KIOT

Wollo University
Kombolcha Institute of Technology
Department of Civil Engineering

Building Construction
Ceng 3093)
(

Lecture –2
 PREPARED BY :ABDUSELAM H.
Chapter Two: Building Drawing
 Construction Drawings are so that designers can
communicate their requirement to the contractor in a
clear, concise unambiguous manner.
 They are also used:
To prepare bill of quantity
As part of contract document
 Building Construction Drawings:
Shouldn’t be unnecessarily congested or complicated.
Clarity is most important.
Written description should be as brief as possible.
Should be well dimensioned and be drawn to scale.
lettering should be clear.
 Cont’d…
 Construction Drawings can be prepared:
By hand assisted by various templates
Computer software programs ( Ex. AutoCAD)
• The use of Computer programs in building drawing:
Enables users to produce any types of drawings quickly,
precisely and effectively.
Enables editing, adding or deleting text to drawings.
Enables printing in required size and color.
It can easily be communicated vie networks.
Minimize the need for storage space.
 Drawing Equipments
Some of the most important items of drawing
instruments are discussed as follows:
1.Drawing board: It shall be firm to produce an even
backing.
2. Drawing Paper: It is relatively thick, non-
transparent, which can be used to prepare the draft
drawing, which is usually made with pencil.
After checking is completed, it is then traced on a
thin, transparent paper using various size and quality
of rapido graphs.
Cont’d…
3. pencil:
4. T- square
5. Setsquare
6.Eraser and Ruler
.
Standard size of drawing paper
 Generally it is advisable to use international standard - size
papers in drawing to facilitate filling or drawings.
Scale
• The scale of a drawing is a fixed relation that every distance on
the drawing bears to the corresponding distance on the ground.
Methods:
1. Engineering scale: The scale on which one CM on drawing
represents some whole number of meters on the ground.
E.g.: 1cm= 5m or 1cm = 10m
2. Fractional scale: the scale on which unit of length on the
drawing represents some number of the same unit of length on
the ground.
E.g.: 1:500, 1:1000 or 1/500, 1/1000
 Cont’d…
3. Graphical scale: the scale in a line sub - divided in to plane
distance corresponding to convenient unit of length on the
ground.
E.g.:
Drawings for house construction
 For identification purposes, drawings associated
with construction and the building trades can
be categorized into four main types. Such as:
1. Preliminary drawings
2. Presentation (sketch) drawings
3. Working drawings, and
4. Shop drawings
 1. Preliminary Drawings
These drawings are essentially intended to be
concept design explorations and means of
communication between the architect and the
client.
They are not intended to be used for
construction but rather to interpret the client’s
needs and instructions.
2. Presentation (sketch) Drawings
Sketch drawings are preliminary drawings prepared
for showing the general arrangement of the building.
They are often drawn free hand in pencil.
 They are drawn to highlight the aesthetic qualities of
a project and, in addition to perspectives, may include
isometrics and elevations.
 3. Working Drawings
The term “construction drawing” is generic in that it
includes all the drawings needed by the various trades’
people to complete a building project.
These drawings are prepared by the architect,
engineer, and other specialists depending on the
complexity of the project.
• These are : - Architectural Drawing
- Structural Drawing
- Electrical Drawing
- Sanitary Drawings
 4. Shop Drawings
A shop drawing is needed to ensure that it will fit into
the structure and that the structure will accommodate it.
Approval of the shop drawings usually precedes the
actual fabrication of the components.
 With shop drawings the architect or designer is able to
check the quantity of other components that
subcontractors propose to furnish.
 TYPICAL WORKING Drawing
I) Architectural Drawings
• Architectural drawings contain required information
on the size, material, and makeup of all main members
of the structure, as well as their relative position and
method of connection.
Types of Architectural Drawing.
A. Site Plan B. Floor Plan C. Foundation Plan
D. Elevation E. Section F. Detail
 A. Site Plan
• A site plan is a section of land which is made up of one,
two or more plots.
• A site plans is drawing showing various properties in
terms of their owner, location, elevations, state of
development and features such as road, utility supply
lines, the dimensions of perimeter, proximity to the
road e.t.c in a scale of 1:100 or 1:200 (large scale) and
1:500, 1:1000 (for small scale).
• The direction of the north point should be clearly
shown on the site plane.
 Cont’d…
Components of site plan
 Survey beacons: These are concrete pillars located at principal corners
of the site and every change in the direction of boundaries. They define
boundary and area of the site.
 Elevations: these are the different height on the surface of the site in
relation to standard reference points known as the bench mark (BM).
 Locations which have the same elevation are joined together using
contour lines.
 These lines help to define the topography of the land within the site.
 Site Orientation: these refers to a system of defining the site in
terms of its direction to the north, south, east and west.
 Orientation is important in planning the building area to make in to
consideration such factors as the direction of rain, wind and sun within
the site.
Cont’d…
Physical features: These are permanent objects or
features existing within the site or adjoining sites which
are used for referring or identification of the site.
Ex. Existing buildings, trees, roads, fences etc.
Access road: These shows the means to reach the site.
Utilities: A site plan shows utility supply lines such as
water, electricity and gas.
 Cont’d…
 Several components are used to represent a site plan as shown in
the figure below.
 B. Floor Plan
 Floor plan is a drawing of outline and partition of a building that
should be seen when the building is cut horizontally about 1.2m
above the floor level.
 It is used as the base for the projection of other drawings.
 The major step in floor plan drawing preparation are:
Laying center line of walls,
Marking window and door openings,
Marking wall thickness,
Locating furniture position,
Indicating material types,
Adding measurements and other details.
Cont’d…
 C. Elevations
 Elevations drawings are orthographic views that show the
exterior of a building.
 They are basically flat, two-dimensional views with only the
height and width obvious.
 They are prepared to show design materials, dimensions and
final appearance of the exterior building.
 Elevation drawings are projected from the floor plan of an
architectural drawings.
 Four elevations are normally required to show the features of
a building.
 Cont’d…
 The major steps in projecting elevation are:
Projecting vertical lines,
Projecting horizontal lines,
Locating roof lines,
Adding elevation symbols,
Providing elevation dimensions,
Description of material used & finishing
type.
 D. Foundation Plan
• Different types of foundations are designed for different building
depending on the nature of the soil on which the building is to be
erected.
• Foundation plan shows the width of foundation, setting out of
foundation trench, center line of the trench for foundation of wall
and column footing, etc.
 E. Sections:
• A floor plan or foundation plan, cut by an imaginary vertical
plane and the building is divided in to different part is
known as section.
• Architectural section drawings are prepared:
For entire structure ( full section)
For a specific part(s) of a building (detail
section)
• The sections are of:
Longitudinal section,
Transversal section.
 F. Detail Drawing
 Details drawings are enlarged drawing that provide essential
specific information and often enlarged segment of another
section.
 The purpose of detail drawing is to describe and define
specific points which are too small using accurate
measurement.
 Detail may be presented in section, plan, and elevation in a scale of
1:5, 1:10 and 1:20
 II) Structural Drawing
• The structural drawings provide the reader with a view
of the structural members of the building and how
they will support and transmit its loads to the ground.
• They are normally located after the architectural
drawings in a set of working drawings.
• For new construction, structural-engineering
drawings will be needed for foundation and footing
details, the structural frame design, beam sizes, and
connections.
 III) Plumbing (Sanitary) Drawing
• Plumbing drawings provide all pertinent information on the design
of the plumbing system for a project, including line sizes and
location, fixture location, isolation valves, storage-tank capacities,
hot-water heater capacities and locations, and drain locations and
routing.
• Plumbing systems involve two major components:
 water supply and
drainage.
• Water is supplied under pressure through pipes to plumbing
fixtures. Drainage works by gravity, Drain pipes must slope
downward.
Isometric piping diagrams of hot- and cold-water riser systems
 IV) Electrical Drawings
• The final group of working drawings is usually the electrical
drawings.
• Architects usually hire electrical consultants to design the
electrical services in buildings .
• The electrical drawings show the various electrical and
communication systems of the building, and they provide the
client, the builder, and the permit department with the complete
power layout for the project.
Hatchings and Symbols
Hatching:
 The main objective is to differentiate b/n the materials used thus
enabling rapid recognition and location.
 They must be used consistently throughout the whole set of drawings.
 In large areas it is not always necessary to hatch the whole area.
Symbols
 These are graphical representations and should wherever possible be
drawn to scale.
 Used to give common understanding.
.