ISSN (Print) : 0974-6846

Indian Journal of Science and Technology, Vol 9(28), DOI: 10.17485/ijst/2016/v9i28/93705, July 2016 ISSN (Online) : 0974-5645

Machine Learning Techniques for Thyroid Disease

Diagnosis - A Review
Shaik Razia1* and M. R. Narasinga Rao2
1
Department of BES, K L University, Vaddeswaram, Guntur District - 520002, Andhra Pradesh, India;
skrazia@kluniversity.in
2
Department of CSE, K L University, Vaddeswaram, Guntur District - 520002, Andhra Pradesh, India;
ramanarasingarao@kluniversity.in

Abstract
Background/Objective: Thyroid is an interminable and complex infection happened because of unseemly TSH (Thyroid
Simulating Hormone) levels or might be brought on by the issues in thyroid organ itself. The most widely recognized reason
for hypothyroidism is hashimoto’s thyroid. It is an auto safe condition where the body makes antibodies that pulverize the
thyroid organ. The system behind the flow of the event of the thyroid ailment is still not completely caught on. Methods/
Analysis: The neural network models which describe the aspects related non functionality of thyroid gland, its autoim-
mune condition and different aspects of thyroid disease have been explored. The consequences related to thyroid disease
are growing rapidly and provides new insights into the biological mechanism involved and helps in the management of thy-
roid disease. Here, the contribution of different neural network modeling in identifying the thyroid dysfunctionality over
the past two decades has been discussed. Results: Some parameter estimation methods, execution of the distinctive neural
system models have been explored. Additionally, the utilization of the distinctive neural system models for distinguishing
the dis functionalities of thyroid disease in the recent decades has been talked about.

Keywords: Artificial Neural Networks, Decision Support Systems, Expert Systems, Learning Vector Quantization, Machine
Learning, Statistical Methods

1. Introduction when thyroid over produces and exorbitantly secretes

The Thyroid is a little butterfly-formed organ that is
situated at the base of the neck beneath the voice box is a
piece of the endocrine framework. The thyroid makes two
iodine containing hormones1.
1.Thyroxine (T4)
2.Triiodothyronine (T3)
The controlling of digestion system helps organs like
the heart, work appropriately. In any case, the disease of
thyroid must discharge a fitting measure of hormones
into the circulatory system. This movement controlled by
the pituitary organ, which produces Thyroid Stimulating
Hormone (TSH), Stimulates not animated the arrival
of both T4 and T3. The numbers 3 and 4 allude to the
quantity of iotas of iodine in the hormones. At the point
hormones, this condition is hyperthyroidism (overactive
thyroid). The inverse situation when hormones are
inadequately created and discharged is hypothyroidism
(under dynamic Thyroid). Hypothyroidism causes the
majority of the body’s procedures to back off and may
expand heart assault hazard due to uplifted cholesterol
levels. A portion of the more regular hormonal issue is
connected with the thyroid organ, which is a piece of the
endocrine framework. This frame work is about gathering
of organs that emit chemicals called hormones specifi-
cally into the circulation system.
1.1  Thyroid Functioning
On the off chance that there is an excess of T4 flowing in
the blood, the pituitary diminishes the measure of TSH
created, which then causes thyroid movement too slow2.

*Author for correspondence

 Machine Learning Techniques for Thyroid Disease Diagnosis - A Review
The significant thyroid hormone emitted by the thyroid
organ is thyroxin, likewise called T4 in light of the fact
that it contains four iodine particles. To apply its effects,
not belonging, T4 is changed over to triiodothyronine
T3 by the expulsion of an iodine particle. This happens
mostly in the liver and in specific tissues where T3 acts,
for example, in the mind. The measure of T4 delivered
by the thyroid organ is controlled by another hormone,
which is made in the pituitary organ situated at the base
of the cerebrum, called thyroid invigorating hormone
(abridged TSH). The measure of TSH that the pituitary
sends into the circulatory system relies on upon the mea-
sure of T4 that the pituitary sees. On the off chance that
the pituitary sees almost no T4, then it creates more TSH
to advise the thyroid organ to deliver more T4. Once the
T4 in the circulatory system goes over a specific level, the
pituitary’s generation of TSH is closed off. Truthfully, the
thyroid and pituitary act from various perspectives like a
radiator and an indoor regulator. At the point when the
radiator is off and it gets to be chilly, the indoor regula-
tor peruses the temperature and turns on the warmer. At
the point when the warmth ascends to a fitting level, the
indoor regulator detects this and turns off the radiator. In
this way, the thyroid and the pituitary, similar to a warmer
and indoor regulator, turn on and off.
2.  Artificial Neural Networks
An ANN is a machine learning method which recreates
the human cerebrum and is framed by number of han-
dling units called neurons and builds up an association
between them. The associations have weights connected
with the neurons, representing the knowledge gained
by the network3. A layer of a neural network is the one
which contains neurons in the system. There are 3 unique
layers of network. The primary layer is the input layer
which acts as an interface with the user of the network
and the system and the last layer is an output layer which
generates output for a given input. There might be one
or more hidden layers amongst the input and output lay-
ers. Neural Systems with multiple hidden layers are called
multilayer perceptrons. The hidden layer associates to
distinguish the perplexing examples in the input informa-
tion. Neural Networks have been generally applied in a
wide variety of problems. A portion of the noticeable and
broadly utilized neural systems which go under the clas-
sification of feed forward neural systems, are outspread
premise capacity systems, Bayesian systems, fuzzy neural
2 Vol 9 (28) | July 2016 | www.indjst.org
systems, back propagated neural systems, stream based
systems. Learning should be possible in two ways.
1. Supervised Learning
2. Unsupervised Learning
Supervised learning is a technique where the output of the
network is matched the teacher information. Many super-
vised learning algorithms are available among which back
propagation algorithm is used for different types of appli-
cations. Unsupervised learning is used in self organizing
neural nets. As opposed to direct learning, unsupervised
learning does not require an instructor. In this technique
for learning, the input vectors are compared and assem-
bled together to shape a group with comparable qualities.
Proposed4 a model to diagnose the thyroid dysfunc-
tion using the Artificial Neural Networks (techniques)
models like
(1)The cross validation classification method
(2)Variable Selection method
(3)The Regression – based method
Results: The neural networks have shown best and accu-
rate results in diagnosing the thyroid dysfunction.
Limitation: For large number of characteristics there is a
need to build up a variable determination technique.
Proposed5 an important classification problem for
thyroid function diagnosis by using the multivari-
ate analysis and two notable approaches the Bayesian
regularized networks and also the Self Organizing Map
(SOM).
Thyroid sickness finding6 was done with different
Neural Networks with various enactment capacities for
comparing the performance of the networks. Every N/W
was compared to decide the performance of the networks
that gave the best results.
Proposed7 machine learning strategy including simu-
lated insusceptible acknowledgment framework (AIRS)
which is an arrangement framework to analyze the thy-
roid issue.
Results: Thyroid sickness finding information set gave an
85% precision in past applications to enhance 20% exact-
ness to utilize hybridized frameworks.
Proposed8 a method with expert system for thyroid
disease diagnosis. The method used for thyroid disease
diagnosis called as ESTDD (Expert System Thyroid
Disease Diagnosis). ESTDD diagnose with accuracy
95.33% for thyroid disease.
Indian Journal of Science and Technology

Examined9 various neural network methods for diag-
nosis of thyroid disease. Multilayer Perception (MLP)
with Back–Propagation (BP) and Fast Back-Propagation
(FBP), Radial Basis Function (RBF) and adaptive Conic
Section Function Neural Network (CSFNN) have been
used for this purpose.
Results: The CSFNN gives the best classification rates and
it takes less time to train the system. RBF has not given
good accuracy for the classification. MLP gives good
results on average, but it has not guaranteed the same per-
formance for a single run depending on random weight
initialization in training.
Compared10 the thyroid ailment analysis by using
multilayer (NN), Probabilistic (NN) and learning vector
quantization (LVQ-NN) neural systems.
Results: Results demonstrates that Probabilistic neural
system gives the best grouping exactnesses for thyroid
infection finding.
Reviewed11 on feed forward simulated neural sys-
tems and customary measurable methods utilized for
expectation and arrangement purposes in restorative
diagnostics.
Examined12 two sorts of ANN design and evaluated
their power in finding of thyroid capacity. The Multilayer
perceptron which is developed by back propagation algo-
rithm and learning vector quantization have been used
for designing and testing procedures.
Proposed13 a technique to examine the thyroid data
set using another simulated insusceptible framework
called the data based increased counterfeit invulnerable
acknowledgment framework (IG-AIRS) with 95.90%
order precision. IG-AIRS is sensible classifier framework
when compared with other machine learning calcula-
tions.
Studied14 about feed forward neural system and how
it is used to manage the thyroid disease using back propa-
gation calculation. Using cross validation methodology,
they proved that the neural network technology is accu-
rate for the task of diagnosing thyroid dysfunction.
Proposed15 a changed fuzzy hyper line section group-
ing neural system (MFHLSCNN) for characterization
of thyroid ailment finding. The MFHLSCNN calcula-
tion is reasonable for bunching and characterization.
The proposed model compared with MLP (Multi-Layer
Perceptron) and it is observed that the learning time per
example is less when compared with MLP.
Examined16 a few techniques for highlighting the
choice and order for thyroid sickness analysis. They pro-
Vol 9 (28) | July 2016 | www.indjst.org
Shaik Razia and M. R. Narasinga Rao
posed an essential component called choice technique,
hereditary calculation for nonlinear streamlining issues.
Bolster vector machine is utilized as classifier to analyze
the thyroid sickness and it is observed that Support Vector
Machine outperformed Bolster vector machine.
Results: Classification rate is observed to be 98.62% for
SVM and which has given precision of 99.6% for prepar-
ing and testing.
Presents17 the analysis of thyroid issue using manu-
factured neural systems to design the system using Back
Propagation Algorithm (BPA), the Radial Basis Function
(RBF) systems and learning vector quantization (LVQ)
systems. They were used to analyze the thyroid ailment
and with MATLAB. Among the three neural system
strategies, RBF is observed to be the best strategy for
determination of thyroid issue.
Compared18 and studied a few ANN structures on the
thyroid ailment finding. To analyze the thyroid sickness,
RBF, LVQ and SVM system models are utilized for the
purpose. It is observed that, RBF Networks gave the best
results for determination of thyroid organ capacity. RBF
Networks outperformed other systems in analyzing the
thyroid disease.
Proposed19 a hybrid model in identifying the thyroid
disease. This technique reproduces both MAT lab – ANFIS
and non-cross breed structures. The outcomes show that,
the proposed mixture plan have preferable execution over
ANFIS, and non-crossover plans. Furthermore, the pro-
posed mixture plan has less execution time over ANFIS
and non-crossover plans.
Examined20 the fuzzy neural system and compared the
performance of fuzzy NN and Support Vector Machine
(SVM) for identification of thyroid disease. The authors
have determined that the fuzzy NN has outperformed
the previous classifications by taking into consideration
of specific parameters like HYPO, Hyper, Sub–clinical
hyperthyroid, sub–clinical hypothyroid and no thyroid
and prediction of thyroid disease is found to be 95.4% to
99.5%.
Examined21 the thyroid disease diagnosis using semi-
automated techniques. Diverse neural systems K-mean
NN, fuzzy framework different classifiers including naive
Bayes, support vector machine and choice trees are uti-
lized for thyroid illness discovery and arrangement.
Similar studies clarify about the early recognition of thy-
roid ailment.
Proposed22 a technique on Learning Vector
Quantization (LVQ) model for disease diagnosis. The
Indian Journal of Science and Technology 3
 Machine Learning Techniques for Thyroid Disease Diagnosis - A Review
outcomes demonstrate that the LVQ model performs
more quickly than other neural systems.
Proposed23 a classification method over support vector
machines and probabilistic neural system for identifying
the disease diagnosis. It is observed that SVM has per-
formed superior to other networks.
Proposed24 a three stage expert system based on
SVM’s for thyroid disease diagnosis. The proposed
model has been compared with other models includ-
ing SVM based on GRID-Search Engine for performing
classification.
Investigated25 the neural system techniques for deter-
mining the thyroid disease using MLPNN. In this work,
the thyroid picture has been into consideration using
MLPNN. The model produces sensitivity of 93.12% for 3
fold and 89.62% for 10 fold
Determined26 the thyroid auto immune disease using
thyroid ultra-sonography tool and using hypo-echogenic
pattern.
Examined27 a specialist framework using expert system
approach for the determination of the thyroid dysfunc-
tion. The creators have found that the present execution
of the master framework is extremely encouraging con-
sidering the unpredictability of its area.
Developed28 a framework based on CAD, Principal
Component Analysis (PCA) and Extreme Learning
Machine (ELM) for identifying the thyroid infection. The
authors have proposed a strategy called ideal ELM model
to identify thyroid disease diagnosis. It is observed that
PCA-ELM method provided better performance over
other methods.
Presented29 linguistic hedges neural fuzzy classifier
with selected feature (LHNFCSF) for finding of thyroid
infection. The testing and training classification accuracy
was found to be above 95%.
Several different types of Neural Networks30 were
implemented for thyroid diagnosis and used heuristic
algorithms using SWARM optimization and migrating
birds optimization algorithm. NN’s have been success-
fully used in computer aided diagnosis to diagnose the
disease.
Proposed31 a new methodology for thyroid diagnosis
using Fuzzy cognitive map using data mining techniques.
The authors have developed an FCM based thyroid dis-
ease management in diagnosing the disease
Proposed32 a technique to diagnose the thyroid dis-
ease, using generalized discriminant analysis and wavelet
support vector machine system.
4 Vol 9 (28) | July 2016 | www.indjst.org
Results: The GDA-WSVM master framework is excep-
tionally useful to doctors. The characterization precision
for conclusion of thyroid infection was observed to be
91.86% by utilizing this strategy.
Developed33 a NN model for diagnosis of thyroid dis-
ease using GA. MATLAB is used for simulation for NN
and training and testing was found to be between 96%
and 98%.
Explored34 Fuzzy cognitive map based on decision
support system and other methods have been proposed.
Selecting and extracting the appropriate features giving
the best classification results is the main theme of their
research.
Developed35 a method for thyroid disease diagno-
sis has been done using Decision tree attribute splitting
rules. Five different criteria viz., 1. Information increase
2.Gain Ratio 3.Gini Index 4. Likelihood proportion chi-
squared insights, 5. Separation measure have been used
in constructing the tree.
Proposed36 a classifier for classification of thyroid data
using C4.5 and random forest techniques. This proposed
model is compared with other existing classifiers.
Developed37 a classifier for determination of hypo-
thyroid disease with information mining procedures like
Bayes net, Multi-layer perceptron, RBF Network, C4.5,
CART, REP tree and simulated with WEKA instrument.
The accuracy was found to be 99.60% for determination
thyroid infection.
Developed38 another simulated neural system approach
utilizing a BP algorithm for finding of thyroid issues. The
BP algorithm is found to have high sensitivity and speci-
ficity. It is found that error convergence took longer time.
It was also found that as the number of samples increases,
the performance of the BP network is degraded.
Proposed39 a neural system model for finding the thy-
roid illness. The neural system is used with BP algorithm
along with RBF and LVQ networks and it was found that
these networks found to be more accurate in diagnosing
the disease.
Proposed40 MLPNN to classify the thyroid disease
using BP algorithm and found to be with 98.6% accu-
racy.
Determined41 a NN system to diagnose the thy-
roid disease using BP algorithm. NN was trained with
Lavenberg-Marquert algorithm and found to be more
accurate comparing to radiant descent algorithm.
Developed42 a model for multi disease diagnosis, using
a self-organizing Map (SOM). The proposed SOM based
Indian Journal of Science and Technology

model has two layers. To accomplish an exact conclusion,
the proposed model performed well in determining the
multi ailments.
Investigated43 the Radial Basis Function (RBF) Neural
Network and Multilayer Perceptron neural system for
classification of thyroid disease. These systems were
utilized to characterize the basic subgroup of hyperthy-
roidism and euthyroidism. In these two models RBFNN
is observed to be a superior model in classification in
clinical studies.
Studied44 different machine learning techniques using
ANN. Different ANN’s like MLP, BPN, RBFNN, LVQ
and SOM were tested and found to be suitable for disease
diagnosis compared to other decision support systems.
Studied45 the Progressive Learning Vector Quantization
Neural system (PLVQNN) along with preprocessing
methodology for automatic thyroid segmentation and
volume estimation using PLVQNN and LVQNN. The
outcomes demonstrate that the proposed technique can
adequately partition the thyroid organs and estimate the
thyroid volume
Investigated46 the performance of the MLP in identi-
fying between newborn children and babies experiencing
with hypothyroidism basing on their cries. The proposed
technique indicates the MLP is superior to alternate strat-
egies.
Investigated47 an intelligent control models for
supplying the therapeutic medications to primary hypo-
thyroidism patients, without the thyroid gland. MLPNN
systems were used in predicting the hormones TSH and
T4 in the blood.
Developed48 the thyroid gland disease decision mak-
ing system for diagnosing thyroid gland disease and found
that logistic regression gave an accuracy of 98.7%.
Proposed49 two ANN’s using scaled conjugate gradi-
ent back propagation and Livenberg Marquardt back
propagation algorithms in training and found that these
algorithms perform better in classifying the infected and
non-infected person.
Proposed50 a two neural system models MLP and RBF
networks for thyroid disease diagnosis. MLP is trained
and tested with BP algorithm whereas RBF was trained
and tested with SPSS software. The outcome demonstrates
that MLP and RBF have equally performed well in diag-
nosing the disease.
Presented51 a model using TIRDS which has classified
and biopsy results. The aim of the research is to include
learning capabilities to the DSS static model and convert-
Vol 9 (28) | July 2016 | www.indjst.org
Shaik Razia and M. R. Narasinga Rao
ing it into a dynamic model using learning algorithm of
Neural Networks
Presented52 three methods of neural systems for pre-
diction of thyroid sickness. Among these, the authors have
proposed the best technique for determination of thyroid
disease and reduce the diagnosis time and increased the
accuracy.
Studied53 the current autonomous tools for classifica-
tion of thyroid nodule using thyroid ultrasound image
and difference between the current strategies. The cre-
ators have decided three dimensional ultrasound imaging
can give more complete data of the thyroid nodule than
2D imaging. The component extraction and order tech-
niques for thyroid knob recognition can be resolved for
the appraisal of the thyroid organ in future.
Proposed54 a novel methodology for malignant assess-
ment of thyroid nodule in ultra sound pictures. The
proposed approach isolated into four phases preprocess-
ing, segmentation, feature extraction and classification. A
neural system based on Support Vector Machine (SVM)
is used for classification task. For the feature extraction,
grey level co-occurrence is used for the purpose. The
authors have evaluated the outcomes with the use of pre-
cision, affectability and specificity and found that SVM
classifier is superior to the ANN for discriminating the
benign and malignant nodule.
Comparison55 of three artificial neural systems using
multilayer Back Propagation Network (BPN), Radial
Basis Function (RBF) and Learning Vector Quantization
(LVQ) network for the diagnosis of thyroid disease. It is
found that, RBF provided best accuracy with least num-
ber of iterations and highest PSNR values.
Studied56 about the different thyroid diseases, thyroid
diagnosis, thyroid disorders are reviewed using medical
images. The research also gave an overview of the thyroid
segmentation accuracies of different researchers of differ-
ent thyroid diseases.
Observed57 the thyroid PNN (probabilistic neu-
ral system) classifier utilizing thyroid data. Statistical
PCA algorithm was used for feature extraction and thy-
roid dataset was divided into three classes that is high
efficient, low efficient and normal. The accompany-
ing Mathematical models are utilized for the purpose.
Proposed58 a multi-classification approach for thyroid
disease diagnosis. It comprises of attacked detection stage
and classification stage. A multi-layer thyroid detection
Indian Journal of Science and Technology 5
 Machine Learning Techniques for Thyroid Disease Diagnosis - A Review

Table 1. Summary of the different neural network the problems faced by other multiple classifier algorithms
models with efficient and accurate information.
Proposed Predicted60 hypothyroid disease using data mining
Reference Method used
year algorithm called Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA)
Expert system oriented to enhance the accuracy. LDA data mining classification
1991 25
methodology techniques are used to classify the hypothyroid disease.
The cross validation K-fold cross validation is performed. The LDA Algorithm
1998 27 Variable selection gives accuracy of 99.62% with cross validation k=6.
Regression Method Proposed61a model based on the Decision tree using
MLP with back spread entropy and information gain. This model is compared
Quick back propagation(FBP) with KNN and J48 and Naïve Bayes algorithm. The pro-
2002 32
Conic segment capacity Neural
posed model has better accuracy than other models.
networks(CSFNN)
Studied62 and analyzed gender based thyroid cancer
2005 36 Multivariate Analysis
research and according to SCI report the papers related to
Fuzzy cognitive Map(FCM) gender based thyroid cancer are more compared to can-
14
2008 ESTDD(Expert system thyroid
33
disease diagnosis)
cer and carcinoma.
Determined63 the disease diagnosis of autoimmune
SVM
2009 12 thyroid in diabetes patients for early care and treatment.
Probabilistic neural networks
The results suggest that there is a strong relationship
AIRS(Artificial Immune
2009 21 between IDM and auto immune thyroid disorders.
Recognition System)
RBF, Back Propagation
A research64 was done on the reduced effect of radia-
2009 5 tion exposure and fluid intake when treating the thyroid
Learning vector Quantization(LVQ)
2011 11 Learning vector Quantization(LVQ) cancer patients with I-131. This research has taken place
for two groups A and B and it was observed that radiation
GDA(Generalized Discriminant
2011 16 Analysis),WSVM(wavelet Support exposure found to be 51% depending on the fluid intake.
vector Machine) The Table 1 gives summary of the different neural net-
PCA(Principle component work models / other models which are used in different
2012 44 Analysis) years in predicting the thyroid disease with references are
ELM(Expert Learning Machine) as follows.
Decision tree attribute splitting
2012 23
rules 3.  Conclusion
2013 26 MLP,RBFN,C4.5,CART,REP
Disease diagnosis plays a major role and it is indispensable
BPN
2014 1 RBF for any busy clinician. Thyroid disease is one such dis-
LVQ ease and prediction of which is a difficult aspect without
MLP a computer technology. In this survey paper, the authors
2015 54 RBF have given an elaborate work that has been done earlier
SPSS using artificial neural networks. Based on the usage of
2015 52 Levenberg Marquardt Method these networks, the authors have tried to show the path
LDA(Linear Discriminant for future researchers in using artificial neural networks
2016 49
Analysis) in disease diagnosis.

system had been created for higher efficiency and accu-

racy in forecasting the disease.
Proposed59 a model for predicting the thyroid disease
using DBSCAN algorithm. DBSCAN algorithm classify the
data set using hierarchical multiple classifier and also reduce
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