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Question 1.) We have 100g of water in a beaker, and it is heated to 100 C by placeing it in contact with a temperature reservoir.
δQ T2
without boiling......
with boiling......
T2
∆Hevap
∆Swater := 100 ⋅ 4.184 ⋅ ln
373
∆Swater = 100 ⋅ Cp⋅ ln
41000 J
+ + ⋅100 ∆Swater = 711.668
T1 T 293 373 ⋅ 18 K
evap
b.) What is the entropy change of the universe?? First, we shall find the entropy change of the reservoir....
Q
res and we know that the heat that flowed into
Because the reservoir is at constant temperature, we know that ∆S =
T the beaker flowed out of the reservoir.
res
(
2 )
4
Qres = −100 Cp⋅ T − T Qres := −100⋅4.184 ⋅ (100 − 20) Qres = −3.347 × 10 J
1
Qres J
∆Sres := ∆Sres = −89.737
373 K
∆Hevap 4
Qres −3.347 × 10 41000 J
∆Sres = − ∆Sres := − ⋅100 ∆Sres = −700.396
T T 373 373 ⋅ 18 K
res evap
without boiling......
with boiling.....
You notice that the entropy change of the universe is positive, as you would expect. Also, note that boiling has no effect
on the total entropy change.
c.) A carnot engine gives reversible heat transfer, so the entropy change of the universe will be zero
2. dU = TdS + V⋅ σ xx⋅ dεxx + V⋅ σ yy⋅ dεyy + V⋅ σ zz⋅ dεzz + E⋅ dP Note: The pressure is absorbed into the stresses.
φ = U − TS − V⋅ σ yy⋅ ε yy − V⋅ σ zz⋅ ε zz − EP dφ = −SdT + V⋅ σ xx⋅ dεxx − V⋅ ε yy⋅ dσyy − V⋅ ε zz⋅ dσzz − PdE
b.) (
−S = f1 T , ε xx , σ yy , σ zz , E )
(
V⋅ σ xx = f2 T , ε xx , σ yy , σ zz , E )
(
−V⋅ ε yy = f3 T , ε xx , σ yy , σ zz , E )
(
−V⋅ ε zz = f4 T , ε xx , σ yy , σ zz , E )
(
−P = f5 T , ε xx , σ yy , σ zz , E )
1 ∂
1 ∂
1 ∂
∂
We know all these terms except for the very last derivative
⋅L = ⋅ L + ⋅ L ⋅ T
L ∂σ L ∂σ L ∂T ∂σ
S T σ S
∂
− S
1 ∂
1 1 ∂
1 1 ∂
∂
∂σ T
⋅ L = ⋅ L = ⋅ L = αL T =
L ∂σ
S
E
s
L ∂σ
T
E
T
L ∂T
σ ∂σ S ∂ S
∂T σ
∂
∂
we found this using the maxwell relation of the
∂
S = A⋅ L = A⋅ L⋅ α L following potential
− S ∂σ T ∂T σ
1 1 ∂σ T dφ = −SdT − A⋅ L⋅ dσ
= + α L⋅
E
s
E
T ∂ S
∂
Cσ
∂T σ S =
∂T σ T
1 1 (
α L)2⋅T⋅V NOTE: This derivation is totally analogous to deriving Cp-Cv
= −
E E C
S T σ
E −E
if <E> is roughly 100 GPa, then T S
~ -1%
<E>
We know that the work done on the generator is fed back into the gas as heat, so....
dU
gas V ( o )
= C ⋅dT = P − P ⋅dV − P⋅ dV = −P ⋅dV we will solve this for the final temperature, and we know the final pressure is Po.
o
R⋅ T R⋅ T
1 Po
( ) ( ) = −P ⋅ ( ) ⋅R + C ⋅T
2
C ⋅ T −T = −P ⋅ V − V − C + R ⋅T =
V 2 1 o 2 1 o Po P V 2 P V 1
1 1
R + C
10 V 26
T = ⋅T = ⋅T
2 R+C 1 35 1
V
b.) define the environment as everything except the piston/gas assembly and the generator. There was no heat flow to
c.) No. the entropy of the system increases, so the total entropy change is greater than zero and therefore irreversible.
ε −β β −L
∆Hε − β + ∆Hβ −L
T = = 1735.6 Kelvin
M ∆Sε − β + ∆Sβ −L