REVIEWER: PSYCH 100

UNIT 2.1 PHYSICALSELF

Physical self
• Refers to human body which is tangible of who you are.
• Concerned with appearances and physical abilities.
Self as influenced by the body
• Body image
⁃ How you feel, think, and how you look like.
⁃ Two elements:
Mental picture- shape, size, color ,and other indicators of appearances.
Attitude- How you think, believe, and feel about your body.
⁃ (Hoyt 2001) Body image is affected by a number of factors such as peers, mass media,
religion and fashion trends.

• Healthy vs. Unhealthy body image

⁃ “ no body” is realistically unflawed.
• People with unhealthy or negative body image:
-Become too anxious about their imperfections that it negatively affects their everyday life.
-Have irrational beliefs regarding their body parts.
• People with a healthy or positive body image:
⁃ Accept their bodies and understand that imperfections naturally occur among all human
beings.
⁃ Has a realistic perception of both strengths and weaknesses regarding his appearance.
CULTURE ON BODY AND SELF ESTEEM:
• Importance of Beauty
⁃ The global evaluation of one’s worth.
⁃ One’s body image may be distorted by various factors such as your Mood, experience,
mass media, and culture.
⁃ It is then essential to recognize different perspectives of what is beautiful and to work
towards a healthy definition of “beauty”.
• Steps in recommending a more Beautiful you:
1. Practice positive self-talk.
2. Be mindful of comparisons.
3. Be wary of Stereotypes.
4. Have the attitude of Gratitude.
5. Improve what you can and accept what you cannot.
UNIT 2.2 THE SEXUAL SELF
⁃ All people are sexual beings and we are all capable of the human sexual response.
Puberty- Commences the emergence of secondary sex characteristics.
• The Erogenous Zones
 -Sexual stimulation.
• The Human Sexual Response
• Basic biology of sexual behavior
Cerebral cortex- where sexual thoughts are formed.
Limbic system- Responsible for emotions related to sexual behavior.
Hypothalamus- Tiny part of the brain.
-Plays a key role in experiencing various sensations.
• Understanding the Chemistry of Lust, Love, and Attachment.
Psychoendocrinology- The science which deals with the endocrine system and how it affects
behavior.
• Some hormones produced by endocrine glands:
Oxytocin- known as “Love hormone” as it is involved in close relationships.
-Associated with the mother and child bond during breastfeeding.
Serotinin- The attraction phase or infatuation stage.
Dopamine- This neurotransmitter is linked with pleasurable experiences, addiction, motivation,
desire , and attention.
-Makes you feel euphoric sensations that issimilarly experienced when one takes
substances like cocaine.
-Elated emotions experienced during the attraction stage.
Vasopressin- This hormone increases when males are aroused as evidenced by an erectile
response.
Testosterone-Like vasopressin, this hormone contributes to sexual motivation among men.
Estrogen-Increases female’s sexual motivation.
Progesterone- This hormone decreases female’s sexual motivation.
• The Phases of Sexual Response
• Different intensities of emotional and physical stimulation:
1.Excitment Phase: The sexual motivation is aroused and muscle tension builds.
2.Plateau Phase: Prepares the individual for orgasm as muscle tension increases.
3.Orgasm: The climax cycle as it releases the tension.
4.Resolution Period: The unaroused state before the cycle resumes.
• The Diversity of Sexual Behavior
• Sexual Diversity or Gender or Sexual diversity (GSD)- Refers to the varieties of
gender identities and sexual orientations.
• Some of the common GSD’s :
Homosexual- from the Greek word, “heteros” which means “another” or “other party”.
⁃ Enduring sexual sexual attraction bet. Individuals of the opposite sex: male and female.
⁃ Referred to as “straight”.
Solitary- From Latin word, “solus” which means “alone”
 -Mostly associated with self-masturbation wherein sexual pleasure is derived from the
self.
• (Levay and Baldwin, 2012) “Sexual self-stimulation”.
Homosexual- from the Greek word “homos” which means “same” as this sexual attraction is
between the same sex.
• Commonly referred to gays
• Experts believe that this kind of orientation is caused by an interplay of neurobiological
and environmental factors.
Bisexual- From the Latin word “bis” which means “two”.
• Bisexuals are attracted to both males and females.
Transsexual- The prefix “trans” is from the Latin word which means “ on the other side of”.
• People who are transsexuals “transferred” from their previous sex through surgery and /
or hormonal pills.
• Methods of Contraception
⁃ No method is 100% effective.
⁃ “The Responsible Parenthood and Reproductive Health Act of 2012”(RA No. 10354)
which is known as the RH bill, RH Law or Reproductive Health Law assures inclusive
access to contraception, sexual education, and maternal care.
• Natural Methods
-Natural methods or periodic abstinence requires self-control as partners have to refrain
from sexual contact when the woman is fertile.
• Calendar method
-Best suited for women who have regular menstrual cycles as the predicted fertility days
would be most likely accurate.
20 days(Shortest cycle)- 18 days= 2 days
30 days(longest day) – 11= 19 days
Fertile days= Day 2 to Day 19
• Cycle Bead
⁃ The rationale behind the cycle bead is the same with calendar method.
⁃ Each bead denotes a day in the menstrual cycle.
⁃ Dark color beads signify low chances of pregnancy.
⁃ White colored beads represent fertile days.
• Breast feeding or Lactation Amenorrhea Method (LAM)
⁃ Lactation causes amenorrhea or absence of menstruation, there is no egg cell to be
fertilized.

• Abstinence until Marriage or Celibacy

⁃ Celibacy is the term used for the practice of not having sex usually due to chastity or
religious vows while abstinence is not mainly due to religious concerns.
• Withdrawal/ Coitus Interruptus
 -The practice of pulling out or withdrawing the penis away from the woman’s genitals
before ejaculation so as to prevent the sperm from entering the vagina.
• Cervical Mucus Method
⁃ This method the woman’s fertile days will be determined by tracking the cervical
secretions.
• Basal Body Temperature (BBT)
⁃ Based on the premise that ovulation may slightly increase basal body temperature.
• Artificial Contraception
⁃ Includes hormonal, barrier, and surgical methods.
⁃ These techniques utilize product sand/ ore procedures that do not rely on self-control.
Combined Hormonal Methods:
• Birth control pills
⁃ Contains estrogen, and progestin hormones which stop ovulation and make the uterine
lining thinner.
• Depo- provera Injection
⁃ This shot is given 3 weeks and is highly effective at 99.7%
⁃ It is direct to the blood stream and the effect may last until 18 mos.
• Intrauterine Device (IUD)
⁃ A small device commonly used in the 1980s and 1990s.
⁃ Made of plastic and copper which is placed in the uterine by a trained health practitioner.
• Subdermal Birth control implants
⁃ Such as Norplant and Nexplanon.
⁃ Use matchstick sized polymer capsules which are placed ender the skin. The implants
release progestin hormons which prevents pregnancy.
• Barrier Methods
⁃ Involve participation from both partners.
⁃ Stopping the egg cell from meeting the sperm cells, thus preventing fertilization.
• Condoms
⁃ Economical and widely available.
⁃ Made out of rubber or plastic and placed over the erect penis.
⁃ Collecting sperm after ejaculation.
• Spermicides
⁃ Inserted into the vagina before sex and contain different chemicals to kill sperm.
⁃ Come from various forms such as; jelly, foam, suppository film, and cream.
⁃ 74% effective.
• Diaphragms
⁃ Inserted into the vagina and fitted over the cervix to block sperm.
⁃ Dome-shaped protective barriers made of latex which are filled with spermicides before
usage.
• Sterilization or Surgical methods
⁃ A permanent method.
⁃ Women go through tubal ligation while the procedure for men is called Vasectomy.
• Tubal Ligation
⁃ The fallopian tube are cut then tied to prevent the egg from going to the uterus where it
might meet sperm cells.
⁃ Reversible ligations: Tubes are not cut and merely tied for future reversal.
• Vasectomy
⁃ Surgical procedure for men involves cutting the vas deferens tubes to prevent the sperm
from mixing with the semen which comes out during ejaculation.
⁃ Reversible vasectomy: Will only have their vas deferens tue tied.
UNIT 2.3 : THE MATERIAL/ ECONOMIC SELF
• ( Belk 1988) “Knowingly or Unknowingly, intentionally or unintentionally, we regard
our possessions as part of ourselves.”
• Material or Economic self is the dimension which centers on people’s possessions.
• Western cultures transformed into a world of consumers(Trentman, 2016) :
⁃ Italy 1947 : “Bonfire of Vanities.”
Venetian senate 1512: it was illegal to give more than six spoons and forks to a newly
wed couples.
⁃ Women in Germany were punished for wearing stylish neckerchiefs.
⁃ Caspar Barlaus(Netherlands): a polymath.
He said that “ Economic pursuit was essential in appreciating novel things.”
⁃ Robert Boyle (1630) an Anglo-Irish inventor, physicist, chemist, and philosopher.
⁃ Stated that “Greedy appetites” propel individuals to be hardworking and curious.
⁃ “multiplicity of desires” made humans awe of God.
⁃ Hume (18th century) Attaining moderate luxuries is actually helpful for the economy and
culture.
⁃ William James (1890) wrote about the “material self”.
If a person’s possession grew, he would feel successful. Otherwise, he would feel like a
part of himself dying.

I SHOP THEREFORE I AM: I HAVE; THEREFORE, I AM?

• Factors influencing purchasing behavior:
• Geographical group
• Wealth/ income
• Education
• Occupation
• Family
• Peers
• Age
• Personality
• The role of consumer on our sense of Self Identity
⁃ A Consumer is someone who buys srvices or products for personal use.
⁃ How we purchase products can say something about our identity.
⁃ We often use brands and various possessions to communicate our self to others.
 • Self image Congruity
⁃ Also known as Product- image congruity.
⁃ (Sirgy 1982) as the process of how consumers purchase products that symbolize their
self-concepts.
⁃ This theory suggests that objects may have particular personal meanings and images.
• Some pertinent researchers on consumer behavior and self-identity:
⁃ (White, Argo, and Sengupta, 2012) We want to often buy identity-linked products when
we feel the need are more salient.
⁃ (Townsend, and Sood 2012) Buying a highly aesthetic products boost our self-esteem.
⁃ (Hamilton and Hassan, 2008) Risky consumption, particularly smoking os correlated with
self-concept discrepancies.
• Advertising on Body Image
⁃ The power of mass media led to the concept of celebrities and the standard of beauty.
⁃ Most companies use “perfect” celebrities to market their products.
⁃ For a healthier concept, the mass media should exhibit more realistic role models.
UNIT 2.4 : THE SPIRITUAL SELF
⁃ Being spiritual is one aspect of an individual’s well-being which is vital and widely
studied a number of researchers across several disciplines but remains to be elusive in
terms of making a standard definition.
• Spirituality
⁃ (Myers et.al. 2000) Set of personal and private beliefs that transcend the material aspects
of life and give a deep sense of wholeness, connectedness, and openness to the infinite.
⁃ ( Beauregard and O’Leary 2007) Any experience that feels meaningful.
⁃ Spirituality is the connectedness of an individual with the higher power which is
manifested in their daily experiences.
• Three main themes of spirituality as viewed by Filipinos:
1.Connectedness with the Sacred.
- The development and maintenance of one’s connection to the sacred.
2.Sense of meaning or purpose
- Associated with the development of a focused sense of self, individualities and values.
3.Expressions of spirituality which can be done by manifesting in one’s relationships, and
activities with family, friends, and loved ones.
- A spiritual person is both spiritual and religious.
• Rituals
⁃ (Paarlberg and van de Wiel 2017) A sequence of activities involving gestures, words, and
objects, performed according to set sequence.
⁃ Viewed as sincere or religious series of actions which follow a certain order.
• Life- cycle rituals
⁃ Known as rites of passages as they signify a status change from vital one stage to another.
⁃ There are three stages:
1.Separation( parting from old state)
 2.Transition(a form of segregation)
3.Reintegration(being reincorporated with the society.)
- The presence of supreme being is invoked for guidance and blessing.
• Pilgrimage
⁃ A trip to a place viewed sacred for the purpose of devotion.
• Rituals of reversal
-Usual social roles be momentarily reversed.
- Allow for a social “blowing off of steam” and allow individuals to go against certain
place and time.
• Sacrifice
⁃ Offering of something valuable to a supernatural being.
⁃ Often done to please or appease deities as a sign of gratitude, humility, worship, and/ or
devotion.
• Functions of rituals in spirituality
• Demonstrate reverence
• Sense of Belongingness
• Achieve spiritual connection
• Logotherapy : Finding meaning in life ( Viktor Frankl)
⁃ A person is motivated by a “ will to meaning”, an inner pull to find a meaning in life.
⁃ Philosophical assumptions:
1.Human being is an entity consisting of body, mind, and spirit.
2.Life has meaning under all circumstances , even the most miserable.
3.People have a will to meaning.
4.People have volition under all situations to activate the will to find menaing.
5.Existence has a mandate characteristic to which individuals feel to must acknowledge.
6.The individual is unique.
• Some sources of discovering meaning to life
• Meaningful relationships
• Work
• Struggles
UNIT 2.5 : THE POLITICAL SELF
⁃ Organizes self- relevant information about politics.
⁃ (Kendall 1998) defined as social institution through which power is acquired and
exercised by some people and groups.
• Development of Political self
Family
⁃ Makes the most contribution of political self.
⁃ Parents have the responsibility and duty to educate and train their children to become
good and worthy citizens.
School
⁃ Responsible for the formal education and training of the children.
Church
⁃ The teachings, services and activities of the church contribute in the ideals of politics
especially active citizenship.
Mass media
⁃ Has a strong influence in the political formation and view of an individual.
• Strength of Filipino Character
• Pakikipagkapwa-tao (Regard for others)
• Family Orientation
• Joy and Humor
• Flexibility, Adaptability and Creativity
• Hard work and Industry
• Faith and Religiosity
• Ability to Survive
• Weakness of the Filipino Character
• Extreme personalism
• Extreme Family-Centeredness
• Lack of Discipline
• Passivity and Lack of Intiative
• Colonial Mentality
• Kanya-Kanya Syndrome
⁃ Crab mentality.
• Lack of self-analysis and self-reflection

• Theories on Political Culture(Inglehart and Welzel,2005)

• Modernization and Post modernization Theory (Inglehart 1997)
⁃ “Modernity” is a historical period in the 17th to 18th century.
⁃ It became popular along with the “Age of reason” and “Enlightenment period”
⁃ “Postmodernity” is the era after world war 2 which is known as contemporary history.
⁃ Economic, cultural, and political are interrelated.
• Social Capital Paradigm(Putnam 1993)
⁃ Did the most influential analysis of democracy.
⁃ Postulated that a good performance of democratic institution is a consequence of a
specific social and cultural context: model that Putnam calls is “civic community”
• Political system approach(Easton 1953)
⁃ Political behavior is the “Authoritative allocation of values.” Which is the distribution of
resources, supremacy, or control, and positions.
⁃ The importance of citizens “support” for the political regime.
UNIT 2.6 : THE DIGITAL SELF
⁃ (Tamara 2010) A mask that an individual puts on to engage the high-tech world.
⁃ Aspect of oneself to which is shared to others through the use of social media and
computerized technology.
• The Development of Digital Self
⁃ (Russell Belk 2017) Possessions are major contributor to and reflection of individual’s
identities.
 ⁃ In the current millennial age, digital belongings like videos, online messages, and social
media statuses are viewed as factors in molding the identity.
⁃ Millennials are also known as “Digital Natives”.
• The reasons for having digital self
1.People want to meet the expectations of others.
2.People want to boost their self esteem
3.To feel a sense of belonging.
4.Bigger sense of freedom
5.Strive for ideal self.
-( Winnicot 2017) proposed a theory
• True self which was the instinctive core of our personality and must be nurtured and
realized.
• False self is created to protect the true self from insult and danger.
• Self-presentation is how individuals try to influence how others view them, is often
manifested in our digital selves.
• Social media
⁃ A term for numerous technologies that allow instantaneous communication, status
updates, and social networking among individuals.
• The positive Impact of Social Media
⁃ The enhancement of social contact, independence and communication.
⁃ Increased social connectedness, well-being, and friendship quality.
• The Negative impact of social media
⁃ Meanness and bullying, misunderstanding, unwanted contact, and unintentional
disclosure.
⁃ Facebook use may have negative impact on their cognitive and emotional well-being.
⁃ “Facebook depression” (Van pelt 2018)
⁃ Facebook use has been related to jealousy and self-mutilation (Whitbourne,2017)
CHAPTER 3 : MANAGING OR CARING FOR ONESELF
⁃ Looking after yourself, or self-care is important in helping you to stay at the top of
your form physically, emotionally, and mentally.
• What is self-care and why is it important?
⁃ Anything you do that helps to maintain your physical, mental, or emotional health.
⁃ (White 2003) Self-care will help you feel healthy, relaxed, and ready for whatever life
throws at you.
⁃ Accdg. To him, there are lots of reasons why self-care is important:
• It keeps you healthy
• It helps you recharge
• It can help you manage help issues.
UNIT 3.1
HOW TO BECOME A BETTER STUDENT
⁃ Mental Health America(2014), it can be hard to maintain a healthy lifestyle in college.
⁃ John Dunlosky et al (2003) author on the study on “Improving Student’s learning with
effective learning techniques” of psychology at Kent state university.
 ⁃ Many students are being left behind by an educational system that some people believe in
crisis.
• Learning Techniques
1.Elaborative interrogation
- Humans are inquisitive by nature, attuned, to seeking explanations for states,
actions, and events in the world around us.
-Elaborative learning techniques help your understanding by relating new
information to codes already stored and familiar to you.
2.Self-explanation
-(Roy and Chi 2005) A self-generated explanation of presented instruction that
mixes the presented information with background knowledge and fills in implied
knowledge.

3.Summarization
-Successful summaries identify the main points of a text and capture the gist of it
while excluding unimportant or repetitive material.
4.Highlighting/underlining
-(e.g Bell and Limber, 2010 ; Lonka, Lindblom- Ylane, and Maury,1994; Nist and
Kirby, 1989) More systematic of evaluation of actual textbooks and other student materials have
supported the claim that highlighting and underlining are common behaviors.
-The analogy to highlighting is that a high lightened, underlined or capitalized
sentence will “pop out” of the text.
5.Keyword mnemonic
-Is the use of keywords and mental imagery to associate verbal materials.
6.Imagery for text
-Image can improve students’ learning of text materials and promising work
(Leutner et al. 2009)
-more broadly than keyword mnemonic.
-An attempt to form mental images of text materials while reading or listening.
7.Rereading
-Increases the total amount of information encoded, regardless of the kind or level
of information within the text.
-Surprising number of benefits:
• Vocabulary and word recognition
• Fluency
• Comprehension
• Confidence
8.Practice testing
-Provides a student with a preview of test question aligned to the academic
standards.
9.Distributed practice
 -Refers to a particular schedule of learning periods, as opposed to a particular
kind of learning experience.
10.Interleaved practice
-Involves incorporating material from multiple class presentations, assigned
readings, or problems in a single study session.
UNIT 3.2
SETTING GOALS FOR SUCCESS
⁃ Goals and actions are like yin and yang: a perfect balance.
⁃ Dr. Edwin Locke in his article in 1968, “Toward a theory of the task motivation and
incentives”, he showed that specific goals and appropriate feedback motivate and
improve the performance of employees.
⁃ “Goals give us purpose in life.”
• The Science of Goal setting: 5 principles
1.Clarity
2.Challenge
3.Commitment
4.Feedback
5.Complexity
UNIT 3.3
TAKING CARE OF ONE’S HEALTH
⁃ Health psychologists believe that the mind and body are closely linked and physical
health is interwoven with psychological factors.
• Stress
⁃ A universal human experience.
⁃ Unpleasant experiences.
• The Physiology of Stress
• Selye’s Theory
⁃ Hans Selye (1907-1982) published his book, “the stress of life”
⁃ Environmental stressors such as heat, cold, noise, pain, and danger disrupt the body’s
normal equilibrium.
⁃ The body’s response to external stressors of all kinds as a General Adaptation
Syndrome, a series of physiological reactions that occur in 3 phases:
1.The alarm phase
- Brief period of high arousal of the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous
system preparing the , body for a rigorous activity.
-Stress hormones: A rise in blood pressure, and increased output of adrenal hormones.
a.) Resistance phase
- resist or cope with stressors.
b.)Exhaustion phase
- Persistent stress depletes the body of energy and therefore increases
vulnerability to physical problems and eventually illness.
 • Stress Sources
1.Noise 3.Work-related problems
2.Breavement and Loss. 4.Poverty and powerlessness
• Major types of stress
1.Frustration
- Is experienced when one’s pursuit of goal is thwarted.
2.Conflict
-Occurs when a person is faced with two or more opposing situations of which he has to
choose.
- In an approach- approach conflict, the person is torn between two attractive goals.
- In an avoidance-avoidance conflict, a stressful situation involves an inescapable choice
bet. Two equally unattractive goals or outcomes.
-In an Approach- avoidance conflict involves the pursuit of a single goal that has both attractive
and unattractive aspects.
-Multiple approach-avoidance conflict occurs when a person is confronted with making
decisions about alternatives with multi-faced positive and potential outcomes.
3.Change
4.Adjustment
• Sources of coping
⁃ Involves active efforts to manage demands that fell stressful.
⁃ Adjustment and adaptation is a way of moving on or regulating one’s behavior to be able
to cope up with discomforts.
• Adjustment Mechanisms/ Defense mechanisms.
⁃ Arenas (2004) defined coping as the process by which a person attempts to manage
stressful demands.
⁃ Problem-focused coping: cognitive strategy of squarely facing one’s trouble and trying
to solve them.
⁃ Emotion-focused coping means of responding stress in an emotional matter.
⁃ Emotion- focused coping: concentrates on the emotion the problem has caused whether
anger, anxiety, or grief. (Lepore et al, 1996)
⁃ Problem-focused coping: Focusing on solving problem rather than focusing solely on
ventilating the emotions caused by problem.
• (Clarke and Evans 1998) When the coper learned:
⁃ Reappraisal: Learning from finding meaning in the experience, comparing oneself to
others and seeing humor in the situation and see its positive effects.
⁃ Drawing on social support is important
⁃ Your family
⁃ Your friends
⁃ Healing through Helping
• Sigmund Freud
⁃ Concept of defense mechanisms.
⁃ To protect oneself against stress.
 • Types of defense mechanisms
1.Repression
- Dismissal from consciousness of a thought or feeling.
2.Projection
-Protects the ego from the awareness that he possesses such traits.
3.Identification
-Enhances self esteem by behaving in fantasy as if he were another-person- the one with
whom he identifies.
4.Rationalization
-Interpreting behaviors by using reasoning or alibis.
5.Reaction Formation
-To display behavior which opposite of his real feelings.
6.Regression
- People who seems to have a happier early experiences in life compared to the present.
7.Displacement
-Unacceptable feeling or impulses are shifted from the target of those feelings to
someone or something that is more acceptable (Arenas 2004)
8.Compemsation
-Allows individuals to cover up some deficiencies or undesirable traits by focusing on
favorable behavior.
• The social and cultural dimensions of stress
⁃ Michael Tan: medical anthropologist at UP dilman
⁃ in an article in Phil. Daily inquirer entitled, “ Filipion and stress”
⁃ Expounded that “Sure, Filipinos are resilient, but this doesn’t necessarily mean we don’t
feel stressed.”
• Stressors are not universal