Computer Aided CE Design

CE-388
Lecture 3

Lec. Afaq Khattak

MS Transportation Engineering – NUST Islamabad
BE Civil Engineering – UET Peshawar

National Institute of Transportation (NIT), School of Civil and Environmental Engineering (SCEE),
NUST 1
INTRODUCTION

 Drawing is the language of engineers. An engineer must be well

conversant with drawings.

 Drawings provide a language with specific data to Architects, Engineers

and workmen at the site to construct the structure accordingly.

 In case of public buildings or any other civil engineering works, it is

essential to work out different items of construction with their quantities
for estimating the total cost of construction project.

 For this purpose, drawings of different parts and different views are
essential so that the approval of work from the sanctioning authority can
be obtained.
Cont…

 Further, the detailed drawings form an essential contract documents,

when the work is handed over to a contractor.

 Hence it is necessary to prepare detailed drawings, which will inform the

contractor, the exact information, which he needs during the construction
of different items of work.

 Drawings, thus should be carefully prepared even after the completion of

work. Thus, it becomes important to asses the possibility of further
vertical expansion by referring to the foundation details initially provided.
REQUIREMENTS OF GOOD DRAWING:

 Drawing should be clear, simple and clean.

 Should agree with the actual measurements by the accurately drawn

scaled measurements.

 Exact information should be provided in order to carry out the work at

site without scaling for missing measurements.

 Minimum notes to support the drawings should be indicated in the

drawings.

 Sufficient space should be provided between the views so as to mark the

dimensions without crowding.
What is a Building ?
 Any structure constructed of whatsoever material and used for
residential, business, commercial, educational, industrial or other
purpose

Objectives of a Building

• Sufficient accommodation for which constructed.

• Protection from heat/ glare of sun/ storm/ rain etc.

• Protection against thieves and housebreakers.

How to Achieve Objectives

 Thick outer walls or cavity walls.

 Sun shades/ double glass.

 False ceiling.

 Minimum required openings/ doors.

 Etc.
 Persons Concerned

 Client

 Architect

 Design Engineer

 Builder
Requirements of a Good Residential Building

 Good building site.

 Properly planned and designed.

 Adequate provision for sleeping, bathing, rest and recreation.

 Rooms properly placed according to utility.

 Properly oriented.

 Privacy from outside and inside.

 Free movement within the building.

 Flexibility for usage for functions.

 Quality fittings and fixtures.

Site Selection
 Selection of site is only valid once there are multiple choices. For example
if one decides to purchase a plot he should consider orientation of plot
and it’s location.

 On the other hand if a person wants to reconstruct ancestor’s house he

has no choice but to achieve objectives at the same location
Factors for Site Selection
 Level of site.

 Climatic conditions.

 Subsoil conditions.

 Modern amenities.

 Other facilities.

 Surroundings.

 Type of building i.e. residential, educational, hospital etc.

 Other considerations like noise/ air pollution and well-drained

Orientation
 The art of placing a building in such a position so that it’s front faces a particular direction is called
orientation. It also includes the arrangements of rooms of a building so as to provide natural comfort
to inmates.

Objects of Orientation

 Suits the surroundings.

 Natural comfort to inmates.

 Privacy.

 Free from dust and noise .

 Minimum portion in direct shower of rain.

 To have a good design.

Design of a House
 Every effort is made to utilize the full natural resources such as wind, sun etc.

 Maximum facilities should be provided within the funds and space available.

 Plot sizes are measured in ft2, yd2, Marla or kanal. 1 kanal = 20 Marla, 1 Marla
= 272 ft2

 Standard size of 1 kanal plot is 50’ x 90’ and 10 Marla plot is 35’ x 65’.
 Basic Components of a building
 Bed Room with attached Bath

 Drawing Room

 Living Room

 Dining Room

 Kitchen

 Store or Box Room

 Stair Case

 Verandah

 Servant Room

 Car porch
Important Points

 Doors and windows should be minimum as they increase the cost and utilize the
available space yet they should provide adequate means of ventilation and light.
Area covered by windows should not be lesser than 15 to 20 % of the floor area of
the room.

 Windows and doors on opposite faces provide better cross ventilation.

 Arrangement of different components should be such that minimum space is

wasted in passages and corridors.

 Proper attention should be given to the orientation of the plot with respect to
North. The side of the building towards the south or the south-east is generally
very hot in summer and also light becomes excessive on this side.

 Ground floor plan and first floor plan should be so adjusted such that most of the
walls of first floor comes directly above the walls beneath because providing beams
increases the cost.
Important Points
 Further towards the south and southwest, as the light is usually excessive,
windows are generally made narrow with proper sun shades.

 For maintaining good ventilation inside the building, longer side of the
building , should be exposed to the wind direction. Wind normally blows
from the south-west direction. Hence if the face of the building is towards
the south-west or North-East direction, it is advantageous.

 In architectural design, much more attention is given to the elevation.

Elevation is the appearance of the building from the front or side, and
hence should be properly designed.
Drawing types
Types of Drawings :

 Proposal drawing or proposal sketching

 Perspective
 Submission drawing
 Working drawings
 Completion drawing
Drawing types
Proposal and Perspective

 First architect collects data and requirements for the building such as the funds available,
plot size, use of the building, number of stories desired, north direction, plot level especially
in comparison with the road level, required room sizes, etc. Then he makes a number of
proposals keeping in mind the by-laws of the controlling authorities.

 For proposals, plan and elevation are drawn on a very small scale like I/8 or I/16, while the
section is usually not needed.

 Plans and elevations, in these drawings, are made attractive even by coloring and, if needed,
perspectives are also drawn to impress the client.

 The proposals are then discussed with the client and changes are made according to his
wishes.

 Sometimes, if the client dislikes the proposals altogether, new proposals are to be made.
Offering of proposals is continued till the client is satisfied with a certain plan.
Drawing types
Submission Drawing:

 Submission drawings are actually legal documents used to approve the plan from the controlling
authorities like CDA, LDA etc.

 Plans (Ground floor plan, first floor plan and so on), an elevation and a section is drawn in these
drawings. Plans are most commonly drawn on I/8 scale. Section here is used to give important
heights but all the details are not required. That is why it is also drawn as I/8 scale and is taken
through such a portion so that it is the simplest sectional view.

 Site plan is required in submission drawings for plots greater in size than 10 marlas.

 Site plan shows the block of actual building or the constructed portion as compared to the total
plot area. It is drawn on a very small scale like I/16 or I/32.

 If site plan is included in the drawing, the main plans are only drawn for the constructed portion
without showing the open spaced and the boundary wall.

 Various services are also shown in the site plan, e.g. if sewerage line is passing, two or three man
holes of the main line are shown and then connection for the plot is indicated.
Submission Drawing (contd.)
 Location plan is also drawn to indicate the location of the plot, on a scale like
I/64. It is a part plan of the total scheme; one or two main roads with their
names and neighboring plots are shown.

 Doors, windows and ventilators are marked by D1, D2, …, W, W2, … and V1, V2,
… in the plans. The sizes of these components and other related details are
given in the form of a table called Schedule of Openings.

 Statements of Areas or Schedule of Areas is also prepared in tabular form in

which total area of the plot, covered area, allowable covered area, ground
floor covered area and first floor covered area etc. are given.

 Submission drawing should have the name and complete address of the owner
and further it should be properly signed by the owner and further it should be
properly signed by the owner. The drawing should also be signed by a licensed
architect.
Drawing type
Working Drawings:

 Working drawings are those drawings which are used for carrying out construction
at the site according to the design. Examples of the working drawings are as
follows:

 Architectural working drawings

 Structural working drawings

 Foundation plan
 Reinforcement details
 Plumbing works (plumbing means the water supply and its disposal inside the
building)
 Details of doors and windows
 Bathroom and kitchen details
 Electrification plan
(contd.)

 After approval of the plan, through the submission drawing, architectural working
drawings are made in which all the details are given which are necessary for the
at-site construction.

 The section are drawn on enlarged scales and as many number of section are
used as needed to clearly explain the structure.

 On blown-up scales, stair details and details of kitchen and bathrooms etc. are
also shown.

 Further, position of various types of furniture is also indicated in the plans. More
than one elevation is drawn to represent the shape from different directions.

 In working drawings, we can make small changes from approved plans like
alteration in the position of doors and windows and small adjustment in the
internal sizes of the rooms.
Drawing types
Completion Drawing:

 After construction of the building, drawings are made according to the

actually constructed features called completion or as-built drawings.

 These drawings are then submitted to the authorities to get the

completion certificate and only after the approval the owner can legally
occupy the building.