‫‪٢٠٠٨‬‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺪد ‪٢‬‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺠﻠﺪ ‪١‬‬ ‫ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﻘﺎدﺳﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﻠﻮم اﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻨﺠﻤﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺎﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺌﻤﻴﺔ ﺒﺎﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﻗﻭﺍﻟﺏ ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬

‫ﻋﻠﻲ ﻋﺒﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻡ‬

‫ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﺒﺎﺒل‪/‬ﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺩﺴﺔ‪/‬ﻗﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺩﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻜﻴﺔ‬

‫اﻟﺨﻼﺻﺔ‬
‫ﻴﺘﻨﺎﻭل ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺙ ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﻟﺴﻠﻭﻙ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﺃﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻨﺠﻤﺎﺩﻫﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻗﻭﺍﻟﺏ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺎﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺌﻤﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﺘﻡ ﺍﺨﺘﻴﺎﺭ‬
‫ﻤﻌﺩﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻭﻻﺫ ﺤﻴﺙ ﺇﻥ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻻﻨﺼﻬﺎﺭ ﻟﻪ ]‪.[1520°C‬ﻜﺫﻟﻙ ﺘﻡ ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﻋﺩﺓ ﺃﺤﺠﺎﻡ ﻟﻠﻘﻭﺍﻟﺏ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺌﻤﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺤﻴﺙ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﻴﺭ ﻓﻲ ﻁﻭل ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻟﺏ )ﻤﻥ ‪ 30 mm‬ﺇﻟﻰ ‪ (mm 100‬ﻭﺍﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻟﺏ )ﻤﻥ‪10 mm‬ﺇﻟﻰ ‪(mm 30‬‬
‫ﻭﺒﺫﻟﻙ ﺤﺼﻠﻨﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﺴﻌﺔ ﺃﻨﻭﺍﻉ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺍﻟﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪ .‬ﺃﻤﺎ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻴﺨﺹ ﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻀﻭﻉ ﺭﻴﺎﻀﻴﺎ ﻓﻘﺩ ﺘﻡ ﺍﺸﺘﻘﺎﻕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻜﻤﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﻤﻭﺍﺯﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﻟﺸﺭﻴﺤﺔ ﻤﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺩﻥ‪ ،‬ﺤﻴﺙ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻜﻤﺔ ﻫﻲ‬
‫ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻨﺘﻘﺎل ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺒﺒﻌﺩﻴﻥ ﻭﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﺴﺘﻘﺭﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺩ ﺘﻡ ﺤل ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﻋﺩﺩﻴﺎ ﺒﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻭﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺩﺩﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﻜﺎﻨﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﺭﻭﻁ ﺍﻟﺤﺩﻭﺩﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺒﺘﺩﺍﺌﻴﺔ ﺘﺨﺹ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺎﻜﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺩ ﺘﻡ ﺒﻨﺎﺀ ﺒﺭﻨﺎﻤﺞ ﺤﺎﺴﻭﺒﻲ ﺒﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺴﻙ ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻴﻊ ﻴﺤﺎﻜﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﻭﻴﻌﻁﻲ ﺘﻭﺯﻴﻊ ﺩﺭﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺍﻟﺏ ﺨﻼل ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺎﻜﺔ‪.‬ﻭﻗﺩ ﺘﻡ ﺍﺨﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺃﺯﻤﺎﻥ ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬
‫)‪ 50sec ،10sec ،2sec‬ﻭ ‪ (100sec‬ﺒﺤﻴﺙ ﻨﺼل ﺇﻟﻰ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻨﺠﻤﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺩﻥ‪.‬‬

‫ﻜﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﺭﺌﻴﺴﻴﺔ‪:‬ﺍﻨﺠﻤﺎﺩ‪،‬ﺴﺒﺎﻜﺔ‪،‬ﺠﺭﻴﺎﻥ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻥ‪،‬ﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺍﻷﻁﻭﺍﺭ‪،‬ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻥ‪،‬ﺍﻨﺘﻘﺎل ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‪.‬‬

‫‪Solidification Of Metals In Die Casting By Using Different Moulds‬‬

‫‪Ali A. Al-Kayiem‬‬

‫‪Babylon Univ./College of Eng./Mech. Eng. Dept.‬‬

‫‪Abstract‬‬
‫‪This paper includes a theoretical study of solidification of metals in die casting. The melting‬‬
‫‪temperature of steel(chosen in this work) is equal[1520°C] . Several size of mould are investigated‬‬
‫‪of length [from 30 mm to 100mm] and of hights [from 10 mm to 30mm].A two dimensional‬‬
‫‪transient heat conduction equation is derived by adopting the energy balance on an element. This‬‬
‫‪equation is solved numerically by using finite difference method with the suitable initial and‬‬
‫‪boundary conditions. A quick BASIC computer programme is developed to obtain temperature‬‬
‫‪distribution within the cast during the solidification process. different times are chosen [2 sec,10‬‬
‫‪sec,50 sec and 100 sec] arrivals to solidification of metals.‬‬
‫‪٣٥‬‬
‫‪٢٠٠٨‬‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺪد ‪٢‬‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺠﻠﺪ ‪١‬‬ ‫ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﻘﺎدﺳﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﻠﻮم اﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﻴﺔ‬

‫ﻗﺎﺌﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﻤﻭﺯ‬
‫‪ =A‬ﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﻤﻘﻁﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺒﻭﻜﺔ )‪(m2‬‬

‫‪ =cp‬ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ )‪(kJ/kg°C‬‬

‫‪ =k‬ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺼﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ )‪(W/m°C‬‬

‫‪ =Hf‬ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻤﻨﺔ ﻟﻼﻨﺠﻤﺎﺩ )‪(kJ/kg‬‬

‫‪ =h‬ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻨﺘﻘﺎل ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺒﺎﻟﺤﻤل )‪(W/m2°C‬‬

‫‪ =T‬ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ )‪(°C‬‬

‫‪ =Tp‬ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺼﺏ )‪(°C‬‬

‫‪ =T0‬ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺠﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻟﺏ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨﻠﻴﺔ )‪(°C‬‬

‫∞‪ =T‬ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻴﻁ )‪(°C‬‬

‫‪ =q‬ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ)‪(kJ/kg‬‬

‫‪ =qs‬ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺭﺭﺓ ﺃﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻻﻨﺠﻤﺎﺩ )‪(kJ/kg‬‬

‫‪ =E‬ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨﻠﻴﺔ )‪(kJ/kg‬‬

‫‪ =t‬ﺍﻟﺯﻤﻥ)‪(sec‬‬

‫‪ =H‬ﺍﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻟﺏ)‪(mm‬‬

‫‪ =L‬ﻁﻭل ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻟﺏ)‪(mm‬‬

‫‪ =Ceff‬ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺴﺎﺌل ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻠﺏ )‪(kJ/kg°C‬‬

‫‪ =Fs‬ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺼﻠﺏ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺩﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺌل‬

‫ﺍﻟﺭﻤﻭﺯ ﺍﻟﻴﻭﻨﺎﻨﻴﺔ‬

‫‪ =ρ‬ﺍﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ )‪(kg/m3‬‬

‫‪ =µ‬ﺍﻟﻠﺯﻭﺠﺔ ‪Pa.s‬‬

‫‪٣٦‬‬
 ‫‪٢٠٠٨‬‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺪد ‪٢‬‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺠﻠﺪ ‪١‬‬ ‫ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﻘﺎدﺳﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﻠﻮم اﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﻴﺔ‬

‫‪ =ν‬ﺍﻟﻠﺯﻭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻨﻴﻤﺎﺘﻴﺔ )‪(m2/s‬‬

‫‪ =α‬ﺍﻻﻨﺘﺸﺎﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ )‪(m2/s‬‬

‫‪ =∆x‬ﻁﻭل ﺍﻟﺸﺭﻴﺤﺔ ﺒﺎﺘﺠﺎﻩ ‪(mm) x‬‬

‫‪ =∆y‬ﻁﻭل ﺍﻟﺸﺭﻴﺤﺔ ﺒﺎﺘﺠﺎﻩ ‪(mm) y‬‬

‫‪ =∆t‬ﺨﻁﻭﺓ ﺍﻟﺯﻤﻥ )‪(sec‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺭﻤﻭﺯ ﺍﻟﺩﻟﻴﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻭﻴﺔ‬

‫‪ =n‬ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﻴﻤﺔ )‪(°C‬‬

‫‪ =n+1‬ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻴﺩﺓ )‪(°C‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺭﻤﻭﺯ ﺍﻟﺩﻟﻴﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻔﻠﻴﺔ‬

‫‪ =i‬ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺒﺎﺘﺠﺎﻩ ‪(°C )x‬‬

‫‪ =j‬ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺒﺎﺘﺠﺎﻩ ‪(°C ) y‬‬

‫)‪ =convection(in‬ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨﻠﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﺤﻤل)‪(kJ/kg‬‬

‫)‪ =convection(out‬ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺠﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﺤﻤل)‪(kJ/kg‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺩﻤﺔ‬

‫ﺘﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺎﻜﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﻨﺘﺎﺝ‪ .‬ﻭﺘﺄﺘﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺠﺔ ﻟﻠﺴﺒﺎﻜﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﻋﺩﻡ‬
‫ﺍﺴﺘﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺩﻥ ﻟﻁﺭﻕ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻊ ﺍﻷﺨﺭﻯ ﻤﺜل ﺍﻟﻠﺤﺎﻡ‪ ،‬ﻭﻜﺫﻟﻙ ﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺼﻐﺭ ﺍﻟﻘﻁﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺩﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺍﺩ ﺘﺼﻨﻴﻌﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻁﺭﻕ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺎﻜﺔ ﻜﺜﻴﺭﺓ ﺤﻴﺙ ﺇﻥ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﺘﺴﺘﺠﻴﺏ ﻟﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺃﺨﺭﻯ ﻭﺫﻟﻙ ﺒﺎﻻﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻨﺼﻬﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺩﻥ ﻭﺍﻨﺴﻴﺎﺒﻴﺘﻪ ﺩﺍﺨل ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻟﺏ] ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﻟﺭﺯﺍﻕ ﺇﺴﻤﺎﻋﻴل )‪ . [(2000‬ﻭﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎ ﻤﺎ ﺘﺤﺩﺙ ﻤﺸﺎﻜل ﺘﺴﺒﺏ‬
‫ﻓﺸل ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺒﻭﻜﺔ ﻤﺜل ﻋﺩﻡ ﻭﺼﻭل ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺩﻥ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻨﻬﺎﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻟﺏ ﺃﻱ ﺍﻨﺠﻤﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺩﻥ ﻗﺒل ﺃﻥ ﻴﻤﻠﺊ ﻜل ﻓﺠﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻟﺏ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺠﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﻴﺔ ﻭﻏﻴﺭﻫﺎ]‪ .[(1997)Mohammed, D.K.‬ﻭﺘﺘﻡ ﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺎﻜل ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل‬
‫ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺍﻨﺘﻘﺎل ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﻭﺍﻨﺴﻴﺎﺒﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﺩﺍﺨل ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻟﺏ ‪ .‬ﺘﻭﺠﺩ ﻤﺸﺎﻜل ﺘﻭﺍﺠﻪ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﻠﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺠﺎل ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺎﻜﺔ‬
‫ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻨﺼﻬﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﻭﻗﺼﺭ ﻓﺘﺭﺓ ﺍﻨﺠﻤﺎﺩﻫﺎ ﻭﻗﺎﻟﺏ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺎﻜﺔ ﺩﺍﺌﻤﺎ ﻤﺎﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻌﺘﻤﺎ ﻏﻴﺭ‬
‫ﺸﻔﺎﻑ ﺒﺤﻴﺙ ﻻﻴﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺤﺙ ﻤﻼﺤﻅﺔ ﺴﻠﻭﻙ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﺃﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺎﻜﺔ ] ‪ Chawing,H.T.‬ﻭﺯﻤﻼﺌﻪ)‪.[(1992‬‬

‫‪٣٧‬‬
 ‫‪٢٠٠٨‬‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺪد ‪٢‬‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺠﻠﺪ ‪١‬‬ ‫ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﻘﺎدﺳﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﻠﻮم اﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺇﻥ ﺇﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻨﺘﻘﺎل ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺎﻜﺔ ﻤﻌﻘﺩ ﻻﻥ ﻤﻌﺩل ﺍﻟﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻴﻌﺘﻤﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻯ )‪ 10^-5‬ﺍﻟﻰ‪(10^10 k/sec‬‬
‫ﻜﺫﻟﻙ ﻓﺎﻥ ﺃﺤﺠﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﻁﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺠﻤﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺎﻜﺔ ﺘﺒﺩﺃ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻴﻜﺭﻭ ﻤﺘﺭ ﻭﺘﻨﺘﻬﻲ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺒﻀﻌﺔ ﺃﻤﺘﺎﺭ‪ .‬ﺇﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻭﻉ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﻤﻌﺩﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻴﻨﺘﺞ ﺒﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﻤﺠﻬﺭﻴﻪ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺩﻥ ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻭﻤﺘﻨﻭﻋﺔ ﻜﺫﻟﻙ ﻴﻌﻁﻲ ﺘﻨﻭﻉ ﻓﻲ ﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺩﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺒﻭﻙ ] ‪.[(2001) Seetharamu, K.N.‬ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻭﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺤﺩﺙ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺒﻭﻜﺎﺕ ﺘﺭﺠﻊ ﺇﻟﻰ‬
‫ﻤﻌﺩﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ]‪ Ya,K.N.‬ﻭﺯﻤﻼﺌﻪ)‪.[(1992‬ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺩﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺌل )ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺼﻬﺭ(ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻟﺏ ﺨﻼل ﺍﻻﻨﺠﻤﺎﺩ‬
‫ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺌل ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻠﺏ )ﺠﺯﺀ ﺴﺎﺌل ﻭﺠﺯﺀ ﺼﻠﺏ(ﻜﺫﻟﻙ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺠﺯﺀﺍ ﻟﻠﺴﺎﺌل ﻭﺠﺯﺀﺍ ﻟﻠﺼﻠﺏ‬
‫]‪ Lewis,R.W.‬ﻭﺯﻤﻼﺌﻪ)‪.[(1997‬ﺇﻥ ﻤﺴﺎﻟﺔ ﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻁﻭﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺌل ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺏ ﺘﺤﺩﺙ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺠﺎﻻﺕ ﻤﻌﻴﻨﺔ‬
‫ﻤﺜل ﺍﻟﻠﺤﺎﻡ‪،‬ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺘﺸﻜﻴل ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻥ‪،‬ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺃﻟﺸﻤﺴﻴﻪ ﻭﻤﺴﺎﺌل ﺍﻻﻨﺠﻤﺎﺩ‪.‬ﻓﻲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺎﻜﺔ ﻓﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻁﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻁﻭﺭ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺩﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺌل ﻤﻬﻡ ﺠﺩﺍ ﻟﻀﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﻗﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺒﻭﻜﺔ ﻭﺘﻘﻠﻴل ﺤﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﺸل ] ‪Salcudean ,M.‬‬
‫‪ .[(1988),Abdullah, Z.‬ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺎﻜﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺍﻟﺏ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺌﻤﻴﻪ)‪ (Die Casting‬ﺘﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﺇﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﻤﺜﺎﻟﻲ ﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺎﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﻗﻴﻘﺔ ‪،‬ﺒﺤﻴﺙ ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺩﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺌل ﻴﺤﻘﻥ ﺒﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻓﺠﻭﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻟﺏ ﻭﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺒﺩﻭﺭﻩ ﻴﺒﺭﺩ ﻭﻴﻨﺠﻤﺩ‪ .‬ﻜﺫﻟﻙ‬
‫ﻓﺎﻥ ﺠﺭﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺩﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻓﺠﻭﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻟﺏ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﺴﻴﻁﺭ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻭﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﺴﺒﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻭﺏ ﺩﺍﺨل ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺒﻭﻜﺎﺕ‬

‫] ‪. [(1999) Martin, R. Barone ,David A. Caulk‬‬

‫ﺇﻥ ﺘﺼﻤﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻟﺏ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺎﻜﺔ ﻴﺤﺘﺎﺝ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺤﺩﺱ ﻋﺎﻟﻲ ﻭﺨﺒﺭﺓ ﻤﻬﻨﺩﺴﻲ ﻭﻤﺼﻤﻤﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺒﻙ‪،‬ﺒﺤﻴﺙ ﺇﻥ‬
‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻡ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺘﻘﻭﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺴﺱ ﻋﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﺘﺤﻠﻴﻼﺕ ﻋﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﻤﺜل ﺠﺭﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺌﻊ‪،‬ﺍﻨﺘﻘﺎل ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻭﺘﺤﻠﻴل‬
‫ﺍﻻﺠﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ]‪ Brody,H.‬ﻭﺯﻤﻼﺌﻪ)‪.(1981‬ﻓﻲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺎﻜﺔ ﺘﺤﺩﺙ ﻋﻴﻭﺏ ﻤﺜل ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻘﻘﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻘﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﻴﺔ‬
‫‪،‬ﺒﺤﻴﺙ ﻫﻨﺎﻟﻙ ﺒﺤﻭﺙ ﻨﻤﺫﺠﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﺤﺎﺴﻭﺏ ﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻭﺏ ﻭﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩﻫﺎ‪،‬ﻟﻜﻥ ﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﻭﺙ ﻟﻡ ﺘﺘﻤﻜﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺇﻴﺠﺎﺩ ﺘﻠﻙ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻭﺏ ﺒﺸﻜل ﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻟﻙ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﻭﺙ ﺘﺠﺩ ﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻭﺏ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﺍﻨﺨﻔﺎﺽ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ)‪(pressure drop‬‬
‫ﺨﻼل ﺠﺭﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺩﻥ‪.‬ﻭﻤﻤﺎ ﺘﺠﺩﺭ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﺍﻻﺸﺎﺭﺓ ﺇﻥ ﻋﻴﻭﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻘﻘﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻘﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﻴﺔ ﺘﺤﺩﺙ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻜﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﺤﺩ‬
‫]‪.[(1985)Kimo Kubo,Robert D. Peehlke‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺭﻱ‬

‫ﻤﻥ ﺍﺠل ﺍﺸﺘﻘﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻜﻤﺔ ﻟﺴﺒﺎﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﺴﻨﺄﺨﺫ ﺸﺭﻴﺤﺔ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜل)‪ (١‬ﻭﻨﻁﺒﻕ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻤﻭﺍﺯﻨﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﻭﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻲ‪:‬‬

‫)‪(1‬‬

‫)‪(2‬‬

‫)‪(3‬‬

‫‪٣٨‬‬
‫‪٢٠٠٨‬‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺪد ‪٢‬‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺠﻠﺪ ‪١‬‬ ‫ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﻘﺎدﺳﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﻠﻮم اﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﻴﺔ‬

‫)‪(4‬‬

‫)‪(5‬‬

‫)‪(6‬‬

‫)‪(7‬‬

‫ﻭﺒﺘﻌﻭﻴﺽ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ)ﻤﻥ ‪ 2‬ﺇﻟﻰ ‪ (7‬ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ) ‪ (1‬ﻴﻨﺘﺞ‪:‬‬

‫)‪(8‬‬

‫‪:‬ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺘﺤﺴﺏ ﻭﺘﺩﺨل ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ)‪ (8‬ﻭﺘﺄﺨﺫ ﺭﻤﺯ‬

‫])‪[Hanson ,P.N., (1980‬‬

‫)‪(9‬‬

‫)‪(10‬‬

‫ﻨﺤل ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ)‪ (10‬ﻋﺩﺩﻴﺎ ﺒﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻭﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺩﺩﺓ ﻭﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻲ‪:‬‬

‫)‪(11‬‬

‫)‪(12‬‬

‫)‪(13‬‬

‫)‪(14‬‬

‫)‪(15‬‬

‫]‪ Hong, J. C.P.‬ﻭﺯﻤﻼﺌﻪ)‪[( 1984‬‬ ‫ﻨﺄﺨﺫ‬

‫ﻨﻔﺭﺽ‬

‫ﻭﺒﺘﻌﻭﻴﺽ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ )ﻤﻥ ‪ 11‬ﺇﻟﻰ ‪ ( 15‬ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ )‪ ( 10‬ﻨﺤﺼل ﻋﻠﻰ‪:‬‬

‫‪٣٩‬‬
 ‫‪٢٠٠٨‬‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺪد ‪٢‬‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺠﻠﺪ ‪١‬‬ ‫ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﻘﺎدﺳﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﻠﻮم اﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﻴﺔ‬

‫)‪(16‬‬

‫‪Boundary condition:‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﺭﻭﻁ ﺍﻟﺤﺩﻭﺩﻴﺔ‪:‬‬

‫‪,‬‬

‫‪,‬‬

‫‪,‬‬

‫‪,‬‬

‫‪Initial condition:‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﺭﻭﻁ ﺍﻻﺒﺘﺩﺍﺌﻴﺔ‪:‬‬

‫‪,‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺒﺭﻨﺎﻤﺞ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺴﻭﺒﻲ‬

‫ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﻨﺎ ﻟﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺴﻙ ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻴﻊ ﻓﻲ ﺼﻴﺎﻏﺔ ﺒﺭﻨﺎﻤﺞ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﺴﺘﻔﺎﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ )‪(16‬ﻭﺒﺈﺩﺨﺎل‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻁﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﺴﺎﻟﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﺭﻭﻁ ﺍﻟﺤﺩﻭﺩﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺒﺘﺩﺍﺌﻴﺔ)‪ ، (T∞=25°C،TP=1520°C‬ﻓﺎﻨﻪ ﻴﻌﻁﻴﻨﺎ ﺘﻭﺯﻴﻊ‬
‫ﺩﺭﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺩﻥ ﺩﺍﺨل ﻓﺠﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻟﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻭﺒﺄﺯﻤﺎﻥ ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻗﺸﺔ‬

‫ﻟﻘﺩ ﺘﻡ ﺭﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺭﻨﺎﻤﺞ )‪ ،(Surfer‬ﺤﻴﺙ ﺘﻡ ﺘﻭﻀﻴﺢ ﺃﺒﻌﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻟﺏ ﻭﺒﺩﺍﺨل ﻓﺠﻭﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻟﺏ‬
‫ﺘﻡ ﺘﻭﻀﻴﺢ ﺘﻭﺯﻴﻊ ﺩﺭﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺩﻥ ﻭﺒﺄﺯﻤﺎﻥ ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ‪) .‬ﺘﻡ ﻗﻠﺏ ﺍﻹﺤﺩﺍﺜﻴﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺭﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﻜﻨﺘﻭﺭﻱ ﻟﺘﻜﻭﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺸﻜﺎل ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﻭﻀﻭﺤﺎ( ‪.‬‬

‫‪.١‬ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻟﺏ)‪ (10x30 mm‬ﻋﻨﺩ ﺯﻤﻥ ‪ :2 sec‬ﻫﻨﺎ ﻨﻼﺤﻅ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻓﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺌﻤﺔ ﻟﻠﻘﺎﻟﺏ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻋﻨﺩ )‪ (1220°C‬ﺃﻤﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻓﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻴﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻔﻠﻰ ﻟﻠﻘﺎﻟﺏ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻋﻨﺩ )‪ (1460°C‬ﺃﻤﺎ ﻤﺭﻜﺯ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻟﺏ ﻓﻴﺤﺘﻔﻅ ﺒﻨﻔﺱ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺼﺏ‬
‫ﻭﻫﻲ )‪، (1520°C‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜل )‪.(٢‬‬
‫‪.٢‬ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻟﺏ)‪ (10x30 mm‬ﻋﻨﺩ ﺯﻤﻥ ‪ : 10 sec‬ﻫﻨﺎ ﻨﻼﺤﻅ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻓﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺌﻤﺔ ﻟﻠﻘﺎﻟﺏ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻋﻨﺩ)‪ (1050°C‬ﺃﻤﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻓﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻴﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻔﻠﻰ ﻟﻠﻘﺎﻟﺏ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻋﻨﺩ)‪ (1400°C‬ﺃﻤﺎ ﻤﺭﻜﺯ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻟﺏ ﻓﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻋﻨﺩ )‪،( 1500°C‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜل‬
‫)‪.(٣‬‬
‫‪.٣‬ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻟﺏ)‪ (10x30 mm‬ﻋﻨﺩ ﺯﻤﻥ ‪ : 50 sec‬ﻫﻨﺎ ﻨﻼﺤﻅ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻓﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺌﻤﺔ ﻟﻠﻘﺎﻟﺏ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻋﻨﺩ)‪ (750°C‬ﺃﻤﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻓﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻴﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻔﻠﻰ ﻟﻠﻘﺎﻟﺏ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻋﻨﺩ )‪ (1300°C‬ﺃﻤﺎ ﻤﺭﻜﺯ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻟﺏ ﻓﺎﻏﻠﺒﻪ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻋﻨﺩ )‪ (1400°C‬ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺎﻗﻲ‬
‫‪٤٠‬‬
 ‫‪٢٠٠٨‬‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺪد ‪٢‬‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺠﻠﺪ ‪١‬‬ ‫ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﻘﺎدﺳﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﻠﻮم اﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﻴﺔ‬

‫ﻋﻨﺩ)‪،( 1500°C‬ﻫﺫﺍ ﻴﺩل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺩﻥ ﻭﺼل ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻁﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺨﻴﺭﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻻﻨﺠﻤﺎﺩ ﺤﻴﺙ ﺇﻥ ﻜﺜﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﺍﺯﺩﺍﺩﺕ‬
‫ﻭﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺘﻪ ﺍﻨﺨﻔﻀﺕ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜل)‪.(٤‬‬
‫‪.٤‬ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻟﺏ)‪ (10x30 mm‬ﻋﻨﺩ ﺯﻤﻥ ‪ : 100 sec‬ﻫﻨﺎ ﻨﻼﺤﻅ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻓﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺌﻤﺔ ﻟﻠﻘﺎﻟﺏ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻋﻨﺩ )‪ (550°C‬ﺃﻤﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻓﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻴﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻔﻠﻰ ﻟﻠﻘﺎﻟﺏ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻋﻨﺩ )‪ (1150°C‬ﺃﻤﺎ ﻤﺭﻜﺯ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻟﺏ ﻓﺎﻏﻠﺒﻪ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻋﻨﺩ)‪ (1250°C‬ﺃﻤﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ ﺍﻟﻘﺭﻴﺒﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺒﺩﺍﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻟﺏ ﻓﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻋﻨﺩ )‪ (1450°C‬ﺃﻤﺎ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ )‪ (1500°C‬ﻓﻨﺠﺩﻫﺎ ﻓﻘﻁ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﺩﺍﻴﺔ ﺒﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ‬
‫ﻗﻠﻴﻠﺔ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜل)‪. (٥‬‬
‫‪.٥‬ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻟﺏ)‪(20x30 mm‬ﻋﻨﺩ ‪ :2 sec‬ﻫﻨﺎ ﻨﻼﺤﻅ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻓﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺌﻤﺔ ﻟﻠﻘﺎﻟﺏ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻋﻨﺩ )‪ (1220°C‬ﺃﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻓﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻓﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻋﻨﺩ )‪ (1520°C‬ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻴﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻔﻠﻰ ﻟﻠﻘﺎﻟﺏ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻋﻨﺩ )‪ (1460°C‬ﺃﻤﺎ ﻤﺭﻜﺯ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻟﺏ‬
‫)‪ (10mm‬ﻤﻥ ﺴﻤﻙ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻟﺏ ﺒﺨﻼﻑ ﺍﻟﺸﻜل )‪ (٢‬ﺤﻴﺙ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ )‪ (2mm‬ﻤﻥ‬
‫ﺴﻤﻙ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻟﺏ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜل )‪.(٦‬‬
‫‪.٦‬ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻟﺏ)‪ (20x30 mm‬ﻋﻨﺩ ‪ :10 sec‬ﻫﻨﺎ ﻨﻼﺤﻅ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻓﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺌﻤﺔ ﻟﻠﻘﺎﻟﺏ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻋﻨﺩ) ‪ (1150°C‬ﺃﻤﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻓﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻴﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻔﻠﻰ ﻟﻠﻘﺎﻟﺏ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻋﻨﺩ )‪ (1400°C‬ﺃﻤﺎ ﻤﺭﻜﺯ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻟﺏ ﻓﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻋﻨﺩ )‪،(1500°C‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜل‬
‫)‪ .(٧‬ﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﺨﺘﻠﻑ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻟﺏ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻟﺏ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜل)‪ (٣‬ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺘﻔﻅﺔ ﺒﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺼﺏ‬
‫)‪ (1520°C‬ﺤﻴﺙ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﻫﻨﺎ ﻜﺒﻴﺭﺓ ﻭﺘﺤﺘﺎﺝ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺯﻤﻥ ﺍﻜﺒﺭ ﻟﻜﻲ ﺘﺼل ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻻﻨﺠﻤﺎﺩ‪.‬‬
‫‪.٧‬ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻟﺏ)‪ (20x30 mm‬ﻋﻨﺩ ‪ :50 sec‬ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻟﺏ ﻨﺠﺩ ﺇﻥ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺯ ﻗﺩ ﺍﻨﺨﻔﻀﺕ ﺇﻟﻰ‬
‫)‪ (1500°C‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ)‪ (L=0‬ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻨﺘﺸﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻜل ﺍﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻟﺏ ﻭﻜﻠﻤﺎ ﺘﻘﺩﻤﻨﺎ ﺒﺎﺘﺠﺎﻩ )‪ (x‬ﻨﺠﺩ ﺇﻥ‬
‫ﺴﻤﻙ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﻴﻘل ﻭﻴﺼل ﺇﻟﻰ )‪ (5mm‬ﻋﻨﺩ ﻤﻨﺘﺼﻑ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻟﺏ‪ .‬ﻭﻨﻼﺤﻅ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ ﺒﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ)‪(1450°C‬‬
‫ﺩﺍﺨل ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ )‪ (1500°C‬ﻭﺒﺎﻟﻌﻜﺱ ﺃﻱ ﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ ﺒﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ)‪ (1500°C‬ﺩﺍﺨل ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ )‪ (1450°C‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل)‪.(٨‬‬
‫‪.٨‬ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻟﺏ)‪ (20x30 mm‬ﻋﻨﺩ ‪ :100 sec‬ﻫﻨﺎ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻏﻠﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺯ ﻋﻨﺩ)‪ (1450°C‬ﻤﺤﺘﻭﻴﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺠﺯﺭ‬
‫ﺒﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ)‪ ، (1400°C‬ﻭﻨﻼﺤﻅ ﺍﺤﺘﻭﺍﺀ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ)‪ (1400°C‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ ﺒﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ)‪(1450°C‬‬
‫ﻜﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜل)‪.(٩‬‬
‫‪.٩‬ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻟﺏ)‪ (30x30mm‬ﻋﻨﺩ ‪ :2 sec‬ﻫﻨﺎ ﻨﻼﺤﻅ ﺴﻴﻁﺭﺓ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ )‪ (1520°C‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻌﻅﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻟﺏ‬
‫ﻭﺒﺴﻤﻙ)‪ (20mm‬ﻤﻥ ﻤﺭﻜﺯ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻟﺏ ﻭﺫﻟﻙ ﺒﺎﻻﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺯﻤﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﻴﻠﺔ)‪ (2 sec‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜل)‪.(١٠‬‬

‫‪.١٠‬ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻟﺏ)‪ (30x30mm‬ﻋﻨﺩ ‪ :10 sec‬ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ﻴﺨﺘﻠﻑ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻕ ﺒﺎﻥ ﻤﺭﻜﺯ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻟﺏ ﺍﺤﺘﻔﻅ ﺒﺩﺭﺠﺔ‬
‫ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ)‪ (1500°C‬ﺃﻱ ﺇﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻨﺨﻔﻀﺕ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻕ ﺒﺤﻭﺍﻟﻲ )‪ (20°C‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜل)‪.(١١‬‬

‫‪.١١‬ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻟﺏ)‪ (30x30mm‬ﻋﻨﺩ ‪ :50 sec‬ﻤﺭﻜﺯ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻟﺏ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ)‪ (1500°C‬ﻭﺘﻭﺯﻴﻊ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺠﺔ‬
‫ﺒﺸﻜل ﻤﺘﻤﻭﺝ‪ ،‬ﻓﻲ ﺒﺩﺍﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻟﺏ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﻤﺴﺘﻤﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻜل ﺍﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻟﺏ‪،‬ﻭﺘﻘل ﻜﻠﻤﺎ ﺘﻘﺩﻤﻨﺎ ﺒﺎﺘﺠﺎﻩ )‪(x‬‬
‫ﻜﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜل)‪.(١٢‬‬

‫‪٤١‬‬
 ‫‪٢٠٠٨‬‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺪد ‪٢‬‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺠﻠﺪ ‪١‬‬ ‫ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﻘﺎدﺳﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﻠﻮم اﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﻴﺔ‬

‫‪.١٢‬ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻟﺏ)‪ (30x30mm‬ﻋﻨﺩ ‪ :100 sec‬ﻴﺨﺘﻠﻑ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻕ ﺒﺎﻥ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ )‪(1500°C‬‬
‫ﻴﺼﺒﺢ ﺘﻭﺯﻴﻌﻬﺎ ﺒﺸﻜل ﻗﻤﻊ ﻓﻲ ﺒﺩﺍﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻟﺏ ﻓﻘﻁ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜل)‪.(١٣‬‬
‫‪.١٣‬ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻟﺏ)‪ (10x50mm‬ﻋﻨﺩ ‪ :2 sec‬ﻨﻼﺤﻅ ﻫﻨﺎ ﺍﺤﺘﻔﺎﻅ ﻤﺭﻜﺯ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻟﺏ ﺒﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ)‪ (1520°C‬ﻭﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﻁﻭل ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻟﺏ ﻭﺒﺴﻤﻙ )‪ .(1mm‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜل)‪.(١٤‬‬

‫‪.١٤‬ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻟﺏ)‪ (10x50mm‬ﻋﻨﺩ ‪ :10 sec‬ﻗﻠﺕ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺇﻟﻰ)‪ (1500°C‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ )‪ ( 47mm‬ﻤﻥ‬
‫ﻁﻭل ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻟﺏ ﻭﺒﺴﻤﻙ )‪ (4mm‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜل)‪.(١٥‬‬

‫‪.١٥‬ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻟﺏ)‪ (10x50mm‬ﻋﻨﺩ ‪ :50 sec‬ﻨﻼﺤﻅ ﺍﻹﺭﺒﺎﻙ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺼل ﻓﻲ ﺩﺭﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‪،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻙ ﻻﻥ ﺴﻤﻙ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻟﺏ ﻗﻠﻴل ﺠﺩﺍ ﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨﺔ ﺒﻁﻭﻟﻪ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻌﺩﻥ ﻴﻔﻘﺩ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺒﺴﺭﻋﺔ ‪،‬ﻭﻜﺫﻟﻙ ﻨﻼﺤﻅ ﺍﻟﺘﺩﺍﺨﻼﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺒﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﻤﻊ ﺒﻌﺽ ﻟﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺏ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻕ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜل)‪.(١٦‬‬

‫‪.١٦‬ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻟﺏ)‪ (10x50mm‬ﻋﻨﺩ ‪ :100 sec‬ﻤﻘﺎﺭﺏ ﻟﻠﺸﻜل ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻕ ﻤﻊ ﻨﻘﺼﺎﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺩﺭﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل)‪.(١٧‬‬

‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﺸﻜﺎل ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻘﺔ ﺃﺨﺫﻨﺎ ﻟﻜل ﻗﺎﻟﺏ ﺃﺭﺒﻌﺔ ﺃﺯﻤﺎﻥ ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻟﻜﻥ ﺴﻨﻘﺘﺼﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﺸﻜﺎل ﺍﻟﻼﺤﻘﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺯﻤﻥ ﻭﺍﺤﺩ‬
‫ﻫﻭ)‪ (100 sec‬ﻭﻫﻭ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻟﻠﺯﻤﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺙ ﻭﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻲ‪:‬‬

‫‪.١٧‬ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻟﺏ)‪ (20x50mm‬ﻋﻨﺩ ‪ :100 sec‬ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ﻨﻼﺤﻅ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ)‪ (1500°C‬ﻗﺩ ﺍﻨﺤﺴﺭﺕ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﻤﻘﺩﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻟﺏ ﺒﺤﻴﺙ ﻻ ﻨﺠﺩﻫﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺭﻜﺯ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻟﺏ ﺇﻁﻼﻗﺎ‪ .‬ﻜﺫﻟﻙ ﻨﻼﺤﻅ ﻅﻬﻭﺭ ﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ ﺼﻐﻴﺭﺓ ﺒﺩﺭﺠﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻤﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ ﺒﺩﺭﺠﺎﺕ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺃﻁﻠﻘﻨﺎ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺭ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺙ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل)‪.(١٨‬‬

‫‪.١٨‬ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻟﺏ)‪ (30x50mm‬ﻋﻨﺩ ‪ :100 sec‬ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻟﺏ ﻴﺨﺘﻠﻑ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻕ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﺭﺘﻔﺎﻋﻪ‬
‫ﺇﻟﻰ)‪ (30mm‬ﻫﺫﺍ ﻤﻌﻨﺎﻩ ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺩﻥ ﺩﺍﺨل ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻟﺏ ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﺍﺤﺘﻔﺎﻅﻪ ﺒﺩﺭﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻟﻔﺘﺭﺓ ﺃﻁﻭل ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﻤﺎ‬
‫ﻨﺭﺍﻩ ﻭﺍﻀﺤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜل )‪ (١٩‬ﺤﻴﺙ ﺇﻥ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ )‪ (1500°C‬ﻤﺴﺘﻤﺭﺓ ﺇﻟﻰ)‪ (3:4‬ﻤﻥ ﻁﻭل ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻟﺏ‬
‫ﻭﺒﺴﻤﻙ )‪ .(10mm‬ﻭﻜﺫﻟﻙ ﻨﻼﺤﻅ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﺸﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ﻭﻫﻲ ﻭﺍﻀﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻡ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﺍﻟﺘﺩﺭﺝ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻀﺢ‪.‬‬

‫‪.١٩‬ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻟﺏ)‪ (10x100mm‬ﻋﻨﺩ ‪ :100 sec‬ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻟﺏ ﺒﺄﺒﻌﺎﺩ ﻨﺤﻴﻔﺔ ﺤﻴﺙ ﺇﻥ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻻﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ ﺇﻟﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻁﻭل)‪ (1:10‬ﻭﺒﺎﻻﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺫﻟﻙ ﻨﺠﺩ ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺩﻥ ﻗﺩ ﻭﺼل ﺇﻟﻰ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻘﺭﺍﺭ )ﺍﻻﻨﺠﻤﺎﺩ( ﻭﻻ ﻴﻭﺠﺩ ﺘﺩﺭﺝ‬
‫ﺤﺭﺍﺭﻱ ﻭﺍﻀﺢ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜل)‪.(٢٠‬‬

‫‪.٢٠‬ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻟﺏ)‪ (20x100mm‬ﻋﻨﺩ ‪ :100 sec‬ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻟﺏ ﺯﺍﺩ ﺍﺭﺘﻔﺎﻋﻪ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻕ ﺇﻟﻰ)‪ (20mm‬ﻭﺒﺫﻟﻙ‬
‫ﻨﻼﺤﻅ ﺍﻟﺘﺩﺭﺝ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﻀﺢ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜل)‪.(٢١‬‬
‫‪٤٢‬‬
 ‫‪٢٠٠٨‬‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺪد ‪٢‬‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺠﻠﺪ ‪١‬‬ ‫ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﻘﺎدﺳﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﻠﻮم اﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﻴﺔ‬

‫‪.٢١‬ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻟﺏ)‪ (30x100mm‬ﻋﻨﺩ ‪ :100 sec‬ﻫﻨﺎ ﺯﺍﺩ ﺍﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻟﺏ ﺇﻟﻰ )‪ (30mm‬ﻭﺒﺫﻟﻙ ﻨﻼﺤﻅ ﺍﺤﺘﻔﺎﻅ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻟﺏ ﺒﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ)‪ (1500°C‬ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺯ ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﻁﻭل ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻟﺏ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜل)‪.(٢٢‬‬

‫ﺒﺸﻜل ﻋﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺩ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻱ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺭﻜﺯ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻟﺏ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻗﻠﻴل ﻭﺫﻟﻙ ﻻﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺯ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﻌﺭﺽ ﻟﻠﻤﺤﻴﻁ ﻭﺍﻥ ﺠﺯﺌﻴﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺩﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺯ ﺘﻔﻘﺩ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺠﺯﺌﻴﺎﺕ ﻤﻌﺩﻥ ﻤﺠﺎﻭﺭﺓ ﻭﺒﺫﻟﻙ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺩ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻱ ﻗﻠﻴل ﻻﻥ ﺠﺯﺌﻴﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻤﻌﺩﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺯ ﻭﺠﺯﺌﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺩﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻭﺭﺓ ﺒﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻤﺘﻘﺎﺭﺒﺔ)ﺃﻱ ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺭﻕ ﻓﻲ ﺩﺭﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻗﻠﻴل(‪.‬‬
‫ﺃﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻓﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻴﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻔﻠﻰ ﻟﻠﻘﺎﻟﺏ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺠﺯﺌﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺩﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺼﻬﺭ ﻤﻌﺭﻀﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺤﻴﻁ )ﺒﻐﺽ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺭ ﻋﻥ‬
‫ﺴﻤﻙ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻟﺏ(‪،‬ﻭﺒﺫﻟﻙ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺩ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻱ ﺃﺴﺭﻉ ﻤﻨﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺯ ﻻﻥ ﺠﺯﺌﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺩﻥ ﺘﻔﻘﺩ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭﺓ ﺇﻟﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻴﻁ ﺒﺤﻜﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺭﻕ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﻴﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺩﺭﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺩﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺤﻴﻁ ‪ .‬ﺃﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻓﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺌﻤﺔ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺩﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺼﻬﺭ ﻤﻌﺭﺽ ﻟﻠﻤﺤﻴﻁ ﻤﻥ ﺠﻬﺘﻴﻥ ﻭﺒﺫﻟﻙ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺩ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻱ ﺃﺴﺭﻉ ﻤﻥ ﻜل ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ‪.‬ﺒﻌﺩ ﺇﻥ ﺘﻤﺕ ﻤﻨﺎﻗﺸﺔ‬
‫ﻜل ﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺍﻟﺏ‪،‬ﻭﻀﻌﺕ ﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺘﻭﺯﻴﻊ ﺩﺭﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺠﺩﻭل)‪ (١‬ﻟﺘﺴﻬﻴل ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﻘﻮاﻟﺐ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻨﺘﺎﺠﺎﺕ‬

‫ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺇﺠﻤﺎل ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻨﺘﺎﺠﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺙ ﺒﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻲ‪:‬‬

‫‪.١‬ﻜﻠﻤﺎ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻟﺏ ﺼﻐﻴﺭ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺩ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻱ ﺃﺴﺭﻉ ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻋﺩﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻁﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺎﻜﺔ ﻭﺤﺩﻭﺙ‬
‫ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺎﻜل ﻤﺜل ﺍﻨﺠﻤﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺩﻥ ﻗﺒل ﻭﺼﻭﻟﻪ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻜل ﺃﺠﺯﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻟﺏ)ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﻤﺎﻴﺤﺩﺙ ﻜﺜﻴﺭﺍ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺎﻜﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺩﻗﻴﻘﺔ(‪.‬‬
‫‪.٢‬ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻟﺏ ﻜﺒﻴﺭ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺩﻥ ﻜﺒﻴﺭﺓ ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﺘﺭﺓ ﻁﻭﻴﻠﺔ ﻻﻨﺠﻤﺎﺩﻩ ﻭﻜﺫﻟﻙ ﻜﺒﺭ ﻓﺠﻭﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻨﻜﻤﺎﺵ‪،‬ﻻﻥ ﺠﺯﺌﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺩﻥ ﺘﺘﻘﻠﺹ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻻﻨﺠﻤﺎﺩ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .٣‬ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺩ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻱ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺃﺴﺭﻉ ﻤﺎ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻓﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺌﻤﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .٤‬ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺩ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻱ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺒﺎﻟﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻓﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻴﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻔﻠﻰ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .٥‬ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎ ﻤﺎ ﻴﺤﺘﻔﻅ ﻤﺭﻜﺯ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻟﺏ ﺒﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .٦‬ﺘﻭﺯﻴﻊ ﺩﺭﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺒﻘﻴﻡ ﻤﺭﺘﻔﻌﺔ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺯ ﻭﻤﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻓﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺌﻤﺔ ﻭﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺘﻴﻥ ﻋﻨﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻓﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻴﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻔﻠﻰ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .٧‬ﺘﻤﺕ ﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺙ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﻲ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺙ ]‪ Hong, J.C.P.‬ﻭﺯﻤﻼﺌﻪ)‪ [(1984‬ﻭﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺠﻴﺩﺓ ﻭﺨﺼﻭﺼﺎ‬
‫ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻴﺘﻌﻠﻕ ﺒﺘﻭﺯﻴﻊ ﺩﺭﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‪.‬‬

‫‪٤٣‬‬
 ٢٠٠٨ ٢ ‫اﻟﻌﺪد‬ ١ ‫اﻟﻤﺠﻠﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﻘﺎدﺳﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﻠﻮم اﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﻴﺔ‬

References :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ‬
Al-Bayati,W.A. (1999). “Production Of A Turbine Blade Using Centrifugal Investment
Casting Method”, M.Sc. Thesis, Baghdad University.
Brody,H.,Srinath,U.,Hwang,W.,Akgerman,N.,Badawy,A.Nariman,R.,Miller,S.andWassel,T.,(1981)
"Improved Foundry Casting Utilizing CAD/CAM",Tech. Repot 12574,U.S. Army Tank-
Automotive Command Research And Development Center.

Chawing,H.T.,Hwang,J.C.,Jong, S.H., Hwang, W.S.,( 1992)“Temperature Measurement As A

Means To Study The Flow And Thermal Behavior Of Molten Metal During Mold Filling”,
Conference Paper, ROC, National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan.

Hanson,P.N. (1980). “Solidification And Related Structure As A Function Of Metal/Mould

Boundary Temperature”, Conference Solidification Technology And Cast House, 15-17,
September.

Hong, J.C.P., Umeda,T. and Kimura, Y. (1984). “Numerical Models For Casting Solidification:
Part I”, Metal Transactions B, Vol. 15B, , p. 91.
Kimo Kubo and Robert, D. Pehlke,(1985),"Mathematical Modelling Of Porosity Formation In
Solidification ",Metallurgical Transactions B,Vol. 16b p359-365.

Lewis,R.W. ,Seetharamu,K.N.,Prasad, B.,(1997),"Modelling Of Heat Transfer, Fluid Flow And

Thermodynamics In Casting" ASM Int. p.161-273.

Martin R. Barone And David A. Caulk ,(1999),"Analysis Of Liquid Metal Flow In Die Casting ",
Research And Development Center.

Mohammed,D.K. (1997).“Computer Simulation for A casting mould Design”Ph.D Thesis,

Baghdad University.
Salcudean,M. , Abdullah,Z. ,(1988),"On The Numerical Modelling Of Heat Transfer During
Solidification Processes", International Journal For Numerical Method In Engineering ,Vol.25
p445-473.

Seetharamu, K. N.,(2001)"Finite Element Modelling Solidification Phenomena", Sadhana Vol.

26, Parts1and 2,p.103-120

Worster,M.G. ( 1986). “Solidification Of An Alloy From A Cooled Boundary”, J. Fluid Mech.,

Vol. 167, p. 481-501.
Yu ,K.O., Nichols, J.J., Robinson, M.,(1992)," Finite Element Thermal Modelling Of Casting
Microstructures And Defects",J.Oper. Mainten.44:p21-25

‫ ﻗﺴﻡ ﺍﻹﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻥ‬،‫ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻭﻟﻭﺠﻴﺔ‬،”‫ "ﺘﻜﻨﻭﻟﻭﺠﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺎﻜﺔ‬،(2000)،‫ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﻟﺭﺯﺍﻕ ﺇﺴﻤﺎﻋﻴل‬

٤٤
‫‪٢٠٠٨‬‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺪد ‪٢‬‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺠﻠﺪ ‪١‬‬ ‫ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﻘﺎدﺳﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﻠﻮم اﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺠﺩﻭل)‪:(١‬ﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺘﻭﺯﻴﻊ ﺩﺭﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬

‫ﺩﺭﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ)‪(°C‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻟﺏ ﺍﻷﻭل)‪(10x30 mm‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻓﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺌﻤﺔ ﻟﻠﻘﺎﻟﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻓﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻴﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻔﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻤﺭﻜﺯ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻟﺏ‬

‫ﻟﻠﻘﺎﻟﺏ‬

‫‪1220‬‬ ‫‪1460‬‬ ‫‪1520‬‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺩ ‪2 sec‬‬

‫‪1050‬‬ ‫‪1400‬‬ ‫‪1500‬‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺩ ‪10 sec‬‬

‫‪750‬‬ ‫‪1300‬‬ ‫‪1400‬‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺩ ‪50 sec‬‬

‫‪550‬‬ ‫‪1150‬‬ ‫‪1250‬‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺩ ‪100 sec‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻟﺏ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ)‪(20x30 mm‬‬

‫‪1220‬‬ ‫‪1460‬‬ ‫‪1520‬‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺩ ‪2 sec‬‬

‫‪1150‬‬ ‫‪1400‬‬ ‫‪1500‬‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺩ ‪10 sec‬‬

‫‪800‬‬ ‫‪1350‬‬ ‫‪1500‬‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺩ‪50 sec‬‬

‫‪600‬‬ ‫‪1300‬‬ ‫‪1450‬‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺩ ‪100 sec‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻟﺏ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺙ)‪(30x30mm‬‬

‫‪1220‬‬ ‫‪1500‬‬ ‫‪1520‬‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺩ ‪2 sec‬‬

‫‪1150‬‬ ‫‪1350‬‬ ‫‪1500‬‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺩ ‪10 sec‬‬

‫‪900‬‬ ‫‪1150‬‬ ‫‪1500‬‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺩ ‪50 sec‬‬

‫‪800‬‬ ‫‪1000‬‬ ‫‪1450‬‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺩ ‪100 sec‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻟﺏ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺒﻊ)‪(10x50mm‬‬

‫‪1200‬‬ ‫‪1380‬‬ ‫‪1520‬‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺩ ‪2 sec‬‬

‫‪٤٥‬‬
‫‪٢٠٠٨‬‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺪد ‪٢‬‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺠﻠﺪ ‪١‬‬ ‫ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﻘﺎدﺳﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﻠﻮم اﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﻴﺔ‬

‫‪1000‬‬ ‫‪1320‬‬ ‫‪1500‬‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺩ ‪10 sec‬‬

‫‪800‬‬ ‫‪1250‬‬ ‫‪1350‬‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺩ ‪50 sec‬‬

‫‪750‬‬ ‫‪1150‬‬ ‫‪1250‬‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺩ ‪100 sec‬‬

‫ﻋﻨﺩ ‪100 sec‬‬

‫‪500‬‬ ‫‪1150‬‬ ‫‪1400‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻟﺏ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﻤﺱ)‪(20x50mm‬‬

‫‪600‬‬ ‫‪1200‬‬ ‫‪1500‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻟﺏ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺩﺱ)‪(30x50mm‬‬

‫‪550‬‬ ‫‪1000‬‬ ‫‪1150‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻟﺏ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻊ)‪(10x100mm‬‬

‫‪600‬‬ ‫‪1100‬‬ ‫‪1400‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻟﺏ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻤﻥ)‪(20x100mm‬‬

‫‪650‬‬ ‫‪1200‬‬ ‫‪1500‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻟﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺴﻊ)‪(30x100mm‬‬

‫‪qs‬‬

‫‪qy+dy‬‬

‫)‪convection(in‬‬ ‫)‪convection(out‬‬

‫‪qx‬‬ ‫‪qx+dx‬‬

‫‪qy‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل)‪ :(١‬ﻤﻭﺍﺯﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﻟﺸﺭﻴﺤﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺩﻥ‬

‫‪٤٦‬‬
‫‪٢٠٠٨‬‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺪد ‪٢‬‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺠﻠﺪ ‪١‬‬ ‫ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﻘﺎدﺳﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﻠﻮم اﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﻴﺔ‬

‫‪1500‬‬

‫‪10‬‬ ‫‪1460‬‬

‫)‪H(mm‬‬
‫‪1420‬‬

‫‪5‬‬
‫‪1380‬‬ ‫‪C‬‬
‫‪1340‬‬

‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪10‬‬ ‫‪15‬‬ ‫‪20‬‬ ‫‪25‬‬ ‫‪30‬‬ ‫‪1300‬‬

‫)‪L(mm‬‬
‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ)‪:(٢‬ﺗﻮزﻳﻊ درﺟﺎت اﻟﺤﺮارة ﻋﻨﺪ ‪t=2sec‬‬ ‫‪1260‬‬

‫‪1220‬‬

‫‪1450‬‬
‫‪10‬‬
‫)‪H(mm‬‬

‫‪1350‬‬

‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪°‬‬
‫‪1250‬‬ ‫‪C‬‬

‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪10‬‬ ‫‪15‬‬ ‫‪20‬‬ ‫‪25‬‬ ‫‪30‬‬

‫‪1150‬‬
‫)‪L(mm‬‬
‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ)‪:(٣‬ﺗﻮزﻳﻊ درﺟﺎت اﻟﺤﺮارة ﻋﻨﺪ ‪t=10sec‬‬
‫‪1050‬‬

‫‪1450‬‬

‫‪10‬‬ ‫‪1350‬‬
‫)‪H(mm‬‬

‫‪1250‬‬

‫‪5‬‬
‫‪1150‬‬ ‫‪C‬‬

‫‪1050‬‬
‫‪°‬‬

‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪10‬‬ ‫‪15‬‬ ‫‪20‬‬ ‫‪25‬‬ ‫‪30‬‬ ‫‪950‬‬

‫)‪L(mm‬‬
‫‪850‬‬

‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ)‪:(٤‬ﺗﻮزﻳﻊ درﺟﺎت اﻟﺤﺮارة ﻋﻨﺪ ‪t=50sec‬‬ ‫‪750‬‬

‫‪٤٧‬‬
‫‪٢٠٠٨‬‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺪد ‪٢‬‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺠﻠﺪ ‪١‬‬ ‫ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﻘﺎدﺳﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﻠﻮم اﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﻴﺔ‬

‫‪1450‬‬

‫‪1350‬‬
‫‪10‬‬
‫‪1250‬‬
‫)‪H(mm‬‬
‫‪1150‬‬

‫‪5‬‬
‫‪1050‬‬ ‫‪°C‬‬
‫‪950‬‬

‫‪850‬‬
‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪10‬‬ ‫‪15‬‬ ‫‪20‬‬ ‫‪25‬‬ ‫‪30‬‬
‫‪750‬‬
‫)‪L(mm‬‬
‫‪650‬‬
‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ)‪:(٥‬ﺗﻮزﻳﻊ درﺟﺎت اﻟﺤﺮارة ﻋﻨﺪ ‪t=100sec‬‬
‫‪550‬‬

‫‪20‬‬
‫)‪H(mm‬‬

‫‪1500‬‬

‫‪15‬‬ ‫‪1460‬‬

‫‪1420‬‬

‫‪1380‬‬
‫‪10‬‬
‫‪°C‬‬
‫‪1340‬‬

‫‪1300‬‬
‫‪5‬‬

‫‪1260‬‬

‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪10‬‬ ‫‪15‬‬ ‫‪20‬‬ ‫‪25‬‬ ‫‪30‬‬ ‫‪1220‬‬

‫)‪L(mm‬‬
‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ)‪:(٦‬ﺗﻮزﻳﻊ درﺟﺎت اﻟﺤﺮارة ﻋﻨﺪ ‪t=2sec‬‬

‫‪٤٨‬‬
‫‪٢٠٠٨‬‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺪد ‪٢‬‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺠﻠﺪ ‪١‬‬ ‫ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﻘﺎدﺳﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﻠﻮم اﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﻴﺔ‬

‫‪20‬‬

‫)‪H(mm‬‬
‫‪1500‬‬

‫‪1450‬‬
‫‪15‬‬
‫‪1400‬‬

‫‪1350‬‬

‫‪1300‬‬
‫‪10‬‬
‫‪1250‬‬
‫‪°C‬‬
‫‪1200‬‬

‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪1150‬‬

‫‪1100‬‬

‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪10‬‬ ‫‪15‬‬ ‫‪20‬‬ ‫‪25‬‬ ‫‪30‬‬ ‫‪1050‬‬

‫)‪L(mm‬‬
‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ)‪:(٧‬ﺗﻮزﻳﻊ درﺟﺎت اﻟﺤﺮارة ﻋﻨﺪ ‪t=10sec‬‬

‫‪20‬‬
‫)‪H(mm‬‬

‫‪1450‬‬

‫‪15‬‬ ‫‪1350‬‬

‫‪1250‬‬

‫‪10‬‬
‫‪1150‬‬ ‫‪C‬‬
‫‪1050‬‬ ‫‪°‬‬

‫‪950‬‬
‫‪5‬‬

‫‪850‬‬

‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪25‬‬ ‫‪30‬‬ ‫‪750‬‬

‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬
‫)‪L(mm‬‬
‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ)‪:(٨‬ﺗﻮزﻳﻊ درﺟﺎت اﻟﺤﺮارة ﻋﻨﺪ ‪t=50 sec‬‬

‫‪٤٩‬‬
‫‪٢٠٠٨‬‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺪد ‪٢‬‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺠﻠﺪ ‪١‬‬ ‫ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﻘﺎدﺳﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﻠﻮم اﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﻴﺔ‬

‫‪20‬‬
‫‪1500‬‬

‫)‪H(mm‬‬
‫‪1450‬‬
‫‪1400‬‬
‫‪1350‬‬
‫‪15‬‬ ‫‪1300‬‬
‫‪1250‬‬
‫‪1200‬‬
‫‪1150‬‬
‫‪1100‬‬ ‫‪C‬‬
‫‪10‬‬ ‫‪1050‬‬
‫‪1000‬‬ ‫‪°‬‬
‫‪950‬‬
‫‪900‬‬
‫‪850‬‬
‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪800‬‬
‫‪750‬‬
‫‪700‬‬
‫‪650‬‬
‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪10‬‬ ‫‪15‬‬ ‫‪20‬‬ ‫‪25‬‬ ‫‪30‬‬ ‫‪600‬‬

‫)‪L(mm‬‬
‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ)‪:(٩‬ﺗﻮزﻳﻊ درﺟﺎت اﻟﺤﺮارة ﻋﻨﺪ ‪t=100sec‬‬

‫‪30‬‬
‫)‪H(mm‬‬

‫‪25‬‬
‫‪1520‬‬

‫‪20‬‬ ‫‪1460‬‬

‫‪1400‬‬
‫‪15‬‬ ‫‪C‬‬
‫‪1340‬‬

‫‪10‬‬
‫‪1280‬‬

‫‪1220‬‬
‫‪5‬‬

‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪10‬‬ ‫‪15‬‬ ‫‪20‬‬ ‫‪25‬‬ ‫‪30‬‬

‫)‪L(mm‬‬
‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ)‪:(١٠‬ﺗﻮزﻳﻊ درﺟﺎت اﻟﺤﺮارة ﻋﻨﺪ ‪t=2sec‬‬

‫‪٥٠‬‬
‫‪٢٠٠٨‬‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺪد ‪٢‬‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺠﻠﺪ ‪١‬‬ ‫ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﻘﺎدﺳﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﻠﻮم اﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﻴﺔ‬

‫‪30‬‬

‫)‪H(mm‬‬ ‫‪25‬‬

‫‪1450‬‬

‫‪20‬‬ ‫‪1350‬‬

‫‪1250‬‬

‫‪1150‬‬
‫‪15‬‬

‫‪1050‬‬ ‫‪C‬‬
‫‪950‬‬
‫‪10‬‬

‫‪850‬‬

‫‪750‬‬
‫‪5‬‬

‫‪5‬‬
‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪10‬‬ ‫‪15‬‬ ‫‪20‬‬ ‫‪25‬‬ ‫‪30‬‬

‫)‪ L(mm‬اﻟﺸﻜﻞ)‪:(١٢‬ﺗﻮزﻳﻊ درﺟﺎت اﻟﺤﺮارة ﻋﻨﺪ ‪t=50sec‬‬

‫‪30‬‬

‫‪25‬‬

‫‪1450‬‬
‫‪20‬‬

‫‪1350‬‬
‫)‪H(mm‬‬

‫‪15‬‬
‫‪1250‬‬
‫‪C‬‬
‫‪10‬‬ ‫‪1150‬‬

‫‪1050‬‬

‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪10‬‬ ‫‪15‬‬ ‫‪20‬‬ ‫‪25‬‬ ‫‪30‬‬

‫‪L(mm‬‬
‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ)‪:(١١‬ﺗﻮزﻳﻊ درﺟﺎت اﻟﺤﺮارة ﻋﻨﺪ ‪t=10sec‬‬

‫‪٥١‬‬
‫‪٢٠٠٨‬‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺪد ‪٢‬‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺠﻠﺪ ‪١‬‬ ‫ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﻘﺎدﺳﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﻠﻮم اﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﻴﺔ‬

‫‪30‬‬

‫)‪H(mm‬‬
‫‪25‬‬
‫‪1500‬‬

‫‪1400‬‬

‫‪20‬‬ ‫‪1300‬‬

‫‪1200‬‬

‫‪1100‬‬
‫‪15‬‬ ‫‪C‬‬
‫‪1000‬‬

‫‪900‬‬

‫‪10‬‬ ‫‪800‬‬

‫‪700‬‬

‫‪600‬‬
‫‪5‬‬

‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪10‬‬ ‫‪15‬‬ ‫‪20‬‬ ‫‪25‬‬ ‫‪30‬‬

‫)‪L(mm‬‬
‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ)‪:(١٣‬ﺗﻮزﻳﻊ درﺟﺎت اﻟﺤﺮارة ﻋﻨﺪ ‪t=100sec‬‬

‫‪1500‬‬

‫‪1460‬‬

‫‪10‬‬ ‫‪1420‬‬
‫‪H(mm‬‬

‫‪1380‬‬
‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪C‬‬
‫‪1340‬‬
‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪10‬‬ ‫‪15‬‬ ‫‪20‬‬ ‫‪25‬‬ ‫‪30‬‬ ‫‪35‬‬ ‫‪40‬‬ ‫‪45‬‬ ‫‪50‬‬

‫)‪L(mm‬‬ ‫‪1300‬‬
‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ)‪:(١٤‬ﺗﻮزﻳﻊ درﺟﺎت اﻟﺤﺮارة ﻋﻨﺪ ‪t=2sec‬‬
‫‪1260‬‬

‫‪1220‬‬

‫‪٥٢‬‬
‫‪٢٠٠٨‬‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺪد ‪٢‬‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺠﻠﺪ ‪١‬‬ ‫ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﻘﺎدﺳﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﻠﻮم اﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﻴﺔ‬

‫‪1500‬‬

‫‪1450‬‬

‫‪1400‬‬
‫‪10‬‬
‫‪1350‬‬
‫)‪H(mm‬‬

‫‪1300‬‬
‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪C‬‬
‫‪1250‬‬
‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪10‬‬ ‫‪15‬‬ ‫‪20‬‬ ‫‪25‬‬ ‫‪30‬‬ ‫‪35‬‬ ‫‪40‬‬ ‫‪45‬‬ ‫‪50‬‬
‫‪1200‬‬
‫)‪L(mm‬‬
‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ)‪:(١٥‬ﺗﻮزﻳﻊ درﺟﺎت اﻟﺤﺮارة ﻋﻨﺪ ‪t=10sec‬‬ ‫‪1150‬‬

‫‪1100‬‬

‫‪1050‬‬

‫‪1450‬‬

‫‪1350‬‬

‫‪10‬‬
‫)‪H(mm‬‬

‫‪1250‬‬

‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪1150‬‬ ‫‪C‬‬

‫‪1050‬‬ ‫‪°‬‬
‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪10‬‬ ‫‪15‬‬ ‫‪20‬‬ ‫‪25‬‬ ‫‪30‬‬ ‫‪35‬‬ ‫‪40‬‬ ‫‪45‬‬ ‫‪50‬‬

‫‪L(mm‬اﻟﺸﻜﻞ)‪:(١٦‬ﺗﻮزﻳﻊ درﺟﺎت اﻟﺤﺮارة ﻋﻨﺪ ‪t=50sec‬‬ ‫‪950‬‬

‫‪850‬‬

‫‪10‬‬ ‫‪750‬‬

‫‪1450‬‬

‫‪1350‬‬
‫‪5‬‬
‫‪1250‬‬
‫‪H(mm‬‬

‫‪1150‬‬
‫‪C‬‬
‫‪1050‬‬

‫)‪L(mm‬‬ ‫‪950‬‬

‫‪850‬‬
‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪10‬‬ ‫‪15‬‬ ‫‪20‬‬ ‫‪25‬‬ ‫‪30‬‬ ‫‪35‬‬ ‫‪40‬‬ ‫‪45‬‬ ‫‪50‬‬

‫‪750‬‬

‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ)‪:(١٧‬ﺗﻮزﻳﻊ درﺟﺎت اﻟﺤﺮارة ﻋﻨﺪ ‪t=100sec‬‬

‫‪٥٣‬‬
‫‪٢٠٠٨‬‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺪد ‪٢‬‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺠﻠﺪ ‪١‬‬ ‫ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﻘﺎدﺳﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﻠﻮم اﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﻴﺔ‬

‫‪1500‬‬

‫‪1400‬‬
‫‪20‬‬
‫)‪H(mm‬‬ ‫‪1300‬‬

‫‪15‬‬ ‫‪1200‬‬

‫‪1100‬‬
‫‪10‬‬
‫‪1000‬‬ ‫‪°C‬‬
‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪900‬‬

‫‪800‬‬
‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪10‬‬ ‫‪15‬‬ ‫‪20‬‬ ‫‪25‬‬ ‫‪30‬‬ ‫‪35‬‬ ‫‪40‬‬ ‫‪45‬‬ ‫‪50‬‬
‫)‪L(mm‬‬ ‫‪700‬‬
‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ)‪:(١٨‬ﺗﻮزﻳﻊ درﺟﺎت اﻟﺤﺮارة ﻋﻨﺪ ‪t=100sec‬‬
‫‪600‬‬

‫‪30‬‬ ‫‪1500‬‬
‫)‪H(mm‬‬

‫‪1400‬‬
‫‪25‬‬
‫‪1300‬‬

‫‪20‬‬ ‫‪1200‬‬

‫‪1100‬‬
‫‪15‬‬ ‫‪°C‬‬
‫‪1000‬‬

‫‪10‬‬ ‫‪900‬‬

‫‪800‬‬
‫‪5‬‬
‫‪700‬‬
‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪10‬‬ ‫‪15‬‬ ‫‪20‬‬ ‫‪25‬‬ ‫‪30‬‬ ‫‪35‬‬ ‫‪40‬‬ ‫‪45‬‬ ‫‪50‬‬
‫‪600‬‬
‫)‪L(mm‬‬
‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ)‪:(١٩‬ﺗﻮزﻳﻊ درﺟﺎت اﻟﺤﺮارة ﻋﻨﺪ ‪t=100sec‬‬

‫‪٥٤‬‬
‫‪٢٠٠٨‬‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺪد ‪٢‬‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺠﻠﺪ ‪١‬‬ ‫ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﻘﺎدﺳﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﻠﻮم اﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﻴﺔ‬

‫‪1450‬‬

‫‪1350‬‬

‫‪1250‬‬
‫)‪H(mm‬‬

‫‪1150‬‬
‫‪10‬‬
‫‪1050‬‬
‫‪°C‬‬
‫‪10‬‬ ‫‪20‬‬ ‫‪30‬‬ ‫‪40‬‬ ‫‪50‬‬ ‫‪60‬‬ ‫‪70‬‬ ‫‪80‬‬ ‫‪90‬‬ ‫‪100‬‬ ‫‪950‬‬
‫)‪L(mm‬‬
‫‪850‬‬
‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ)‪:(٢٠‬ﺗﻮزﻳﻊ درﺟﺎت اﻟﺤﺮارة ﻋﻨﺪ ‪t=100sec‬‬
‫‪750‬‬

‫‪650‬‬

‫‪550‬‬

‫‪1500‬‬

‫‪1400‬‬

‫‪1300‬‬

‫‪20‬‬ ‫‪1200‬‬
‫)‪H(mm‬‬

‫‪1100‬‬ ‫‪C‬‬
‫‪10‬‬
‫‪1000‬‬ ‫‪°‬‬
‫‪10‬‬ ‫‪20‬‬ ‫‪30‬‬ ‫‪40‬‬ ‫‪50‬‬ ‫‪60‬‬ ‫‪70‬‬ ‫‪80‬‬ ‫‪90‬‬ ‫‪100‬‬ ‫‪900‬‬

‫)‪L(mm‬‬ ‫‪800‬‬
‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ)‪:(٢١‬ﺗﻮزﻳﻊ درﺟﺎت اﻟﺤﺮارة ﻋﻨﺪ ‪t=100sec‬‬
‫‪700‬‬

‫‪600‬‬

‫‪1500‬‬

‫‪1400‬‬

‫‪30‬‬ ‫‪1300‬‬
‫)‪H(mm‬‬

‫‪1200‬‬
‫‪20‬‬
‫‪1100‬‬
‫‪°C‬‬
‫‪10‬‬ ‫‪1000‬‬

‫‪900‬‬
‫‪10‬‬ ‫‪20‬‬ ‫‪30‬‬ ‫‪40‬‬ ‫‪50‬‬ ‫‪60‬‬ ‫‪70‬‬ ‫‪80‬‬ ‫‪90‬‬ ‫‪100‬‬
‫‪800‬‬
‫‪L(m‬‬
‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ)‪:(٢٢‬ﺗﻮزﻳﻊ درﺟﺎت اﻟﺤﺮارة ﻋﻨﺪ ‪t=100sec‬‬ ‫‪700‬‬

‫‪600‬‬

‫‪٥٥‬‬