Javier Leonardo Araque Quijano
Tx Lines & Antennas (2016503)
Exercises on Antennas
1. Derive the normalization
´´ condition for gain (valid for
any antenna): GdΩ = 4πη, where η is the overall
antenna efficiency.
2. An antenna has a gain pattern approximated as:
{ r
G0 |θ − π/2| ≤ θw /2, |ϕ − ϕ0 | ≤ ϕw /2
g(θ, ϕ) =
0 otherwise
and a ohmic efficiency η.
(a) Derive an expression for the maximum gain G0 as
a function of the beam widths θw and ϕw by en-
forcing the normalization condition above.
(b) Compute G0 in linear units and dB for θw =
ϕw =10◦ and η = −2dB.
3. A GSM circular cell with a maximum diameter of 17
km is covered by three identical antennas working at
1800MHz with a pattern approximately described by
the expression in exercise 2 with θw =12◦ , ϕw =120◦ ,
η =-0.5dB and ϕ0 = 0, 120◦ and 240◦ .
Each antenna in the base station has an input power
P in =15W. Considering as receiver a handset equipped
with an antenna having G = −1dB and impedance 50Ω
and a maximum polarization mismatch of -3dB, com-
pute the minimum open terminal voltage at the receiv-
ing antenna (i.e. voltage amplitude of the equivalent
generator considering that Friis equation assumes per-
fect receiver matching).
4. Compute by direct integration the radiation pattern of
a half-wavelength dipole lying along ẑ and centered at
the origin. Assume that the z-directed current is given
by I(z) = I0 cos(kz), |z| < λ/4.
5. It is required to design an antenna for broadcasting in
horizontal polarization that has almost omni-directional
coverage in the horizontal plane and directive pattern in
the vertical plane.
(a) Design a broadside array with minimum com-
plexity (i.e. minimum number of elements) hav-
ing FNBW ≤ 15◦ and avoiding grating lobes at
850MHz. Use a computer to plot the array factor
in a relevant plane to check conformance to specs.
1
jlaraqueq@unal.edu.co
Edificio 453 - Oficina 204
Ext.: 14083
(b) Consider that the elementary radiator is a half-
wavelength dipole whose pattern can be approxi-
mated by the following expression (valid only when
dipole lies along ẑ):
V0
E = θ̂ sin3/2 θ
i. Draw a schematic of the whole array indicat-
ing clearly the horizontal plane and locations
and orientations of elements.
ii. Find the E and H planes of the overall antenna.
iii. Compute the expressions for the field on these
planes and use a computer to plot them.
iv. Evaluate the frequency performance of the ar-
ray designed. Considering a ±5% bandwidth,
are the FNBW and GL goals achieved with
your design? Re-design the array if required.
6. (a) Design a rectangular patch antenna at 1850MHz
having Rin = 50Ω using inset feed, i.e. compute
L, W and l. Substrate parameters are h = 1/20
inch, ϵr = 2.33.
(b) Compute the frequency response of |S1,1 |dB by
using the transmission line model with reference
impedance R0 = Rin (patch input impedance at
resonance) in a band ±10% around the resonant
frequency above. What is the 10dB-bandwidth (in
percent)?
(c) Compute and plot the resulting pattern when the
patch designed is used as basic element in the array
of the previous exercise.
7. [1, Exc 2.50] A transmitter, with an internal impedance
Z0 (real), is connected to an antenna with input
impedance Zin through a lossless transmission line of
length ℓ and characteristic impedance Z0 . Find a sim-
ple expression for the ratio between the antenna gain
and its realized gain.
8. [1, Exc 2.89] A series of microwave repeater links oper-
ating at 10 GHz are used to relay television signals into
a valley that is surrounded by steep mountain ranges.
Each repeater consists of a receiver, transmitter, anten-
nas, and associated equipment. The transmitting and
receiving antennas are identical horns, each having gain
over isotropic of 15 dB. The repeaters are separated in
 distance by 10 km. For acceptable signal-to-noise ra- Derive an expression for the directivity.
tio, the power received at each repeater must be greater
than 10 nW. Loss due to polarization mismatch is not
expected to exceed 3 dB. Assume matched loads and
free-space propagation conditions. Determine the min-
imum transmitter power that should be used.
9. [1, Exc 2.94] A radar antenna, used for both transmit-
ting and receiving, has a gain of 150 (dimensionless) at
its operating frequency of 5 GHz. It transmits 100 kW,
and is aligned for maximum directional radiation and
reception to a target 1 km away having a radar cross
section of 3 m2 . The received signal matches the po-
larization of the transmitted signal. Find the received
power. Figure 1: Figure for exercise 10 [2].
10. [2, Exc 1.8-7] An airplane is flying parallel to the ground
(in the z-direction). For a surface search radar an an-
tenna is required that uniformly illuminates the ground
over some region. The so-called cosecant pattern will References
do this. From the figure we see that h = r cos(π/2 − θ),
hence r = h csc θ. This expresses how much farther the [1] C. A. Balanis, Antenna Theory: Analysis and Design,
radiation must travel to reach the ground as θ is de 3rd ed. Wiley-Interscience, April 2005.
creased. The radiation pattern:
[2] W. L. Stutzman and G. A. Thiele, Antenna Theory and
F (θ) = csc θ Design, 2nd ed. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1998.
will just compensate for the 1/r field variation with dis-
tance. If, in addition, the ϕ variation is a sector pattern [3] R. S. Elliot, Antenna Theory and Design. IEEE press,
of small angular extent ϕ0 , then: 2003.

{
csc θ θ1 < θ < π2 [4] J. D. Kraus, Antennas for All Applications. McGraw-Hill
F (θ, ϕ) = Education, May 1988.
0 elsewhere