CE 242-1

INTRODUCTION
PROGRESS IN TRANSPORTATION
Human beings are known to have laid out and used
convenient routes as early as 30,000 BC
The first wheeled military vehicles were developed
around 2500 B.C.
A surface of compacted broken stone made an ideal
pavement surface.

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People who traveled on foot could manage between 10
and 25 miles per day
 Transmit messages at the rate of 250 miles per day.
 1840s, the horse-drawn street car appeared, average
speed of 4 mph
1880s that electrically propelled transportation was
introduced

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 1886, Change began with invention of gasoline-
powered internal-combustion engine
 Most outstanding technological developments
 The first pipelines in USA laid in 1825.
 First railroad opened in 1825.
 The first automobile was produced in 1886 (by
Daimler and Benz).

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The Wright brothers flew the first heavier-than-air
machine in 1903.
The first diesel electric locomotive was introduced in
1921.
Lindbergh flew over the Atlantic Ocean to Europe in
1927.
The first diesel engine buses were used in 1938.
The first limited-access highway in the United States
(the Pennsylvania Turn-pike) opened in 1940.

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The Interstate Highway system initiated in 1950.
The first commercial jet appeared in 1958.
Astronauts landed on the moon in 1969.
The use of computers and automation in transportation
grew dramatically through the 1960s and 1970s and
continues.
Microcomputers have revolutionized our capabilities to
examine alternatives quickly and efficiently.

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Transportation should be…

i d,
R a p e
,
e rta b l
S af o
m f
C o t
n
and venie
co n

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Transportation should be…
TAL
E N
NM
I RO
N V DLY
E EN
FR I

Emissions

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Transportation should be…
a l
m ic
n o
c o
E

Can be?
With the
luxury
provided
Basic Function of Transportation
To link residence with employment and
producers of goods with their users.
Experience as a user, own personal viewpoint.
No two persons can expect to come to the same
conclusion about a problem confronting transportation
an integral part of human culture.
Movement in a broad sense offers inherent joy and
pleasure as well as pain, suffering, and frustration.

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Flow Entities
Fixed Facilities
Control Components
One of the specialty areas of civil
engineering
Transportation is the movement of people and
goods over time and space.
A B

Planning, design, operation and maintenance

Definition OF Transportation
Engineering
Application of technological and scientific
principles to the planning, functional design,
operation, and management of facilities for any
mode of transportation in order to provide for the
safe, rapid, comfortable, convenient, economical,
and environmentally compatible movement of
people and goods

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Classification of
Transportation
Trans
Engineering tems tion
Sys
porta

FUNCTIONAL
CLASSIFICATION

MODAL Mode
s
CLASSIFICATION

ELEMENTAL
CLASSIFICATION
Transportation Systems
HIGHWAYS/ ROAD TRUCK
RAIL ROAD
RAIL TRANSPORT AIR
SHIPSCARRIER
CAR
AIR TRANSPORT PIPE LINES
BARGES
WATER TRANSPORT BUS
RAIL
MODES IN
CONTINUOUS FLOW GENERAL
BELTS
HOVERCRAFT
SYSTEMS ARE
TRANSIT
CYCLE
AVIATION
CABLES
Three Basic Attributes Of
Transportation systems
 Ubiquity. directness of routing
between access points, and the system's
flexibility to handle a variety of traffic
conditions.

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 Mobility. the quantity of travel that can
be handled. The capacity of a system to
handle traffic and speed, a rail system
could possibly have high speed and
high capacity.

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 Efficiency: The relationship between
the cost of transportation and the
productivity of the system. Capital and
operating costs, and indirect costs
comprise adverse impacts and
unquantifiable costs, such as safety.

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Transportation facilities as Mark
of Progress
Introduction to Highways and
Highway Components
Definitions and Terminologies
ROAD
An entire surface of any way or street open to public traffic: a
concrete, stabilized soil, earth, tarred or other surface for
vehicles or animals to travel on.
ROADWAY
A portion of highway used for vehicular travel or parking
lanes, not including side walks or shoulders.
TRAVELLED WAY
A portion of roadway used for vehicular travel not including
side walks, parking lanes, or shoulders.
HIGHWAY
A road where traffic has the right to pass and to owners of
abutting property have access.
DIVIDED HIGHWAY
 A highway with separate roadways for traffic in opposite
direction separated by median/ barrier.
CARRIAGEWAY
The part of highway, which carries traffic.
FOOTWAY (SIDEWALK)
Part of the road reserved for pedestrians.
FREEWAY
 In USA, a road for fast through traffic to which abutting
owners have no automatic right of access.
MOTORWAY
 A freeway for some motor vehicles only.
PARKWAY
In USA, a freeway that passes through a park and is
administered by a local authority and is not open to
commercial traffic.
ALIGNMENT
The fixing of points on ground in the correct line for
setting out of a road, wall or transmission line. A ground
plan showing a route as opposed to profile or section,
which shows levels and elevations.
PEDESTRIAN
A person on foot, in wheel chair and on skates.
PLATOON
A group of vehicles or pedestrians travelling together as
a group.
ISLAND
A defined area between traffic lanes for control of
vehicular movements or for pedestrian refuge. Within
intersection median is an island.
DELINATORS
Rectroflective devices mounted on the road surface or
on the side on series to indicate alignment especially in
poor visibility.
FORMATION LEVEL (FINAL GRADE/ GRADE
LEVEL)
 The surface level of the ground surface after all digging
and filling.
FINISHED LEVEL
The level to be attained after all constructions for a road
is complete.
PORTLAND CEMENT
A binding material made by heating clinker.
ASPHALT CEMENT
 An American term for asphalt or bitumen being used as
binder. Produced by fractional distillation of crude oil.
AGGREGATE
Broken stone, slag, gravel or similar material, which forms
substantial part of a road.
MACADAM
Uniformly sized stone rolled to form a road, may be water
bound.
CLIENT
The person or organization by whom an engineer or architect
is employed. An engineer is responsible to him and draws his
fees from him.
CONSULTANT
 A chartered engineer, architect or specialist who acts for a
client. His functions often go much further than consultation
and he, with his staff, provides the complete design and
supervision of a construction until completion.
CONTRACTOR
 A person who signs an agreement to do certain specified
works at certain rate of payment, generally within stated
time.
RESIDENT ENGINEER
 A civil engineer who watches the interest of the client at the site working
under consultant.
DESIGNER
An engineer who works in a drawing office and ensures that a job is safely
calculated but will not himself draws the details. Design detailer draws
details.
ASTM
 American Society for Testing and Materials.
BS
 British Standard Specifications.
AASHTO
American Association of State Highway and Transportation
Officials.
FHWA
Federal Highway Administration.
TRB
Transport Research Board.
ACI
 American Concrete Institute.
DOT
Department of Transportation.
CPCA
Canadian Portland Cement Association.
NCAT
National Centre for Asphalt Technology
NHA
National Highway Authority (Pak)
 
Road Class Road Function
Freeways Through movement exclusively
Arterials Through movement primary and
some land access

Collectors Traffic movement to higher rank

roads, access to abutting properties

Local Roads Access to abutting land and local

traffic movement
 Rural

Structure of
Road Networks

Urban
 Mobility & Accessibility
Mobility refers to
the ability to Freeways
move on a facility
Arterials
between different
activity sites
Accessibility Collectors
refers to the
number of activity
Local
sites connected Roads
by the facility
Mobility and
accessibility are
inversely related.
Now we learn certain terms which
form part of Geometric Design
Portion but will also be helpful in
understanding other topics which
will be taught before Geometric
Design
 Typical Highway
Cross-section

Right of Way (ROW or R/W)

A general term denoting land property or interest therein,
acquired for or devoted to transportation purpose
Typical Highway Flexible Pavement
Cross-section
INTERSECTION
A road junction
where two or more
roads join or cross
at the same level.

Highway
Urban Intersections
Highway
Rural
Intersections
INTERCHANGES
A system of interconnecting
roadways providing for
traffic movements between
two or more highways that
do not join/ cross at grade.
RAMP
An inclined section or way
over which traffic passes
for ascending or
descending so as to make
connection with other
ways.
Pavement Surface Type
•High-type Pavement Surface
• Smooth riding qualities
• Good skid-resistance properties in all weather
• Long life span without fatigue failure.
•Low-type Pavement Surface
• Ranges from surface-treated earth roads to loose surface
such as earth, crashed stone, gravel
• It requires greater steering effort.
•Intermediate-type Pavement Surface
• Ranges from surface treatments to pavements only
slightly lower quality than high-type pavements. Continued
•High traffic volume and high design speed warrant the use
of the high-type surface type. Low traffic volumes and low
design speed warrant the use of the low-type surface.
Crown and Cross Slope
•Undivided traveled ways (two- and multilane)

• On tangents and flat curves have a crown in the middle

and slope downward toward both edges. The downward
cross slope may be a plane or rounded section
(parabolic), or a combination of the two.
•One-way traveled ways on divided highways
• May be crowned separately or may have a unidirectional
cross slope (almost always downward to the outer edge).

Continued
Exhibit 4-3

Continued
Continued
Continued
 Types Pros
•rapid drainage during
rainstorms
Crowned separately
•difference between low and
high points is minimal
•more comfortable for drivers
changing lanes
•drainage away from the
ectional cross
median saves inlets and drains
•simplifies treatment of
intersections
Cons
•inlets and underground
drainage (drainage towards
the median)
•difficult design of at-grade
intersection elevation
•use of such sections
should be limited to
regions with high rainfall
•drainage is slower
•difference between low
and high points of the
cross section is larger
Lane Widths
• One of the longitudinal strips into which the carriageway
is divisible and having sufficient width for moving line of
motor vehicles.
• Lane width strongly influences traffic safety and comfort.
• Guide lines for Lane Width are
• Lane width range is 2.7-3.6 m with the 3.6 m lane
predominant on high-type highways
• Two-lane two-way highways with the 3.6 lane provide
safe clearance between large commercial vehicles

Continued
• Circumstances that justify narrower lanes
• Urban areas with land restrictions, 3.3 m
• Low speed facilities, 3.0 m
• Auxiliary lanes at intersections , 3.0 m
• Low-volume roads in rural & residential areas, 2.7 m
Shoulders
Functions of shoulders
• Accommodation of stopped vehicles
e.g. disabled vehicles, bus stops
• emergency use.
• Lateral support for the pavement
• Space for roadside facilities
• Space for bicycles and pedestrians
• Driving comfort (freedom from
strain)
• Improvement in sight distance
• Improvement in capacity
Continued
Guidelines for Shoulder Design
• General
• Shoulders should be continuous.
• Shoulders on bridges should have the same width
as on the approach sections.
• Shoulder can be surfaced by using
• turf, gravel, crushed rock, mineral or chemical
additives, bituminous treatment, asphalt or
concrete pavements.
• Width of shoulders
• Low-type roads -- minimum 0.6 m, recommended
1.8-2.4 m,

Continued
 • Shoulder usable by bicycles -- minimum 1.2 m,
• High-type roads -- minimum 3.0 m, recommended
3.6 m.
• Cross slopes
• Bituminous and concrete shoulders -- 2-6 %,
• Gravel and crushed rock shoulders -- 4-6 %,
• Turf shoulder -- about 8 %.
 Median
The area between two roadways of a divided highway
measured between edges of travel ways.
Medians are of several types
Wide median without a physical barrier
 Provide space for the driver to regain control and
provide room for turning lanes

Continued
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Narrow median with a physical barrier
 Steelguard fence or shaped concrete barrier
 Discouraging inappropriate pedestrian crossing

Narrow median without a physical barrier

 Separating opposing direction of traffic
 Provide opportunity for pedestrians to cross the
road in two stages

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Curbs
Definition
• Special shaped pre-cast concrete used for
bordering a road and limiting a footway.
Functions of Curbs
• drainage control
• roadway edge delineation
• right-of-way reduction
• delineation of pedestrian walkways
• reduction in maintenance operation

Continued
Types of Curbs
Barrier Curbs
Discourage vehicles from leaving the roadway, not
desirable on high-speed highways, desirable on
urban roads, and along long walls, tunnels to
protect safety walks.
Mountable Curbs
Vehicle can cross them readily when required,
used at median edges, to outline channelizing
islands, at the outer edge of the shoulder.

Continued
THANKS