ANIMAL SCIENCE 1.

1:
PRINCIPLES OF ANIMAL
SCIENCE

ANATOMY
AND
PHYSIOLOGY

ACTIVITY 1:

Submitted By: Submitted To::

Kimberly Jane M. Mitra
MELISSA O. BAJAMUNDI
2-BSABE2
 Activity1: Anatomy And Physiology

Briefly define and give the functions, structures and components of

the following:

1. Define Physiology

-Physiology is the science of life. It is the branch of biology that aims to

understand the mechanisms of living things, from the basis of cell function
at the ionic and molecular level to the integrated behavior of the whole body
and the influence of the external environment.

2. Define homeostasis

-Homeostasis is any self-regulating process by which an organism tends to

maintain stability while adjusting to conditions that are best for its survival. If
homeostasis is successful, life continues; if it’s unsuccessful, it results in a
disaster or death of the organism.

3. Define nervous system

A nervous system can be defined as an

organized group of cells, called neurons,
specialized for the conduction of an impulse—an
excited state—from a sensory receptor through a
nerve network to an effector, the site at which the
- response occurs.

4.Give the components of the nervous system and its functions

-The nervous system is comprised of two major components, or

subdivisions, the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous
system (PNS).

-The central nervous system (CNS) is a division of the nervous system

whose function is to analyze and integrate various intra- and extrapersonal
information, as well as to generate a coordinated response to these stimuli.
Put simply, the CNS is the supreme command center of the body.

-The main function of the PNS is to connect the CNS to the limbs and
organs, essentially serving as a relay between the brain and spinal cord and
the rest of the body.
 Activity1: Anatomy And Physiology

5. What is the structure of neurons and its functions?

Neurons are the building blocks of the nervous system. They

receive and transmit signals to different parts of the body, a process that
allows us to move and exist in the world around us.

The most important components of the neuron are:

Cell body:
In the cell body, neurons store genetic material and produce energy to
function.

Axon:
Axons are responsible for conducting electrical signals. They need to
respond and provide information quickly. However, they can stretch for
meters and meters. To overcome this issue, the body has developed
clever ways to produce rapid electrical transmission via a specialized
structure called myelin. Myelinated neurons can communicate rapidly
and are 10 times faster than neurons without myelin.

Synapse:
The synapse is the portion of the neuron where information is received.
The synapse is composed of small receivers, called dendrites, that pick
up signals and then relay them to the axon.
 Activity1: Anatomy And Physiology

6. Define endocrine system

Endocrine systems, also referred to as hormone systems, are found in all

mammals, birds, fish, and many other types of living organisms. They are
made up of:

Glands located throughout the body;

Hormones that are made by the glands and released into the
bloodstream or the fluid surrounding cells; and

Receptors in various organs and tissues that recognize and respond to

the hormones.

7. Define endocrinology

-Endocrinology is a branch of biology and

medicine dealing with the endocrine system, its
diseases, and its specific secretions known as
hormones.

It is also concerned with the integration of developmental events

proliferation, growth, and differentiation, and the psychological or behavioral

activities of metabolism, growth and development, tissue function, sleep,

digestion, respiration, excretion, mood, stress, lactation, movement,

reproduction, and sensory perception caused by hormones.

8. Define hormone and its functions

-A hormone is a biological compound used by multicellular organisms to

organize, coordinate, and control the functions of their cells and tissues.

These chemicals can control everything from metabolism to behavior, and

are necessary for organisms to survive and reproduce.

 Activity1: Anatomy And Physiology

9. What is Pituitary gland?

The pituitary is an endocrine (hormone-producing) gland that sits just

beneath the base of the brain, behind the bridge of the nose. It is very small
- only about the size of a pea. As in mammals, the pituitary is divided into
two parts: the neurohypophysis (NH), which derives from the ventral
diencephalon, representing the neural compartment of the pituitary, and the
adenohypophysis (AH), which is the non-neural part of the gland.

10. Give the functions of these hormones:

a. Growth Hormone or Somatotropic Hormone (STH)

-It stimulates growth by simulating protein synthesis

b. Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)

-It stimulates the production of steroids by adrenal cortex.

c. Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)

- It stimulates thyroid secretion.

d. Luteotropic Hormone (LTH)

-It stimulates the growth of mammary glands, lactation and maintenance of
Corpus luteum.

e. Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)

-It stimulates gamete, production, secretion of sex hormones , development
of follicles.

f. Luteinizing Hormone (LH)

-It stimulates the leydig cells of testis and induces secretion of testosterone,
stimulates development of Corpus luteum and ovulation in female.
 Activity1: Anatomy And Physiology

11. Define and give its functions

a. Thyroid Gland
-The thyroid gland covers the windpipe from three sides. Two hormones of
the thyroid gland, T4 (thyroxine) and T3 (triiodothyronine), help the body to
produce and regulate the hormones adrenaline (also called epinephrine)
and dopamine.

b. Pancreas
The pancreas is part of digestive system and
endocrine system of vertebrates.
The pancreas is an organ and a gland.
Glands are organs that produce and release
substances in the body.

The pancreas performs two main functions:

Exocrine function: Produces substances (enzymes) that help with
digestion.
Endocrine function: Sends out hormones that control the amount of
sugar in your bloodstream.

c. Adrenal Gland
-Your adrenal glands, also known as suprarenal glands, are small,
triangle-shaped glands that are located on top of each of your two kidneys.
They’re a part of your endocrine system which produce a handful of
hormones that help maintain salt balance in our blood and tissues, maintain
blood pressure, and produce some sex hormones.

d. Parathyroid Gland
-A gland that regulates calcium, located behind the thyroid gland in the
neck. The parathyroid gland secretes a hormone called parathormone (or
parathyrin) that is critical to calcium and phosphorus metabolism.

e. Calcitonin
-Calcitonin is a hormone that your thyroid gland makes and releases to help
regulate calcium levels in your blood by decreasing it. Calcitonin opposes
the actions of the parathyroid hormone, which is a hormone that increases
your blood calcium levels.
 Activity1: Anatomy And Physiology

12. Define Cardiovascular System, its components and functions

The cardiovascular system is

responsible for the movement and
circulation of blood throughout the body
of an organism.

Structures of the cardiovascular system include the heart, blood

vessels, and blood.

-It is a closed network consisting of three major components:

The heart
Blood
Blood vessels

The Heart
The heart is a muscular organ, located roughly at the body’s midline in the
thoracic region, and responsible for the pumping of blood in the body. The
heart is divided into four chambers: Right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium
and left ventricles. The atriums collect the blood in the heart and the
ventricles pump it to different organs.

Blood
Blood is a fluid connective tissue which plays an essential role in the
circulatory system. It carries oxygen and nutrients to all parts of the body. It
also regulates the temperature and acidic balance of the body.

Blood Vessels
There are three types of blood vessels in the human body:
1. Artilleries– They carry blood away from the heart. The arteries in the
systemic loop carry oxygenated blood to different parts of the body
while the ones in the pulmonary loop carry deoxygenated blood to the
lungs.
2. Veins– They carry deoxygenated blood from the body and oxygenated
blood from the lungs into the heart.
3. Capillaries– Arteries break down into a minuscule network of
capillaries, which are the smallest blood vessels and present in the
lungs and muscles.
 Activity1: Anatomy And Physiology

The cardiovascular system is responsible for the movement and

circulation of blood throughout the body of an organism. Though size and
shape may differ, most organisms use some form of heart or pumping
device to propel blood throughout their body. Humans and birds have a four
chamber heart (2 atria and 2 ventricles), which is the most efficient method
of transporting nutrients and oxygenated blood. Amphibians and reptiles
have a three chambered heart (2 atria and 1 ventricle), while fish have the
smallest form of actual heart with only 1 atrium and 1 ventricle. Though all
organisms have a heart-like feature, not all species have a traditional heart
that has atria and ventricles. For some species such as insects or worms,
there are pumping chambers that act as "hearts," integrated into the
circulatory system.

13. What is Lymphatic System?

-Lymphatic system is considered as a part of both the circulatory and

immune systems, as well as a usually neglected part of students' books.
The functions of the lymphatic system complement the bloodstream
functions, as it regulates the balance of fluids in the body and filters the
pathogens from the blood.

14. Define respiratory system

-Respiratory system, the system in living organisms that takes up oxygen

and discharges carbon dioxide in order to satisfy energy requirements. The
anatomy and physiology that make this happen varies greatly, depending
on the size of the organism, the environment in which it lives and its
evolutionary history. In land animals the respiratory surface is internalized
as linings of the lungs. Gas exchange in the lungs occurs in millions of small
air sacs; in mammals and reptiles these are called alveoli, and in birds they
are known as atria.
In most fish, and a number of other aquatic animals (both vertebrates and
invertebrates) the respiratory system consists of gills, which are either
partially or completely external organs, bathed in the watery environment.
Other animals, such as insects, have respiratory systems with very simple
anatomical features, and in amphibians even the skin plays a vital role in
gas exchange.
 Activity1: Anatomy And Physiology

15. Define Excretory System and its functions

- Excretory System is a dedicated system of organs that removes waste

products from the human body is called the human excretory system.

Organs of the human excretory system include:

A set of kidneys-The kidneys are bean-shaped organs that are

positioned on either side of the backbone and are protected by the ribs
and back muscles. They are primarily responsible for the production of
urine. Kidneys collect waste from our bloodstream and turn that waste
into a simpler form (urine) which is then eliminated from the body.

A ureter and a uretero- Each kidney is connected to the renal pelvis by

a thin and muscular tube. This tube is called the Ureter. The function of
the ureter is to propel urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder from
time to time.

A bladder- Urinary bladder is the organ that controls the passage of

urine. It is a muscular sac-like structure present above the pubic bone
that stores urine. The average capacity of a human bladder is 400-600
ml. It holds urine until its capacity and expels it by the process of
micturition when it is full. The bladder is lined by muscular tissue, which
squeezes during micturition allowing the urine to flow out.

The urethra-The urethra is a tube made up of fibro-muscular tissue and

emerges from the lower opening of the urinary bladder and extends
through urogenital and pelvic diaphragms and opens out of the body
through an external urethral orifice. It aids in the removal of urine from
the body. In males, it carries the sperms as well.
 Activity1: Anatomy And Physiology

-Excretion is one of the most important physiological processes

accomplished by the excretory system. This system helps in expelling the
toxic nitrogenous wastes from the body and osmoregulation. It also helps in
the filtration of blood by ultrafiltration. Humans excrete urea which is formed
in the liver. Besides kidney, skin, liver, lungs, intestine and salivary glands
also help in the excretion of certain substances.

The excretory system is involved in carrying out some important

functions, which are –
Eliminating nitrogenous and toxic wastes
Help to regulate blood pressure
Maintain a balance of water in the body
Regulating the levels of many chemicals in the blood

16. Enumerate the parts of the female reproductive system and its
functions.

The female reproductive system is made up of internal organs and

external structures. Its function is to enable the reproduction of the species.
Sexual maturation is the process that this system undergoes in order to
carry out its role in the process of pregnancy and birth.

-The major organs, locations, and functions of mammalian female

reproductive anatomy:

Ovaries-Produces and develops eggs

Fallopian tubes (oviducts)-Transports egg to uterus, acts as site of
fertilization
Uterus-Supports a developing embryo
Cervix-Allows passage between the uterus and the vagina
Vagina-Receives penis during intercourse, acts as birth canal, passes
menstrual flow
Breasts-Produce and deliver milk(in mammals)

In some invertebrate species, including many insects and some

mollusks and worms, the female has a spermatheca: a specialized sac
which stores sperm for later use, sometimes up to a year. Fertilization
can be timed with environmental or food conditions that are optimal for
offspring survival.
 Activity1: Anatomy And Physiology

Non-mammal vertebrates, such as most birds and reptiles, have a

cloaca: a single body opening which functions in the digestive,
excretory and reproductive systems. Mating between birds usually
involves positioning the cloaca openings opposite each other for
transfer of sperm from male to female. Ducks are a rare exception,
where the males have a penis.
Mammals have separate openings for the systems in the female, and
placental mammals have a uterus for support of developing offspring.
The uterus has two chambers in species that produce large numbers of
offspring at a time, while species that produce one offspring, such as
primates, have a single chamber.

17. Enumerate the parts of the male reproductive system and its
functions.

The male reproductive system has several interconnected working

parts that must function together for successful mating to occur. In the
reproductive system of a male mammal, the major organs are the testicles,
epididymis, scrotum, vas deferens, urethra, seminal vesicles, prostate
gland, Cowper’s gland, and penis.

The organs that comprise the male reproductive system all have individual
roles that in combination aid in reproduction. To facilitate reproduction, the
male reproductive system has several functions within the body. These
include:
the production and secretion of male sex hormones
the production of sperm and semen
the transportation of semen into the female reproductive tract

The testicles play a major role in animal reproduction by producing

sperm, or the male sex cells, also called spermatozoa. Testicles also
produce a hormone, testosterone, which causes the appearance and
behavior of the animal to have masculine traits. Every male animal has
two testicles.
Sperm cells enter the epididymis attached to each testicle. They
are stored there while they mature.
 Activity1: Anatomy And Physiology

The scrotum is a two-lobed sac that contains and protects the two
testicles. It also regulates the temperature of the testicles, which must
be maintained below body temperature. When the environmental
temperature is lower than the desired temperature, the scrotum
contracts, pulling the testicles toward the body for warmth. When the
environmental temperature is higher than the desired temperature, the
scrotum relaxes, permitting the testicles to drop away from the body.
This temperature regulation is greatly important to the reproductive
process because of its effect on the production and vitality of sperm.

Another important organ of the male reproductive system is the vas

deferens, which serves as a transportation tube that carries the sperm-
containing fluid from each epididymis to the urethra.

The urethra is the large, muscular canal extending from the urinary
bladder to the end of the penis. Several glands add volume and
nutrients to the sperm-rich fluid coming from the epididymis. They are
known as the accessory sex glands.

The seminal vesicles open into the urethra to produce a fluid that
protects and transports sperm. The prostate gland is near the urethra
and the bladder. It produces a fluid that mixes with the seminal fluid
throughout animal reproduction. The mixture of seminal and prostate
fluids and sperm is called semen.

The Cowper’s gland produces a fluid that moves down the urethra
ahead of the seminal fluid. This fluid cleans and neutralizes the urethra,
helping protect the sperm as they move through.

The penis deposits the semen within the female reproductive system.
The urethra in the penis is surrounded by spongy tissue that fills with
blood when the male is sexually aroused. This causes an erection,
which is necessary for copulation, or mating, to occur. The sigmoid
flexure, commonly found in bulls, rams, and boars, and the retractor
muscle extend the penis from the sheath, a tubular fold of skin. The
glans penis at the tip of the penis acts as a sensory organ