other side the bottom haunch is
placed on the negative LCS z-axis side of the beam.
Internal forces
There is a possibility to choose the section from which the internal forces for the connection design will
be determined. There are two options which can be specified in the connection properties by selecting
Transformation of internal forces parameter:
In axis
Internal forces in the connection node, intersection of beam and column axis, are used.
In connection face
In this case, internal forces at the connection face, which means the section where the beam ends, are
used.
11
Bolts
Bolt-rows positioning
Positioning of bolts is determined according to the EN 1993-1-8, Art 3.5, Table 3.3.
In Scia Engineer the possible vertical positions are calculated according to the size of the cross-section and
bolt assembly. Maximum number of bolt-rows per connection is 50. The algorithm for calculation of default
bolt-row locations displayed in the bolts dialog is calculated according to the steps indicated below:
 Calculation of available space between flanges, or flange and end of end-plate, based on the
minimum distances
 Calculation of minimum spacing p1 given as maximum of average diameter of bolt head (d1+d2)/4
and value based on borehole diameter d0 multiplied with setup value for minimum p1 distance
 Determination of the maximum available bolt-row locations per interval defined in the first step above
 Calculation of the final bolt-row locations based on the uniform distribution of bolt-rows per the
interval
If there is only space for placement of only one bolt-row in the defined interval, the location of this bolt-row is
defined in the middle of such interval.
The inclinations of the beam and flanges are taken into account when determining the bolt-row locations.
Within Scia Engineer the limit distances below are being checked in addition to the one above for minimum
and maximum, as defined by the given reference:
End distance e1 - vertical distance between bolt-row and the end of end-plate
Edge distance e2 - horizontal distance between bolts and the left/right edge of end-plate
Spacing p1 - vertical distance between two bolt-rows
Spacing p2 - horizontal distance between bolts in one bolt-row
Distance to the beam or haunch flange - vertical distance from bolt-row to the beam or haunch flange. The
minimum is defined as half of the wrench diameter or as an average diameter of bolt head (d1+d2)/4. This
parameters is to be defined in the bolt assembly properties.
If a bolt row is placed within any restricted distance, a warning in the Bolts dialog is displayed.
 The flange and web weld-sizes are not taken into account in the limit distances.
 In the splice connections, the side used for bolt activation is used for the calculation of the limit
distances. It is up to the user to manually check the positioning of the bolts on the other side.
12
Measuring of distance e1
The EN 1993-1-8, Art 3.5 Figure 3.1 specifies e1 as the end distance from the centre of a fastener (bolt) hole
to the adjacent end of any part, measured in the direction of load transfer.
Within Scia Engineer this e1 distance is measured from the centre of an edge bolt to the appropriate end of a
column, where the connection is defined. All internal nodes with its beams and connections are being
neglected.
Bolt shear resistance
Normal bolts
Shear bolt resistance for normal bolts per shear plane Fv,Rd is calculated according to the EN 1993-1-8, Art
3.6.1, Table 3.4. In Scia Engineer it is always assumed that the shear plane passes through the threaded
portion of the bolt (A is the tensile stress area of the bolt As, therefore αv is based on the bolt class). See
also chapter: Normal bolts.
Preloaded bolts
Slip resistance of a preloaded bolts is calculated according to EN 1993-1-8 Art 3.9.1 and 3.9.2 in case
combined tension and shear effect.
In Scia Engineer it is assumed, that bolts are placed in normal holes. Therefore, based on table 3.6, the
coefficient ks is always equal to 1. See also chapter: Preloaded bolts.
 According to the Note in EN 1993-1-8, Art. 3.4.2 (1): If preload is not explicitly used in the design
calculations for slip resistances but is required for execution purposes or as a quality measure (e.g.
for durability) then the level of preload can be specified in the National Annex.
There is a possibility to define this coefficient in the NA setup dialog for part EN 1993-1-8, to be used in the
calculation of preloading force Fp,C .
Bolt tension resistance

Tension bolt resistance Ft,Rd is calculated according to the EN 1993-1-8, Art 3.6.1, Table 3.4. In Scia
Engineer the tensile stress area of the bolt As is used together with the coefficient k2 equal to 0,9.
 With reference to EN 1993-1-8, Art. 3.6.1 (3) it is assumed that the bolt threads do always comply
with EN 1090, therefore the relevant resistance values based on formulas given in Table 3.4 should
not need to be multiplied by an additional factor of 0,85.
13
Bending moment
Transformation factor
The transformation factor  is calculated according to EN 1993-1-8, Art 5.3 (9), formulas 5.4a, 5.4b.
with:
Mj,b1,Ed - the moment at the intersection from the right hand beam
Mj,b2,Ed - the moment at the intersection from the left hand beam
The value of the transformation factor  is according to the reference limited with value of 2.0.
Bolt-row contribution
The EN 1993-1-8, Art 6.2.3 (9) specifies, that: In a bolted connection with more than one bolt-row in tension,
as a simplification the contribution of any bolt-row may be neglected, provided that the contributions of all
other bolt-rows closer to the centre of compression are also neglected.
Within Scia Engineer it is possible to neglect the contribution only for last bolt row. The last bolt-row is the
one which is normally located farthest away from the tension flange in a direction to the centre of
compression.
Bolt elongation length

The EN 1993-1-8, Art 6.2.4.1 Table 6.2 specifies Lb as the bolt elongation length, taken equal to the grip
length (total thickness of material and washers), plus half the sum of the height of the bolt head and the
height of the nut.
Within Scia Engineer:
Lb = tf+tep+(hh + hn)/2
with:
tf - thickness of the column flange
tep - thickness of the end-plate
hh - height of the bolt head
hn - height of the nut
If relevant also thickness of a washer/s and thickness of a backing plate is added. In this case:
Lb = tf+tep+(hh + hn)/2 + alt (twh+twn+tbp)
with:
twh - thickness of the washer at bolt head
twn - thickness of the washer at nut
tbp - thickness of the backing plate
14
Similar formulas are being used in case of a Splice connection. The thickness of a column flange tf is
replaced by the thickness of the additional end-plate.
Group of bolt-rows
The EN 1993-1-8 Art 6.2.4.2 specifies that each bolt-row should be considered either as an individual bolt-
row and also as a part of the group of bolt-rows if possible.
Within Scia Engineer, we can split the making "group of bolt-rows" approach into two steps:
 Define the borders for a group of bolt-rows. Presence of the beam/haunch flange or a stiffener
creates such a border. As a result of that, we know to which group every bolt-row belongs.
 Considering the first bolt-row (the one farthest away from centre of compression) in each of the
group from previous step, as a starting bolt-row and by adding additional bolt-rows below, the final
groups of bolt-rows are generated. Then we do the same the second, the third and other bolt-rows,
until we hit the last bolt-row.
Classification of Bolt-rows
The EN 1993-1-8 Art. 6.2.6.4 Table 6.4 and 6.5 and Art. 6.2.6.5 Table 6.6 specifies, how the bolt-rows
should be classified either for a column, respectively end-plate side. According to this classification
effective lengths, both for individual and group approach, are calculated.
The classification for both sides has been extended based on publication Joints in Steel Construction -
Moment -Resisting Joints to Eurocode 3 (P398) with relation to the possible yield lines and based on
HERON vol. 20 publication by P. Zoetemeijer, with relation to the limit distance determining the border of
influence of a stiffener or beam flange.
In general, if a space between bolt-row and a stiffener/beam flange is smaller than this "limit" value, the
formulas taking into account the presence of obstacle (formulas including α coefficient) should be used.
The real distance is measured not exactly to the obstacle, but to the part of the adjacent obstacle weld
(similar approach as in calculation of m distance given by EN 1993-1-8 Art. 6.2.6.4 Figure 6.8).
15
 The smaller value of 'n' from left or right side end-plate extensions is used in case of not symmetric
end-plate.
Column side
Within Scia Engineer, a bolt row may be classified on a column side as:
 Bolt-row adjacent to stiffener - if the bolt row lies next to a stiffener and is within limit distance
 Other inner bolt-row - if the bolt-row lies between other bolt-rows
 Other end bolt-row - if the bolt-row lies next to a stiffener, which is farther away to the axis of a
connected beam, and is outside the limit distance
 End bolt-row adjacent to stiffener - if the bolt-row is the first or the last bolt-row, lies next to a
stiffener, which is closer to the axis of a connected beam
 Other end bolt-row at end of column - if the bolt-row is the first or the last bolt-row, lies next to a
stiffener, which is closer to the axis of a connected beam, and is outside the limit distance or if the
bolt-row is the first or the last bolt-row and does not lie next to a stiffener
 Bolt-row between stiffeners - if the bolt row is the only bolt-row between stiffeners and lies within
the limit distance of both stiffeners
Effective length formulas for column flange classifications :
End-plate side
Within Scia Engineer, a bolt row may be classified on an end-plate side as:
 Bolt-row outside of beam - if the bolt-row lies outside of the connected beam on an ustiffened end-
plate extension (no plate haunch is present)
 Bolt-row adjacent to beam flange - if the bolt-row lies next to a beam flange and is within limit
distance
 Other inner bolt-row - if the bolt-row lies between other bolt-rows
 Other end bolt-row - if the bolt-row lies next to a beam flange, which is farther away to the axis of a
connected beam, and is outside the limit distance or lies on a stiffened end-plate extension, lies next
to a beam flange and is outside limit distance
 Bolt-row at the end of stiffened extension adjacent to beam flange - if the bolt-row is the first or
the last bolt-row, lies on a stiffened end-plate extension, lies next to a beam flange and is within limit
distance
16
 Bolt-row at the end of stiffened extension away from beam flange - if the bolt-row is the first or
the last bolt-row, lies on a stiffened end-plate extension, lies next to a beam flange and is outside
limit distance or if the bolt-row is the first or the last bolt-row, lies on a stiffened end-plate extension
and does not lie next to a beam flange
 Bolt-row between flanges - if the bolt row is the only bolt-row between beam flanges and lies within
the limit distance of both flanges
Effective length formulas for end-plate classifications :
 For the calculation of group "start" and "end" partial effective lengths for bolt-rows classified as "Other
inner bolt-row", the formulas for "Other end bolt-row" are being used. (See also chapter: Group of bolt-rows)
Alpha coefficient
The EN 1993-1-8 with Figure 6.11 indicates, how the coefficient α is determined.
Within Scia Engineer we use similar, but more exact method described in Ref [34], the publication by Ed.
Moore D.B. and Wald F.: Design of Structural Connections to Eurocode 3 – Frequently Asked Questions
(Q&A 6.2 Effective Length of Stiffened T-stub).
The algorithm consist of several steps:

1 - calculate λ1 and λ2 with the standard formulas
17
2 - make a first default estimate input to α

3 - calculate λ1* and λ2*
4 - calculate λ1,calc according to the formulas and conditions
5 - compare λ1,calc with λ1.

5a - if the values match with a certain precision, then we will use the estimated α
5b - if the values does not match, modify the α and repeat the steps 1-5 until 5a is hit
Calculated value of α must be within range of the interval <4.45;8>.
Numbering of bolt-rows
The EN 1993-1-8, Art 6.2.7.2 (1) specifies in the that: In a bolted joint with more than one bolt-row in tension,
the bolt-rows are numbered starting from the bolt-row farthest from the centre of compression.
Scia Engineer complies this specification with one assumption. The numbering always starts at bolt row
farthest from the centre of compression in the direction to the tension flange. Bolt rows which are located
below centre of compression are neglected as a start of this numbering.
Centre of compression
In accordance with EN 1993-1-8, Art 6.2.7.2 (2) for bolted end-plate connections, the centre of compression
is assumed to be in line with the centre of the compression flange of the connected member.
Within Scia Engineer:

 In case of a presence of a haunch with flange in compression, the centre of compression is assumed
to be in line with the centre of the inclined compression flange of the haunch.
 In case of a presence of a plate haunch in compression, the centre of compression is assumed to be
in line with the centre of the compression flange of the connected member. In fact in the same
location, like if the plate haunch is not present, therefore it is not possible to define component
"Stiffener at haunch end" in such case.
The inclination of the beam/haunch flange is taken into account in calculation of leverage arm for Mj,Rd
determination.
 The size of the haunch weld ac has no impact on the location of the centre of compression. (See
also chapter: Haunch with flange)
18
 In the splice connections, the positions of centre of compression for each side may be located
differently. Maximum difference may be equal to the minimum thickness of the adjacent
beam/haunch flanges from both sides. For any further calculations, the center of compression is
taken from the side, where the bolts have been activated.
Use of 4 bolts per row

The calculation of additional resistances in case of 4 bolts per row is based on the Ref [4], P. Zoetemeijer
Rapport 6-81-4, parts 1.2.1,1.2.2 and table 3.
When 4 bolts per row are used, additional capacity Fadd is added to the bolt-row capacity of the column
flange or/and the end plate in case following three conditions are fulfilled:
 The capacity of the inner two bolts is equal to the bolt tension resistance (Failure mode 3 is limiting
for the bolt-row) or is defined by a circular pattern
 The bolt-row is stiffened
- On the end-plate side, only a bolt-row classified as the "Bolt-row adjacent to beam flange" or
"Bolt-row between flanges", located right below the beam flange in the direction to the centre of
compression, can be recognized as stiffened. The bolt-row has to be near to the beam flange
above the verified bolt-row. Bolt-row located under centre of compression will never be
recognized as stiffened. (See also chapter: Classification of Bolt-rows).
- On the column side, only a bolt-row classified as the "Bolt-row adjacent to a stiffener", "Bolt-
row between stiffeners" or "End bolt-row adjacent to stiffener", located right below the stiffener
in the direction to the centre of compression, can be recognized as stiffened. The bolt-row has
to be adjacent to the stiffener above the verified bolt-row. Bolt-row located under centre of
compression will never be recognized as stiffened. (See also chapter: Classification of Bolt-
rows).
 The bolt-row is not part of any group of bolt-rows (at time when being checked for Fadd)
If even one of these conditions is not fulfilled, a bolt-row data will not be shown on the output in the table with
additional resistances taken as zero.
Fadd is defined as the minimum of Fadd,1, Fadd,2, Fadd,3, Fadd,4, Fadd,5 .
19
2
2bm t f f y
Fadd,1 
4m 2  M 0
2
bm t f f y
 10 Ft . Rd m2
 M0
Fadd, 2 
9m 2
Fadd,3  2 Bt . Rd
bm (t f  t d ) f y
2 2
Fadd, 4 
4 y M 0
2
bm t d f y
 10 Ft . Rd y
 M0
Fadd,5 
9y
with:
fy - the yield strength of the flange or end-plate
M0 - the partial safety factor
td - the thickness of the stiffener
tf - the flange or end plate thickness
Ft.Rd - the design tension resistance of the bolt
w2 - internal bolt distance
y - distance from the centre of the stiffener to the bolt
bm - effective width of the flange or end-plate, which remains for the additional bolts
and
m12  min( m1 , m2 )
bm  b  w2  2m12
Rectangular Hollow Sections
Bolted beam-to-column connections

The bolts can only be positioned outside the beam flange. The normal procedure described in Ref.[32]
is followed for the calculation of the connection characteristics.
Bolted splice connections

The bolts can only be positioned outside the beam flange. For the calculation of the allowable tension
force for each bolt FT,Rd,i , refer to chapter "The design tension resistance".
The rotational stiffness is not calculated.
20
Connection components
Column web panel in shear

Component is calculated according to EN 1993-1-8 Art 6.2.6.1.
Remarks:
(1) Not implemented.
(2) The calculation within Scia Engineer is valid also for a double-sided joint in which the beam depths
are not similar or for stiffened column web panel.
(4) To take the additional resistance into account, the "Use stiffeners in column web panel
resistance" has to be activated in the connection setup.
For calculation of plastic moment resistance of a column flange a separate calculation for each
flange is used:
M pl, fc, Rd ,1  bcolumn * 0.25 * t f ,column,1 * f y , column /  M 0
2
M pl, fc, Rd , 2  bcolumn * 0.25 * t f , column, 2 * f y , column /  M 0

2
For calculation of plastic moment resistance of a stiffener a width of the column is considered.
M pl,st, Rd  bcolumn * 0.25 * t f , stif * f y , stif /  M 0

2
It is assumed that both stiffeners are the same and fulfil the minimum criteria based on the
connected beam. Values of tf,stif and fy,stiff are taken equal to the beam tf and fy.
Resistance Vwp,Rd is calculated as:
Vwp,add, Rd  (2 * M pl, fc, Rd ,1  2 * M pl, fc, Rd 2 ) / d s
which has to be smaller than:
Vwp,add, Rd  (M pl, fc, Rd ,1  M pl, fc, Rd 2  2 * M pl,st , Rd 2 ) / d s
(5) When a diagonal stiffener is activated in a connection, the resistance of the component is taken
equal to the "Beam flange and web in compression" component ((See also chapter: Beam flange
and web in compression). Triangular diagonal stiffener is not recognized as a stiffener, only
rectangular diagonal stiffener is taken into account.
(6) The increase of the Avc area due to the presence of web doubler is implemnted according to the
article as bs*tw also for case 2 web plates.
(8)-(13) Checks not implemented.
21
Column web in transverse compression

Remarks:
(1) The beff,c,wc for bolted connections is calculated according to the formula (6.11), where:
s p  s p _ top  s p _ bot
with:
sp_top - spread increase due to the dispersion through the end plate at top of the compression
flange
sp_bot - spread increase due to the dispersion through the end plate at bottom of the compression
flange
For bolted end-plate connections, normally both sp_top and sp_bot distances are equal to ep due to the
dispersion at 45°, but if:
 in a perpendicular connection, the end-plate bottom extension below the flange does not provide
enough space for the spread through the end-plate, i.e.: the extension is smaller than (√2)*a + ep),
the sp_bot is calculated as:
s p _ bot  Plate bot _ ext  2 * a  0
Effective width beff,c,wc for a bolted perpendicular connection:
be ff ,c,wc  t fb  2 * 2 * a  5 * (t fc  s)  s p
with:
ep - thickness of end-plate
a - size of the flange weld
tfb - thickness of a beam flange
tfc - thickness of a column flange
Platebot_ext - bottom extension of the end-plate
22
 The same logic will be used in case plate haunch is defined , since the centre of the compression is
located within bottom beam flange (See also chapter: Centre of compression).
 in a haunch with flange connection, end-plate bottom extension below the flange does not
provide enough space for the spread from the end of the ac weld (See also chapter: Haunch with
flange) through the end-plate, i.e.: the extension is smaller than ( ep - ( tfl / sin(α) - ac ) ) in case ac
< tfl / sin(α), or than ( ep + ( ac - tfl / sin(α) ) ) in case ac >= tfl / sin(α, the sp_bot is calculated as:
s p _ bot  Platebot _ ext  t fb / sin( )  ac  0
Effective width beff,c,wc for a bolted haunch connection:
be ff ,c, wc  ac  5 * (t fc  s)  s p
with:
ep - thickness of end-plate
tfb - thickness of beam flange
tfc - thickness of a column flange
ac - size of the weld between haunch and end-plate / column
α - angle between column and the flange (haunch input degree)
Platebot_ext - bottom extension of the end-plate
(2) To take the effect of axial force and bending moment in the column on the design resistance of the
column web in compression into account, user has to activate "Include stress reduction in
column web" check box in the connection setup. Only then the reduction coefficient kwc is printed
on the output. Internal forces for the determination of the compressive stress com,Ed are taken from
the node of the connection. The section for the internal forces is however not from the node directly
but from the section right next to it, in the direction to the centre of compression.
(5) When a stiffener at the location of the centre of compression is activated on a column side of a
connection, the resistance of the component is taken equal to the "Beam flange and web in
compression" component (See also chapter: Beam flange and web in compression).
23
(6) Column web thickness twc is taken alone, or as 1,5*twc or 2*twc, based on the presence of one or
two web doublers. Shear area Avc for determination of ω values is taken from "Column web in shear
component" (See also chapter: Column web panel in shear).
Column web in transverse tension

Remarks:
(3) The effective width beff,t,wc used in the formula (6.15) for the calculation of the design tension
resistance of column web Ft,wc,Rd for a bolted connection, are taken equal to the effective length of
the "Column flange in transverse bending" component, with respect to the failure mode (See also
chapter: Column flange in transverse bending.
(6) If a transverse web stiffener is found in the tension zone of a column, it is assumed, that the
component will not fail and the resistance of each bolt-row is taken equal to the "Beam/Haunch
flange and web in compression" component.
(7)-(9) Not implemented.
Column flange in transverse bending

There is a distinction in the EN 1993-1-8 between unstiffened (6.2.6.4.1) and stiffened (6.2.6.4.2) column
flange, but since the content of article 6.2.6.4.1 can be also found in article 6.2.6.4.2, the remarks below are
related to that article.
Remarks:
(1)+(3) See chapter: Group of bolt-rows.
(2) The alternative method given in Art 6.2.4.1 by Table 6.2 may be used by activating "Use alternative
method for Ft,1,Rd" check box in the connection setup. (See also chapter: Bolt elongation length)
(5) The effective lengths leff of an equivalent T-stub flange is using the values for each bolt-row given in
Table 6.5 with one exception. This exception concerns calculation of non-circular pattern for bolt-
rows classified as " End bolt-row adjacent to a stiffener ". In addition to the formula "e1+α*m-(2*m +
0,625*e)" an additional criterion of "α*m" is used. The minimum of these values is then used as
leff,nc. (See also chapters: Classification of Bolt-rows, Alpha coefficient, Measuring of distance e1)
(6) Not implemented.
End-plate in bending
Remarks:
(1) The alternative method given in Art 6.2.4.1 by Table 6.2 may be used by activating "Use alternative
method for Ft,1,Rd" check box in the connection setup. (See also chapter: Bolt elongation length)
(2) See chapter: Group of bolt-rows.
(4) Table 6.6 does not provide any formulas for such bolt-rows classified as "Bolt-row outside of beam"
for calculation of effective lengths leff for bolt-row considered as part of a group of bolt-rows. Within
24
Scia Engineer this means, that for a connection design, on tension side of an end-plate it is not
allowed to have more than one bolt-row classified as "Outside of a beam". If more bolt-rows,
classified as Outside of Beam, are found on the tension side of the conencted beam, the Error
message is displayed and connection design proceedure is terminated. (See also chapters:
Classification of Bolt-rows, Alpha coefficient)
 If an end-plate extension is found beyond the height of the existing plate haunch and a bolt-row is
defined within, or even outside, this haunch, software recognizes this geometry as not consistent with
the yield line patterns and warning is being printed in the output. In this case a possible "jump" of yield
line patterns may occur, which is not covered by EN. A plate haunch gap near beam flange is assumed
not to influence the yield line patterns.
Beam flange and web in compression

Remarks:
(1) The component resistance Fc,fb,Rd is calculated with equation (6.21), using the design moment
resistance of the beam cross-section Mc,Rd calculated with influence of haunch/es if aplicable, If a
connected member is inclined the Mc,Rd calculation does not take into account the inclined section,
but the original one.
The influence of the inclined section and inclined haunch flange is neglected in calculation of the
leverage arm hb-tfb. Different thicknesses of beam and haunch flange are however taken into
account.
When calculation the section with one REAL haunch with flange, the leverage arm hb-tfb.is given as:
(h full  t fh ) * l face
(hb t tb )  hb   t fh  (t fb / 2  t fh / 2)
l full
with:
(hb-tfb) - leverage arm
hb - height of the beam without haunch
tfb - thickness of the beam flange
hfull - height of the haunch at the full end
lfull - length of the haunch from the start to the full end
tfh - thickness of the haunch flange
lface - length of the haunch from the start to the connection face
When calculation the section with plate haunch, the leverage arm hb-tfb.is calculated as if the
haunch is not defined.
The inclination of the beam/haunch flange is not taken into account in calculation of leverage arm hb-tfb
neither in Mc,Rd.
 The rule, described by the last sentence of this part, so-called 20% rule, is not implemented.
(2)-(3) Not implemented.
25
Beam web in tension

Remarks:
(2) The effective width beff,t,wb used in the formula (6.22) for the calculation of the design tension
resistance of beam web Ft,wb,Rd for a bolted connection, are taken equal to the effective length of the
" End-plate in bending" component, with respect to the failure mode (See also chapter: End-plate in
bending).
Haunch resistance
The calculation is based on Ref. 3 and 4.
The compression force in the haunch should be transferred by the haunch into the beam. The formula used
for the buckling of the column web can also be applied to the check failure of the beam web due to the
vertical component of the force transferred by the haunch. See Ref.[15], Annex 8-B. The influence of the
local beam web buckling is taken into account by the factor .
This design moment resistance Mj,Rd is compared with the moment Mc at the position of haunch end. The
moment Mc is taken from the section on the connected beam with distance from the connection node equal
to the ∑(h/2; tep; lc).
with:
h - height of the column
tep - thickness of the end-plate
lc - length of the haunch, not taking into account the weld size ab (calculated as tan(α)*hc)
If the Mc/Mj,Rd unity check is worse than the moment unity check of the whole connection, then it is used as a
final moment unity check together with the resistance.
Mj,Rd for haunch with flange

The moment resistance Mj,Rd is given by:
1.25  cot   cot  

M j,Rd  M e   M e 
Af Af
 0.5  cot  
Ad Ad
with:
tf - thickness of the beam flange
tw - thickness of the beam web
b - width of the beam flange
α - angle between haunch flange and connected beam
Af - area of the beam flange (Af = b*tf)
Me - the design elastic moment resistance of the connected beam (Me = Wely * fy / γM0)
Mc - the moment at haunch end position lc (maximum from two adjacent sections)
 - local beam web buckling coefficient
26
r  0,2
 if r  0.72
r 2
 1.0 if r  0.72
beff d c f yd
r -  0.932
Et w2
beff - effective width, beff = ab+5*(tf+r)
ab - size of the haunch weld between haunch flange and beam flange
r - rounding of the connected beam
dc - length of a beam web, dc = hb-2*(tf+r)
hb - height of the connected beam
Ad - effective area, Ad = beff*tw
See also chapters: Haunch with flange, Haunch with flange
 In case a stiffener at haunch end is present the Mj,Rd resistance is equal to the elastic resistance of
the connected beam Me.
Mj,Rd for haunch without flange

The moment resistance Mj,Rd is not calculated in this case, since the centre of compression is considered
to be placed in the lower flange of the beam, therefore no force is being transferred into the beam.
See also chapters: Haunch without flange, Centre of compression
27
Normal force
Resistance
Normal force resistance Nj,Rd is based on components defined in EN 1993-1-8 Table 6.1.
Beam-column connections
In case Nj,Ed is a tensile force, the Nj,Rd is determined by a minimum value for the following components:
For bolted connections, based both on the individual and group approach:
 component 3 : Column web in transverse tension
 component 4 : Column flange in bending
 component 5 : End-plate in bending
 component 8 : Beam web in tension
For welded connections :

 component 3 : Column web in transverse tension (the value for tfb in formula (6.16) is replaced by
the beam height)
In case Nj,Ed is a compressive force, the Nj,Rd is determined by the following components:
For bolted and welded connections:

 component 2 : Column web in transverse compression (the value for tfb in formulas (6.10) and (6.11)
is replaced by the beam height)
 component 7 : Beam flange and web in compression (initial component resistance is multiplied by 2
to take the resistance of the 2nd flange into account)
Splice connections
In case Nj,Ed is a tensile force, the Nj,Rd is determined by a minimum value for the following components:
For bolted connections, based both on the individual and group approach:
 component 5 : End-plate in bending
 component 8 : Beam web in tension
For welded connections :

 Resistance is not calculated due to the lack of theory available.
In case Nj,Ed is a compressive force, the Nj,Rd is determined by the following components:
For bolted and welded connections:

 component 7 : Beam flange and web in compression (initial component resistance is multiplied by 2
to take the resistance of the 2nd flange into account)
In all cases, Nj,Rd  Npl,Rd.
28
Interaction Check
The EN 1993-1-8 Art 6.2.7.1 (3) specifies that: If the axial force NEd in the connected beam exceeds 5% of
the design plastic resistance, Npl,Rd , the following conservative method may be used and M+N unity check is
added in the Results dialog:
M j,Ed N j,Ed
  1.0
M j,Rd N j,Rd
with:
Mj,Ed - the actual bending moment in connection
Mj.Rd - the design moment resistance of the joint, assuming no axial force
Nj,Ed - the actual normal force in the connection
Nj.Rd - the axial design resistance of the joint, assuming no applied moment
29
Shear force
Resistance
Normal bolts
The design shear resistance of a connection is calculated according to EN 1993-1-8 Art 6.2.2.
As it is described in the reference, the contribution of each bolt is dependent on the fact, whether the bolt
should resist the tension or not. Each bolt contributes with:
 the total design shear resistance of the bolt if bolt is not required to resist any tension
 0.4/1.4 of the total design shear resistance of the bolt if bolt is required to resist also tension
The design shear force VRd is then calculated as:
0,4
VRd  * Fv , Rd * nt  Fv , Rd * nn
1,4
with:
Fv,Rd - design shear resistance of a bolt
nt - number of bolts which are also required to resist tension
nn - number of bolts which are not required to resist tension
The used design shear resistance Fv,Rd of a bolt is taken as a minimum of these resistances described in
EN 1993-1-8 Art 3.6.1 Table 3.4:
 the Shear resistance per shear plane Fv,Rd
 the Bearing resistance for endplate Fb,ep,Rd
 the Bearing resistance for column flange Fb,fc,Rd
See also chapter: Normal bolts.
Preloaded bolts
The design shear resistance of a connection is calculated according to EN 1993-1-8 Art 6.2.2.
The design shear force VRd is calculated as:
VRd  Fs,Rd  n tot
with:
Fs,Rd - design slip resistance of a bolt
ntot - total number of bolts
See also chapter: Preloaded bolts.
30
Weld sizes
Calculation of flange weld size

Within Scia Engineer there is a possibility to choose from three methods for determination of the flange
weld sizes by modifying the Weld size determination parameter in the connection setup.
Minimum for full strength

The default calculation of flange weld size is based on the Ref. [35] - ECCS N° 126. The final formula is
derived as:
with
fy - the yield strength of the weaker part
fu - the ultimate tensile strength of the weaker part
W - the correlation factor
M0 - the partial safety factor for material
M2 - the partial safety factor for welds
t - the thickness of the beam flange
Calculated from connection resistance
The weld size af is designed according to the resistance of the joint. The design force in the beam flange
can be estimated as:
M Rd
FRd 
h
with:
FRd - the design force in the beam flange
MRd - the design moment resistance of the connection
h - the lever arm of the connected beam
The design resistance of the weld Fw should be greater than the flange force FRd, multiplied by a factor α.
The value of the factor α is specified in the Ref. [34] - EN 1993-1-8, Art 6.2.3 (5).
α = 1.7 for sway frames (braced)

α = 1.4 for all other frames (unbraced)
However, in no case should the weld design resistance exceed the design plastic resistance of the beam
flange Nt.Rd :
b f  t fb  f yb
N t , Rd 
M 0
with:
bf - the width of a beam flange
31
tfb - the thickness of a beam flange

fyb - the yield strength of the beam material
The final design resistance of the weld Fw should be taken as smaller of: α*FRd and Nt.Rd.
The weld size design for af, using Ref.[32] - EN 1993-1-8 Art. 4.5.3 and Ref.[35] - ECCS N° 126:
Fw   M 2   W
af 
fu  b f  2
with.
Fw - the design resistance of the weld
bf - the width of a beam flange
Calculated using Internal forces

The weld size af is then designed similarly as in the prevous method (See also chapter: Calculated from
connection resistance), with the only difference that in the FRd does not take into account the connection
moment resistance Mj,Rd, but direct design moment MEd.
Calculation of web weld size

Within Scia Engineer there is a possibility to choose from two methods for determination of the flange
weld sizes by modifying the Weld size determination parameter in the connection setup. (In case of
web welds 2nd and 3rd method are recognized as one - based on connection type)
Minimum for full strength

The default calculation of flange weld size is based on the Ref. [35] - ECCS N° 126. The final formula is
derived as:
with
t - the thickness of the beam web
32
Calculation of aw for welded connection

Calculation of the weld size aw is based on the Ref[14], pp.545.
l1,a1
l2,a2
l3,a3
In the section, the moment M is defined by the critical design moment resistance of the connection. The
normal force N is taken as the maximum internal normal force in the node, the shear force V is taken as
the maximum internal shear force in the node.
We can define the following properties:
a1 = a f
a3 = a f
a2 = aw (to be calculated)
l1 = bf
l2 = h –2 tfb –2r
l3 = (bf – twb – 2r) /2
A  2  a1  l1  2  a 2  l2  4  a 3  l3
a 1  l1  h ² a 2  l 2
3
I   a 3  l 3 (h  2.t fb )²
2 6
with:
bf - the beam flange width
tfb - the beam flange thickness
r - the radius of root fillet
twb - the beam web thickness
a1 - the weld size a1
l1 - the length for weld size a1
A - the sectional area of the welds
I - the moment of inertia of the welds
To determine the weldsize a2 in a connection, we use a iterative process with a2 as parameter until the
Von Mises rules is respected. See Ref.[32] - EN 1993-1-8 Art. 4.5.3.
33
 2  3   2   2  
fu f
and  1  0.9 u
1 1 2
 w   M2  M2
 N M l2  1
1   2    
 A 2I  2
V
1 
2  a2  l2
with:
Calculation of aw for bolted connection

Calculation of the weld size aw is based on the Ref. [32] - EN 1993-1-8 Art 4.5.3.
For all possible bolt bolt-rows and groups of bolt-rows, the maximum tension per unit length is calculated.
The tension per unit length is calculated as (Fi + Fi+1)/l2.
with:
l2 - taken as the effective length of non-circular pattern for the considered bolt-row or group of bolt-
rows.
On the weld 2 x l2 x a2, the normal force N =Fi + Fi+1 and the shear force V is acting. The shear force is
taken as that part of the maximum internal shear force on the node that is acting on the bolt rows i and
i+1. (pure bolt-row ratio- to be checked)
To determine the weld size a2 in a connection, we use a iterative process with a2 as parameter until the
Von Mises rules is respected. See Ref.[32] - EN 1993-1-8 Art. 4.5.3.
 2  3   2   2  
fu f
and  1  0,9 u
1 1 2
 w   M2  M2
 N 1
1   2   
A 2
34
V
1 
2  a2  l2
with:
A - weld area (2*a2*l2)
The calculation of stiffener dimensions

The stiffener thickness th is designed according to the resistance of the joint. The design resistance of the
stiffener is equal to the design resistance of the weld Fw (See also chapter: Calculated from connection
resistance)
Fw   M 0
th 
f y  bf
with:
Fw - the design resistance of the weld
bf - the beam flange width
fy - the yield strength of the stiffener
th - the thickness of the stiffener
For calculation of weld sizes of stiffeners perpendicular to the column/beam flange, the same method
described Minimum for full strength in chaper Calculation of flange weld size, is used. The calculation is
based on the Ref. [35] - ECCS N° 126. The final formula is derived as:
with
t - the thickness of the stiffener
Each stiffener thickess and weld size is calculated separately, based on the used material.
Thickness of the web doubler is always taken as the inputted thickness of that component. Weld size of a
web doubler with relation to the article EN 1993-1-8, Art 6.2.6.3 (8), is based on the type of the web doubler:
 Small means that fillet welds are used for the component and the weld size is calculated as:
 Large means that butt welds are used for the component and the weld size is calculated as:
35
36
Haunch welds
Haunch with flange

The calculation is based on Ref. 3,Ref. 4 and Ref. [35].
tf
h tw
hc
alfa
lc bc
ab b
tc
The weld size ab (weld between haunch and beam) is given by:
M c 0.7 A f
ab  3  tan  2 * coef
M e 10t f  2t w 
A similar formula is used for the weld size ac (weld between haunch and endplate/column):
M c 0.7 A f
ac  1  3 tan  2 * coef
M e 10t f  2t w 
where:
f y * M 2
coef  * w
fu * M 0
37
with:
tw - thickness of the beam web
hc - height of the haunch, not taking into account the weld size ac
α - angle between haunch flange and direction perpendicular to the column
bc - width of the haunch flange
h - height of the column
Me - the design elastic moment resistance of the connected beam (Me = Wel,y * fy)
Mc - the moment at haunch end position lc
fy - the yield tensile strength of the weaker part
For the design, it is assumed that Mc=Me.
 The denominator (10*tf+2*tw) represents the design width (bd) of the haunch flange. It cannot be bigger than
the width of the haunch flange bc.
The haunch weld size representation is set to "Length" by default in the connection setup. In this case
the direct values ab and ac weld sizes are represented in the 3D graphics and connection monodrawings.
In case "Fillet" haunch weld size representation is selected in the connection setup, the represented size
of both welds is recalculated by the formulas below:
ab fillet  ab * sin( )
ac fillet  ac * sin(  )
with:
ab - final haunch weld ab size calculated according to the "Length" approach
ac - final haunch weld ac size calculated according to the "Length" approach
α - angle between beam and haunch flanges (input angle for haunch)
β - angle between column and haunch flanges
See also chapters: Calculation of flange weld size, Mj,Rd for haunch with flange.
38
Haunch without flange
tf
tw
h1
hc
hd
alfa
lc twc
The weld size awc is given by :
Mc Af
awc 
M e 1.65 * (0.75 *l c )
with:
hc - height of the haunch, not taking into account the weld size ac
twc - thickness of the haunch plate (web)
α - angle between haunch flange and direction perpendicular to the column
Me - the design elastic moment resistance of the connected beam (Me = Wel,y * fy/γM0)
Mc - the moment at haunch end position lc
For the design, it is assumed that Mc=Me.
See also chapter: Mj,Rd for haunch without flange
39
Welded plate-to-plate connection
Consider the figure above:
When we write the horizontal equilibrium in point A, we have :
Ffl , right cosalfa _ right   Ffl ,left cos(alfa _ left )
When we write the vertical equilibrium in point A, we have :
Ffl , right sinalfa _ right   Ffl ,left sin(alfa _ left )  Fep
In the limit state, the value Fep is limited by the capacity of the endplate :
b  t  fy
Fep 
 M0
b - the width of the endplate

t - the thickness of the endplate
fy - the yield strength
M0 - the partial safety factor for resistance of cross-section to overall yielding
Out of the vertical and horizontal equilibrium, and the value for Fep in the limit state, we can calculate the
maximum force Ffl,right and Ffl,left. These values will result in the design resistance of endplate in
compression Fc,ep,Rd for both sides.
 Note
Minimum of the above resistance and resistance of "Beam flange and web in compression" component is
then being used for the calculation of bending moment resistance Mj,Rd for such connection.
40
Column base connection

If EN 1993-1-8 is selected, the column base connection is designed according to Ref.[32] :
- art. 6.2.5.
- art. 6.2.6.9
- art. 6.2.6.10
- art. 6.2.6.11
- art. 6.2.6.12
- art. 6.2.8
In all other cases, the following rules are applied :

- The design compression resistance
- The design moment resistance
- The design tension resistance
Partial safety factor c

For a Base plate connection design, the partial safety factor for concrete γc is to be defined, independently of
EN 1992 setup, in the EN 1993-1-8 NA setup.
The design compression resistance

The determination of NRd,c is based on Ref. [5]
N Rd,c  A f j
with A the resulting bearing area (The area in

compression under the base plate)
fj the bearing strength of the joint
For the determination of the resulting bearing area the additional bearing width c is introduced.
fy
c  t
3  f j   M0
with t the thickness of the steel base plate.

fy the yield strength of the steel base plate
material.
Where the projection of the base plate is less than c the effective bearing area should be assumed to
be as indicated in the figure.
41
Where the projection of the base plate exceeds c the additional projection should be neglected, see
figure.
with A bearing area

A' area not included in bearing area
The bearing strength of the joint fj is determined from:

f j   j  k j  f cd
with j the joint coefficient, which may be taken as 2/3 (0.667) provided
that the characteristic strength of the grout is not less than 0.2
times the characteristic strength of the concrete foundation and
the thickness of the grout is not greater than 0.2 times the
smallest width of the steel base plate.
This value can be set in the Concrete Basic data.
fcd is the design value of the concrete cylinder compressive strength
42
f ck
of the concrete given by: f cd 
c
in which fck is the characteristic cylinder compressive strength of
the concrete determined in conformity with Ref. [6].
This value can be set in the Concrete data.

c is the partial safety factor for concrete material properties
given in Ref. [6]. This value can be set in the Safety factors
dialog box.
kj the concentration factor

a 1  b1
kj 
ab
where
a & b are the dimensions of the base plate
a1 & b1 are the dimensions of the effective area.
See figures.
For a1 the least of the following should be taken:
 a1=a+2ar
 a1=5a
 a1=a+h
 a1=5b1 but a1  a
For b1 the least of the following should be taken:

 b1=b+2br
 b1=5b
 b1=b+h
 b1=5a1 but b1  b
Note 1:Conservatively kj can be taken as 1.0, The value can be set in the concrete data.
Bp = Base plate
Cf = Concrete foundation
43
Bp
Cf h
b b1
br
ar a
a1
The design moment resistance
The determination of MRd is based on Ref. [1].
The following remarks are made.
 The resistance moment of the base plate is elastic, therefore the calculation of FtRd is done with
l eff  t 2  f y
M el,Rd 
6   M0
 A new joint component is introduced: The concrete in compression. The design compression resistance
for concrete under the flange.
Fc,base,Rd  A fl  f j
with fj the bearing strength of the joint

Afl the bearing area under the compression
flange. See the following figures.
44
45
The design tension resistance

The determination of NRd,t is based on Ref.[1].
It is the design tension resistance for the group of all bolt-rows. (No compression limits)
NRd,t is the resistance against tension due to uplift.
The design shear resistance

EN 1993-1-8 Article 6.2.2 (8) specifies how the shear force resistance Fv,Rd should be calculated for
base plate connections. The design friction resistance Ff,Rd is specified in the same article in part (6)
and should be taken into account only in case compressive normal force. If normal force is tensile, then
the Ff,Rd is equal to zero. In Scia Engineer it is possible to neglect the friction resistance also in case
compressive normal force. This can be done by deactivating the "Friction included" check box in
concrete data of the connection. By default. this option is deactivated.
F f , Rd  C f ,d N c, Ed
with Nc,Ed the design compressive force

Cf,d the friction coefficient between base
plate and grout layer ( 0.20)
Note: In calculation of shear force resistance Fv,Rd , the rule described in EN 1993-1-8 Article 3.6 Table
3.4 (28% rule) is not being applied in base plate connections. This interaction of shear and tensile
forces is already taken into account by coefficient αb in F2,vb,Rd formula given in EN 1993-1-8 Article
6.2.2 (7).
The design shear resistance for shear iron.

The calculation of the shear resistance for shear irons is based on Ref. [7] pp116-120.
The design shear resistance for I shaped shear iron.
Consider the figure.
46
The design shear resistance for I shaped shear iron is given by the minimum of the following shear
resistance :
- VRd,1 : limited by the concrete capacity

- VRd,2 : limited by the stress in the shear iron flange
- VRd,3 : limited by the stress in the column web
- VRd,4 : limited by the shear capacity of the shear iron
The following formulas are used :
VRd,1  b  (L q  l)  f cd
3  b  t  h  h c  f yd,s
VRd, 2 
L q  (h  h c )   M 0
3  ( t  2  t p  5  k c ) t wc  h  h c  f yd,c
VRd,3 
L q  (h  h c )   M 0
A v  f yd,s
VRd, 4 
3   M0
with fcd the design value of the concrete cylinder

compressive strength of the concrete
Lq the length of shear iron
b the width of the shear iron
h the height of the shear iron
t the flange thickness of the shear iron
hc the height of column
fyd,s the yield strength of the shear iron
fyd,c the yield strength of the column
M0 the partial safety factor
tp the thickness of baseplate
kc 1.4 awc
awc the weld size for column web/base plate
Av the shear area of shear iron
twc the web thickness of the column
l 30 mm
The design shear resistance for angle shaped shear iron.
47
Consider the figure.
The design shear resistance for angle shaped shear iron is given by the minimum of the following shear
resistance :
- VRd,1 : limited by the concrete capacity

- VRd,2 : limited by the stress in the shear iron
- VRd,3 : limited by the shear capacity of the shear iron
The following formulas are used :
VRd, 1  d a  (L a  l)  f cd
t  L a  f yd
VRd, 2 
4  da
2
(  3)   M0
9  hc
2
L a  t  f yd
VRd,3 
3   M0
with fcd the design value of the concrete cylinder

compressive strength of the concrete
La the length of shear iron
da the height of the shear iron
t the flange thickness of the shear iron
hc the height of column
fyd the yield strength of the shear iron
tp the thickness of baseplate
l 30 mm
48
The anchorage length
Calculation
The determination of the anchorage length of the holding down bolts is based on Ref. [6].
The required anchorage length lb,net is calculated from:
A s,req
l b,net   a  l b   l b,min
A s,prov
 f yd 
l b   4    

 f bd 
with  the diameter of the holding down bolt.

fyd the design yield strength of the holding down bolt. This is
determined as follows :
0.9f u

 Mb
fu the ultimate tensile strength of the anchor
Mb the partial safety factor for a bolted connection. (= 1.25)
fbd the design value for the ultimate bond stress.
fbd is dependent on the bond condition, which normally is good
for a column base and also dependent of the type of holding
down bolts. (plain or high bond bars)The bond condition and the
type of bars can be set in the concrete data dialog box.
lb the basic anchorage length.
a is dependent on the anchorage method.

= 1 for straight bars.
= 0.7 for curved bars.
As,req is the required tensile stress area of the anchor
Ft ,bolt   Mb
A s,req 
0.9  f u
with Ft,bolt the maximum tensile force in the anchors. (due

to NRd,t or MRd)
Mb the partial safety factor for a bolted connection.
(= 1.25)
fu the ultimate tensile strength of the anchor
As,prov is the provided tensile stress area of the anchor
lb,min is the minimum anchorage length

lb,min is the maximum of 0.3 lb , 10 
49
Calculation of tensile force in anchors Ft,bolt according to internal forces.

The tensile force in the anchor can be calculated using the actual internal forces. This calculation is
based on the regulations given in ref.[24], chapter 6.4.1.
This choice can be made in the Connection Setup.
M
N
Ft Ft
Nb
h/2
h1
h2
Consider the following configuration :
Moment equilibrium gives :
h
M  N  Ft  h 1  Ft  h 2
2
h
M N
Ft  2
h1  h 2
Ft is the tensile force for each anchor row in the tension zone, M and N are the actual internal forces.
When Ft<0, all anchors are in compression. The minimum anchor length is calculated.
When Ft>0.0, the value for Ft,bolt is calculated.
The anchor rows in the tensile zone, are those anchor rows where hi > h/2 is valid.
Design of the washer plate.

The design of a circular plate is based on Ref. [7]
The allowable tensile force Nj in 1 anchorage is given by:

 2   r
N j  3  f cd     r 2    1  
 4   v
50
with v the smallest of l and d1. See figure.
By means of this formula r, the radius of the circular plate is determined.

The iterative process is started using 2,5 times the anchor diameter as an initial value for r.
The thickness t is given by

0.33
f 
t  8  r   cd 
 E 
with E Modulus of elasticity for anchorage.
The influence of the normal force

When the axial force NSd in the connected member exceeds 10 % of the plastic resistance Npl,Rd of its
cross-section, a warning is printed out and Mj,Rd is decreased.
The value of the design moment resistance Mj,Rd is decreased by the presence of the axial tensile force
NSd.
h
M j, Rd  M j, Rd  N Sd .
2
with h the distance between the compression and

tension point in the connected member
If there is an axial compression force NSd, we check the following :
Fc  min( Fc, base, Rd , Fc,fb , Rd )

N Sd
N  max( 0,  (Fc  Ftot ))
2
M j, Rd  M j, Rd  N  h
with h the distance between the compression and tension point
51
in the connected member

Fc,Base,Rd Design compression resistance for concrete under the
flange
Fc,fb,Rd Bearing Resistance for column flange
Ftot The sum of the tensile forces in the anchor rows at Mj,Rd
Rectangular Hollow Sections

The bolts can only be positioned outside the beam flange. However, 3 bolts/row are possible.
The rotational stiffness is not calculated.
The design compression resistance
The determination of NRd,c is :
NRd,c  Afj
For more information, see chapter "The design compression resistance".
Where the projection of the base plate is less than c the effective bearing area should be assumed to
be as indicated in the following figures.
Where the projection of the base plate exceeds c the additional projection should be neglected, see the
figure,
with A Bearing area

A' Area not included in bearing area.
52
53
The design tension resistance

The determination of NRd,t is based on Ref.[22].
Consider the following figures :
The allowable tension force for each bolt FT,Rd,i is given by
 t p ²(1   ) 
FT ,Rd,i  min  , B t ,Rd 
 K 
4b'
K
0.9f yp p
d'
  1
p
  d 
 KTr    a  

     1   2 
 t p ²    a  b  t  
  i
 
 
a  1.25b
b '  b  ( d / 2)  t i
with tp plate thickness
54
fyp yield strength of plate

d’ bolthole diameter
d bolt diameter
ti thickness of RHS section
a,b see figures
p = 2e
= w/2
= 2e
=w
Bt,Rd design tension resistance of a bolt
The total design tension resistance Nt,Rd is then
N t ,Rd  FT,Rd,i
The design moment resistance
The determination of MRd is based on Ref. [1] and Ref.[22].
MRd is given by
M Rd  min( FT , Fc )  h
with FT FT,RD,I for the bolts in tension

Fc min( Fc,base,Rd, Fc,rhs_flange)
The design compression resistance for concrete under the flange, Fc,base,Rd is :
Fc,base,Rd  Afl  f j
55
with fj the bearing strength of the joint

Afl the bearing area under the compression
flange.
The design compression resistance for the RHS compression flange, Fc,rhs_flange is :
btfy
Fc,rhs _ flange 
 M0
with b width of RHS section

t thickness of RHS section
fy yield strength of RHS section
M0 partial safety factor
56
Column minor axis connections

Introduction
In Ref.[21], some extensions are proposed to design the behavior if the beam is attached to the column
web through some element as angle, plate …etc. The implementation is based on this proposals, and
are described in the following chapters.
The new components are the column web submitted to punching shear and bending. Different failure
mechanisms of column web have been analysed and are essentially based on the yield line theory.
The moment resistance and the rotational capacity of a minor-axis joint is calculated based on the
methods as proposed in Ref.[1].
The following elements are taken into account in the design procedure:
 Column web in bending and punching

 Bolts in tension
 End plate in bending
 Beam web in tension
 Beam flange and web in compression
The figure some common types of minor-axis connections where beams are assembled with column
web without stiffeners.
57
Strength of column web in bending and punching
Generalities
The plastic resistance of the web results from its yielding and from a progressive apparition of plastic yields
line mechanism. The failure mode mechanism is divide into two main groups: the local and the global
mechanism similarly to those proposed in Ref.[1] J.3.6.2 (5) & (6). A local mechanism means that the yield
line is localized only in the compressive zone or in the tensile zone of the joint while global failure mode
design the yields line pattern involves both in compressive and tensile zone. In the design model, it is
assumed that prying action between end plate or the angle cleat doesn’t occur. This assumption is conflicting
with assumptions made in Ref.[1]. This point is still under investigation but in most practical cases, it is
reasonable to assume that no prying develops between components. The design resistance of the web in
transverse compression or tension is finally defined as: FRd=min(Flocal,Fglobal).
Definition and design of local and global failure mode
The moment carried out by the beam to the column web may be decomposed in a couple of forces F
acting in the compressive and the tensile zone. It is assumed that these forces act on an area
(compressive and tensile zone) defined in the plane of the column web. The design value of the
moment resistance can be calculated as follows:
M j,Rd  z  FRd
with z the lever arm in the joint

B FRd the resistance of the weakest axis component in the minor axis joint
a
sic failure mechanisms are obtained by yields line method.. In the flexural mechanism, it is assumed
that plastic moment is not reduced by the presence of shear forces perpendicular to the plane web.
The plastic moment per unit length of yield line is given by:
0.25  t 2w  f y
m pl 
 M0
where fy is the yield stress and tw the thickness of the column web.
58
Local failure mechanism
In the local failure mode different local mechanisms of the column web are considered. The force F
acts on a rigid rectangle. This rectangle is defined by the dimensions bxc (see figure). The weld
perimeter rectangle around the beam flange or the loaded area around the bolt pattern defined the rigid
rectangle. The yield pattern is localised in the compression or the tension zone. As result from this
definition, the resistance force is evaluated in each rigid rectangle: one in the compression zone and
one in the tension zone. This mechanism is associated to the smallest force FRd,local between the
punching shear resistance and the combination of punching shear and bending resistance in the
compression and the tension zone. Some adaptations and interpretations are needed to design a
pinned connection.
The resistance to punching depends on the loading case. For the loading case 1 the punching function
of the punching perimeter 2(b+c). For the loading case 2, the punching perimeter of the column web
depends on the diameter of the bolt heads (or nuts) and the number n of bolts respectively in the
tension/compression zone. The resistance is given by:
2  b  c   t wc  f y
FPunching,Rd  : loading case 1
3   M0
n    d m  t wc  f y
FPunching,Rd  : loading case 2
3   M0
with twc the thickness of the column web

fy the yield strength of the column web
M0 the partial safety factor of steel
dm average diameter of the bolt head (see further)
Combined flexural and punching shear mechanism takes also into account that the plastic moment per
unit length of yield line is reduced by the presence of shear force.
   L  a  x   2  c 1.5  c  x  x 2  1
FComb,Rd  k  t 2wc  f y    
 ax 3 t wc  a  x    M 0
0 if b  b m

x
 a  a  1.5  a  c 

2 3  t wc
2

   L  a  x 0   4  c  if b  b m
 2 1
 t 3   3   b  bm 
x 0  L   wc   0.23  c   t wc     
 L  L  L    L  bm 

 
2

t2 c 2 
b m  L  1  0.82  wc2  1  1  2.8   but b m  0
 c  t wc  L  
  
59
1 if b  c  0.5
 L
k
0.7  0.6  b  c  if b  c  0.5
 L L
a  Lb
b  b 0  0.9  d m
c  c 0  0.9  d m
d  d2
dm  1
2
d1
d2
60
Application to rigid bolted connection
For each zone (respectively tension/compression), the local punching shear resistance following
loading case 1&2 is determined. The tension rigid rectangle is defined by the perimeter around the
bolts placed respectively in the tension zone 2(b+c) . The rigid rectangle of the compression zone
through which the punching is transmitted to the column web corresponds to the beam flange thickness
and the beam flange width .
In the same way, the local combined punching and bending is calculated both for the tension and the
compression following the same perimeter values b & c.
Application to rigid welded connections
For each zone (respectively tension/compression), the local punching shear resistance following
loading case 1&2 is determined. For welded connections, the tension, respectively the compression
rectangle is the beam flange thickness and the beam flange width. In the same way, the local
combined punching and bending is calculated both for the tension and the compression following the
same perimeter values b & c.
Global mechanism
In the global failure mechanism, the force F is transmitted to the column web by one or more rows of
bolts. In this case, the definition of the loaded area depends on the distance between bolts and the
diameter of bolt heads (or nuts), or the weld around the beam flanges. The yields line pattern involves
both compression and tension zones.
The combined flexural and punching mechanism is evaluated as:
FCom,Rd  2b  1
FGlobal,Rd   m pl      2   
2  z   M0
where FComb,Rd: combined punching and flexural local resistance
 z
1 if 1
L-b

 z if
z
 10
 L  b L-b
Global failure mechanism involves both compression and tensile zones. If the dimensions bxc of the
compression zone are different from those of the tensile zone, the FGlobal,Rd expression will be applied
twice, once for the compression zone and once for the tension zone separately.
61
Rotational stiffness and ductility

Stiffness coefficients
The rotational stiffness is calculated with the component method according to EN 1993-1-8 Article 6.3,
considering bolt-rows located above centre of compression (See also chapter: Centre of compression).
Bolt-rows used only for shear will also not be used for stiffness calculation.
The following stiffness coefficients are used :
Coefficient Basic component Formula

k1 column web panel in 0.38  A vc
shear
z
k2 column web in 0.7  b eff t wc
compression
dc
k3 column web in tension, 0.7  b eff t wc

single bolt row in
tension
dc
k4 column flange, single 0.9  l eff t 3fc

bolt row in tension
m3
k5 endplate, single bolt 0.9  l eff t 3p
row in tension
m3
k7 bolts, single bolt row in As
tension 1.6
Lb
with Avc the shear area of the column

z the lever arm
 the transformation parameter
beff the effective width of the column web
dc the clear depth of the column web
leff the smallest effective length for the bolt
(minimum of individual and relevant
partial effective lengths)
m the distance bolt to beam/column web
As the tensile stress area of the bolt
Lb the elongation length of the bolt
For the proper values of these variables, we refer to Ref.[1].
For EN 1993-1-8 Ref. [33] the naming of the stiffness coefficients is revised as follows:
Coefficient Basic component

k1 column web panel in
shear
k2 column web in
compression
62
k3 column web in tension,

single bolt row in
tension
k4 column flange, single
bolt row in tension
k5 endplate, single bolt
row in tension
k10 bolts, single bolt row in
tension
For bolted endplate connections, the basic components related to a single bolt row, are represented by
a single equivalent stiffness coefficient keq.
For a bolted beam-to-column connection, the following coefficients are used :
Coefficient Present keq

k1 x
k2 x
k3 x x
k4 x x
k5 x x
k7 x x
For a welded beam-to-column connection, the following coefficients are used :

k1 x
k2 x
k3
k4 x
k5
k7
63
When a column minor axis configuration is used, the values for k1 and k2 are replaced by ki, the
stiffness coefficient in the tension or the compression zone of the column web in bending and
punching.
The value for ki is given by (see Ref.[21]) :
t 3wc   1    tan 
ki   16  k
10.4  c1  c 2   rot
1   
2
L 3
u2
with c1 1.50
c2 1.63
L 10u50
u
t wc
b 0.080.75

L
c 0.050.2

L
  35  10  
The factor krot is equal to 1 if the rotation of the column flanges restrained
0.52  0.4   for HE sections greater th an HEA 400 - HEB500 - HEM600 and for IPE sections
k rot  
1 for HE sections smaller or equal to HEA400 - HEB500 - HEM600
For a bolted plate-to-plate connection, the following coefficients are used :

k1
k2
k3
k4
k5 Left side x x
k5 Right side x x
k7 x x
A welded plate-to-plate connection is considered as rigid.
For a column base, the following coefficients are used :

k1
k2
k3
k4
k5 x x
k7 x x
kc x
64
See also Ref.[16].
The value of Lb in coefficient k7 is taken as the free length of the anchor bolts plus the free length of
embedded part. The free length of the anchor bolts is equal to the base plate thickness plus the head
height of the anchor bolt. The free length of the embedded part is equal to 8 x the anchor diameter.
The stiffness kc is the stiffness coefficient for the compression zone in the concrete block.
A fl E c
kc 
Eh eq
with Afl the bearing area under the compression

flange
Ec the E modulus of concrete
 9.5f ck  8
1/ 3
(Ec in Gpa, fck in Mpa)

E the Young modulus (of steel)
heq the equivalent height
a eff  b eff 

2
where aeff and beff are based on the
rectangle for determining Afl
Afl=aeff x beff
65
Calculation of stiffness
The program calculates 3 stiffnesses :
Sj,ini the initial rotational stiffness

Sj the rotational stiffness, related to the actual moment Mj,Sd
Sj,MRd the rotational stiffness, related to Mj,Rd (without the influence of the
normal force)
Initial rotational stiffness Sj,ini is calculated always, and not dependently on the the 5% Npl,Rd limit, as
specified in the EN 1993-1-8, Art. 6.3.1 (4).
The values for Sj,ini and Sj can be found on the numerical output.
The moment-rotation diagram is based on the values of Sj,ini and Sj,MRd.
MRd
0.66 MRd
Sj,MRd
Sj,ini
fi
66
Stiffness classification
The connection is classified as rigid, pinned or semi-rigid according to its stiffness by using the initial
rotational stiffness Sj,ini and comparing this with classification boundaries given in Ref.[1] Figure J.8.
If Sj,ini >= Sj,rigid, the connection is rigid.

If Sj,ini <= Sj,pinned, the connection is classified as pinned.
If Sj,ini<Sj,rigid and Sj,ini>Sj,pinned, the connection is classified as semi-rigid.
For braced frames :
EI b
Sj, rigid  8
Lb
EI b
Sj, pinned  0.5
Lb
For unbraced frames :
EI b
Sj, rigid  25
Lb
EI b
Sj, pinned  0.5
Lb
For column base connections, we use (see Ref.[17]) :
EI c
Sj, rigid  15
Lc
EI c
Sj, pinned  0.5
Lc
with Ib the second moment of area of the beam

Lb the span of the beam
Ic the second moment of area of the column
Lc the storey height of the column
E the Young modulus
67
Check of required stiffness

The actual stiffness of the connections is compared with the required stiffness, based on the
approximate joint stiffness used in the analysis model. See also Ref.[15] Part 6.1.2, Ref.[18] and
Ref.[19].
A lower boundary and an upper boundary define the required stiffness :
Frame Lower boundary Upper boundary

Sj,low Sj,upper
Braced 8  Sj, app  E  I b 8 E  Ib 10  Sj, app  E  I b
Sj, app 
10  E  I b  Sj, app  L b Lb 8  E  I b  Sj, app  L b
8 E  Ib
Sj, app  
Lb
Unbraced 24  Sj, app  E  I b 24  E  I b 30  Sj, app  E  I b
Sj , app 
30  E  I b  Sj, app  L b Lb 24  E  I b  Sj, app  L b
24  E  I b 
Sj , app 
Lb
For column base connection , we use the following extrapolation :
Lower boundary Upper boundary

16  Sj, app  E  I c 16  E  I c 20  Sj, app  E  I c
Sj , app 
20  E  I c  Sj, app  L c Lc 16  E  I c  Sj, app  L c
16  E  I c
Sj , app  
Lc
with Ib the second moment of area of the beam

Lb the span of the beam
Ic the second moment of area of the
column
Lc the storey height of the column
E the Young modulus
Sj,app the approximate joint stiffness
Sj,ini the actual initial joint stiffness
Sj,low the lower boundary stiffness
Sj,upper the upper boundary stiffness
Sj the actual joint stiffness
When a linear spring is used in the analysis model, we check the following :
When Sj,ini >= Sj,low and Sj,ini<=Sj,upper, the actual joint stiffness is conform with the applied Sj,app
in the analysis model.
The value of Sj,app is taken as the linear spring value introduced for <fi y> (in the hinge dialog),
multiplied by the stiffness modification coefficient .
68
Type of connection 
bolted beam-to-column 2
welded beam-to-column 2
welded plate-to-plate 3
column base 3
When a non-linear function is used during the analysis model, we check the following :
When Sj >= Sj,low and Sj<=Sj,upper, the actual joint stiffness is conform with the applied Sj,app in the
analysis model.
The value of Sj,app is taken as the analysis stiffness defined by the non-linear function.
Transferring the connection stiffness to the analysis model

When the connection template is stored to a node (by pushing the <Input> button), the actual stiffness
of the connection can be transferred to the analysis model. The linear spring value for <fi y> (in the
hinge dialog) is taken as Sj,ini divided by the stiffness modification coefficient .
For asymmetric connections which are loaded in both directions (i.e. tension on top and tension in
bottom), the linear spring value for <fi y> (in the hinge dialog) is taken as the smallest Sj,ini (from both
directions) divided by the stiffness modification coefficient .
At the same time, a non-linear function is generated, representing the moment-rotation diagram as in
the following figure.
MRd+
0.66 MRd+
Sj,ini+ Fi+ 3Fi+

fi
3Fi- Fi-
Sj,ini-
0.66 MRd-
MRd-
69
Ductility classes
According to Ref.[15] part 4.7, the following classification is valid for connections :
Class 1 joint : Mj,Rd is reached by full plastic redistribution of the internal forces within the joints and a
sufficiently good rotation capacity is available to allow a plastic frame analysis and design.
Class 2 joint : Mj,Rd is reached by full plastic redistribution of the internal forces within the joints but the
rotational capacity is limited. An elastic frame analysis possibly combined with a plastic verification of
the joints has to be performed. A plastic frame analysis is also allowed as long as it does not result in a
too high required rotation capacity of the joints where the plastic hinges are likely to occur.
Class 3 joint : brittle failure (or instability) limits the moment resistance and does not allow a full
redistribution of the internal forces in the joints. It is compulsory to perform an elastic verification of the
joints unless it is shown that no hinge occurs in the joint locations.
Ductility classification for bolted joints
If the failure mode of the joint is the situated in the shear zone of the column web, the joint is classified
as a ductile, i.e. a class 1 joint.
If the failure mode is not in the shear zone, the classification is based on the following :
Classification by Class
ductility
f ub
t  0.36 d Ductile 1
fy
f ub f
0.36 d  t  0.53 ub d Intermediaire 2
fy fy
f ub
t  0.53 d Non-ductile 3
fy
with t the thickness of either the column flange

or the endplate
d the nominal diameter of the bolts
fub the ultimate tensile strength of the bolt
fy the yield strength of the proper basic
component
Ductility classification for welded joints
If the failure mode of the joint is the situated in the shear zone of the column web, the joint is classified
as a ductile, i.e. a class 1 joint. If the failure mode is not in the shear zone, the joint is classified as
intermediaire for ductility, i.e. a class 2 joint.
70
Pinned frame connections
Introduction
In this appendix, we give information about the calculation rules for the Frame Pinned connections.
Four types of connections are supported :
Type 1 welded plate in beam, welded to column

Type 2 bolted plate in beam, welded to column
Type 3 bolted angle in beam and column
Type 4 short endplate welded to beam, bolted in column
For each type, the design shear resistance VRd (taking into account the present normal force N ) and
the design compression/tension resistance NRd are calculated.
The design shear resistance is calculated for the following failure modes :
 design shear resistance for the connection element

 design shear resistance of the beam
 design block shear resistance
 design shear resistance due to the bolt distribution in the beam web
 design shear resistance due to the bolt distribution in the column
The design compression/tension resistance is calculated for the following failure modes :
 design compression/tension resistance for the connection element

 design compression/tension resistance of the beam
 design tension resistance due to the bolt distribution in the column
In the following chapter, we give an overview of the abbreviations, which are used in the dialogs and
the output.
In the next chapters, the theoretical background is given for the calculation of the various design shear
resistance and design compression/tension resistance, according to EC3-ENV (Ref.[2]). For the other
code regulations, we refer to chapter “Error! Reference source not found.”.
71
List of abbreviations
 Shear stress
 Slip factor
Weld size parameter
 Weld size parameter
 Transformation parameter
 Reduction factor
 Weld size parameter
1 Normal stress in weld part
1 Shear stress in weld part
2 Shear stress in weld part
D Stress around point d in calculation of design shear resistance for
bolts in column
f,Ed the longitudinal stress in the flange
M Normal stress generated by moment M
N Normal stress generated by normal force N
w Correlation factor in weld size calculation
A Area of beam
Area of element
A Parameter in design shear resistance for bolts in column
a Lever arm - Bolt centre - Weld size
Position of bolt centre with regard to underside of the plate (dir. x)
a distance to the nearer end of the member
a1 length in block shear resistance
alfa,bw Alfa value for beam web
alfa,el Alfa value for element
Anet Reduced area of the beam
Reduced area of the element
As Tensile area for the bolt
Av Shear area of the beam
Av.net Reduced shear area of the beam element
B Parameter in design shear resistance for bolts in column
b Width
Position of bolt centre with regard to underside of the plate (dir. y)
bd Length in calculation of design shear resistance for bolts in column
bf the column flange width
c Maximum horizontal distance between bolts and bolt centre
D Shear force on the plate
d Bolt diameter
Maximum horizontal distance between bolts and bolt centre
d the column web depth
72
d0 Hole diameter
do Hole diameter
e Diagonal diameter of bolt head
e1 Edge distance
Fb,bw,Rd Bearing Resistance for beam web
Fb,el,Rd Bearing Resistance for element
Fp,Cd Design preloading force
Fs,Rd Design slip resistance of preloaded high-strength bolt
Ft,Sd Applied tensile force
fu Ultimate tensile strength of the element
fub Tensile strength of the bolt
Fv,Rd Shear resistance per shear plane
fy Yield strength of the element
g weld size parameter
Gamma M0 Partial safety factor for resistance of cross-section to overall
yielding
Gamma M1 Partial safety factor for resistance to buckling
Gamma Mb Partial safety factor for resistance of bolts
Gamma Ms Partial safety factor for slip resistance
Gamma Mw Partial safety factor for resistance of welds
h Height
h the column height
hd Height in calculation of design shear resistance for bolts in column
Ip
r i
2
: Polar moment of inertia of the bolts with regard to the
boltcentre
IpD Polar moment of inertia of the bolts around point d in calculation of
design shear resistance for bolts in column
K Parameter in calculation of design shear resistance for bolts in
column
ks Value for slip resistance
l length of the weld part
L parameter in weld size
l1 length of the weld part
L1 Length for block shear resistance
l2 length of the weld part
leff equivalent length in T-Stub model
Lv Length for block shear resistance
Lveff Length for block shear resistance
M Present moment
m factor in T-Stub model
Mpl,1,Rd Design plastic moment resistance for MODE 1 in T-Stub model
Mpl,2,Rd Design plastic moment resistance for MODE 2 in T-Stub model
My Actual bending moment
73
N Present normal force

n Number of friction interfaces
Number of plates of number of bolt
NRd Design tension/compression resistance
NSd Internal tension/Compression force
p1 Bolt pitch
Pl Gap between column’s flange and beam’s web
Q Resulting forces acting on the extreme bolt of a plate:
Q vr  Q vM 2  Q vr  Q vM 2
Qhk Horizontal force acting on the bolts in bolt-row k
Qhn Horizontal force acting on the extreme bolt of a plate
QhM
Qvj Vertical force acting on the bolts in bolt column j
QvM Vertical force acting on the extreme bolt of a plate
Qvr Vertical force acting on the extreme bolt of a plate
R Shear force
r Radius
S Width across flats, diameter of bolt head
ss the plate height
t Element thickness
t Thickness
tf Flange thickness
tf the column flange thickness
tw Web thickness
tw the column web thickness
VRd Design shear resistance
VSd Internal shear force
Vz Actual shear force
W Elastic section modulus of beam
x1 Edge distance for bolts in connection element
x2 Edge distance for bolts in connection element
xj Maximum horizontal distance between bolts and d point
y1 Edge distance for bolts in connection element
y2 Edge distance for bolts in connection element
zk Maximum vertical distance between bolts and d point in design
shear resistance of column
74
Calculation of VRd and NRd
Calculation VRd and NRd for connection type 1
Calculation design shear resistance VRd for connection element
The design shear resistance VRd is given by
Af y
VRd1 
 M0 3
N
N 
A
f W
VRd 2   y   N 
  M0  a
VRd  min( VRd1 , VRd 2 )
with fy the yield strength of the element

A htn
W n t h² / 6
N the present normal force
a b/2
N the normal stress generated by normal
force N
n the number of plates
75
Calculation design shear resistance VRd for beam
A vf y
VRd 
3 M 0
With fy the yield strength of the beam

r the radius of root fillet
Av the shear area of the beam
A v  A  2bt f  t w  2r t f
Calculation design compression/tension resistance NRd for connection element
The design compression/tension resistance NRd is given by
Af y
N Rd 
 M0

A the area of the element (n h t)
Calculation design compression/tension resistance NRd for beam
The design compression/tension resistance NRd is given by
Af y
N Rd 
 M0
with fy the yield strength of the beam element

A the area of the beam
76
Calculation design compression resistance NRd for column web
The design compression resistance NRd is given by the minimum of the crushing resistance Ry,Rd, the
crippling resistance Ra,Rd and the buckling resistance Rb,Rd of the column web (see Ref.[2], 5.7.3.,
5.7.4., 5.7.5)
R y ,Rd 
s s  s y t w f y
 M1
2
bf   
s y  2t f 1   M 0 f ,Ed 
tw  f 
 y 
0.5t w ² Ef y  t f t s 
R a ,Rd   3 w s 
 M1  tw t f d 

ss
 0.2
d
N Rd  min R y ,Rd , R a ,Rd , R b ,Rd 
Rb,Rd is obtained by considering the web as a virtual compression member with an effective breadth beff
and buckling length d.
1 s
b eff  h²  ss ²  a  s
2 2
b eff  h²  ss ²
with fy the yield strength of the beam element

tw the column web thickness
ss the plate height
bf the column flange width
f,Ed the longitudinal stress in the flange
tf the column flange thickness
d the column web depth
a distance to the nearer end of the member
h the column height
77
A vf y
VRd1 
 M0 3
N
N 
A
 fy W
VRd 2    N 
  M0  a
VRd  min( VRd1 , VRd 2 )
The bolt holes are not taken into account when

fy
A v.net  A
fu
When Av.net is less than this limit, an effective shear area of Av= (fu/fy) Av.net may be assumed, else
Av=A.

A htn
78
W n t h² / 6
a x1
force N
Av.net the reduced shear area

A v,net  A  nt w d 0
The design shear resistance VRd is given by :
A v1 f y
VRd 
3 M 0
The bolt holes are not taken into account when
fy
A v.net  Av
fu
When Av.net is less than this limit, an effective shear area of Av1=(fu/fy) Av.net may be assumed, else
Av1=Av.

n the number of bolt in a section
Av the shear area of the beam
A v  A  2bt f  t w  2r t f
Av.net the reduced shear area of the beam
element
A v,net  A v  nt w d 0
fu the ultimate tensile strength of the
element
79
Calculation design shear resistance VRd for bolts in beam
The extreme bolt of the plate is submitted to the following forces (see Ref.[12] IW E1 and Ref. [13]
p162-207):
Vertical forces :
Q vr  R
n
Q vM  Mc
Ip
Horizontal forces :
Q hn  N
n
Q hM  Md
Ip
ri
d
b
The resulting forces acting on this bolt is conditioning by Fv,Rd (See 11.3.1) and Fb,RD,Plate and Beam:
Q Q vr  Q vM 2  Q hn  Q hM 2  min Fv,Rd , min Fb,Rd,Plate , Fb,Rd,Beam 
Considering that, in the limit state, VRd is acting, we get the following equation in VRd:
 1 a 2  c 2 2ac a 2  d 2   2  a  N  d  N2
V Rd   2 
2
    VRd    Q2  0
n I 2p nI p I 2p   I  n  n2
   p 
with a the position (x direction) of bolt centre with regard to

underside of the plate
b the position (y direction) of the bolt centre with regard to
underside of the plate
d the maximum vertical distance between bolts and bolt
80
centre
c the maximum horizontal distance between bolts and bolt
centre
e1 the end distance
p the pitch
Ip
r 2
i
: the polar moment of inertia of the bolts with
regard to the bolt centre
n the number of bolts
R the shear force
N the normal force
M the moment: R a
Calculation design block shear resistance for beam element VRd
The design value of effective resistance to block shear is determined by using the following expression:
f y  A v,eff
Veff , Rd  with A v,eff  t  L v,eff
3   M0
We determined the effective shear area Av,eff as follows:
L v  h  a1  a 2
 f 
L 3  min  L v  a 1  a 3 ; L v  a 1  a 3  n  d 0   u 
 fy 
 
L1  min a 1 ;5  d 0 
fu
L 2  a 2  k  d 0  
fy
with k=0.5 for a single bolts-row
k=2.5 for tow bolts-row
L v,eff  min L v  L1  L 2 ; L 3 
81
a1
Lv
a3
a2
Calculation design block shear resistance VRd in connection element (beam side)
f y  A v,eff
Veff ,Rd  with A v,eff  n  t  L v,eff
3   M0
with n number of plate, cleat

t thickness of plate, cleat
The values a1,a2,a3, and Lv are defined as follows :
a3
Lv
a2 a1
82
The design compression NRd is given by (see Ref.[2], 5.4.4.(1))
Af y
N Rd 
 M0
The design tension NRd is given by (see Ref.[2], 5.4.3.(1))
 Af y 0.9A net f u 
N Rd  min  , 

  M0  M2 

fu the ultimate tensile strength of the
element
A the area of the element (n h t)
Anet the reduced area of the element
The design compression resistance NRd is given by (see Ref.[2], 5.4.4.(1))
Af y
N Rd 
 M0
The design tension NRd is given by (see Ref.[2], 5.4.3.(1))
 Af y 0.9A net 
N Rd  min  , 
 M  
 0 M2 

fu the ultimate tensile strength of the beam
A the area of the beam
Anet the reduced area of the beam

See chapter 'Calculation design compression resistance NRd for column web'
83
See chapter "Calculation design shear resistance VRd for connection element".
See chapter "Calculation design shear resistance VRd for beam".
Calculation design shear resistance VRd for bolts in beam
See chapter "
84
Calculation design shear resistance VRd for bolts in beam".
Calculation design block shear resistance for beam element VRd
See chapter "Calculation design block shear resistance for beam element VRd"
Calculation design block shear resistance VRd in connection element (beam side)
See chapter "Calculation design block shear resistance VRd in connection element (beam side)"
Calculation design block shear resistance VRd in connection element (column side)
f y  A v,eff
Veff ,Rd  with A v,eff  2  t  L v,eff
3   M0
with t thickness of cleat

a2
a1
Lv
a3
Calculation design shear resistance VRd for bolts in column
The acting shear force C/2 is divided in a shear force V0 acting in the bolt centre and a moment M0
rotating around point d on a distance hd/2 from the upper side (Ref. [13] p194-197).
V0 M 0 x j
Q vj   : Vertical force acting on the bolts in bolt-column j
n I pD
M0zk
Q hk  : Horizontal force acting on the bolts in bolt-row k
I pD
85
C/2
a
hd
sigma D
D
Vo
Vo/n
+ r Mo
z1
= + d Qv
z2
Qh
x1
x2
D
bd

r
s
sigma D
D=Sum Qhi
By equilibrium, we find:
C
  Q vi and  M aroundd  0
2
In the example represented in the figure , we have :
M0
Q vi  n 1Q v1  n 2 Q v 2  V0 
I pD
na
C
M d  Q v1 n 1 x 1  Q v 2 n 2 x 2   Q hi z i with Q hi zi  k z i
2
Supposing that :
a
K

I pD  na 2 
 Ka  x j 
1
A
n
86
B  Kz k
we find :
C1

Q vj    K a  x j 
2 n



C
Q hk  Kz k
2
C
Q A 2  B2
2
In the limit state, the shear force VRd is acting in the connection :
2Q
VRd 
A  B2
2
The resulting force Q acting on the bolts is conditioning by Fv,Rd (See 0) and Fb,Rd,Angle and Beam . If a
normal force N is acting, the following condition is valid:
N
Q n 1

Fv,Rd 1.4Ft ,Rd
this means that:

  N  0.9  f ub  A s
Q  min  Fb, Rd , Fv, Rd  1    with Ft ,Rd 
  1.4  n  F    Mb
  t , Rd  
with n the umber of bolts

IpD the polar moment of inertia of the bolts around point
d

See chapter "Calculation design compression/tension resistance NRd for connection element".

See chapter "Calculation design compression/tension resistance NRd for beam".

87
Calculation design resistance NRd
Calculation design tension resistance NRd
As described in Ref. [1], Ref.[23], we can substitute a bolt joint by an equivalent T-Stub to model the
resistance of the column flange. The length of the considered T-stub is note leff. The problem consists
first to calculate the equivalent length and than determine the failure mode.
To calculate the equivalent length in the corner for the equivalent T-stub model, we consider the bolt
individually or as a part of a group of bolt-rows. Each of this case we’ll be calculate for circular pattern
(note cp) and for non-circular pattern (note nc). We define in the following table p as the pitch of the
holes and parameters m and e as represented in the figure.
Remark: if the play Pl  0.4 tcor then mcor=a-tcor-0.8r, else see figure
BOLT –ROW CONSIDERED INDIVIDUALLY

BOLT-ROW
LOCATION Circular Pattern leff,cp Non-circular Pattern leff,nc
INNER BOLT- 2m 4m  1.25e
ROW
r
END BOLT- the smaller of: the smaller of:
ROW 2m 4m  1.25e
m  2e1 2m  0.625e  e1
MODE 1 leff,1=min(leff,nc,leff,cp)
MODE 2 leff,2=leff,nc
BOLT –ROW CONSIDERED AS PART OF A GROUP OF BOLT-ROWS

BOLT-ROW
LOCATION Circular Pattern leff,cp Non-circular Pattern leff,nc
INNER BOLT- 2p p
ROW
END BOLT- the smaller of: the smaller of:

ROW m  p 2m  0.625e  0.5p
2e1  p e1  0.5p
MODE 1 leff,1=min(leff,nc, leff,cp)
MODE 2 leff,2=leff,nc
Remark: e1 has no sense for column
88
As we’ve determined the equivalent T-stub model, we can determine the design tension resistance of
the connection by calculating the maximum resistance of each group (element and column) and for
each bolt-row.
BOLT-GROUP EACH BOLT INDIVIDUALLY
Mpl,1,Rd M pl,1,Rd 
0.25  l eff ,1  t2 fy
M pl,1,Rd 
0.25  l eff ,1  t 2  f y
 M0  M0
Mpl,2,RD M pl,2,Rd 
0.25  l eff , 2  t2  fy
M pl,2,Rd 
0.25  l eff , 2  t 2  f y
 M0  M0
0.9  f u ,bolt  A s 0.9  f u ,bolt  A s

Bt,Rd B t ,Rd  Ft ,Rd  B t ,Rd  Ft ,Rd 
 Mb  Mb
4  M pl,1,Rd 4  M pl,1,Rd
FAILURE MODE 1 FT,Rd  FT,Rd,i 
m m
FT,Rd 
2  M pl,2,Rd  n  B t ,Rd FT,Rd , i 
2  M pl,2,Rd  n  2  B t ,Rd
FAILURE MODE 2 mn mn
FAILURE MODE 3 FT,Rd  Bi

t ,Rd
FT,Rd,i  2  B t ,Rd
Remark: n=min(eElement,eColumn,1.25m)
From this above table we determine:
FT,Rd,Element ,Group  min FT,Rd 
FT,Rd,Column,Group  min FT,Rd 
FT ,Rd,Element ,Boltrow   min FT ,Rd,i 

FT ,Rd,Column,Boltrow   min FT ,Rd,i 
The previous relation lead to the determination of the design resistance tension for the column flange,
the column web and the connected element:
N Rd, BoltElement  min FT ,Rd, Element ,Boltrow , FT ,Rd, Element ,Group 
N Rd, BoltColumn  min FT ,Rd,Column,Boltrow , FT ,Rd,Column,Group 
  min  l eff ,1,Column ,  l eff , 2,Column   t wb  f y

N Rd,ColumnWeb 
 M0
where   1 because   0 in a pinned connection (M  0)
When a column minor axis configuration is used, the value for NRd,Comumn,Web is calculated based on the
rules given in Ref.[21]. The normal force will carried by the bolts through the column web. In this
particular case, the system will calculate the punching and the combined punching and bending
resistance for each bolt row and for the complete bolt pattern. Only the most critical design resistance
is taken into account. The global failure is not taken into account because no moment is transmitted.
89
Calculation design compression resistance NRd
When a column minor axis configuration is used, the value for NRd,Comumn,Web is calculated based on the
rules given in Ref.[21]. The beam subjected to compression will transfer the forces to the column web
through the complete connection element (angle or end plate). The total perimeter of the connection
element determines the parameter b and c. The global failure is not taken into account because no
moment is transmitted.
90
Calculation design local shear resistance VRd for beam
In section AA, the following stresses are present :
N
N 
A
VRd

A
with A hEndplate.tbeamweb
a the bolt centre
force N
 the shear stress
In the limit state, we allow the following :
 N  3 2  f y  M0
2

The design shear resistance VRd is the solution of the following equation :
3 f y2
V Rd 2   N  2  0
2 2
A  M0
91
Calculation design shear resistance VRd for bolts in column
The calculation of the design shear resistance for bolt in the column is based on the following
expression :
VRd  nQ
where Q is limited by Fv,Rd and Fb,Rd if the connection is made of normal bolt, and by Fs,Rd if the
connection is made of preloaded bolt.
If a normal force N is acting, the following condition is valid :
N
Q n 1

Fv,Rd 1.4Ft ,Rd
This means that we have :

  N  
VRd  min  Fv, Rd  1  , Fb, Rd 
  n  1.4  Ft , Rd  
  
with VRd the limit shear force

n the number of bolts
N the normal force
Fv,Rd the design shear resistance for normal bolt
Fb,Rd the bearing resistance for bolt
Fs,Rd the design slip resistance for preloaded bolts
Calculation design block shear resistance VRd in endplate
f y  A v,eff
Veff ,Rd  with A v,eff  2  t  L v,eff
3   M0
with t thickness of endplate
92
a2
a1
Lv
a3
Calculation design compression/tension resistance NRd for beam web
See chapter "

Calculation design compression/tension resistance NRd for connection element".
Remark: in this case A=twbeam hEndplate

Calculation design tension resistance NRd

The calculation of the design tension resistance is made in the same way than for connection type 3
but we must replace the figure.
93
Calculation of weld sizes
To determine the weld size a in a connection, we use a iterative process with a as parameter until the
Von Mises rules is respected (Annexe M/EC3) :
 
 21  3   21   22 
fu
 w   Mw
and 1 
fu
 Mw
a1=a2=a
D
l2
l1 g h
First, we calculate the following parameter (Ref. [14] p529-532) :
0.707  a  l1  0.577  a  l1   l
g
0.577  a  l1  1.414  a  l 2
0.577  a  l1

0.577  a  l1  1.414  a  l 2
0.117  a  l 21

0.117  a  l12  0.577  a  l 2  h pl
0.707  a  l1

0.707  a  l1  1.14  a  l 2
L  Pl  g
As this parameters are known, we can calculate the stress distribution in each weld part :
94
BETWEEN ELEMENT AND BEAM :
6M N D

Weld Check 1: 1  1   and 2 
2  a  l1
2
2  a  l1 a  l1
1    D  1     M 1     N 
 1  1   2    
2  a  l 2 
Weld Check 2: and
2  2  a  l2  h a l2
N M D
BETWEEN ELEMENT AND COLUMN :  1  1   2 
2 2 a l W 2a l
with D the shear force on the plate

N the normal force
M the moment: L.D
W 2
the flexion module: 2 2ah Element
6
95
Grid pinned connections
Introduction
The grid pinned connections are checked for critical shear force and normal force.
The following critical situations are considered :
- (1) VRd : design shear resistance for the connection element

- (2) VRd : design shear resistance of the beam
- (3a) VRd : design block shear resistance for beam web
- (3b) VRd : design block shear resistance for connection element (beam side)
- (3c) VRd : design block shear resistance for connection element (column side)
- (3d) VRd : design block shear resistance for endplate (beam side)
- (4) VRd : design shear resistance due to the bolt distribution in the beam web
- (5) VRd : design shear resistance due to the bolt distribution in the column
- (6) VRd : design shear resistance at the notch
- (7) NRd : design compression/tension resistance for the connection element

- (8) NRd : design compression/tension resistance of the beam
- (9) NRd : design tension resistance due to the bolt distribution in the column
- (10) NRd : design compression resistance for column web
In the next chapters, the theoretical background is given for the calculation of the various design shear
resistance and design compression/tension resistance, according to EC3-ENV (Ref.[2]). For the other
code regulations, we refer to chapter “Error! Reference source not found.”.
The critical situations (1) (2) (3a) (3b) (3c) (3d) (4) (5) (7) (8) (9) (10) are described in "Error!
Reference source not found.".
For grid pinned connections, these critical situations remain valid, taking into account the following
modifications :
- critical situation (6) is added for notched elements – see Chapter "Design shear resistance VRd at
notch"
- critical situation (3a) is modified for notched elements – see Chapter "Notched elements : calculation
design block shear resistance VRd"
- critical situation (10) is not valid for grid pinned
- critical situation (1) is modified for long cleat connections - see Chapter "Long cleat connection VRd :
design shear resistance for the connection element"
- critical situation (5) is modified for long cleat connections – see Chapter "Long cleat connection VRd :
design shear resistance due to the bolt distribution in the column"
96
Design shear resistance VRd at notch
Reduced
Stresses
section
ad
h1
az
ad
az
h1
a1
At the position of the notch ( at a distance a1), the geometrical properties of the reduced section are
calculated.
At the section, the normal force N is acting. (N positive is for compression). The design shear VRd
resistance is given by :
97
VRd

Av
N
N 
A
V a a
M  Rd d 1
I y1
 N   M 2  3 2  f y  M0

 a 2a 2 3   2 a a   2 f2 
VRd2  1 2 d  2   VRd  N 1 d   N  y 0
 I A v   I    2M0 
 y1  y1   
with fy the yield strength of the element –

member
A the reduced section at notch
az,ad the positions of center of gravity in notch
Iy1 moment of inertia in notch
Av shear area
= h1 *tw
For BS code, Av=h1*tw*0.9
Notched elements : calculation design block shear resistance VRd
The design value of effective resistance to block shear is determined by using the following expression
:
f y  A v,eff
Veff , Rd  with A v,eff  t  L v,eff
3   M0
We determined the effective shear area Av,eff as follows:
L v  h  a1  a 2
 f 
L 3  min  L v  a 1  a 3 ; L v  a 1  a 3  n  d 0   u 
 fy 
 
L1  min a 1 ;5  d 0 
98
fu
L 2  a 2  k  d 0  
fy
with k=0.5 for a single bolts-row
k=2.5 for tow bolts-row
L v,eff  min L v  L1  L 2 ; L 3 
a1
Lv
a3
a2
a1
Lv
a3
a2
Long cleat connection VRd : design shear resistance for the connection element
See Ref.[30].
When only 1 bolt is present at each cleat in the column web, the shear stress is adapted as follows :
99
VRd 3VRd e u
 
A nht ²
The normal stress remains valid as follows :
N
N 
A
M
M 
W
with A htn
W n t h² / 6
M the present moment : VRd a
a
N the normal stress generated by normal force
N
M the normal stress generated by moment M
 the shear stress
eu see figure
 N   M 2  3 2  f y  M0

 a2 3 27e 2u 9e u   2 N a   2 f y2 
0
VRd2  2  2     V     
4h ² t 4 Aht²   W    2M0 
Rd
W
N
A 
100
h
eu
Long cleat connection VRd : design shear resistance due to the bolt distribution in
the column
See Ref.[30].
The design shear resistance is given by :
Q
VRd  2
2 2
 1   eu 
   f
n  h 
6n  1
f 
n n  1
  N  0.9  f ub  A s
Q  min  Fb,Rd , Fv,Rd  1    with

Ft ,Rd 
 1.4  2  n  F  Mb
  t , Rd  
with n the number of bolts in 1 cleat

eu, h see figure
N normal force
Fb,Rd the bolt bearing resistance
Fv,Rd the bolt shear resistance
101
Bolted diagonal connections
Introduction to the bolted diagonal connection
The design and check of a bolted connection, where the member is subjected to normal force, are
considered. The connection is made by bolts on a gusset plate, or by bolting the member directly to the
column member. The checks are according to EC3 Ref.[32]
The following checks are performed to establish the unity check of the connection :
 Member resistance
 Connection resistance
 Weld size calculation for gusset plate
Member resistance
Resistance of the gross section of diagonal
The design plastic resistance of the gross section is given by :
Af y
N pl,Rd 
 M1
with A the area of the diagonal element

fy the yield strength of the diagonal element
Npl,Rd the design plastic resistance
M1 the partial safety factor for resistance of cross-

section to overall yielding
Resistance of the net section of diagonal
The design ultimate resistance of the net section is given by :
0.9A net f u
N u ,Rd 
 M2
with Anet the net area of the diagonal element

See also chapter "Determination of Anet"
fu the ultimate tensile strength of the diagonal element
Nu,Rd the design ultimate resistance
M2 the partial safety factor for resistance of net section
102
In the case of unsymmetrical connected diagonals (such as angles by one leg), the eccentricity of the
fasteners in end connections shall be taken into account.
Angle diagonal with 1 bolt
2.0e 2  0.5d o tf u

N u ,Rd 
 M2
with e2 the edge distance

t the material thickness
d0 the bore hole
103
Angle diagonal with 2 bolts on 1 line
 2 A net f u
N u ,Rd 
e2  M2
e1 t
d0
p1
with Anet the net area of the diagonal element :

for unequal-leg angle connected by its smaller leg,
Anet should be taken as equal to the net section
area of an equivalent equal-leg angle of leg size to
that of the smaller leg.
2 reduction factor (see table)
d0 the bore hole
Pitch p1 <= 2.5 d0 >5.0 d0

2 bolts : 2 0.4 0.7
3 bolts or more : 3 0.5 0.7
Angle diagonal with 3 bolts on 1 line
 3 A net f u
N u ,Rd 
 M2
with Anet the net area of the diagonal element :

for unequal-leg angle connected by its smaller leg,
Anet should be taken as equal to the net section
area of an equivalent equal-leg angle of leg size to
that of the smaller leg.
104
FU the ultimate tensile strength of the diagonal element
3 reduction factor (see table in chapter "Angle

diagonal with 2 bolts on 1 line")
d0 the bore hole
Angle diagonal with Double Leg connection
0.9 Anet f u
N u ,Rd 
M2
Anet  A  2d0t
with fu the ultimate tensile strength of the diagonal element

A the area of the diagonal element
Anet the net area of the diagonal element
d0 the bore hole
Other sections and configurations
See Ref.[31] pp.4.9
0.9A n f u
N u ,Rd 
 M2
A n  A1  A 2
3A 1

3A 1  A 2
with A1 the net area of the connected flange

A2 the area of the free flanges / webs
105
Resistance of the gross section of gusset plate
The design plastic resistance of the gross section is given by :
Af y
N pl,Rd 
 M1
with A the area of the gusset plate

fy the yield strength of the gusset plate
M1 the partial safety factor for resistance of cross-

section to overall yielding
In case of a double leg connection, the calculated resistance is multiplied by 2.
Resistance of the net section of gusset plate
The design ultimate resistance of the net section is given by :
0.9A net f u
N u ,Rd 
 M2
with Anet the net area of the gusset plate

fu the ultimate tensile strength of the gusset plate
In case of a double leg connection, the calculated resistance is multiplied by 2.
Determination of Anet
For 2 rows of bolts in a non-staggered configuration, the Anet is given by :
A net  t  e 2  p 2  e 2  d 0  d 0 
with Anet the net area

e2 the edge distance
106
p2 the spacing
d0 the bore hole
For 2 rows of bolts in a staggered configuration , the Anet is given by :
 s² 
A net  t   e 2  p 2  e 2  d 0  d 0  
 4 p 2 
with Anet the net area

e2 the edge distance
p2 the spacing
d0 the bore hole
s the staggered pitch
107
Connection resistance
Shear resistance
Normal bolts
The shear resistance per shear plane and per bolt is given by :
for bolt grade 4.6, 5.6 and 8.8 :
0.6 f ub As
Fv. Rd   Lf
 M2
for bolt grade 4.8, 5.8 and 10.9 :
0.5 f ub As
Fv. Rd   Lf
 M2
with As the tensile stress area of bolt

fub the ultimate tensile strength of bolt
M2 the partial safety factor for resistance of bolts
Lf the reduction factor for long joints
Fv.Rd the shear resistance
L j  15d
 Lf  1 
200d
 Lf  1.00
 Lf  0.75
with d the bolt diameter

Lj the connection length
Shear resistance for preloaded bolts
The design preloading force Fp,Cd is given by
Fp,Cd  0.7  f ub  A s
108
with fub the tensile strength of the bolt

As the tensile stress area of the bolt
The design slip resistance of preloaded high-strength bolt Fs,Rd is given by
ks  n   
Fs ,Rd  Fp ,Cd
 M3
with n the number of friction interfaces

ks the value for slip resistance (=1.0 for holes
with standard nominal clearances)
μ the slip factor
M3 the partial safety factor for slip resistance
Bearing resistance
The bearing resistance for each part of the connection and per bolt, Fb.Rd is given by Ref.[32] Table
3.4.
The bearing resistance of single lap joints with 1 bolt is limited by
1.5 f u dt
Fb. Rd 
2
If the edge distance e2 is smaller than 1.5 d 0 or the spacing p2 is smaller than 3.0 d0, the bearing
resistance should be reduced. This reduction is 2/3 when e2=1.2 d0 or p2=2.4 d0. For intermediate
values (1.2 d0 < e2  1.5 d0 and/or 2.4 d0 < p2  3.0 d0) the value of Fb.Rd is determined by linear
interpolation.
Checking the connection resistance

If no preloading is used, the connection is considered as category A bolted connections :
Fv.Sd  Fv.Rd
Fv.Sd  Fb.Rd
If preloading is used, the connection is considered as category C bolted connections :
Fv.Sd  Fs.Rd
Fv.Sd  Fb.Rd
with Fv.Sd the design shear force per bolt for the ultimate
limit state
109
Weld size calculation for gusset plate
Calculation of weld length
The length of the weld size La is calculated according to Ref.[32] part 4.5.3.3..
The default throat thickness a is equal to plate thickness/2.
t
a
2
Fw. Rd  f vw.d a
fu
f w. d  3
 w 2
N Rd
La 
Fw. Rd
N Rd  min N u. Rd , N pl. Rd 
with a the throat thickness

La the weld size length
t the plate thickness
Fw;Rd the weld design resistance per unit length
fvw.d the design shear strength of the weld
fu the ultimate tensile strength of the weld
w the correlation factor
M3 the partial safety factor for resistance of welds
NRd the design resistance
Steel grade Ultimate tensile strength W

(N/mm²)
FE 360 360 0.80
FE 430 430 0.85
FE 510 510 0.90
110
Weld symbols
The following weld symbols are used ( see Ref. [8] and Ref.[9]) :
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6)
Number Description
1 fillet weld
2 double fillet weld
3 bevel (HV) weld
4 square weld
5 plug weld
6 weld length at haunch
Remark : the weld symbol (6) is not defined in the codes. This symbol is used to represent the weld
length which is calculated according to chapter "Haunch with flange". On the graphical representation,
the symbol (6) or the symbol (3) can be used for representing the weld size at the haunches. This can
be set in the basic data.
The location of the weld is defined by the above welding symbol. The X stands for the weld size, and Y
stands for the weld symbol. The circle symbol in (2) is the weld-all-around symbol.
The example given in (3) means : fillet weld with 6 mm weld size.
X Y X Y 6
(1) (2) (3)
111
Bolt symbols
For some metric bolt diameters (M10, M12, M16, M20, M22, M24), the following symbols are used
(See Ref.[9]) :
The symbol for M20, is used as the default symbolic representation for all other diameters.
112
References
[1] Eurocode 3 : Part 1.1.

Revised annex J : Joints in building frames
ENV 1993-1-1/pr A2
[2] Eurocode 3
Design of steel structures
Part 1 - 1 : General rules and rules for buildings
ENV 1993-1-1:1992, 1992
[3] P. Zoetemeijer
Bolted beam to column knee connections with haunched beams
Tests and computations
Report 6-81-23
Delft University of Technology, Stevin Laboratory, December 1981
[4] P. Zoetemeijer
Een rekenmethode voor het ontwerpen van geboute hoekverbindingen
met een kolomschot in de trekzone van de verbinding en een niet boven
de ligger uitstekende kopplaat.
Rapport 6-81-4
Staalcentrum Nederland, Staalbouwkundig Genootschap, Juni 1982
[5] Eurocode 3 : Part 1.1.

Annex L: Design of column bases
ENV 1993-1-1:1992
[6] Eurocode 2
Design of concrete structures
Part 1: General rules and rules for buildings
ENV 1992-1-1:1991
[7] Y. Lescouarc’h
Les pieds de poteaux articulés en acier
CTICM, 1982
[8] Manual of Steel Construction

Load & Resistance Factor Design
Volume II : Connections
Part 8 : Bolts, Welds, and Connected Elements
AISC 1995
[9] U. Portmann
Symbole und Sinnbilder in Bauzeichnungen nach Normen, Richtlinien und
Regeln
Wiesbaden, Berlin : Bauverlag, 1979
[10] Sprint Contract RA351

Steel Moment Connections according to Eurocode 3
Simple Design aids for rigid and semi-rigid joints
113
1992-1996
[11] DIN18800 Teil 1

Stahlbauten : Bemessung und Konstruktion
November 1990
[12] J. Rudnitzky
Typisierte Verbindungen im Stahlhochbau. 2. Auflage
Stahlbau-Verlags-GmbH-Köln 1979
[13] H. Buchenau A.Tiele

Stahlhochbau 1
B.G. Teubner
Stuttgart 1981
[14] F. Mortelmans
Berekening van konstructies Deel 2
Staal Acco
Leuven, 1980
[15] Frame Design Including Joint Behaviour

Volume 1
ECSC Contracts n° 7210-SA/212 and 7210-SA/320
January 1997
[16] F. Wald, A.M. Gresnigt, K. Weynand, J.P. Jaspart

Application of the component method to column bases
Proceedings of the COST C1 Conference
Liège, Sept.17-19, 1998
[17] F.C.T. Gomes, U. Kuhlmann, G. De Matteis, A. Mandara

Recent developments on classification of joints
Liège, Sept.17-19, 1998
[18] M. Steenhuis, N. Gresnigt, K. Weynand

Pre-design of semi-rigid joints in steel frames
COST C1 Workshop
Prague, October 1994
[19] M. Steenhuis, N. Gresnigt, K. Weynand

Flexibele verbindingen in raamwerken
Bouwen met Staal 126
September/Oktober 1995
[20] O. Oberegge, H.-P. Hockelmann, L. Dorsch

Bemessungshilfen für profilorientiertes Konstruieren
3. Auflage 1997
Stahlbau-Verlagsgesellschaft mbH Köln
114
[21] M. Steenhuis, JP Jaspart, F. Gomes, T. Leino

Application of the component method to steel joints
Liège, Sept.17-19, 1998
[22] J.A. Packer, J. Wardenier, Y. Kurobane, D. Dutta, N. Yeomans

Design Guide for rectangular hollow sections (RHS) joints under
predominantly static loading
CIDECT
Köln, 1992, Verlag TUV Rheinland
[23] Eurocode 3
Part 1.1. Revised Annex J
Joints in building frames, edited
Approved draft : january 1997
[24] Rekenregels voor het ontwerpen van kolomvoetplaten en experimentele

verificatie
TNO report N° BI-81-51
[25] Typisierte Anschlüsse im Stahlhochbau

Band 1
DSTV - 2000
[26] Typisierte Anschlüsse im Stahlhochbau

Band 2
DSTV - 2000
[27] Joints in Steel Construction

Moment Connections
BCSA - 1997
[28] Joints in Simple Construction

Volume 1 : Design methods
BCSA - 1994
[29] BS 5950
Structural use of steelwork in building
Part 1 : Code of practice for design - Rolled and welded sections
2000
[30] Hotz R.
Oberkantenbündige Deckenträger-Unterzug-Anschlüsse mit
verbesserter Wirtschaftlichkeit (II)
Stahlbau 64 (1995) Heft 2
[31] Maquoi R.
Elements de constructions métalliques
Université de Liège, 1988
115
[32] EN 1993-1-8:2005
Eurocode 3 : Design of steel structures
Part 1-8 : Design of Joints
2005
[33] EN 1993-1-8:2005/AC:2009
Corrigendum to EN 1993-1-8:2005
Eurocode 3 : Design of steel structures
Part 1-8 : Design of Joints
CEN, 2005
[34] Design of Structural Connections to Eurocode 3 – Frequently Asked

Questions
Ed. Moore D.B. and Wald F.
2003
[35] ECCS Technical committee 10 - Structural connections. No 126

J.P.jaspart, J.F.Demonceau, S.Renkin, M.L. Guillaume
2009
[36] Joints in Steel Construction - Moment -Resisting Joints to Eurocode 3

(P398)
The Steel Construction Institute & The British Constructional Steelwork
Association
2013
[37] HERON vol. 20 - A design method for the tension side of statically
loaded, bolted beam to columnconnections
P. Zoetemeijer,
1974
116

Steel Connections Theory Enu PDF

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Steel Connections Theory Enu PDF

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Theoretical Background

© Copyright 2013 Nemetschek Scia All rights reserved.

Column minor axis connections.................................................................................................... 57

Welcome to the Theoretical Background for Steel Connections.

The design is based on EN 1993-1-8.

Bolted and welded frame connections

The following types of connections are supported :

Fc,ha,Rd,yield Design resistance of haunch web in yielding mode

Fc,wc,Rd Design resistance of column web in compression

FPunch,Rd,L1 Punching resistance loading case 1. (for tension or compression zone,

krot rotational stiffness factor

My Actual moment around y axis

weld ab Weld size between beam and haunch

Bolted connections and welded beam-column connections

The same configurations are recognized within Scia Engineer:

 I section with a haunch (elements with variable height)

Local Coordinate System

Spacing p1 - vertical distance between two bolt-rows

Spacing p2 - horizontal distance between bolts in one bolt-row

Bolt shear resistance

Bolt tension resistance

Bolt elongation length

Within Scia Engineer:

Lb = tf+tep+(hh + hn)/2 + alt (twh+twn+tbp)

Effective length formulas for column flange classifications :

Effective length formulas for end-plate classifications :

The algorithm consist of several steps:

2 - make a first default estimate input to α

4 - calculate λ1,calc according to the formulas and conditions

5 - compare λ1,calc with λ1.

Calculated value of α must be within range of the interval <4.45;8>.

Within Scia Engineer:

Use of 4 bolts per row

Fadd is defined as the minimum of Fadd,1, Fadd,2, Fadd,3, Fadd,4, Fadd,5 .

Rectangular Hollow Sections

Bolted beam-to-column connections

Bolted splice connections

The rotational stiffness is not calculated.

Column web panel in shear

(1) Not implemented.

M pl, fc, Rd , 2  bcolumn * 0.25 * t f , column, 2 * f y , column /  M 0

M pl,st, Rd  bcolumn * 0.25 * t f , stif * f y , stif /  M 0

Resistance Vwp,Rd is calculated as:

Vwp,add, Rd  (2 * M pl, fc, Rd ,1  2 * M pl, fc, Rd 2 ) / d s

which has to be smaller than:

Vwp,add, Rd  (M pl, fc, Rd ,1  M pl, fc, Rd 2  2 * M pl,st , Rd 2 ) / d s

(8)-(13) Checks not implemented.

Column web in transverse compression

s p _ bot  Plate bot _ ext  2 * a  0

Effective width beff,c,wc for a bolted perpendicular connection:

s p _ bot  Platebot _ ext  t fb / sin( )  ac  0

Effective width beff,c,wc for a bolted haunch connection:

Column web in transverse tension

(7)-(9) Not implemented.

Column flange in transverse bending

(6) Not implemented.

(2) See chapter: Group of bolt-rows.

Beam flange and web in compression

(2)-(3) Not implemented.

Beam web in tension

Mj,Rd for haunch with flange

1.25  cot   cot  

See also chapters: Haunch with flange, Haunch with flange