OUTLINE

• What is PLL
• Functional Blocks of PLL
• Block Diagram of PLL
• Phase Detector
• Low Pass Filter
• Voltage Controlled Oscillator (VCO)
• Stages of PLL Operation
• Application
 What is PLL?
• Full form of PLL is ‘Phase Locked Loop’
Loop .

• PLL is a circuit, synchronizing an n output signal (generated by an

oscillator) with a reference or input
ut signal in the frequency as well as
in phase.
 Functional Blocks of PLL
•Phase Detector
•Low Pass Filter
•Voltage Control Oscillator
Oscil (VCO)
Block Diagrram of PLL
Capture Transient
 Stages of PLL Operation
• Free Running Stage: Whenn no input is applied at the phase
detector, then due to VCO, PLL works
w in Free Running Stage. The
output frequency of this stage is dependent on the free running
frequency of VCO.

• Capture Stage: When a input

put frequency is applied at the phase
detector, then due to feedback mechanism PLL tries to track the
output with respect to input. This stage
st is called Capture Stage.
 Stages of PLL Operation
• Phase Locked State: Due to feedback mechanism, the
frequency comparision stops as soon as the output frequency
become equal to the input frequenc
equency. This stage is called Phase
Locked State.
 Phase Detector
Dete
• A phase detector is basically a compa
omparator that compares the input
frequency f_in with feedback frequ
equency f_out.
• Comparing the input frequency & output
o frequency it provides a error
signal which is basically a Dc voltagge.
• The loop is locked when these two o signals are of the same frequency
and have a fixed phase difference.
• Basically Phase Detector works as an a Ex-OR gate.
NALOG PHASE DETECTOR- SWITCH TYPE
NALOG PHASE DETECTOR-BALANCED
BALANCED MODULATOR
NALOG PHASE DETECTOR-BALANCED
BALANCED MODULATOR
DIGITAL PHASE DETECTOR
 Low Pass
ass Filter
• Low-pass filter is used to removee high frequency components and
noise from the output of the phase detector.
• Low Pass Filter provides a steady dc
d level voltage which becomes the
input of VCO.
 Voltage Controlled
C
Oscillator (VCO)
• Voltage-controlled oscillator generrates frequency controlled by input
voltage.
• The dc level output of a low-pass filter is applied as control signal to
the voltage-controlled oscillator (V
VCO).
• The VCO frequency is adjusted till it becomes equal to the frequency
of the input signal.
• During this adjustment, PLL goes through three stages-free running,
capture and phase lock.
Applications of PLL
 Voltage Controlled Oscillator (VCO)
A Voltage Controlled Oscillator is an oscillator which produces oscillating signals
(waveforms) with variable frequency. The frequency of this waveform is varied by varying
the magnitude of the Input voltage.
Types of Voltage Controlled Oscillators

Harmonic Oscillators - Sin wave generators

Relaxation Oscillator - saw tooth or triangular form
Voltage controlled oscillator using LM566 IC

Pin configuration of LM 566

Voltage controlled oscillator using LM566 IC

Pin configuration of LM 566 Functional Blocks of LM 566

 on the capacitor charges form 0.25Vcc to 0.5 Vvv

∆𝑣 = 0.25 𝑉𝑐𝑐

acitor s charged through constant current source

∆𝑣 𝑖
=
∆𝑡 𝐶𝑇
0.25𝑉𝑐𝑐 𝑖
=
∆𝑡 𝐶𝑇
𝑜. 25𝑉𝑐𝑐 𝐶𝑇
∆𝑡 =
𝑖
rent through is given by
𝑉𝑐𝑐 − 𝑉𝑐
𝑖=
𝑅𝑇

me period is given by T= 2Δt, then the frequency of Oscillation is given by

1
𝑓𝑜 =
𝑇
𝟐(𝑽𝒄𝒄 −𝑽𝒄 )
And further 𝒐 𝑪𝑻 𝑹𝑻 𝑽𝒄𝒄
Circuit Diagram
h no modulating signal input, and if the voltage at pin 5 ia baised to (7/8) Vc
n Frequency of oscillation is given by
𝟕
𝟐(𝑽𝒄𝒄 −( )𝑽𝒄 ) 𝟎.𝟐𝟓
𝒐
𝟖
(2)
𝑪𝑻 𝑹𝑻 𝑽𝒄𝒄 𝑪𝑻 𝑹𝑻

e voltage to frequency conversion factor ‘Kv‘ is given by

∆𝑓0
𝐾𝑣 = (3)
∆𝑣𝑐
is the modulating input voltage required to generate

frequency shift for VCO.

us Assume f1 is the new frequency due to ‘Δ’ change in

dulating input vc, then

𝛥𝑓0 = 𝑓1 − 𝑓𝑜

𝟐(𝑽𝒄𝒄 − [𝑽𝒄 − ∆𝒗𝒄] )

𝒇𝟏 = (𝟒)
𝑪𝑻 𝑹𝑻 𝑽𝒄𝒄
m (1) and (4)

𝒄
𝟎
𝑪𝑻 𝑹𝑻 𝑽𝒄𝒄
Circuit Diagram
Applications of VCO
•Electronic jamming equipment.
•Production of electronic music, for production of different types of noise.

•Phase locked loop.

•Frequency synthesizers, used in communication circuits.
•Function generator
•Tone generator
•FM modulation
•Frequency shift keying
•Clock generator