Approximate Methods

For an initial design, we will not know a member’s size, and so a statically
indeterminate analysis cannot be considered. For analysis a simpler model of the
structure must be developed, one that is statically determinate. Once this model is
specified, the analysis of it is called an approximate analysis.

By performing an approximate analysis, a preliminary design of the members of a

structure can be made, and when this is complete, the more exact indeterminate
analysis can then be performed and the design refined.

An approximate analysis also provides insight as to a structure’s behavior under load

and is beneficial when checking a more exact analysis or when time, money, or
capability are not available for performing the more exact analysis.

1
 Vertical Loads on Building Frames
In reality, the columns will provide some flexibility at the supports, and
therefore we will assume that zero moment occurs at the average point
between the two extremes (fixed supported and simply supported cases),
i.e., at from each support

So, each girder of length L may be modeled by a simply supported span of

length 0.8L resting on two cantilevered ends, each
having a length of 0.1L.

The following three assumptions are incorporated in this model:

1. There is zero moment in the girder, 0.1L from the left support.
2. There is zero moment in the girder, 0.1L from the right support. Column Connections are very stiff
3. The girder does not support an axial force.
By using statics, the internal loadings in the girders can now be
obtained and a preliminary design of their cross sections can be made.

Column Connections are very flexible

Determine (approximately) the moment at the joints E and C caused
by members EF and CD of the building bent

3
4
5
6
7
8
 Causes of Lateral Loads :

 Wind
 Earthquake

Approximate Methods of Analysis :

 Portal Frame Method

 Cantilever Method
9
Portal Frame
Method

10
Introduction :
Beams
∆
A B
6EI ∆
L2
_

+
6EI ∆
L2 11
Columns
∆ 6EI ∆
L2

M=0

6EI ∆
L2
12
 δ δ
F
B C

A D

6EI δ
L2

13
 F

M
M M

M
M
Criteria 1
When frame is subjected to lateral loads
We can put intermediate hinge in the mid of each member 14
F

F/2 F/2

F/2 F/2
F/2 F/2

15
F

16
F/2 F/2

F/4 F/4 F/4 F/4

F

F/4 F/2 F/4

Criteria 2
When frame is subjected to lateral loads
the interior column carries the double of the exterior column17
18
19
20
Example 1 :
Draw B.M, S.F & N.F.Ds for the shown frame

24 t

4
12 t

8 8
21
24 t

4
12 t

8 8

22
24 t

4
12 t

8 8

23
 24 t

12 t

24 t
2

F1 2F1 F1
Σ Fx = 0
4 F1 = 24
F1 = 6
24
24 t 24 t

12 t
12 t

F2 2F2 F2

Σ Fx = 0
4 F2 = 36
F2 = 9
25
24 t

6 12 6

6 12 6

12 t

9 18 9

9 18 9

26
 24 t

6 12 12 6
6 6

12 t
9 18 9
9 18 9
4

24 t F2 Σ Fx = 0
24-6- F2 = 0
F3 F2 = 18 t
2
6 Σ M@ = 0
a
Σ Fy = 0 (24-F2)x2- 4F3 = 0
F4 F3 + F4 = 0 4F3 = 12
F4 = - 3 F3 = 3
27
 24 t
24 18
6 12 12 6
6 6
3
12 t
6
9 18 9
9 18 9
3

4 4
3
18 a 6 Σ Fx = 0

2 F1 3 Σ M@ = 0
12 12x2 = (3+F1)x4

0 Σ Fy = 0
28
 24 t
3
18 6 6
6 12 12
6
6

3 12 t
12 9
9
18
18
9
9

3 Σ Fy = 0 29
 3 3
24 1818 6 6

3 3 6
6 12
3 3
0

24 t

6 12 6
3 0 3

30
 24 t
24 t
6 12 12 6
6 6
6 12 6 12 t

3 3
9 18
9
9
0 9 18

3
6

2
12 t a 9Σ Fx = 0
7.5 2
9 Σ M@ = 0
10.5 Σ F y = 0
4 31
 24 t
24 t
6 12 12 6
6 6
6 12 6
12 t
3 3 9
0 9
9
18
18
9
0
6 3 12
12 9

9 7.5 7.5 Σ Fx = 0
9 a 3
10.5
7.5
Σ M@ = 0
18

0 Σ Fy = 0 32
 24 t
24 t
6 12 12 6
6 6
6 12 6
12 t
3 3 9
0 9
9
18
18
9

12 0
6 3
7.5
12 9 9 3 3
6
9 7.5 7.5
18
9 7.5
10.5 0
3

9
Σ Fy = 0
10.5 33
 3 3
24 1818 6 6

3 3 6
6 12
3 3
0
12 0 3
6 3 6
7.5
7.5
12 9 9 3 3

9 7.5 7.5 9
18
10.5
10.5 0

34
 3 3
24 1818 6 6

3 3 6
6 12
3 3
0
12 0 3
6 3 6
7.5
7.5
12 9 9 3 3

9 7.5 7.5 9
18
10.5
10.5 0

9 10.5 18 0 9 10.5

35
 24 3 3
18 18 6 6
3 3
6 6
3 0 12 3
12 0 3
3 7.5 7.5
6 6
12 9 9 3 3
9
7.5 7.5 9
10.5 0 18 10.5
10.5 0 10.5
9 18 9

-
- 6
3+ 18
3
-

10.5
- -
9 3
+ 10.5 -
NFD 36
 24 3 3
18 18 6 6
3 3
6 6
3 0 12 3
12 0 3
3 7.5 7.5
6 6
12 9 9 3 3
9
7.5 7.5 9
10.5 0 18 10.5
10.5 0 10.5
9 18 9

- -
3 3
6 + 12 + +6

- -
7.5 7.5
9 + + + 9
18

SFD 37
 24 3 3
18 18 6 6
3 3
4 6 6
3 0 12 3
12 0 3
3 7.5 7.5
4 6 6
12 9 9 3 3
9
7.5 7.5 9
10.5 18 10.5
8 8 0
10.5 0 10.5
9 18 9
12
12
12 - 24 - 12
12
+ 12
+ -

30 30
- 18 - 36 -+
18
12 -+ 24
+ 12 -
30 30

+ 36 + + BMD 38
18 18
Example 2 :
Draw B.M, S.F & N.F.Ds for the shown frame
24 t

4
16 t

4
8t

4 4 8
39
24 t

4
16 t

4
8t

4 4 8

40
24 t

F1 F1
Σ Fx = 0
2 F1 = 24
F1 = 12

41
24 t

16 t

F2 2F2 F2

Σ Fx = 0
4 F2 = 40
F2 = 10

42
24 t

16 t

8t

F3 2F3 2F3 F3
Σ Fx = 0
6 F3 = 48
F3 = 8
43
24 t

12 12
12 12

16 t

10 20 10
10 20 10

8t

8 16 16 8
8 16 16 8

44
 24 12 12
12 12
16
10 20 10
10 20 10
8
8 16 16 8
16 8
2 8 16

24 t F2 Σ Fx = 0
24-12- F2 = 0
F3 F2 = 12 t
2
12 Mreaction = Maction
a
12
F3 F3 F3 12
2 F3 = 12 x 2
F3 = 12 45
 24 12 12
12 12
16
10 20 10
10 20 10
8
8 16 16 8
16 8
8 16

24 t 12

12

12

12
46
24 12 24 12 12

12 12 12
16
12 10 20 10
10 20 10
12 8
8 16 16 8
16 8
8 16

12

12

12

12 Σ Fy = 0
47
24 t 24 12 12
12 12
12 12 16
10 20 10
10 20
12 10
12 8
8 16 16 8
16 8
12 8 16
12

16 t a 18Σ Fx = 0
22 2
10 Σ M@ = 0
34 Σ Fy = 0
2 48
 24 t
24 12 12
12 12 12 12
12 12
16
10 20 10
10 20 10
12
12 12 8
8 16 16 8
12 8 16 16 8
16 18

10
22 22 Σ Fx = 0
18 a 10
34

10
Σ M@ = 0
20

24Σ Fy = 0 49
 12
12 24 12 12
12 12
16
18 22 10
10 20 10
10 20 10
8
10 8 16 16 8
16 8
8
20 16

10
24
10

10

10 Σ Fy = 0
50
 24 12 12 12 24 12 12
12 12
12 16
10 20 10
12 12 10 20 10
8
12 8 16 16 8
12 16 8
8 16
12
12 12
12

16 22 10
1818 10 10

22 10
10
20 10
34 24 10

51
 12
12 24 12 12
12 12
16 18 16
10 20 10
10 20 10
22 8
10 8 16 16 8
8
34 8 16 16
34 10

8t a 10Σ Fx = 0
18 2
8 Σ M@ = 0
52 Σ Fy = 0
2 52
 12 12
24 12 12
18 22 10 12 12
16
10 10 20 10
20 10 20 10
10 34 8
24 8 16 16 8
24
8 10 20 8 16 16 8

18
8
52 18 Σ Fx = 0
10 a 14

18
Σ M@ = 0
16

24Σ Fy = 0 53
 10
10
24 12 12
12 12
10
20 24 16
10 20 10
10 20
10 8
10
10 18 14 10 8 16 16 8
10 8 16 16 8
18
16 2 4
24 18 Σ Fx = 0
14 a 8

4
Σ M@ = 0
16

24 Σ F y = 0
54
 24 12 12
12 12
16
10 10
10 20 10
10 20 10
8
8 16 16 8
14 18 8 16 8
8 16
4 4
16
24 8

4 Σ Fy = 0
55
 12 24
24 1212 12 12
12 12
12 16
12 12 10 20 10
10 20 10
12 12
8
8 16 16 8
12 12 12 12 8 16 16 8

22 10
16 18 18 10 10

22 20 10
10 10
24 10
34
10 34 10 4
20 24 10
8
10 10 18 14 14 18 8
8
8 8
18 16 18 4
16 4
24
52 24 56
 12
24 1212

12
12 12
12 12 12 12 12
12
22 10
16 18 18 10 10

22 20 10
10 10
24
10 34 34 10 10
20 24 10
4
10 10 18 14 14 18 8 8
8 8
18 16 18 4
16 8
24
52 24 4
8 52 16 24 16 24 8 4

57
 12
24 1212

12
12 12
12 12 12 12 12
12
22 10
16 18 18 10 10

22 20 10
10 10
24
10 34 34 10 10
20 24 10
4
10 10 18 14 14 18 8 8
8 8
18 16 18 4
16 8
24
52 24 4
8 52 16 24 16 24 8 4

58
Summary F

M
M M

M
M
Criteria 1
When frame is subjected to lateral loads
We can put intermediate hinge in the mid of each member 59
Summary

F/4 F/2 F/4

Criteria 2

When frame is subjected to lateral loads

the interior column carries the double of the exterior column

60
Summary

61
Summary

62