CEE 301

Introduction to Transportation
Engineering

Introduction
Engr. Tariq Shah
COMSATS University Islamabad, Wah Campus
Course Objectives and Outcomes
 To provide background knowledge of transportation engineering
with detailed and thorough understanding of framework of
various transportation systems.
 At the completion of the course, the students will be able to
describe railway engineering, airport engineering, harbor
engineering.
Program Learning Outcomes:
The course is designed so that students will achieve the following
PLOs:
 PLO-1: Engineering Knowledge
 PLO-2: Problem Analysis
Course Learning Outcomes:
Upon completion of the course student will be able to conduct the
following:
 CLO-1: Describe railway engineering and identify its
components. (C2-PLO1).
 CLO-2: Explain the different parameters in airport engineering
& runway design. (C3-PLO2).
 CLO-3: Define harbor engineering and identify its components.
(C1-PLO1).
Course Outlines
 Airport Engineering: General (Introduction, ICAO and other organizations, CAA in
Pakistan, Definitions and aerodrome data, Airport and pavement classification number).
Aircraft Characteristics and Computation of Runway Length(Characteristics of transport
category aircrafts, Performance requirements of aircrafts for runway length, Environs on
the airport, Important aeronautical terms and their significance). Airport Configurations
(Introduction to aircraft operations, Various runway configurations, Analysis of wind and
runway orientation).Geometric Standards and Obstruction Clearance Criteria (Aerodrome
reference code, Runway system and geometric standards, Obstacle limitation surfaces).
 Railway Engineering: General (Introduction, History and present state of Pakistan
railway), Track, Rail Gauges, Rails and Rail Fastenings (Rail gauges and requirements of
uniformity, Elements of track, Corrugation and length of rails, Wear of rails, Failure of
rails, Rail joints and fastenings), Sleepers, Ballast and Formation (Function and type of
sleepers; Sleeper material, density, spacing and stiffness of tracks; Material for ballast and
renewal), Creep and Rail-bed Soil (Creep, causes/ results and methods of correcting
creep; X-sections, formation of track and soil stabilization), Station and Yards
(Classification of Railway stations and features, Selection of site for railway station,
Layout for station and yards, Types of yards), Construction and Maintenance.
 Coastal Engineering: General (Introduction; Port, harbours and shipyards of Pakistan),
Ports and Harbour (Requirements of a good port, Ship and cargo characteristics,
Requirements of a harbour, Harbour classification),Natural Phenomena (Tides, Winds,
Sea waves), Ports and Harbour Structures (Breakwaters, Other harbour works,
Navigational aids, Docks and port facilities, Protection, Maintenance and Modernization
(Coastal protection; Dredging, sluicing and other related works, Modernization).
Text/Reference Books
 Transportation Engineering Introduction To Planning, Design And
Operations, Jason C. Yu, Elsevier Science Ltd. (June
1982)
 Airport Engineering by Norman Ashford and Paul H Wright.
 Planning And Design Of Airports, Horonjeff, R. McGraw-Hill
Professional; 4th Edition (December 1, 1993)
 A Course on Docks and Harbour Engineering by S. P. Binra.
 Port Engineering Planning Construction Maintenance And
Security, Gregory P. Tsinker, John Wiley, 2004
 Railway Engineering, Wiley, William Walter Hey, 2nd Edition (June
16, 1982)
Miscellaneous Information
Instructor: Engr. Tariq Shah
Office: Highway Lab
Email: tariqshah@ciitwah.edu.pk

Classroom app: ehok7a

Points for Consideration For Exams
 0% tolerance on cheating and copy of assignment.
 No answer sheet will be accepted after 1 min when time of exam is
over.
 Course for quiz and assignment
 Further instructions are attached.
 1st Quiz and assignment in 3rd week (Feb 18 to Feb 24)
 2nd Quiz and assignment in 6th week (March 11 to March 17)
 3rd Quiz and assignment in 10th week (April 08 to April 14)
 4th Quiz and assignment in 15th week (May 13 to May 19)
Points for Consideration During Class
 Be attentive
 Do not hesitate to ask questions
 Making noise in class will lead to absent or marking zero in quiz or
assignment.
 Make notes of what is being taught in the class
 Follow the rules/instructions
 Attendance will strictly observed
 Always try to be positive
Transportation Engineering
 Transportation engineering is the application of technology and
scientific principles to the planning, functional design, operation, and
management of transportation system in order to provide efficient
movement of people and goods.
 Transportation System
 A transportation system is an infrastructure that serves to move
people and goods efficiently. The transportation system consists
of fixed facilities, flow entities, and a control system.
 Efficient = Safe, Rapid, Comfort, Convenience, economy,
Environmental Compatibility (minimize negative impacts)
Elements of Transportation Systems
 Fixed Facilities:
Roads, Intersections, Interchanges, service stations, etc.
 Flow Entities:
Passenger cars, Buses, Trucks, Pedestrians, etc.
 Control System:
Vehicular control and Flow control (Transportation agencies)
 Users
 Environment
Why do we need Transportation…?
 Economic Wealth
 Political Reasons
 Military Power

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 Transportation
Transportation Engineering
Modes
Transportation
7
Modes
7
 Modes of Transportation: Specific way to travel
• Road • Road
usually defined by either the Physical System
7 being
es• RailModes
ation • Rail being used or the organizational
used, Technology
• Air characteristics
tation Modes • Air
• Maritime • Maritime
• Pipeline • Pipeline

Road Rail Air

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Water Pipeline Ropeway
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Transportation Engineering
 Historical Background
 The 1st Pipeline was laid in 1825
 First Rail road opened in 1825
 Internal combustion engine invented in 1866
 First automobile was produced in 1886 by Daimler and Benz
 Wright brothers flew 1st heavier than air machine in 1903
 First Diesel electric locomotive was introduced in 1921
 Lindbergh flew over Atlantic ocean to Europe in 1927
 First diesel engine bus were used in 1938
 First limited access highway in US (the Pennsylvania Turnpike) opened in 1940
 Interstate highway system was introduced in 1950
 First commercial Jet appeared in 1958

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 Evolution of Tn

2000
Hydrogen
1500-1840 car
Average speed Container
Maglev
Electric Jumbo Jet
Wagon/sail ships: 16 km/hr ships car
Super TGV
tankers Jet Plane

1950
1850-1930 Airfoils
Average speed Highways Jet engine
•trains: 100 km/hr. Helicopters
•steamships: 25 km/hr Buses
Bulk ships Trucks Planes

1900
1950 Liners Automobile Tramway
Average speed Internal combustion engine
airplanes: 480-640 km/hr Metro
Bicycles Dirigibles
Iron
hulls Balloons
1970 Electric motor
1800
Average speed Steam engine
jet planes: 800-1120 km/hr Docks Omnibus Rails
Locks
25 Maritime Road Rail Air
 Evolution of Tn
1000
Jet Plane
Road
Rail
750
Maritime
Air
500
HST
Propeller Plane
250

Automobile
100
Rail
50 Stage Coach
Liner
Clipper Ship Containership

26 1800 1850 1900 1950 2000

 Transportation System
 A transportation system may be defined as a planned network
of elements or physical components that play different roles
in the transportation of goods and persons from one place to
another.
 The elements or physical components of a transport system
are referred to as the facilities.
 A transport system can therefore be considered as consisting
of fixed facilities, the flow entities, and control system that
permit people and goods to overcome the friction of
geographical space efficiently in order to participate in a
timely manner in some desired activity.

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 Fixed Facilities (Infrastructure)
 The fixed facilities are the physical components of the system
that are fixed in space and constitutes network of links and
nodes of transportation system.
 For example, the links could be roadway segment and railway
track and the nodes could be intersections, interchanges,
transit terminals, harbours, and airports
 The design of these fixed facilities has traditionally been
within the realm of civil engineering.
 The design includes soil and foundation engineering design,
structural engineering design, the design of drainage systems,
and geometric design, which is concerned with the physical
proportioning of the elements of fixed facilities.

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 Infrastructure

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 Flow Entities (Vehicles / Services)
 Flow entities are the units that traverse the fixed facilities.
These include people, vehicles, container units, railroad cars,
and so on.
 In the case of a road system, the fixed facilities are expected
to accommodate a wide variety of vehicle types, ranging
from bicycles to large tractor-trailer combinations.

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 Vehicles / Services

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 Control System
 The control system consists of vehicular control and flow control.
Vehicular control refers to the technological way in which
individual vehicles are guided on fixed facilities. Such controls can
be manual or automated.
 In the case of highway facilities, where the vehicles are manually
controlled, these include driver's characteristics, such as time a
driver takes to perceive and react to various hazards. In the case of
automated systems, similar, but more precisely definable response
times exist as well.
 The flow control system consists of the means that permit the
efficient and smooth operation of streams of vehicles and the
reduction of conflicts between vehicles. This system includes
various types of signing, marking, and signal systems and the
underlying rules of operation.

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 Control System

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Hazuw0ghjXc
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 Transportation System
 Basic Elements of a Transportation System
 Links. Roadways or tracks connecting two or more points.
Pipes, sea-paths, and airways can also be considered as links
 Vehicles. Means of moving people and goods from one node to
another along a link. Motorcars, buses, ships, airplanes, and
cables are the examples
 Terminals. Nodes where travel and shipment begins or ends.
Parking garages, off-street parking lots, loading docks, bus
stops, airports, and bus terminals are examples
 Management & Labor. The people, who construct, operate,
manage, and maintain the links, vehicles, and terminals

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 Transportation System
 Basic Attributes for Evaluation of a Transportation System
 Ubiquity (accessibility)
 The amount of accessibility to the system, directness of
(the factaccess
routing between of being veryand
points, common)
system's flexibility to
handle variety of traffic conditions
 Highways are very ubiquitous compared to railroads, the
latter having limited ubiquity as a result of their large
investments and inflexibility
 However, within the highway mode, freeways are far less
ubiquitous than local roads and streets.

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 Transportation System
 Basic Attributes for Evaluation of a Transportation System
 Ubiquity
 Mobility
 Quantity of travel that can be handled
 The capacity of a system to handle traffic and speed are two
variables connected with mobility. Here again, a freeway has
high mobility as compared to a local road
 Water transport may have comparatively low speed, but the
capacity per vehicle is high. On the other hand, a rail system
could possibly have high speed and high capacity

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 Transportation System
 Basic Attributes for Evaluation of a Transportation System
 Ubiquity
 Mobility

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 Transportation System
 Basic Attributes for Evaluation of a Transportation System
 Ubiquity
 Mobility
 Efficiency in terms of cost and benefits
 The relationship between the cost of transportation and the
productivity of the system
 Direct costs of a system are composed of capital and
operating costs, and indirect costs comprise adverse impacts
and unquantifiable costs, such as safety
 Each mode is efficient in some aspects and inefficient in
others

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Transportation System
 TRANSPORTATION RELATED PROBLEMS

➢ Congestion problems with traffic movement,

particularly during peak hours, cause delay to the
system's users.
➢ Fatal accidents, injuries, and property damage.
➢ Public transportation usage, Infrequent service,
unreliable schedules, and rising fares.
➢ Pedestrians and bicyclists, being treated as second-
class citizens.
➢ Ambient noise and pollution of the atmosphere
because of automobile traffic.

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 TRANSPORTATION RELATED PROBLEMS

➢ Poor generally feel that public moneys are spent on providing the

maximum benefits to the rich at the expense of the poor.

➢ Energy prices seem to be constantly on the rise and the public

appears to blame the government for not intervening in curbing

automobile ownership.

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 TRANSPORTATION RELATED PROBLEMS

▪ Policymakers to keep the following points in mind.

➢ The tremendous dependence on travel in urban areas specially, locational
arrangements of people and their jobs?
➢ Evolution of a public transportation system capable of serving the entire
urban area effectively.
➢ Provide a transportation system for car owners & car-less.
➢ The combination traditional and new technologies.
➢ Complexities of new problems due to the uncertainty of energy supplies and
costs.
➢ Solving urban transportation problems through the public and private sectors.

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 TRANSPORTATION RELATED PROBLEMS

Lombard Street, San

43 Highway in west China
Francisco, CA
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