W0ll0 University KIOT

Department of Civil Engineering

Windows
• A window may be defined as an open able or
non open able barrier secured in a wall and
roof opening.
The function of window is:
 To admit light and air to the room
 To give a view to the outside
 A window is comprised of two parts:
 Window frame and
 Sashes or shutter frame
 Cont’d…
 Window frames are fixed to the opening in the
wall, by means of suitable holdfasts & has sill at
the bottom .
 The sashes or shutter frames are fixed to the
window panels by means of suitable hinges.
The selection of size, shape, location of
windows in a room depends upon the
following factors
• Size of the room
• Location of the room
• Utility of the room
Cont’d…
• Direction of the wall
• Direction of wind
• Climatic conditions such as humidity,
temperature etc
• Requirements of exterior view
• Architectural treatment to the
exterior of the building
 Cont’d…
• Based on the above factors, the following
thumb rules are in use:
 Breadth of window = 1/8 (w of room + h of
room)
 The total area of window-openings should
normally vary from 10 to 20% of the floor area of
the room.
 In public buildings, the minimum area of
windows should be 20% of floor area.
 For sufficient natural light, the area of glazed
panels should at least be 8 to 10% of the floor
area.
• Windows are classified as follows:
Based on the nature of operational
movements of shutters
Materials used for construction
Manner of fixing and their location
These windows are provided for the sole
purpose of admitting light and/or providing
vision in the room.
No. of rebates (depression or recess made inside
the frame to receive the shutter) are provided to
the frame
The shutters are fully grazed.

Fixed windows
In these windows, the shutters are allowed to
swing round pivots fixed to the window
frame.
The shutter can swing horizontally or
vertically.

pivoted windows
 This type of window consists of a frame and a
pair of shutters, arranged one above the other,
which can slide vertically within the grooves
provided in the window frame.
Each sash is provided with a pair of metal
weights connected by cord or chain over
pulleys. The chain or cord is fixed to the style.
The pulleys are fixed to the frame.
• When the weights are pulled, the shutters open
to the required level.
• Small parting bead is provided to separate the
two shutters when they are opposite to each other
Cont’d…

Double Hung windows

• These windows are similar to sliding
doors. The shutters move either
horizontally or vertically on small roller
bearings.
• Suitable openings or grooves are left in the
frame or walls to accommodate the
shutters when they are slide to open the
window.
 These are the main or common types of
windows usually provided in buildings.
 The shutters of the window open like the
shutters of the door.
 The window has a frame, which is
rebated to receive the shutters. The
shutters consist of styles, top rails,
bottom rails, and intermediate rails- thus
dividing it into panels.
Cont’d…

Casement Windows
 A sash window is a type of casement window
in which the panels are fully glazed.
 The frame of each shutter consists of two
vertical styles, top rail and bottom rail.
 The space between the top and bottom rails is
divided into small panels by means of small
steel or timber members placed horizontally
and vertically.
 These steel or timber members, known as
sash bars or glazing bars are rebated to
receive glass panels.
Cont’d…

Glazed Windows
• Such windows are provided for the sole aim
of ventilation, and they do not permit any
outside vision.
The shutter consists of top and bottom rails, and
two styles, which are grooved to receive the
louvers.
The louvers are generally fixed
Economical angle of inclination of the louvers is
450 .
Cont’d…
The louvers slope
. down ward to
outside to run-off the
rainwater.

Louvered Windows
 are provided when
the height of the room is much more than
adjacent room/verandah.
It is provided between the gap of low height
room and the top of room with greater
height.
are provided in the gable
portion of the building.
They are required in the stair cases or in the
halls with gable walls.
Cont’d…
are provided on a
sloping roof.
It projects above the top sloping surface.
are vertical windows
on the sloping roof.
are provided close to roof
level or over the door frames.
They help in pushing out exhaust air.
Cont’d…
• Lintel is a horizontal flexural member
which spans over the openings in the
walls for doors, windows, ventilators,
cupboards etc.
• The load of masonry above the opening is
transferred to the wall by flexural action of
the lintel so that frames of doors, windows
etc are not unduly loaded.
• The width of lintels is same as that of wall.
 Chapter Five
Prefabricated Building Systems
• Prefabrication is an industrialized construction
method, whereby mass produced components
are assembled into buildings with the aid of
cranes and other lifting and handling appliances.
Stages in Prefabrication
Manufacturing of components in the factory
or at site yard.
Transporting to the site
Erection and grouting in final location at site.
 Types of Prefabricated Construction
1) Concrete Structure
2) Steel Structure
1) Concrete Structure
Concrete may be casts in place in its final shape
and location called in-situ, or it may be
prefabrication (i.e. cast somewhere other than
where it will be used and ultimately in the final
location)
 Types of prefabricated Concrete structure
»Pre-cast concrete
»Pre-stress Concrete
 A. Precast Concrete
 Because precast often enables vertical
members to be cast in horizontal position, wall
panel and column members of very excellent
aesthetic quality can be produced in ultimate
variation.
In planning precast construction, the following
aspects must be studied:
• Transportation cost
• Access to site
• Equipment required for erecting section.
• Possibility of onsite recasting.
Cont’d…
• Use of standard available section
• Simplicity of sections for manufacture
• Simple but effective joints
• Lifting devices and strength during
placing
• Largest pieces manageable
Advantages of precast construction:

• Quicker construction.
• Early Structural Strength.
• Less congested construction site.
• High quality, and
• Relative easy rejected of imperfect
pieces.
Disadvantages of precast construction
Difficult and expense joints of the
component parts.
Heavy transportation cost.
Weight limitation, and Labor problem.
 B. Pre- stressed Concrete
It is pre-cast type activity, and the reinforcement
is tensioned to minimize tensile stress due to
tensile force on the members of the building.
Pre stressing is achieved either by :-
 pre-tensioning (in which the steel is stressed
before the concrete is cast) or
 post-tensioning (after the concrete has reached
an adequate strength, allowing the steel to be
passed through straight or curved ducts, which
are filled with grout after the reinforcement has
been tensioned and anchored).
Sequence of operation for concrete
1. Mix design of concrete
2. Batching & Mixing
3. Production of elements
4. Curing
5. Demoulding
6. Hauling of elements to storage
7. Testing, inspection and store finished
elements
8. Loading & Transportation to erection site
9. Erection & jointing
Differences between In‐situ Vs Prefabricated
In-situ
• Activities on site start when contract is allocated to
the contractor.
• Calculation and design goes on simultaneously
with the work.
• Scaffolding & formwork is required for each floor.
• Can be done by unskilled workers and cheap
machines.
• Workman familiar with drawings of whole area.
• Suitable for underground structures.
Cont’d…
Prefabricated
• Work done not start immediately but first
elements are manufactured.
• Calculation and design are done before hand.
• Partial or no scaffolding & formwork.
• repetition and mass production is done.
• Require expense machinery and facilities.
• Suitable where large number of standardized
members can be made on modular basis.
.