Analog Electronics for

Communications

Semester 20192
Lecture 6

1
RF Filter Design – Basic Filter Types

2
Filter Attenuation Profiles

3
 RF Filter Parameters
(
• Insertion Loss: IL = 10 log Pin = −10 log 1 − in 2
PL
)
• Ripple

• Bandwidth: BW 3dB = fu3dB – fL3dB

• Shape Factor: BWAmin

SF =
BWAmax
• Rejection
4
Low-Pass Filter

Cascading four ABCD-networks.

 A B  1 RG  1 R   1 0  1 0
C D  = 0 1  0 1   j C 1   1 
       RL 1

  1  
1 + ( R + RG )  j C +  RG + RL 
=  RL  
 1 
 j C + 1 
 RL 
5
 RF Filter Parameters
Cascading four ABCD-networks.

 A B  1 RG  1 R   1 0  1 0
C D  = 0 1  0 1   j C 1   1 
       RL 1

  1  
1 + ( R + RG )  j C +  RG + RL 
=  RL  
 1 
 j C + 1 
 RL 
6
 Low-Pass Filter Frequency Response

• Frequency Response from the ABCD

Definitions:
v1
A=
v2 i2 =0
• So the Transfer Function is Simply:
1 1
= H ( ) =
A 1 + j ( RG + R ) C
7
 Low-Pass Filter Frequency Response

• Corresponding Phase is:


 ( ) = tan−1 
Im  H ( ) 

 Re H ( ) 
 
• Group Delay:
d  ( )
tg =
d

8
 High-Pass Filter

 1 0  1 0
 A B  1 RG  1 R    1 
C D  =  0 1   0 1   1 1  1
     j L
   RL 
  1 1  
1 + ( R + RG )  +  RG + RL 
=  j L RL  
 1 1 
 + 1 
 j L RL 

9
High-Pass Filter Frequency Response
• Frequency Response from the ABCD
Definitions:
v1
A=
v2 i2 =0

• So the Transfer Function is Simply:

1 1
= H ( ) =
A  1 1 
1 + ( RG + R )  + 
 j L RL 
10
High-Pass Filter Frequency Response

• For  → :
V2 1 RL
= =
VG
1+
( R + RG ) RL + RG + R
RL

• Inductive Influence Can Be Neglected

11
Low-Pass Filter Realizations

12
Low-Pass Butterworth Filter Coefficients

13
Low-Pass Butterworth Filter Attenuation

14
Low-Pass Linear-Phase Filter
Coefficients

15
Chebyshev-Type Filters

16
Chebyshev-Type Filters

17
Chebyshev-Type Filter Response

Response for 3 dB ripple Chebyshev LPF

18
Chebyshev-Type Filter Response

Response for 0.5 dB ripple Chebyshev LPF

19
Low-Pass Chebysev Filter Coefficients –
3 dB Ripple

20
Low-Pass Chebysev Filter Coefficients –
0.5 dB Ripple

21
 Standard Low-Pass Filter Design
• The normalized inductors and capacitors
(g1, g2 , ... , gN ) are denormalized using:

Cn Ln R
C= and L=
2fC R 2fC
where Cn , Ln , are the gn normalized values
from the tables

22
 Low-Pass Filter Design Example
• Design a Low-Pass Filter with cut-off
frequency of 900 MHz and a stop band
attenuation of 18 dB @1.8 GHz.
• From the Butterworth Nomograph, Amax = 1
and Amin = 18. Amax = 1 since unity gain.
And the order of the filter is N = 3.
• From Butterworth Tables, g1 = g3=1.0 and
g2 = 2.

23
 Low-Pass Filter Design Example
• De-Normalized Values For the Tee-
Configuration Low-Pass Filter Are:
g1RL
L1 = L2 = = 8.8 nH
(
2 900 106 )
g2
C1 = = 7 pF
(
2 900 10 RL 6
)
24
Low-Pass Filter Design Example

25
 Low- To High-Pass Transformation
• Transform the Low-Pass Filter Normalized
Component Values to the Normalized High-
Pass Values
• Inductors in Low-Pass Configuration
Become Capacitors in High-Pass.
• Capacitors in Low-Pass Configuration
Become Inductors in High-Pass
1 1
• CHP _ norm = ; LHP _ norm =
c LLP _ norm cCLP _ norm
26
 RF Filter Parameters
(
• Insertion Loss: IL = 10 log Pin = −10 log 1 − in 2
PL
)
• Ripple

• Bandwidth: BW 3dB = fu3dB – fL3dB

• Shape Factor: BWAmin

SF =
BWAmax
• Rejection
27
 De-Normalizing Filter Component
Values
• All Normalized Component Values Are De-
Normalized Using the Following:
Cnormalized
Cactual =
Rg
and
Lactual = Lnormalized Rg

28
Transformation From Low-Pass Filter

29
Normalized Low- to Band-Pass Filter
Transformation
• Normalized Band-Pass Shunt Elements
from Shunt Low-Pass Capacitor:
upper − lower
LBP _ norm _ shunt = 2
o CLP _ norm

CLP _ norm
CBP _ norm _ shunt =
upper − lower

30
Normalized Low- to Band-Pass Filter
Transformation
• Normalized Band-Pass Series Elements
from Series Low-Pass Inductor:
LLP _ norm
LBP _ norm _ series =
upper − lower

upper − lower
CBP _ norm _ series =
o LLP _ norm
2

31
Normalized Low- to Band-Stop Filter
Transformation
• Normalized Band-Stop Shunt Component
Values from Low-Pass Shunt Capacitor:
1
LStop _ norm _ shunt =
(upper − lower ) CLP _ norm

CStop _ norm _ shunt =

( upper − lower ) CLP _ norm
o2

32
Normalized Low- to Band-Stop Filter
Transformation
• Normalized Band-Stop Series Component
Values from Low-Pass Series Inductor:
(upper − lower ) LLP _ norm
LStop _ norm _ series =
o2

1
CStop _ norm _ series =
(upper − lower ) LLP _ norm
33