Cairo Inspection Company

Eng. Ibrahim Eldesoky

ASNT –NDT-LEVEL III
ASME AUTHORIZED INSPECTOR
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 Session Objectives
 Determine when to apply a joint efficiency
"E" in pressure vessel design calculations.
 Review and understand the terms joint
"category“ and "type".
 Determine the correct "E" value based on
joint type and degree of radiography.
 Review ASME stamping requirements
when radiography is performed.
 Solve sample problems

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 Referenced Code Paragraphs
 UG-27 Shells under internal under pressure.
 UG-32 Formed heads, pressure on the
concave side.
 UW-3 Welded joint category.
 Figure UW-3 Illustration of Welded Joint
Location.
 UW-12 Joint efficiencies
 Table UW-12 Maximum allowable joint
efficiencies
 UG-116(e) Required marking (nameplates or
direct stamping)

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 UG-27 Thickness of Shells Under
Internal Pressure
An efficiency value "E" applies only to shells
under internal pressure.

Pressure
Shell in tension Shell in compression

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E = joint efficiency for, or the efficiency of
appropriate joint in cylindrical or
spherical shells, or the efficiency of
ligaments between openings, whichever
is less.

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 UG-32 Formed Heads and
Sections,
Pressure on the Concave Side
E = lowest efficiency of any joint in
the head; for hemispherical heads,
this includes head-to-shell joint
tension Pressure compression

Concave Convex
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 UG-32 Formed Heads and
Sections,
Pressure on the Concave Side
Example: Vessel subject to internal pressure

Convex Head Concave Head

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 The term Category as used herein
defines the location of a joint in a vessel,
but not the type of joint.
 Categories are assigned based on the
type and degree of stresses imposed at
various locations within a vessel.
 Joints included in each category are
designated as A, B, C or D.

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Cairo Inspection Company (CIC) Www. CIC-Egypt.com Eng. Ibrahim Eldesoky 10
 (a) Category A
 Longitudinal joints within the main shell, communicating
chambers (eg. sumps), transitions in diameter, or nozzles,
 any joint in a sphere, formed or flat head or side plates in
flat sided vessels,
 circumferential welded joints connecting hemispherical
heads to shells, nozzles, or to communicating chambers.
 (b) Category B
 Circumferential welded joints within the main shell,
communicating chambers or transitions in diameter,
 circumferential welded joints connecting formed heads
other than hemispherical to main shells, transitions in
diameter, to nozzles, or to communicating chambers.

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 Head attachment Category A joint

examples

any joint in a sphere hemi head to shell

Category B joint

Cylindrical
straight flange
(skirt)
formed head other than hemi

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(c) Category C
 Welded joints connecting flanges, Van Stone laps,
tube sheets, or flat heads to:
 main shells, to formed heads,
 to transitions in diameter, to nozzles or to
communicating chambers,
 Any welded joint connecting one side plate to
another side plate of a flat sided vessel.
(d) Category D
 Welded joints connecting communicating chambers
or nozzles to: main shells, spheres, transitions in
diameter, to heads, flat sided vessels, and nozzles to
communicating chambers

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 Joint Types
 8 Joint types are identified.
 Type 1 has the highest efficient, type 6 has the
lowest efficient. Types 7 and 8 have no assigned
efficiency.
 Types 1 through 3 are butt joints, types 4 through
6 are lap joints. Type 7 is a corner joint and 8 is an
angle joint.
Only type 1 and 2 butt joints may be radiographed
in order to improve efficiency.

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Examples: Type 1, Butt welded, both sides must be
visible

Examples: Type 2, butt welded with backing

Fig. UW-13.1 sketch (k) backing left in place

"joggle joint"

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 Examples: Type 3, single welded butt welded
without backing

not viewed internally -eg. small diameter pipe or

assemblies with space or visibility restrictions

Examples: Type 4, double full fillet lap joint

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Examples: Type 5, single full fillet lap joints
with plug welds

Plug Weld

Examples: Type 6,single full fillet lap joint

without plug welds

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 UW-12 Joint Efficiencies
Table UW-12 gives the joint efficiencies "E" to be used
in the formulas of this Division for joints completed by
gas or an arc welding process.
Except as required by UW-11(a)(5), a joint efficiency
depends only on the type of joint and the degree of
examination of the joint and doesn't depend on the
degree of examination of any other joint.
 The user or his designated agent [U-2(a)] shall
establish the type of joint and the degree of
examination when the rules of this Division do not
mandate specific requirements.

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(a) full radiography
(b) spot radiography
(c) no radiograph
(d) seamless pressure vessel
sections and heads
(e) welded pipe or tubing
(f) welds completed by pressure
welding processes
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 UW-12(b) Spot radiography
 Per column (b) of Table UW-12
 Performed per UW-52* [see UW-11(b)]

* Minimum one film (at least 6 inches long) per

welder for each 50 foot increment of deposited weld
metal.
 UW-12(c) No Radiography
 Per column (c) of Table UW-12

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 UW-12(f) Pressure Welding Processes
 A value of E not greater than 0.80 for welds
completed by any of the pressure welding
processes listed in UW-27(a).

 UW-12( a) Full Radiography

 Use the efficiency specified in column (a) of
Table UW12, except when the requirements of
UW-11(a)(5) are not met, a value not greater
than that listed in column (b) of Table UW-12
shall be used.

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 UW-11(a)(5) applies to all Category A or D butt welds in
vessel sections and heads designed per UW-12(a), in which
case:
 (a) Category A and B welds connecting vessel sections
or heads shall be Type 1 or 2 of Table
 (b) Category B or C butt welds which intersect category
A butt welds in vessel sections or heads, or connect
seamless vessel sections or heads shall as a minimum,
meet the requirements for spot radiography per UW 2.
 UW-52(b)(4) Radiographs required at specific locations
to satisfy the rules of other paragraphs, such as UW-9(d),
UW11(a)(5)(b). and UW-14(b), shall not be used to satisfy
the rules for spot radiography.

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  UW-12(a) Full Radiography
 Use column (a) of Table UW-12, except when UW-
11(a)(5) is not met, use column (b) of Table UW-12.

 UW 12(d) Seamless Vessel Sections and Heads

 are considered equivalent to welded parts of the same
geometry, in which and all Category A welds are type 1.

Formed head
Hemi head
other than hemi

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UW-12(d) can't... For calculations involving circumferential
stress in vessel sections or for the thickness of seamless
heads, E = 1.0 when the spot radiography requirements of UW
11(a) (5)(b) are met, or 0.85 when they are not met.

Formed head Hemi head

other than hemi

UW-11(a)(5)(b) spot RT performed, E= 1.0

UW-11(a)(5)(b) spot RT not met, E= 0.85

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UW-12(e) Welded pipe or tubing* shall be treated in the
same manner as seamless, but with the allowable tensile
stress taken from the welded product values of the stress
tables, and the requirements of UW-12(d) applied.
* Manufactured in accordance with a material
specification permitted by this Division, not fabricated by
the vessel manufacturer as a vessel part. (eg. ERW pipe)

Welded, but treated

like seamless
[UW-12(d)]

UW-11(a)(5)(b) spot RT performed, E= 1.0

UW-11(a)(5)(b) spot RT not met, E= 0.85

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 UG-116(e) Required Marking
 When a vessel has been radiographed in
accordance with UW-11, marking shall be
applied under the Code symbol

as follows:
 RT-1
 RT-2
 RT-3
 RT-4

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 UG-116(e) Required Marking
RT-l, Full radiography of all pressure retaining butt welded
joints, except Category B & C butt welds in nozzles and
communicating chambers that neither exceed IMPS 10
(DN 250) nor 1-1/8 in. (29mm).

RT-2, when the complete vessel satisfies the

requirements of UW 11(a)(5) and when spot RT rules of
UW 11(a)(5)(b) have been applied.
Formed head,
Other than Hemi head
Hemi

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 UG-116(e) Required Marking
RT-3, when the complete vessel satisfies the spot
radiography rules of UW-11(b).

Formed head,
Other than Hemi head
Hemi

RT-4, when only part of the complete vessel has satisfied

the radiographic requirements of UW-11(a) or where none
of the markings RT-1, RT-2, or RT 3 are applicable
Formed head,
Other than Hemi head
Hemi

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