SAINT AUGUSTINE UNIVERSITY OF TANZANIA (SAUT)

MBEYA CENTRE
BACHELOR OF ARTS WITH EDUCATION

AN ASSESSMENT OF THE INFLUENCE OF STAKEHOLDERS’ PARTICIPATION

IN SUSTAINABILITY OF COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS: A CASE
OF SIDO RICE MILLING PROJECT IN MBEYA CITY COUNCIL

YUSSUPHU ALLY

REG, No: SAMBAED III 54914

A Research Report Submitted to the Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences in Partial Fulfillment
of the Requirement for the award of Bachelor Degree of Arts with Education of Saint
Augustine University-Mbeya Centre.

JULY, 2019
 CERTIFICATION

The undersigned certify that he has read and hereby recommend for acceptance of the thesis
report entitled “The Assessment of the Influence of Stakeholders’ Participation for the
Sustainability of Community Development Projects: A Case of SIDO Rice Milling Project in
Mbeya City Council” in fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of Arts
with Education (BAED) of The Saint Augustine University of Tanzania (SAUT) Mbeya
Center.

(SUPERVISOR)

AMOS MICHEAL
…………………………
Signature
………………
Date

COPYRIGHT

No part of this dissertation may be reproduced, stored in any retrieval system or transmitted in
any form by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without
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prior written permission of the author or the Saint Augustine University of Tanzania (SAUT)
Mbeya Center in that behalf.

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 DECLARATION

I, Yussuphu Ally, declare that this dissertation titled “Assessment of the Influence of
stakeholders’ participation in sustainability of Community Development Projects: A case of
SIDO Rice Milling Project in Mbeya City Council’’ is my original work and that it has not
been presented and will not be presented to any other university for a similar or any other
degree award.

..............................................

Yussuphu Ally

Date: .....................................

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 DEDICATION

I dedicate this research report to my family especially my father Yusuph Sikulo, my lovely
mother Bernadetha Makenzi, my beloved sister namely; Salah Yusuph. My brothers namely;
Sikulo Yusuph, Steven Yusuph and Masoud Yusuph for their support in my education
journey up to University.

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

First of all I thank almighty God for life gift up to this moment, His power made this
academic work to be finished.

Secondly, Special thanks to my beloved parents, my father, Yusuph Sikulo and my mother
Bernadetha Makenzi for their encouragement in my studies.

Thirdly, I special ways sincere thanks go to Mr. Amos, my supervisor for moral support
which was the pillar of this academic achievement.

Lastly, I convey my thanks to my friends: Kikwete Willy, Katule Semu, Wellus Samson,
Subira Daniel and all those who assisted me but their names do not appear, I appreciate their
support and assistance in academic studies for three bachelor degree years.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CERTIFICATION...................................................................................................................II
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COPYRIGHT.........................................................................................................................III

DECLARATION....................................................................................................................IV

DEDICATION..........................................................................................................................V

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS...................................................................................................VI

TABLE OF CONTENTS.....................................................................................................VII

ABSTRACT...........................................................................................................................XII

CHAPTER ONE.......................................................................................................................1

1.0 INTRODUCTION..................................................................................................................1
1.1 BACKGROUND...................................................................................................................1
1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM.......................................................................................2
1.3 RESEARCH OBJECTIVES...................................................................................................3
1.3.1 General Objective...................................................................................................3
1.3.2 Specific Objectives..................................................................................................3
1.4 RESEARCH QUESTIONS....................................................................................................3
1.4.1 General Research Question.......................................................................................3
1.4.2 Specific Research Questions......................................................................................3
1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY........................................................................................3
1.6 SCOPE OF THE STUDY.....................................................................................................4
1.7 RESEARCH APPROACH.......................................................................................................5
1.7.1 Research Strategy......................................................................................................5
1.7.2 Study Methods And Instruments................................................................................6
1.8 CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK...............................................................................................6

CHAPTER TWO......................................................................................................................8

LITERATURE REVIEW........................................................................................................8

2.1 INTRODUCTION................................................................................................................8
2.2 DEFINITION OF KEY VARIABLES....................................................................................8
2.2.1 The Influence Of Stakeholders’ Participation In Community Development Project.
............................................................................................................................................8
2.2.2 The Sustainability Of Community Development Project...........................................9
2.3 THEORETICAL LITERATURE REVIEW...............................................................................10
2.3.1 Community Development Agreements Theory........................................................10
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 2.3.2 Stakeholder Engagement Theory..........................................................................11
2.4 EMPIRICAL LITERATURE REVIEW....................................................................................11
2.5 THE PARTICIPATION OF STAKEHOLDERS IN RICE VALUE CHAIN DISTRIBUTION..........14
2.6 THE RICE PRODUCTION PROCESS....................................................................................16
2.6.1 Elaboration Of The Process Units...........................................................................17
2.7 OPPORTUNITIES &CHALLENGES FACING STAKEHOLDERS’ PARTICIPATION IN RICE
PRODUCTION DEVELOPMENT PROJECT.................................................................................18
2.7.1 Opportunities...........................................................................................................18
2.7.2 Challenges...............................................................................................................18
2.8 RESEARCH GAP...............................................................................................................20

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY..........................................................................................22

3.1 INTRODUCTION................................................................................................................22
3.2. SELECTION OF CASE STUDY..........................................................................................22
3.3 SELECTION OF STAKEHOLDERS’.....................................................................................23
3.4 PREPARATORY ACTIVITIES..............................................................................................24
3.5 DATA COLLECTION METHODS........................................................................................24
3.6 DATA ANALYSIS..............................................................................................................25
3.6.1 Thematic Analysis....................................................................................................25
3.6.2 Content Analysis......................................................................................................25

FINDINGS PRESENTATION..............................................................................................27

4.1 INTRODUCTION................................................................................................................27
4.2 THE AGRO-INPUT DEALERS............................................................................................27
4.3 THE RICE SEEDS SUPPLIERS............................................................................................29
4.4 THE RICE FARMERS.........................................................................................................32
4.5 THE RICE MILLERS..........................................................................................................33
4.6 THE RICE TRADERS.........................................................................................................33
4.7 DISCUSSION OF THE FINDINGS.......................................................................................33

CHAPTER FIVE....................................................................................................................36

5.0 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS........................................................36

5.1 INTRODUCTION................................................................................................................36
5.2 CONCLUSION...................................................................................................................36

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 5.3 RECOMMENDATIONS.......................................................................................................37
5.4 Areas For Further Studies...............................................................................................37

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1: Projected sample of Key Informant in the study area.................................................35

Table 2: Description of agro-inputs business dealers...............................................................40

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Table 3: showing rice seeds suppliers FGDs Form...................................................................4

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 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS

ASDP Agriculture Sector Development Programme

CD Community Development

CSOs Civil Society Organizations

DCDO District Community Development Officer

DED District Executive Director

FAO Food and Agricultural Organization

FGDs Focus Group Discussion

HHs Heads of Households

IK Indigenous Knowledge

SIDORMP SIDO Rice Milling Project

LGCDP Local Governance and Community Development Programme

LFA Logical Frameworks Analysis

MPM Master of Project Management

NBS National Bureau of Statistics

OGP Open Government Partnership

SAUT Saint Augustine University of Tanzania (SAUT) Mbeya Center

PCMH Patient-Centered Medical Home

PPP Public Private Partnership

SIDO Small Industries Development Organizations

SPSS Statistical Package for Social Sciences

TASAF Tanzania Social Action Fund

UNDP United Nations Development Programme

WEO Ward Executive Officer

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 ABSTRACT

This study was initiated out of experience and interest as a reflective practitioner, driven by a
desire to encourage the government and other stakeholders to understand how stakeholders
participation have influence in the sustainability of the community development projects. This
study was guided by three objectives namely the assessment of participation of stakeholders
in community development projects and how it brought about influential opportunities, the
assessment of participation of stakeholders in community development projects and how it
brought about influential challenges.the determination of the contribution of participation to
project sustainability for the case of the SIDO Rice Milling project. The study has mainly
used two theories: community development agreement theory and stakeholders’ engagement
theory. These theories among other things have great contribution on the study when
stakeholders have common agreements and level of participation in achieving project
objectives. Methodologically, the study applied Focused Group Discussions (FGDs) which
was conducted to engage in direct dialogue with the SIDO Rice Milling Project. The findings
of this study revealed that these stakeholders participate in this project through provision of
services and commodities including; the supply of agro-input services; supply of seeds to
farmers; farming activities and production of paddy; collection of paddy to the milling plant
and milling services; and trading activities. It was concluded that the agro-input dealers
participate and contribute to the project development and sustainability through selling of
agro-inputs like fertilizers, pesticides, herbicides and many more. In its recommendation it
was recommended that based on the availability of the rice milling project, the SIDO villagers
and the neighboring villager should be facilitated on engagement into modern farming of rice
so as to increase the production.

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 CHAPTER ONE

1.0 Introduction

This chapter is subdivided into six sections, namely; the background of the study, statement of
the problem, objective of the study and significance of the study, scope of the study and
limitation of the study. This study focused on assessing the influence of stakeholders’
participation in sustainability of community development projects taking the case of the SIDO
Rice Milling Project in Mbeya City Council, Mbeya Region.

1.1 Background

In many countries worldwide, more specific to developing countries, community development

project interventions in the past rarely involved indigenous community resource baseline
(D’Souza, 1989). (Wanjiku, 2017) reported that the indigenous community resource baseline
mobilization and incorporation of the Indigenous Knowledge (IK) in community development
projects is a prerequisite to the sustainability of these projects, where she noted many
community based project that failed to take up the indigenous community resource baseline
mobilization and Indigenous Knowledge (IK) mobilization survived not for a long time and
did not meet the business cases for initiation, such that they were majorly operated at losses
and over exploitation of indigenous workforces, Wanjiku further classified these interventions
to have poor and complex collaborative arrangements as for the case the indigenous
communities were ever crying for their over exploited resources that were not properly
mobilized and putting some poorly arranged and forceful mechanisms of participation that did
not work out for these projects.

The prior elaborations however, have hindered the proper utilization of indigenous resources
and willingness of indigenous communities to collaboratively arrange and participate in these
projects. Arguably, a free and wilingful collaborative arrangement for the indigenous
communities in initiatives is a practical concern. (Menoka,et al., 2013) asserts that the
collaborative arrangement process among indigenous communities in initiatives is poorly
understood in governing a networked setting, emphasizing in the behaviors of the community
in question and the nature of the initiative. Apparently, (NAWAPO, 2002) emphasizes on
involving the indigenous communities in developmental project. Despite the legal
requirement, it is evident that the collaborative arrangement mechanisms for the indigenous
communities engagement in developmental projects is still lacking and need to be put in

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place. (Lopa et al., 2012; CARE & WWF, 2007) emphasize that a collaboration mechanism
for the indigenous stakeholders is an important factor in planning of community interventions.
Therefore, indisputably, better ways of mobilizing indigenous communities’ resource baseline
and Indigenous Knowledge (IK) mobilization in community developmental project
management and decision making need to be established.

The above discussion presents the concepts unto which the study is grounded, and this
introduction presents aspects that justify the need to conduct this study. The same study has
been intensively conducted by other scholars. However they lack specificity as the present
study addressed like ways of participation, influence of participation and opportunities and
challenges of participation. It is upon the stated assertion this study has examined the
influence of stakeholders’ participation on the sustainability of the development projects in
Tanzania a case of SIDO Rice Milling Project-Kyela.

1.2 Statement of the Problem

(CARE and WWF, 2010/12; Wunder et al., 2008; Huberman, 2008; Corbera et al., 2007;
John, 2006; and Pagiola, 2004) have extensively conducted several studies the influence of
the stakeholders’ participation in sustainability of community development projects. From
their discussions so far, it is apparent that, stakeholders’ participation has got influence in the
sustainability of the community development projects embedded with opportunities to the
government and to the community at large. (URT/VPO, 2014; NAWAPO, 2002) on the same
note presented that stakeholders’ participation in the community development projects have
created complex management environment hence posing influential challenges including;
disproportionate mobilization of indigenous communities’ resource baseline; denunciation of
indigenous Knowledge (IK) in planning project activities and decision making; ineffective
collaboration and engagement in the project activities; and poor motivating factors like
livelihood vulnerability. However, in their analysis they have not clearly addressed and
redressed issues like ways of participation, influence of participation and opportunities and
challenges of participation. In bridging this gap the present study has carefully assessed the
influence of stakeholders’ participation on the sustainability of the community development
projects the case of the SIDO Rice Milling project.

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1.3 Research Objectives

1.3.1 General Objective

The study generally seeks to examine the influence of stakeholders’ participation on the
sustainability of the development projects in Tanzania.

1.3.2 Specific Objectives

Specifically, the study focused on achieving:
i. The assessment of the ways in which stakeholders’ participate in the community
development projects.
ii. The assessment of the influence of participation in the sustainability of the community
development projects.
iii. The assessment of the opportunities and challenges of participation in the community
development projects.
1.4 Research Questions

1.4.1 General research question

1.4.2 Specific research questions

The specific research questions stated:

i. In which ways do stakeholders’ participate in the community development projects?
ii. Which are the influences of participation of stakeholders in the sustainability of the
community development projects?
iii. Which are the opportunities and challenges of participation in the sustainability of the
community development projects?
1.5 Significance of the Study
Despite the fact that the government and non–government institutions put in policies and
regulations to apply to participation for communities in development projects, the application
of these policy and regulations are still rampaged and are faced with various challenges which
include disproportionate mobilization of indigenous communities’ resource baseline,
denunciation of indigenous Knowledge (IK) in planning project activities and decision
making, ineffective collaboration and engagement in the project activities and poor
motivating factors like livelihood vulnerability (NEP. 1997). On the other hand these policies
and regulations had opportunities embedded with participation which included; increased

3
attention to economic viability; involvement in decision making; application of digital service
operating models; equitable and reliable compensations of the participatory management
efforts; and improved livelihoods. From this contention therefore, the study focused in
assessing the participation of stakeholders and the influential challenges and opportunities and
further determined their contribution to project sustainability.

The study facilitated the government’s efforts on promoting community participation to foster
sustainability of the community development projects. It also helped policy makers and
planners in understanding how to address issues of community participation in the
development projects.

The study findings also bridged the gap existing between studies in the community
development projects management, and it pictured out the opportunities, challenges and
influence of these factors in the sustainability of the community based projects. To me as a
project management practitioner and monitor, this study was very important in seeking
answers to various community project management issues. Also it inculcated scientific and
inductive thinking; promoted new skills as well as development of logical habits of work and
organization.

Consequently, this study contributed to the fulfillment of the requirement for the Degree of
Master of Project Management (MPM) of Saint Augustine University of Tanzania (SAUT)
Mbeya Center (OUT). Nevertheless, it adds knowledge to the existing literatures about project
planning and management.

1.6 Scope of the Study

This study focused on assessing the influence of stakeholders’ participation in sustainability
of community development projects taking the case of the SIDO Rice Milling Project in
Mbeya City Council, Mbeya Region. Nevertheless it assessed and discussed the opportunities
and challenges that indigenous community face in involvement in community development
projects, and further analyzed the influence of these factors to the sustainability of the given
project.
The grounding of the problem scenario based on influential opportunities that these
community benefit from participation in these projects, and the study focused on a number of
opportunities including; increased attention to economic viability; involvement in decision
making; application of digital service operating models; equitable and reliable compensations
of the participatory management efforts; and improved livelihoods. Consequently the scope of
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this study also focused on discussing with the SIDO Rice Milling Project stakeholders on the
challenges they face, and the grounding was based on the following challenges;
disproportionate mobilization of indigenous communities’ resource baseline; denunciation of
Indigenous Knowledge (IK) in planning project activities and decision making; ineffective
collaboration and engagement in the project activities; and poor motivating factors like
livelihood vulnerability.
During field assessments, the study applied Focused Group Discussions (FGDs) which
engaged the communities in direct dialogue to maximize trust and cooperation. Where
discussions were held with selected participants from SIDO Rice Milling Project management
committee, local government authorities’ committee and farmers committees collectively.
During analysis scope the research applied qualitative analytical approach which was
considered suitable for the situation and majorly involved thematic and content analysis
methods.

1.7 Research approach

A research approach defined how a research was conducted and thereby underlined the
philosophy, strategy, research methods and instruments or techniques that were used
throughout the research (Sithole, 2002). .

1.7.1 Research strategy

A research strategy provides the overall direction of the research including the process by
which the research is conducted (Remenyi et al., 2003). A research strategy based on
Leibnizian inquiry system in a pragmatist framework of abductive reasoning was adopted in
this study. (Mitroff, 1973; Chakraborty, 2012) define Leibnizian inquiry system to involves
learning by using formal logic to make inference of the cause and effect and have access to
knowledge generated. This inquiry system provided the capability to choose among a system
of measures to create insight and build knowledge. Inductive reasoning was chosen because it
entailed creative thinking by engaging stakeholders in small group dialogue and discussions
to generate possible solutions based on the knowledge and experiences of both stakeholders.
As (Sol, 1988) point out, an identified problem in research motivates a creative search for a
solution; therefore inductive reasoning in this case guided creative search for potential
solutions after clear problem identification.

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1.7.2 Study methods and instruments

This section presents various methods used for collecting data. (Kothari, 2004) defines
research methods as fact finding instruments. The research instruments included:

1.7.3.3 Literature review

Reviews of the secondary sources were conducted in order to enhance the general
understanding on the basic facts on the proposed research problem in order to establish
baseline data.

1.7.3.4 Focused Group Discussion (FGD)

Focused Group Discussions were considered because it engaged in direct dialogue
stakeholders in order to get necessary information from them (Mettrick, 1993). Focused
Group Discussions (FGDs) engaged in direct dialogue in order to maximize trust and
cooperation among stakeholders (Kothari, 2004).

1.7.3.5 Content analysis method

This was used in analyzing qualitative data (Magigi, 2013). This qualitative analytical
approach was considered suitable for the situation and majorly involved thematic and content
analysis methods.

1.8 Conceptual Framework

Based in the conception that According to (Kombo and Tromp, 2010), the conceptual
framework refers to a set of broad ideas and principles taken from relevant field of enquiry
used to structure a subsequent presentation. The conceptual framework is useful in directing,
helping in organizing and collecting data. However, in this study, the conceptual framework
shows the relationships of the variables concerning the influence of stakeholders’
participation on the sustainability of the development projects in Tanzania. Accordingly,
stakeholders’ participation is the independent variable while sustainability of community
development project is the dependent variable of this study. Generally, this study conceptual
framework shows that, effective adherence to the ways of participation such as passive
participation can result to increased project ownerships among the stakeholders which in turn
enhance the project sustainability. Likewise, failure to overcome the challenges like lack of
community commitment and lack of participatory skills can hinder the achievements of
community development projects sustainability. According to the specific objectives, the
questions and literature review the following conceptual framework has been developed as
summarized in figure 2.2.
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 Dependent Variables Intermediary Variable Independent Variables

Influence of The sustainability of Stakeholders

Stakeholders community Participation
development project

Figure 2.2 Conceptual Framework

CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Introduction
This chapter provides definition of terms, a theoretical review of the literature, empirical
literature review and the conceptual framework of the study. Finally the chapter is identifying
the gap concerning this topic which needs to be filled in and therefore justify the need for this
study. Specifically, the study reviews literatures on; influence of stakeholders’ participation in
the development projects, particularly the literatures presenting ways through which the
stakeholders are involved in the development projects within Mbeya City Council, the

7
literature objectives are to explore how they exploit the opportunities of involvement in the
development projects, and more over the challenges as well as the influence to the
sustainability of these project.

2.2 Definition of key variables

2.2.1 The influence of stakeholders’ participation in community development project.

Influence; To acquire the capacity to result on the character in development on government

regulations in conformity, socialization, peer pressure, obedience, leadership, persuasion,
sales, and marketing (Kagubila, 1993). Social influence occurs when a person's emotions,
opinions or behaviors are affected by others intentionally or unintentionally.

8
Stakeholders; (Boon, et al., 2013) presented that stakeholders are people/communities who
are directly or indirectly and positively or negatively affect or be affected by the outcomes of
the project and its programs. (Chifamba, 2013) in his research, generally divided stakeholders
into categories of primary and secondary stakeholders, where he stated that the primary
stakeholders are the direct beneficiaries of a development intervention or those who are
directly affected in a positive and or in a negative manner by the project. Chifamba further
classified these stakeholders as local populations including individuals and community-based
organizations in the project area. Consequently, Chifamba, asserted that the secondary
stakeholders are those who influence development interventions in indirect manner. He noted
them to include the borrowing government, line ministries, implementing agencies, local
governments, civil society organizations, private sector firms, the Bank and its shareholders
and other development agencies. Therefore, the study adopted the definitions above in
inclusive presentation of the whole hallucination of stakeholders in the case study.

Participation; as authors (Imparato and Ruster, 2003) has defined it, that it is a process in
which people collaboratively conduct identification of the project, planning of the project,
designing and timing of the project activities, implementation, evaluation, and post-
implementation stages of development project. Likewise, (Guimaraes, 2009) defined
participation as a process through which stakeholders’ influence and share control over
development initiatives and the decisions and resources which affects them. However, the
way participation is defined, depends upon the context and background in which participation
is applied. For example, with regard to rural community development, participation includes
people’s involvement in the decision making process, attending meetings, contributing to
community projects and implementing programs (Kothari, 2004).
Stakeholder Involvement is critical to the success of every project in every organization
(Moodley 2012). Mitchell, Agle and Wood (2007) suggests that in a project environment,
stakeholders are usually numerous, and can vary significantly in the degree of influence.
Stakeholder Involvement can take place in different parts of the project cycle and at different
levels of society, and take many different forms. These can range along a continuum from
contribution of inputs, predetermination of projects, information sharing, consultation,
decision-making, partnership and empowerment. Involvement is both a means and an end. As
a means, it is a process in which people and communities cooperate and collaborate in
developing the project (Andersen, 2009).

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2.2.2 The sustainability of community development project

Sustainability; is the process of maintaining change in a balanced environment in which the

exploitation of the resources meets the present development status without compromising the
ability of the future generation. It involves promoting the co-ordination of development
activities and management of project related resources in order to minimise the resultant
economic and social welfare in an equitable manner. Sustainable development is a new
paradigm shift in project management that also incorporates collaborative decision making
and technological applications. (Erdogan, 2013) further the author elaborate that sustainability
processes require application of technology, collaborative decisions and equitable
participation that ensures sustainability of the development project that is community based.
(Ngana et al., 2010) assert that collaboration and sustainability can be best realized if
stakeholders participate in the decision making process. (Kagubila, 1993) further asserts that
strategies for sustainability discover ways and means of developing resources without
diminishing the resource that for it to be effective, the process of developing these strategies
should include the many participants, stakeholders, shareholders, and special interest groups
in meaningful consultation. Consequently (Luning, et al, 1971) argued that these are the
projects that illustrate the use of IK in developing cost-effective and sustainable survival
strategies for poverty alleviation and income generation.
Community Development Project (CDP); the community development project is an aligned
project of Local Governance and Community Development Programme (LGCDP) being
implemented under the local government procedures and local government institutions of the
government (Kagubila., 1993). (Chifamba, 2013) reported that CDP objectives aims at;
supporting the systems for strengthening local governance mechanisms; promoting effective
citizen participation in local decision-making structures; providing support to strengthen
transparency and accountability mechanisms; and improving the provision and delivery of
public services. Chifamba further reported that the above factors results into strengthened,
coherent, resilient and inclusive community systems for effective service delivery; where the
poor and excluded people empowered to claim their rights and access to the economic
opportunity; the structure, systems and processes of the local bodies strengthened to be
inclusive, accountable and transparent; and improved service delivery for poor and excluded
people, including disaster resilient infrastructures.

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2.3 Theoretical literature review

This study were guided by the respective two theories namely; the community development
agreement theory, stakeholder engagement theory and a ladder of citizen participation.

2.3.1 Community development agreements theory

Preston, (2001) states that the community development agreements theory is derived through
good faith negotiations, and it has the potential to help support the achievement of socio-
economic development outcomes. The potential value of such voluntary agreements within
the agriculture sector has been an area of discussion between practitioners for some time and
agreements between companies and Indigenous Peoples have been common practice for
several years, especially within Australia and Canada. According to (Howlett and Nagu,
2001) the community development agreement is an area that has increasingly become the
subject of discussion and debate as moves towards a regulatory approach have been explored
or advocated by a number of actors (e.g. the World Bank and some development NGOs).
(Arnstein, 1969) presented that the potential benefits of voluntary agreement making is based
on indigenous peoples involvement which formed the basis for structured engagement
between companies and communities around matters of mutual concern, in pursuit of
community based projects. (Preston, 2001) also reported that the process of agreement
making (and necessary follow-up engagement) help to support mutual understanding and
diffuse tensions before they arise, provided that it is approached in a respectful manner by all
parties. In addition, the author also presented that it provides an effective means for
administering not just community development activities, but also related aspects such as
mitigation and compensation. According to (Preston, 2001) this theory assist stakeholders in
dialoging and reaching a consensus in community project management, the study therefore
adopted the strategies of this theory to involve stakeholders in dialogue to reach a consensus
on the project management and involvement issues.

2.3.2 Stakeholder Engagement Theory

This study is guided by the Stakeholder Engagement Theory. The theory has its origin in
management literature as traced by (Preston, 2001) to great Depression (1984) in USA. With
stakeholder engagement theory, the complexity of interaction between different interest group
in corporation can be viewed easily through firm owners, customers, employee and suppliers
(Aaltonen et al.2008) with this regard, stakeholder engagement theory is appropriate for in-

11
depth exploration of the study, concerning the assessing the influence of stakeholders
participation in project planning and its sustainability. Therefore, the theory fits with this
study because, the theory is essential on gathering the data that suffice the formulated research
question, stakeholder identification, categorization as well as understanding their behavior in
order to better manage them.

2.4 Empirical Literature Review

This part explored different relevant studies covered or scarcely covered the gap explored by
the study. The reviewed literature were drawn from different part of the world ranging from
worldwide, Africa as well as with particular attention to Tanzania.

(Sheikh, et al., 2011), found that participation of local communities in development projects
planning in the study conducted in Bangladesh has been found to be very low (7%) while the
percentage is a bit high (24) in the implementation stage though it is mainly managed ,guided
and directed by patron-client relations, mutual benefit-sharing and personal relations. The
study findings implies that, regardless of its important for the sustainable development of
projects, still the majority of individuals lacks awareness on the rationale of stakeholders
participation. In general, Participation is limited to the rich and socially influential persons,
without whom the elected representatives cannot think of their political successes. Also some
social-economic factors like gender, low literacy rate of rural people and shabby economic
seem to have exerting considerable influence in shaping participation. Likewise, in Thailand,
it has been observed that, the low effectiveness of the infrastructure projects is primarily
because the participation and management performance aspects did not meet the participants'
expectations (Wanjiku, 2017) Accordingly, the study recommended that there is a need to
involve the community members at all phases of the project from the formulation, to
planning, to implementation and finally to clean up phase of the project. Additionally, the
study recommended specifically that the ‘stakeholder need analysis’ need to be conducted to
all projects so as to specifically determine the needs and expectations of all the stakeholders
including the community member and design the project with that in mind. Lastly, the study
recommended that community members should be part and parcel of project monitoring
process. In turn, stakeholders’ awareness on participation will help them to sustain the project
so that it continues to benefit them.

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Similarly to developed countries, in Africa continent various studies have noted the relevance
of stakeholders for projects sustainability. For instance, the study done by (Ayuso, et al.,
2011) in Nigeria asserts that when communities are involved in project initiation and
implementation, there is the assurance of sustainability subject to some conditions unlike
when they have no idea about the project or when it is imposed on them. There sought to be
genuine demand by a community or groups within it for all projects whether aided Orton-
aided by the government or any international agency. This eliminates the tendency to abandon
the projects when they are half-way completed and sustains the interest of communities or
groups within them in maintenance and protection of those projects. The project is not seen on
a stranger. For projects to be sustainable there must be stakeholders’ participation at different
levels of the project. This is because, according to (Musa, 2000), through participation, the
communities develop skills for collective action, maintenance and sustainability. As a result
of effective stakeholders’ participation, individuals are empowered to continue with
community activities even after the withdraw of the donors. Therefore, the development
associations formed have been upgraded into local societies with their own initiatives to
address the people’s needs to strengthen their position and to put forward their case to the
decision making body particularly the local and state governments.

Likewise, in Kenya the study by (Maina, 2013) explored the influence of stakeholders’
participation on the success of the economic stimulus programme. Key findings of the study
included establishment of a positive relationship between stakeholder participation in project
identification and selection, participation in project planning, participation in project
implementation and participation in project monitoring and evaluation and success of the
Economic Stimulus Programs. The study found that, stakeholders’ participation in the study
programmes takes on different forms in different stages of the project cycle. Despite the time
difference between the old and new programme, the nature and extent of participation for the
majority of local communities is generally limited to information giving, consultation and
contribution. Local communities are generally not actively involved in decision-making,
planning, monitoring and evaluation processes. From the study findings conclusions drawn
included the need for the government and other project facilitators to ensure full participation
of key identified stakeholder’s in future similar programs and the need to clearly identify and
train stakeholders before initiation of similar programs as this aided in the success of the
overall programme. Therefore, this study among others may address the aforementioned
challenges so as to enhance the effectiveness of stakeholders’ participation in community
13
development projects sustainably. However, this can be achieved through adherence to the
multidimensional attributes of sustainability such as social, cultural, economic and
environment pillar as noted by (Oino et al, 2013)

In Tanzania the study by (Mnaranara, 2010) on the Importance of community participation in

an ongoing construction of school Tanzania has applied Qualitative data collection methods.
Accordingly, the study ascertained that, among others for a project or intervention to be
sustainable collaborative participation play an important role as it was and still considered the
active one. Additionally, the study found that, participation by material giving was an
important leading to stakeholders’ ownership hence sustainability of the projects.
Furthermore, the study emphasized on the usefulness of expertise knowledge to communities
at different stages of the community development projects. The study also recommended on
the importance of community mobilization as it make the people to do joints decision
regarding matter relate to their social and economic development. However, achievements of
the sustainability of the community projects the study recommended that he intervention
should engage the community and build capacities of local government for effective delivery
of project benefits, and therefore, working in partnership and or collaboration is not an option
is must in any intervention. The study also recommended that, the community needs to be
fully informed about the project exit strategies. The study put more emphasize on the
community involvement but the mainly focused on information giving while for the project to
be sustainable the community should be involved in all phase of project cycle including in
designing the exit strategy so as to maintain and strengthen the intervention impact.
Therefore, the noted gap from that study is expected to be addressed in the study under
investigation.

2.5 The participation of stakeholders in rice value chain distribution

(Gabagambi, 1998 and Hallinga, 2003) reported that the marketing of rice as one of the major
economic activities in Mbeya City Council is attributed by the efforts of the rice dealers in the
district. they consequently argue that the participation of these dealers in the marketing
systems play an important role in bridging distances between producers and consumers to
ensure production efficiency and food security.( Hallinga, 2003) further reported that until
date, total rice production in Mbeya City Council is still below what is needed to feed the
district. Hence, the distribution system for rice is determined both by the internal involvement
of the stakeholders’ and movement of the commodity from producer to consumer and by

14
substantial imports from other districts like Mbarali, Ifakara and Kilombero, both as food aid
and for commercial sale.

The participation of dealers in rice value chain distribution system has developed quickly after
2013, which was attributed by the development of two rice milling plants which are placed
adjacent to one another in Mbeya City Council, the first year that production recovered
surplus levels and rapid involvement of farmers in rice farming on a district level (Isinika et
al., 2003). They further reported that from this point on, the movement of rice from surplus to
deficit areas, or to export markets, is charged entirely in the hand of the private and
community based traders.
(Ashimogo, 2005) argued that farmers directly sell the rice to local mills, if easily accessible.
However, if there are no rice mills nearby, or if poor road conditions mean high transportation
costs, farmers sell their products to paddy collectors or traders. (King’ori, 2014) on the same
argument reported that paddy collectors / traders usually come to purchase paddy in villages,
then transport and sell it for a profit either to millers or to foreign market. King’ori further
argued that paddy collectors usually come first to make villages accessible in order to
improve collection efficiency, and that the remote villages have limited contacts with them
and limited market information, which eventually leads to information divide. (Eskola, 2005)
reported the two cooperative sale of paddy by farmers at present in survey areas (Mbeya City
Council). (Ashimogo, 2005) went further and reported that due to the fact that farmers have
weak bargaining power, individual farmers are forced to accept the offered price of the paddy
collectors. Ashimogo in concluding argued that procurement of paddy is a process that goes
on throughout the whole year, though it is more incentive during the main harvest season
(June-July).
Generally, the time for farmers to sell their paddy is just after harvest and at the time when
they start to purchase input materials such as fertilizer, pesticide for the next cultivation
(Gabagambi, 1998). (Hallinga, 2003) added that the sale made immediately after the harvest
is to get cash for not only supporting their living but also refunding a loan for fertilizers. In
the case of the rainy season rice, the sale is at the harvest time and at the preparation time for
the next crop around. A few better-off farmers have the financial sources to store paddy for
sale later in the year during the wet season when the paddy sales price is higher, and this
means that some paddy is sold throughout the year (Gabagambi, 1998).
(Kizito, 2008; Kisandu, 2010) coincide in their discussions on paddy trading in Mbeya
province where reported that in common rural areas, it is the paddy collectors’ custom to go

15
around farmers’ houses with small to medium size trucks to collect paddy, ( Kisandu, 2010)
further reported that a few farmers take their paddy to rice mills by their own transportation
means. (Kizito, 2008) generally concluded that the operation of the local paddy collectors is
limited within the province, and that traders buy paddy from the local paddy collectors, then
transport to outside the province. The author went more a head and connoted that it is the
custom of the rice millers to purchase paddy from the local paddy collectors. Further the
author present that at the rice miller’s level, rice millers are divided into two types of rice
mills; village mills and medium-large commercial mills. Each type of mill plays a slightly
different role in the marketing system.

2.6 The rice production process

(NRDS, 2009) present that there are opportunities for rice development and production in the
country. The strategy mentions these opportunities to include; the availability of land of over
21 million ha. suitable for rice and abundant water resources on underground, rivers and lakes
for irrigation; secondly the availability of seed production ventures and seed certification
systems for conventional and community based; thirdly that over 18% of the agricultural
households are engaged in rice production; fourthly the political will of the government to
enhance production and productivity of rice; and finally the suitable policy environment such
as exemption of taxes on agricultural inputs e.g. machinery, fertilizers, and subsidy on
agricultural inputs such as fertilizers, improved seeds and pesticides. ( Mghogho et al., 2005)
also presented that the government is providing an enabling environment for private sector
participation in the rice production, processing and marketing.
In the same line of argument, (NRDS, 2009) further presented that despite of the
aforementioned potentials, there exist challenges in rice development which include inter alia
such as poor development and un-availability of improved seeds resistant or tolerant to major
biotic and abiotic stresses, low development and un-availability of improved post harvest
processing technologies and value addition that include grading, packaging and processes.
(URT, 2008) reported that improving process chain of rice is likely to yield improvement in farm
yields, food quality, and income hence reduced poverty. The improved production process
encourages farmers to increase marketed surplus and diversify production which integrates the
farming community into market economy through communication and exchange (Massawe,
2007).
(Mussei and Mbogollo, 2001) in their study reported that Mbeya City Council is for many years
popular in agricultural investment especially the production of rice of good milling quality,

16
 flavour and aroma. (Mghogho et al., 2005) elaborated the milling process of rice by Indians, then
later National Milling Corporation (NMC) who took over the business in the early 1970s.
Mghogho and the other authors in describing the chain of rice production later asserted that the
NMC was assisted in purchasing rice from farmers by Kyela Rungwe Cooperative Union
(KYERUCU) who improved the processing technology to modern milling process flow diagram
as described by Fig. 2.1 below

Figure 2.1: The process description of rice milling, (Mghogho et al., 2005)

Rice Pre-cleaner Abrasive whitener Mist polisher

Stones Destoner

Friction whitener Length grader

Rubber roll husker

Husks Husk aspiration Head rice bin Broken bin

Brewers’ rice
Rice separator
Blending
Bran
Bagging

Milled rice

2.6.1 Elaboration of the process units

1. Pre-cleaning: Removing all impurities and unfilled grains from paddy

2. De-stoning: Separating small stones from rice
3. Parboiling (Optional): Helps in improving the nutritional quality by gelatinization of starch
inside the rice grain. It improves the milling recovery percent during dispelling and polishing /
whitening operation
4. Husking: Removing husk from rice
5. Husk aspiration: Separating the husk from. brown rice / un-husked rice
6. Rice separation: Separating the un-husked rice from brown rice
7. Whitening: Removing all or part of the bran layer and germ from brown rice

17
8. Polishing: Improving the appearance of milled rice by removing the remaining bran
particles and by polishing the exterior of the milled kernel
9. Length grading: Separating small and large broken(s) from head rice
10. Blending: Mixing head rice with predetermined amount of broken(s), as required by the
customer
11. Weighing and bagging: Preparing the milled rice for transport to the customer.

2.7 Opportunities &challenges facing stakeholders’ participation in rice production

development project

2.7.1 Opportunities

Rice has become an increasingly important cash crop in rice producing areas and many
stakeholders have increased their participation in the production of rice, this is due to the fact that
its demand is high and with relatively stable price trends in the food market ( World Bank, 2004).
(Meshack, 2004; World Bank, 2004) reported stakeholders mainly participate in agro-ecologies
or eco-systems for rice production in areas of rain fed upland, lowlands and irrigated lowlands.
(Kumar, 2002) Producers, processors and traders of rice range from small scale to medium and
large scale entities. Majority are small scale farmers, producers and traders.

2.7.2 Challenges

(Kiyuni, 2011) in his research report, pointed out that suppliers and farmers face poor
development and un-availability of improved seeds, that these farmers only have access to
seed varieties that are not tolerance to drought, cold weather, major insect pests and diseases,
he further reported that there are hundreds of local rice varieties grown by farmers in the rain-
fed lowland, irrigated low land and upland ecosystems. But most of these varieties have,
however, low yield potential, late maturing, and prone to lodging when improved
management practices such as application of fertilizers are used. He further asserted that this
has been a factor demoralizing the participation of farmers and seed suppliers that have been a
prerequisite to the sustainability of the rice production based development projects in the
country.
(Smith, 2006) discussed aspects of unreliable seasonal rainfall which is a prerequisite for
increased rice production. Smith asserted that most of the rice production in the country
depends on rainfall, and that the annual variation in the amount and distribution makes rain-
fed rice production susceptible to flooding and/or drought, often within the same season. On
the other hand (Rao & Rogers, 2006) presented that drought risk impedes investment, causing
18
production to stagnate at subsistence level. Low development and availability of improved
post-harvest processing technologies and addition value processes. (Smith, 2006; Rao &
Rogers, 2006; and Kiyuni, 2011) coincide in their arguments that inadequate post-harvest
technologies influence limited use of the crop where processing is done by inferior processing
machines which fetches low market value. Some other authors like (Sheikh, et al., 2011and
Maina, 2013) argue that ninety-five percent of farm operations in paddy production are done
manually, where they reported that the operations are coupled with intensive labor
requirements, in which plantings are mainly done by hand both during direct sowing, seeding
and transplantation of seedlings, likewise harvesting, threshing and cleaning of paddy. More
over these researchers reported that transportation of paddy from the field to storage
(home/market) is by direct head loading and sometimes ox-carts or vehicles are used
depending on availability.
Similarly rice producers and processors have restricted access to credit due to the reluctance
and inability of commercial banking institutions to supply financial opportunities to the rural
sector (Maina, 2013). Maina also argued that the usual reason for the lack of credit is the
insistence of commercial banks to have land as collateral, and their reluctance to accept
leasehold land, especially short leases, as collateral. In this case therefore, Maina further
concluded that farmers and processors lack collateral to be able to borrow from commercial
banks. And also, loans from the banks have very high interest rates. (Sheikh, et al., 2011)
overviewed that eventhogh the government has been promoting Savings and Credit
Cooperative Societies (SACCOS), but the members are still limited.
(Thurlow, 2003) in his assessment realized that most of the rural infrastructures are in poor
state and in need of rehabilitation. That the rural feeder roads are impassable during the rainy
season when agricultural inputs are needed and this resulted in increased costs of production.
Besides, he noted that inadequate storage and marketing infrastructures also deny the farmers
access to sell their produce at convenient place compelling them to sell at lower price as they
cannot bargain for better prices. In this regard, he suggested that the development and
rehabilitation of rural infrastructures can contribute positively to the reduction of production
costs and fetch better prices of products at the market, to facilitate access in marketing
information and to enhance quick transport of both paddy and milled rice to the central
warehouses near major roads and to the markets in urban centers.
Private sector participation in rice value chain is limited due to inadequate financial
capabilities and inadequate availability of information on markets (King’ori, 2014). However,

19
King’ori noted participation of private sector in rice milling, supply of agro-inputs like
fertilizers, pesticides and trading. He further noted that participation of private sector in
production is only manifested in large scale rice production farms especially at Mbarali and
Kapunga in Mbeya Region.

2.8 Research Gap

(Mnaranara, 2010) suggests that to the extent that the poor are able to benefit from increased
production, they will also benefit from trade. Most poor household in Tanzania are farm
households, and are mainly engaged in rice farming (Musa, 2000). The poor are likely to
benefit from own organizations that are locally based which will most probably bring
improvements in productivity and technology associated with traditional varieties, so short
term strategies to reduce the number in poverty should focus on how to increase formation of
community based organizations with the focus of adding value chain and returns from these
varieties (Mnaranara, 2010). (Oino et al, 2013; Mnaranara, 2010) reported that actions are
needed to improve production technologies for traditional varieties, moderate postharvest
losses, introduce increased competition and more modern technology into milling, strengthen
infrastructure, and lower transaction costs including illegal fees. Particularly significant will
be efforts to develop farmer organizations, the development of institutions and markets that
increase information about prices and permit the stakeholders in a rice value chain to form
strategic alliances that can play an important role in increasing returns to poor farmers (Musa,
2000). Mnaranara, (2010) reported that the government has put in policies that promote
infrastructure, information systems, and farm organizations that help to transfer some of the
benefits to farmers, these authors further argue that better infrastructure foster participation
and effectuate the cost of transport from the farm gate to the milling plants and to the market
and facilitate involvement of agro-input dealers, seed suppliers, collectors, millers and traders.
(Maina, 2013) argue that for rice value chain stakeholders’ involvement, the community
based development initiatives will likely result in higher prices and a greater share of the
value added rice. Maina on the same point argue that involvement is facilitated by better
information systems which help stakeholders consult one another and assist adopting better
technology and convert from traditional variety of rice to higher quality rice that is demanded
by foreign markets. The author apparently agree that the result of involvement combated with
better information systems and technology is a higher production and higher prices for the
raw material and both is a suggestion that stakeholders’ will capture a larger share of the
value added.Reported that the formation of farm association raised the bargaining power of
20
farmers against collectors, rice millers, and traders in Kilombero district. (Ayuso, et al., 2011)
finally attributed in his study that the development and strengthening of farmer’s
cooperatives, and their alliance with rice millers and other rice industry stakeholders, can lead
to substantial improvements of paddy quality and distribution. From this argument therefore
the study review of literature sources present it that; i) the poor are likely to benefit from own
organizations that are locally based; ii) the short term strategies to reduce the number in
poverty should focus on how to increase formation of community based organizations; iii)
actions are needed to improve production technologies for traditional varieties, moderate post
harvest losses, introduce increased competition and more modern technology into milling,
strengthen infrastructure, and lower transaction costs including illegal fees; iv) the need to
assess the participation of stakeholders in the community development projects, monitor and
evaluate the influence of the particular participation towards its contribution to the
sustainability of these community based projects. Based on the opportunities and challenges
for community organization for development projects mentioned prior, the later is the gap
unto which the study is grounded because many studies seldom assessed the influence of
stakeholders’ participation in the community based projects especially for the scenario of
SIDO Rice Milling Project in the Mbeya City Council.

21
 CHAPTER THREE
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.1 Introduction

In order to gain a broader and practical understanding of the participation and influence of
stakeholders in community development project management and its sustainability, an
exploratory study for selected Rice Milling Project and consultative discussions with the key
stakeholders was conducted. In this research, I used focused group discussions to gain a
practical understanding on how the participation of stakeholders influenced the sustainability
of the project. While focused group discussions further advanced broader and deeper insights
into the respondents’ views, attitudes, challenges and motivations. This chapter presents the
practical approach, methods and tools used in the exploration exercise and analysis.

3.2. Selection of case study

Having defined the study focus, now I wanted to obtain case study site and interact with the
stakeholders in order to collect information for the study. The potential site was identified and
obtained. I identified the site which better did fit the scope and objectives of the study; the
selection of the site was also based on the purpose of enriching the understanding with a
practical situation and realities on the ground (Besha and Leiser, 2011). In addition, the other
purpose was to familiarize with the real participation and influence of stakeholders in
community development project management and its sustainability from the local context
(Boon et al., 2013). Other selection criteria included; site accessibility, access permit which
could be readily obtained from the project implementers and regional administrative office.
The site met criteria and was selected and confirmed after the initial visit, further the site
became more relevant since the scope and nature of activities were suitable for the objectives
of the study and the local authorities in the study area were welcoming. However, the choice
was also limited to this case because this case study was the only available and operational
community based development project in the district. Thus, the logistical details including
location, transport and accessibility were gathered through review of records and
consultations with the indigenous people and project focal persons who guided me on how to
reach out to the site.
22
3.3 Selection of stakeholders’

The stakeholders’ selection criteria used the stakeholders’ analysis method because the nature
of the study involved participation in discussion of various actors at all stages (,Besha and
Leiser, 2011). Stakeholders’ analysis and selection involved sampling techniques where
sample frame was prepared from the project administration office source list. These criteria
considered purposive sampling. (Latham, 2007) explains that in purposive sampling method,
the population is “non-randomly selected based on a particular characteristic. This study
purposely employed this technique to select the study area key informants for the processes of
FGDs. Consequently, the key informants were chosen on purposeful base on level of
participation, which was determined by the activities or business the stakeholder is involved
with in the project. Therefore, the selection considered the groups of; agro-input suppliers;
rice seeds suppliers; rice farmers groups; group of millers at the plant; rice traders; and the
village authorities group i.e. WEO, VEO, the DED and DCDO were selected as key
informants in this study.

Table 1: Projected sample of Key Informant in the study area

Key Informant Number

The agro-input suppliers group 10
The rice seeds suppliers group 4
The rice farmers group 16
The millers group 5
The rice traders group 9
 WEO 1
 VEO 1
 DED 1
 DCDO 1
 Total 49

The selection criteria based on purposive sampling, in order to get a broad spectrum of ideas,
the sample was selected basing on their inputs. The predetermined criteria for professional
expertise ensured inclusion of experts from key informants (Tumwebaze, 2016; Cauvery,
2003). The FGDs were conducted based on the convenient time and place of the respondents
identified, hence the focal persons and the researcher made prior appointment setting with
these groups, in this case they were requested to organize themselves and select the place fit
for the discussions.
23
3.4 Preparatory Activities

During the preparatory exercise I prepared field logistics and materials for the counterparts at
the field level. Preparations involved the identification of tools, methods for data collection
and key stakeholders. The informants assisted me in the identification of additional
information about the large group of the stakeholders (Magigi, 2013; Passeron, 1991).
Therefore, it was vital to acquaint myself in order to ensure correct perception, creativeness,
and training. Additional preparatory activity involved a site visit to familiarize and introduce
the study objectives and scope to acquaint with program activities and meet the local
government authorities and program officials. Key information regarding field focal persons
was obtained from written records and initial consultations. The selected stakeholders were
invited or notified through; letters of intention, phone calls and electronic communications,
appointment setting and visits.

3.5 Data collection methods

This section present various methods used for collecting data during the exploratory studies.
(Borrini et al, 2000) defines research methods as fact finding instruments. Both primary and
secondary data were gathered from various sources using different methods and tools. The
research instruments used have been presented and elaborated in paragraphs below:

Literature review of the secondary sources was conducted in order to enhance the general
understanding on the basic facts on the proposed research problem. The reviewed materials
included; relevant books, research work and expert publications, journals & project
documents, workshop proceedings, evaluation and monitoring reports, and relevant regulatory
instruments (i.e. policies & laws) and internet surfing.

Focused Group Discussion (FGD) was used in data collection during exploratory studies. I
used FGD method to engage in direct dialogue with stakeholders in order to get necessary
information from them (Mettrick, 1993). In addition, Dooley (2003) argues that FGD
maximizes trust and cooperation between interviewer and interviewee; and decreases refusal
and permits questioning on more intimate topics. FGDs were conducted at different times and
places with selected participants who possessed similar backgrounds (e.g. the agro-input
suppliers; the rice seeds suppliers; the rice farmers; the millers; and the rice traders) and
ability to express a range of views which stimulated discussions. FGD helped to build a
relationship with the community and improved communities’ awareness on the motives of the
study.
24
3.6 Data analysis

Having conducted the Focused Group Discussions (FGDs) successfully, as major data
gathering techniques, the study; therefore applied qualitative analytical approach which was
considered suitable for the situation and majorly involved thematic and content analysis
methods. As engagement mechanisms, the discussions also involved consensus reaching
among interviewed team

3.6.1 Thematic analysis

The research applied thematic analysis during problem framing, to help move from a broad
reading of the data towards discovering patterns and framing specific clues to potential
interventions (Boyatzis, 1998). I used thematic analysis as a means to gain insight and
knowledge from data gathered from literatures and conversations from FGDs. The method
enabled me to develop a deeper appreciation for the group or situation to determine broad
patterns that allowed me to conduct more granular research and analysis. It was highly
inductive; themes emerged from the data that I gathered and I used statistical analysis to
validate themes. Typically, I did the coding of the data taking lines of text with handles that
identify key words, concepts, images and reflections. Coding was an explicit and iterative
process in which I altered and modified the analysis as reflected by the data and as ideas
emerged. During coding I captured the qualitative richness of the phenomenon, where I
ensured being clear and concise, clearly stating what it is, its boundaries and how to know it
when it occurs. From thematic analysis themes developed were further statistically analyzed.

3.6.2 Content analysis

The research applied thematic analysis during problem framing to build replicable and valid
inferences by interpreting and coding textual materials through systematical evaluation of
secondary texts, FGDs conversation contexts. At this point I was very observant to see how
many times the interviewees preferred certain terms and impressions in a more complex form
to allow questions about social trends, cultural and historical or current perspectives of
participation and influence of interviewees to the sustainability of this community
development project.

During this analytical process I ensured that the content analysis be objective, and all methods
used are repeatable to justify its validity. Thereafter, the analysis ensured same results which

25
are systematic, since the rules used were consistently applied and opened up for statistical
analysis to augur with the thematic approach.

CHAPTER FOUR
FINDINGS PRESENTATION

4.1 Introduction

This chapter focused on the analysis, presentation and discussion of the results concerning the
influence of stakeholders’ participation for the sustainability of community development
projects. Data were collected and analyzed on various aspects of influence of these
stakeholders participation on ensuring the sustainability of the SIDO Rice Milling Project.
26
During FGDs the discussions were based on factors that the groups discussed and reached a
consensus that they are the factors of participation that contribute majorly to the sustainability
of this community development project, the factors for discussion and analysis included;
categorizing participants in respect to the activity or business of interest, gender
representation, participants age aspects, education level, nature of the business terms and
conditions of operations, legal formalities of the activity or business i.e. government
registration requirement status and scale of operations. Data collected were contently
analyzed where I used technique of making replicable valid inferences by recording
discussion points (the interview responses) to interpret and code these textual responses to
bring the understanding of the influence of participation in this community development
project. Further I applied thematic analytical approach where I identified patterns and themes
from the FGDs and interpreted to foster the understanding of the study scenario. As
presented in chapter three; where from the Focused Group Discussions (FGDs) the
participants had major categories of participation determined by the type of activities and
business of concern, where the nature of the activity or business involved in determined the
level of participation of these stakeholders. The chapter is organized into sections. Where first
section covers the introduction of the chapter while the subsequent sections deals with the
FGDs results on the aspects of participation and characteristics of the agro-input dealers, the
rice seeds suppliers, the rice farmers, the rice millers and the rice traders, and finally the last
section presents the general understanding of the influence of participation to the
sustainability of this community development project.
4.2 The agro-input dealers
Table 4.1 provides a description of agro-input dealers based on criteria such as sex, level of
education, age of business, scale of operation, business registration status and employment
opportunities. It is noted that of the 10 agro-input dealers who were in the discussion, six were
males and four were women. The age of these agro-input dealers ranged from 18 to 70 years.
Eight of these agro-input dealers operated at retail level; and the two operated both as retailers
and wholesalers. Looking at the business experience, only three out of the ten agro-input
dealers started their businesses before the establishment of the SIDO Rice Milling Project.
Many were relatively new in the business and they were influenced by the start of the SIDO
Rice Milling Project. Further, the study found that nine of the agro-input dealers are registered
with Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security (MAFS), Tanzania Food and Drug Authority
(TFDA), Tanzania revenue authority (TRA) and have got Tax Identification Number (TIN),

27
business license and the registration with the Agriculture departments of the District Local
Governments.
Table 2: Description of agro-inputs business dealers
The Agro-Inputs Business Dealers FGDs Form
Male Female
Sex of the participant
6 4
Age of the participant 18-40 yrs 41-70 yrs
6 4
Primary Secondary College Post college
Level of education
1 2 6 1
Before establishment of After establishment of SIDO
Age of business SIDO Rice Milling Plant Rice Milling Plant
3 7
Retailer 8
Scale of operation
Wholesaler 2
Business registration status Registered 9
by MAFS, TFDA, TRA,
Not registered 1
BRELA
Business with No of employees: Male 2
2
Employment status employees No of employees: Female 1
Business with no employees 8

From the data collected and presented in table 2 above, further analysis was done introducing
the graphical analysis for surface wireframe contours to show the surface distribution of the
stakeholders. This analysis particularly indicate that as far as factors for participation of
stakeholders are enlisted, there are areas of participation where you will find many
stakeholders engaging in particular activities that are of beneficial to them and at the same are
perspectives observed by the study as sustainability factors

4.3 The rice seeds suppliers

The rice seeds suppliers are important participants in this community development project
since through their participation by supplying seeds to farmers; they influence the
sustainability of the of the project by ensuring a constant supply of seeds. Production of rice
seed is not a popular activity in the rice sub-sector. Focusing on the study district, there are
only four rice seed multipliers who are men; three are aged at least 44 years and above, and
only one is a youth (aged 29 years old) who started growing rice seed recently (in 2015). In
terms of highest level of education completed, two of the seed multipliers completed form
four one completed college certificate level and one holds a Bachelor’s Degree. Three out of
28
the four rice seed multipliers multiply seed on their own (i.e. without being contracted) but
receive foundation seed from Tanzania Staples Value Chain (NAFAKA, USAID) and JICA.
The remaining one seed supplier is contracted by the Kilombero Agricultural Research and
Training Institute who was identified by the institute as being capable of multiplying and sells
the seeds to farmers within his communities. These seed multipliers justified that their selling
capacity has been beyond the Iyelaward to the nearby wards, but majorly they sell the seeds to
farmers within their communities. The two seed multipliers with bachelor degree and the
college certificate level possessed registrations and were certified by MAFS, the rest (2) are
multiplying seed without being officially recognized by the Ministry (MAFS). The non-
registered rice seed multipliers claimed not to be aware of the registration requirements and
the procedures involved. In the discussion process, the lack of registration and certification
by the two rice seed multipliers raised concerns about the quality/authenticity of seed they
produce. Otherwise all the four rice seed multipliers justified that they have trainings from the
government and non-government organizations operating in their communities who promote
rice seed production, these organizations include Nafaka-USAID, ARI, ASDP, NSGRP and
UNFAO. They reported that these organizations play similar roles which include: training
seed multipliers (e.g. on seed selection, sources of seed, proper agronomic practices that
should be observed in seed production (e.g. nursery bed preparation and management, line
planting, fertilizer application, water management), post-harvest handling (e.g. drying the
seed on tarpaulins and ensuring moisture content does not exceed 13%), savings, leadership,
record keeping (e.g. inventory of costs/expenditures, sources of financing, sources of
foundation seed); supply of free inputs, particularly foundation seed and fertilizers; testing
soils for suitability and distributing soil test kits; and linking seed multipliers to markets and
sources of inputs. Rice seed multipliers reported having received the aforementioned forms of
support and that they were applying the knowledge and skills they acquired during the
trainings. About inspection of seed multiplication, every growing season, all (except one) seed
multipliers’ rice seed fields are inspected two (2) to three (3) times. Usually, inspection of rice
seed fields is done by the suppliers of foundation seed (Nafaka-USAID, ASDP and ARI). The
inspection focuses on purity of the rice plants, weed intensity and weed species, growth
characteristics of the rice plants (e.g. uniformity in height, number of tillers per plant, plant
color, etc.), disease occurrence, and response of rice plants to extreme weather conditions
(e.g. heavy rains or drought), among others. Three out of the four rice seed multipliers said
they provide technical support to farmers in terms of field inspections and trainings. The seed

29
multipliers reported that they conduct field visits to farmers; and train farmers in various
farming aspects such as land preparation (e.g. leveling fields); seed selection; nursery bed
preparation and management; agronomic practices (e.g. planting in lines, applying fertilizers
and timely weeding); timely planting and harvesting; and post-harvest handling (e.g. drying
rice on tarpaulins). They further reported that the registration requirements for rice seed
multipliers include: attending a training in rice seed production.
Therefore from the focused group discussion held by the four seeds suppliers in the
Iyelaward, it is vivid that these suppliers through their participation in the supply of rice seeds
have the potential influence in the growth and development of the SIDO Rice Milling Project
hence ensuring the projects sustainability. To thematically analyze the findings in order to
identify patterns and or themes within this qualitative interview data, I introduced graphical
surface wireframe contours based on the factors of sustainability measures of participation
like gender representation, age aspects, literacy level, business operating terms and
conditions, government registration status and inspection schedule. These factors are
measured against the number of respondent, and a graphical contour distribution line is drawn
against each category of respondents. Where the largely enclosed area as covered by the
contour wireframe represents the bigger optional activity or requirement of the seeds
suppliers, from this point the bigger the optional activity or requirement, the higher the chance
of such an option for the sustainability of this community project, and hence more
participation of these seeds suppliers to such an activity or requirement.

Table 3: showing rice seeds suppliers FGDs Form

The rice seeds suppliers FGDs Form
Male Female
Sex of the participant
4 0
Age of the participant 18-40 yrs 41-70 yrs
1 3
Primary Secondary College Post college
Level of education
0 2 1 1
Contract 3
Scale of operation 1
Non-contract
Business registration status by Registered 2

MAFS, TFDA, TRA, BRELA Not registered 2

Regular inspection 3
Farmers Inspection
No inspection 1

30
Table 3. Wireframe contours showing areas of concentration for the KRMP sustainability
influence.

31
4.4 The rice farmers

The rice farmers in this community development project were met and a focused group
discussion was held with them, characterization was done in order to provide an
understanding of the socio-demographic features of the farmers who participated in the study
(FGDs). After characterization, farmers were engaged into discussion of sustainability factors
which were the focus of this research. The discussion pinpointed out that most of the farmer
groups interviewed were formed between 2010 and 2015, and the rest started between 1986
and 2009. The main aim of the formation of groups was to facilitate marketing of rice
products and ease access to farm inputs. The organization that facilitated formation of these
groups is the ASDP and farmers’ own initiatives. Other institution that also facilitated group
formations among others are NSGRP Majority of the groups are registered by the district
local government (at district or sub-county levels). These findings reflect some degree of
formality in group formation and operation. The formality can be harnessed to strengthen
farmer institutions (groups), for instance, the organizations behind group formation and
registration can be further engaged to for example: initiate or create market or financial access
linkage for farmers; and or build farmer group capacity in order for the groups to be able to
collectively finance production and market their produce. In the FGDs, the farmer groups that
were interviewed had 31 members in total (12 females and 19 males). The average age of
participants was 40 years, with the oldest farmer aged 74 and youngest farmer 16 years
respectively. In terms of relevant farming experience, the average number of years spent in
rice production was 8, with the most experienced farmers having a 40-year experience in
production and the least experienced farmers had just joined rice production and thus had less
than one year of experience. In terms of education (highest grade completed), majority of the
individuals had primary level education, followed by formal education and secondary level of
education. This level of education suggests that most farmers may not have good knowledge
required for rice production or the ability to comprehend some of the agronomic practices
involved - this signals the need for strong and effective extension system to improve farmer’s
knowledge. In the discussion farmers numerated and elaborated their participation in
practicing crop rotation or fallowing, observing an isolation distance of at least 5 meters
between fields of different varieties, regularly weeding to eliminate stubborn weeds (e.g.
striga), removing off types and keeping only plants of uniform height, practicing proper post-
harvest handling (e.g. drying different varieties separately and ensuring the seed is dried to a
moisture content of below 12%).

32
4.5 The rice millers

At the processing (milling) segment of the rice, majority of the respondents were male. Five
people participated in the FGDs who were employees of the milling plant. The age of these
employees ranged from 47 the oldest to 27 the youngest. The milling plant has operated for
over 10 years and the plant is a registered business. Regarding education, two of the millers
are of primary level; the other two are secondary education and one college individual who is
the treasury of the plant. At the discussion millers reported that most of the farmers are
operating at small scale and a few operating at medium scale.

4.6 The rice traders

Table 3 presents statistics on selected characteristics of rice traders. Trade in rice is dominated
by men who accounted for 6 out of 9 traders interviewed. Most rice traders operate both as
retailers and wholesalers, but many of them operated exclusively at retail businesses. Many of
them have been trading rice for over five (5) years. Majorities are registered and have trading
licenses, implying that most traders are operating formally. The rice trading business stated
long before the establishment of the Rice Milling Plant three of the interviewees responded,
while the other three traders operate the business on contract basis and the remaining six
operate on small scale

4.7 Discussion of the findings

From the findings presented in the previous sections, it is vivid that many men participate in
rice milling project than women, and the age of these participants mostly range from 18 to 40
year as per the findings. The findings also show that many participants are college leavers and
mostly operate in retail basis. Further many business operations were established after the
establishment of the SIDO market place with many business operations handled by owners.
Following the discussion on the participation of stakeholders in rice value chain distribution
in Mbeya City Council and Mbeya province, the authors vividly justified participation of
different stakeholder in the value chain addition and distribution of rice, where these authors
present various activities of participation starting with the situation where farmers involve in
selling rice to local mills who are easily accessible and to the paddy collectors or traders. The
elements of participation is also elaborated when these interviewees argue that paddy
collectors / traders usually come to purchase paddy in villages, then transport and sell it for a
profit either to millers or to foreign market. Suddenly these interviewees reported that paddy

33
collectors usually come first to make villages accessible in order to improve collection
efficiency, and take the advantage that these remote villagers have limited market
information. Further, findings show that these paddy collectors impinge farmers on the
bargaining power and in this case, individual farmers are forced to accept the offered price of
the paddy collectors, this is an indication of defective participatory platform where these
paddy collectors take advantages over these farmers. And this vividly indicate why the village
community in response to farmers vulnerability reduction decided to develop a milling plant
so that farmers can directly sell their farm produce to the millers henceforth increasing the
rice value chain and increasing sell volume and ease access to market for the farm produce.
These findings imply that majority of agro-input businesses were operating legally and thus
can be controlled and regulated by the Ministry (MAFS) to ensure good quality inputs for
farmers. In terms of education, only one agro-input dealer had primary school level, two are
form four leavers, six were college leavers trained in agricultural services colleges and one is
a graduate degree in agriculture and extension services. On the other hand, only the two
wholesale dealers did employ, where one had two employees of which is a male and a female,
and the other one employed one person who is a male, this means that there are not so many
job opportunities in agro-input dealership, unless one establishes his or her own business.
From this particular finding, the Focused Group Discussion reached to a consensus that men
are majorly engaged in agro-input dealership than women, the network of agro-input dealers
is gradually expanding and thus making agro-inputs more accessible to farmers compared to
the period before 2010. From the point that out of ten agro-input dealers who were present in
the discussion, nine are registered with relevant authorities, hence the agro-input dealership
businesses are operated legally and thus can be controlled and regulated by the Ministry
(MAFS) to ensure good quality inputs for farmers with strengthened regulatory system. From
this point of view therefore, the participation of agro-input dealers in community development
project have the influence in ensuring good quality agro-inputs reach farmers on time and
within the project vicinity and positively influenced increase in revenue collection from
dealership taxes and strengthened regulatory system. The discussion also overviewed the
influence in gender representation and employment opportunities, the agro-input business in
the case study is attracted to men than women, and this has an influence in inequality in
gender representation in the project development, further the agro-inputs dealership in the
project area is dominated with small scale retail outlets with limited employment

34
opportunities taking the case that out of ten agro-input businesses only three are employed
different from self employment from the business appropriators.

35
 CHAPTER FIVE

5.0 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

5.1 Introduction

This study was conducted primarily to assess the influence of stakeholders participation to
community based development project, the study was grounded on the fact that as a result of
participation of stakeholders in this project a number of influential factors are experienced
resulting into improvement of livelihoods of the participants through shaping of the market
channel, structure, conduct and performance of rice marketing systems. Therefore the study
assessed and analyzed participation based on the type of activity or business of engagement,
gender representation, age aspects, business legal formalities, scale of the business and
employment state of the business. In this chapter, conclusions are made based on the findings and
in relation to the specific objectives of the study and the research questions.

5.2 Conclusion

Generally participation of stakeholders in the SIDO Rice Milling Project has got paramount
influence in its sustainability, these stakeholders participate in this project through provision
of services and commodities including; the supply of agro-input services; supply of seeds to
farmers; farming activities and production of paddy; collection of paddy to the milling plant
and milling services; and trading activities. The rice production and value chain addition is
majorly dominated by men, most of them are primary and secondary school leavers a few are
college graduates and they actively engaged in their respective programmes as a result of the
project establishment, most of the businesses they participate in have got legal formalities and
registrations by government authorities making them proper utilization of the opportunities
coming up with the project, these dealers are the indigenous community coming around the
project area and within the Kyela town council. The category of agro-input dealers participate
and contribute to the project development and sustainability through selling of agro-inputs
like fertilizers, pesticides, herbicides and many more. Moreover, the rice seeds suppliers are
important participants in this community development project since through their
participation by supplying seeds to farmers; they influence the sustainability of the of the
project by ensuring a constant supply of seeds. Through farmers own initiatives and in
conjunction with support from ASDP, the farmers groups, the rice production has been able to

36
 gain addition in value chain, facilitated marketing of rice products and eased access to farm
inputs.
At the processing (milling) segment of the rice, majority of the respondents were male. Five
people participated in the FGDs who were employees of the milling plant. The age of these
employees ranged from 47 the oldest to 27 the youngest. The milling plant has operated for
over 10 years and the plant is a registered business. Regarding education, two of the millers
are of primary level; the other two are secondary education and one college individual who is
the treasury of the plant. At the discussion millers reported that most of the farmers are
operating at small scale and a few operating at medium scale.

5.3 Recommendations

Based on the study findings, the researcher recommended the following;

i. The Mbeya City Council l in collaboration with other relevant stakeholders to set
strategies on empowering the beneficiaries in particular the project coordinators on record
keeping and financial management.
ii. Based on the availability of the rice milling project, the SIDO villagers and the
neighboring villager should be facilitated on engagement into modern farming of rice so
as to increase the production.
iii. The dissemination of the knowledge concerning the stakeholders’ participation in the
community development projects should be given high priority to all villages in Mbeya
City Council l and the national at large.

5.4 Areas for Further Studies

Following hereunder, are the proposed areas for further studies;

i. The contribution of the processed agricultural products on improving the livelihoods
of the rural farmers.
ii. Assessment on the factors hindering the effective stakeholders’ participation in the
project initiation and implementation.

37
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INTERVIEW GUIDE FOR THE PARTICIPANTS

SECTION A: Detailed Information of the interviewee

1. Age of the respondents
a) ≤30

46
 b) 31-40
c) 41-50
d) 50+
2. Sex of the respondents
a) Male
b) Female
3. Education of the respondents
a) Primary
b) Secondary
c) Tertiary
d) None
4. Marital status of the respondents
a) Single
b) Married
5. Participation category
a) Agro-input dealer
b) Rice seed dealers
c) Rice farmers
d) Rice millers
e) Rice traders
SECTION B: The level of stakeholders’ participation in the development projects in the
study area
6. When was this milling project initiated?
…………………………………………………………………………………..
7. Who initiated the project?
…………………….……………………………………………………………….
8. Were the local residents involved in the initiation of the project
Yes
No

9. You as a local resident are you aware with the ongoing project?
Yes
No

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10. Which resources were involved in the process of project initiation and implementation
process?
a) ……………………………………………………………………………
b) ……………………………………………………………………………
c) …………………………………………………………………………….
11. What are the potential impacts of the ongoing projects to the community?
a) ……………………………………………………………………………
b) …………………………………………………………………………….
c) …………………………………………………………………………….
12. What are the opportunities embedded with participation in rice milling projects
a) ……………………………………………………………………………
b) …………………………………………………………………………….
c) ……………………………………………………………………………..
13. What are the challenges embedded with the participation of stakeholders in this rice
milling project
a) …………………………………………………………………………….
b) …………………………………………………………………………….
c) ……………………………………………………………………………
d)

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