Practical 2

1. Substances can change phase—often because of a temperature change.

At low temperatures, most substances are solid; as the temperature increases, they
become liquid; at higher temperatures still, they become gaseous. The boiling
point is the temperature at which the vapor pressure of a liquid is equal to the
external pressure. As the altitude increases, the boiling point decreases.
Evaporation is the conversion of a liquid to its vapor below the boiling temperature
of the liquid.

2. In a vapor compression refrigeration system, refrigeration is obtained as

the refrigerant evaporates at low temperatures. The input to the system is in the
form of mechanical energy required to run the compressor. The Vapor Compression
Refrigeration Cycle involves four components: compressor, condenser, expansion
valve/throttle valve and evaporator. Compression takes place to raise the
temperature and refrigerant pressure. Heat is transferred from the refrigerant to a
flow of water. The temperature drops at this stage. Because of these changes
therefore, it evaporates and absorbs latent heat of vaporization.

3. As the condensation temperature increases, the machine cooling capacity

Qo decreases due to a decrease in qo. That happens due to an increase in useless
liquid boiling up in the process of fluid throttling from Pc to Po and a decrease in λ
due to an increase in the Pc/Po ratio.

4. The purpose of the compressor is to circulate the refrigerant in the system

under pressure, this concentrates the heat it contains. At the compressor,
the low pressure gas is changed to high pressure gas. Compressors are similar
to pumps: both increase the pressure on a fluid and both can transport the fluid
through a pipe. As gases are compressible, the compressor also reduces the
volume of a gas. Liquids are relatively incompressible; while some can be
compressed, the main action of a pump is to pressurize and transport liquids
5. Compressor cooling capacity depends on the operation mode.

Compressor and aggregates can be compared only under the same operation
temperature conditions, which are characterized by four temperatures: boiling to,
suction tsuc, condensation tc and subcooling before TXV tsc.The amount of heat that the
chiller takes from the cooling medium per unit of time is called the cooling capacity of the
machine.

6. A refrigeration ton is approximately equivalent to 12,000 BTU/h or 3.5

kW. Air-conditioning and refrigeration equipment capacity in the U.S. is often specified

in "tons" (of refrigeration). To be specific, one ton of refrigeration capacity can freeze
one short ton of water at 0°C (32°F) in 24 hours. ... Most residential air
conditioning units range in capacity from about 1 to 5 tons of refrigeration or 3.5 kW ~
17.5 kW, or 12,000 Btu/h ~ 60,000 Btu/h. Ship refrigeration units operate in
conditions significantly different from the standard ones.These conditions are called
working, and the cooling capacity determined under these conditions is called working
cooling capacity

7. The length of the stroke and the diameter of the chamber determine the

volume of product that is metered out. A piston's clearance volume is the space

between the top of the piston at its apex position and the cylinder head.

8. The volumetric flow rate can be calculated as the product of the cross

sectional area (A) for flow and the average flow velocity (v). If area is measured in

square feet and velocity in feet per second, Equation 3-1 results in volumetric flow rate
measured in cubic feet per second.
9. One small calorie is approximately 4.2 joules (so one large calorie is about

4.2 kilojoules). The factor used to convert calories to joules at a given temperature is
numerically equivalent to the specific heat capacity of water expressed in joules per
kelvin per gram (or per kilogram, for kilocalories).

10. Parameters in statistics are an important component of

any statistical analysis. In simple words, a parameter is any numerical quantity that

characterizes a given population or some aspect of it. This means the parameter tells
us something about the whole population.