Advanced Design for Signal Integrity and Compliance

01OUX… - Advanced Design for Signal Integrity and Compliance.  F.
Canavero, 2015
01OUXOQ, 01OUXOT, 01OUXOV, 01OUXPE
Advanced Design for Signal Integrity and

Compliance
2. Basic Concepts
Flavio Canavero
Politecnico di Torino, Italy
flavio.canavero@polito.it
01OUX… - Advanced Design for Signal Integrity and Compliance.  F.Canavero, 2015
Outline
• decibels
• Measuring Instruments
1
EMC Units
•Conducted Emissions
•Voltage -Volts (V)
•Current - Amperes (A)
•Power – Watts (W)
•Radiated Emissions
•Electric Field – Volts/meter (V/m)
•Magnetic Field – Amperes/meter (A/m)
•Power Density – Watts/square meter (W/m2)
Decibels (dB)
Because of the large dynamic range (8-10 orders of
magnitude) of EMC quantities, they are commonly
expressed in decibel (dB) format.
Decibels are logarithmic quantities and must be
combined appropriately.
The dB is used in Regulatory Limits (FCC, CISPR,
etc.)
The “Bel” was named after Alexander Graham Bell
It was originally used to measure acoustic sound power
ratios in telephony.
The Bel is a large unit, so the decibel,which is 1/10 of a Bel,
is more commonly used.
2
dB definition (power)
The quantity most commonly expressed in decibels is power

ratio.
P1
GdB  10 log10
P2
NB – always use logarithm base 10

– if P1 > P2  GdB > 0
– if P1 < P2  GdB < 0
For example, a power ratio of 1,000,000 to 1 could be

expressed as 60 dB.
Properties of logarithms
y  log 10 x  x  10 y
3
dB definition (voltage & current)

The power into the amplifier is
The power out of the amplifier is
The power gain G of the amplifier, expressed in dB is
If R1 = R2, and using the log properties, then
dB definition (voltage & current)
Examples:
P1 = 200 mW P2 = 20 W  P2/P1|dB = 20 dB
V1 = 5 V V2 = 50 mV  V2/V1|dB = -40 dB
I1 = 1 mA I2 = 1000 mA  I2/I1|dB = 60 dB
8
4
Conversion to dB
dB definition (absolute values)

The decibel may also be used to represent an absolute
power level by replacing the denominator of the
definition with a reference level X0
x
X dB  10 log 10
X0
NB – dB are always ratios of numbers, never an absolute

quantity. So to say that the voltage gain of an amplifier is 22 dB
makes sense. In fact, it is 20 times the log of the ratio of the
output voltage divided by the input voltage.
10
5
Reference Levels for Various dB Units

Unit Type Unit Reference Use
dBW power 1W
dBm power 1 mW
dBV voltage 1V
dBmV voltage 1 mV
dBV voltage 1 V
dBA current 1A
dBmA current 1 mA
dBA current 1 A
dBV/m field strength 1 V/m Elm fields
dBspl sound press. 20 Pa Acoustics
11
Back from dB to absolute value
12
6
Back from dB to absolute value
13
Outline
• decibels
• Measuring Instruments
14
7
Signal Sources
Signal sources (pulse and sinusoidal) can be
characterized in terms of a Thevenin equivalent.
Virtually all signal sources today have RS = 50
15
Measuring Instruments
The vast majority of instruments used to measure signals
can be characterized as shown.
Typically measuring instruments have Rin = 50

and Cin  0
See next for exceptions!

16
8
Measuring Instruments: voltmeters & oscilloscopes
The high-impedance plug-in for an oscilloscope typically

has Cin = 47 pF and Rin = 1M.
17
Souce/Measurer Connection
The cable is matched and the input impedance, at any
frequency and for any length of the cable, is Zin = 50  = ZC.
Coaxial cables easily have ZC = 50 . This shows why
instruments typically have input resistance of 50 .
50  has become the industry standard.
18
9
Souce/Measurer Connection
Modern EMC test equipment have input and source
impedances of pure 50  and are connected by 50 
coaxial cables!
19
Measurements - voltage
A signal source is terminated in the measuring instrument
either directly or via a connection cable
Measuring instrument
20
10
Measurements - power
Typical assumption throughout industry: voltages and currents of
test and measurement equipment are specified in their RMS
value and no factor of ½ is then required in power expressions.
Measuring instrument
21
Measurements – source voltage from power

Inverse procedure: determine the source if the instrument
measures the power.
 V 1 V   P 1 mW 
20 log10  out   20 log10  50 out 
 1W 1 mW 
 1V 1 V  
V   1 V   P   1 mW 
20 log10  out   20 log10    10 log10 50   10 log10  out   10 log10  
 1 V   1V   1 mW   1W 
Vout dBV
 120  17  Pout dBm
 30
22
11
Measurements – cable effect

Non-ideal cables have a loss given in dB/length,
e.g. c = 4.5 dB/100 ft
Prec dBm
  c   Psource dBm
Psource Pin Pout Prec
23
Measurements – example (i)

A Signal source (50 ) is connected through a 3-m cable (50 
and loss of 0.2 dB/m) to a power meter (50 ), measuring
-30 dBm. This is done to characterize the Signal source.
Psource dBm
 Prec dBm
  c   30  0.2  3  29.4 dBm
VOC dBV
 107  Psource dBm
 77.6 dBV  VOC  7.7 mV
Pin Pout Prec

Psource
24
12
Measurements – example (ii)

The previous Signal source (50 ) is connected directly to a load
(RL = 150 ). Compute the current flowing into the load.
VOC
IL   38.5 A  I L  32 dBA
RS  RL dBA
25
13

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01OUX… - Advanced Design for Signal Integrity and Compliance.  F.

01OUXOQ, 01OUXOT, 01OUXOV, 01OUXPE

Advanced Design for Signal Integrity and

The quantity most commonly expressed in decibels is power

NB – always use logarithm base 10

For example, a power ratio of 1,000,000 to 1 could be

dB definition (voltage & current)

The power out of the amplifier is

The power gain G of the amplifier, expressed in dB is

If R1 = R2, and using the log properties, then

dB definition (voltage & current)

dB definition (absolute values)

NB – dB are always ratios of numbers, never an absolute

Reference Levels for Various dB Units

Back from dB to absolute value

Back from dB to absolute value

Virtually all signal sources today have RS = 50

Typically measuring instruments have Rin = 50

See next for exceptions!

Measuring Instruments: voltmeters & oscilloscopes

The high-impedance plug-in for an oscilloscope typically

Measurements – source voltage from power

Measurements – cable effect

Psource Pin Pout Prec

Measurements – example (i)

Pin Pout Prec

Measurements – example (ii)

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