C

1. Base your answer to the following question on the diagram below, which represents a 4. The process by which the structure labeled B is released from the structure labeled A is
necessary part of human reproduction. known as
(A) gastrulation
(B) differentiation

O
(C) germination
(D) ovulation

5. In which structure will a fetus normally develop?

(A) E

P
(B) F
(C) C
(D) D

6. In which structure(s) would sperm cells normally be deposited?

C Y (A)
(B)
(C)
C and D, only
F, only
C, D, and E
(D) A, only

O 7. Which statement best describes normal oogenesis in a human?

(A) Meiotic cell division produces one egg and three polar bodies.
(B) Meiotic cell division produces four motile gametes.
(C) Mitotic cell division produces one sperm cell and three polar bodies.

P
Estrogen stimulates the production of additional blood vessels in structure
(D) Mitotic cell division produces four eggs.
8. In which stage of the human menstrual cycle does an egg mature in an ovary?
(A) 1
(A) Corpus luteum stage
(B) 2

Y
(B) Ovulation
(C) 5
(C) Follicle stage
(D) 7
(D) Menstruation
2. In a human female, what is the most direct result of the presence of the hormone FSH?
9. Which techniques are sometimes used to help a woman who has blocked fallopian
(A) development of the ovarian follicle tubes have a child?

C
(B)
(C)
disintegration of the ovum
production of the corpus luteum
(A)
(B)
synapsis and artificial selection
hybridization and vegetative propagation
(D) breakdown of the uterine lining (C) in vitro fertilization and implantation
Base your answers to questions 3 through 6 on the diagram below which represents (D) inbreeding and natural selection

O
structures found in a female mammal's reproductive system and some processes
which might occur within that system.

3. The structure labeled B represents

(A) an egg
(B) a follicle
(C) a zygote
(D) an ovary

C
 Base your answers to questions 10 through 12 on the diagram below and on your 17. The diagram below represents a human reproductive system.
knowledge of biology. The arrows in the diagram show the interrelationships

C
between the hormones and the structures involved in the menstrual cycle. Specific
hormones are indicated by numbers.

O
P

C Y Meiosis occurs within structure

(A) B
(B) A
(C) D

O
10. Which hormone most directly influences the corpus luteum stage of the menstrual
(D) C
Base your answers to questions 18 and 19 on "
cycle? on the picture below which represents systems in a human male and on your
knowledge of biology.
(A) 1
(B)
(C)
2
3
P
(D) 4
11. Which hormone most directly promotes the maturation of the egg?
(A)
(B)
1
2
Y
(C) 3
(D) 4

C
12. Which hormone maintains the uterine lining after ovulation?
(A) 1
(B) 2
(C) 3
(D) 4
O "
18. Which structures aid in the transport of sperm by secreting fluid?
13. The material that flows from the human female reproductive tract during menstruation (A) A and H
is produced by the breakdown of the lining of the (B) B and E
(A)
(B)
ovary
uterus P (C)
(D)
C and D
D and H
(C) vagina 19. Which structure has both reproductive and
(D) oviduct excretory functions?
14. Testosterone directly affects the
(A) formation of a zygote
Y (A)
(B)
A
G
(B) development of a placenta (C) C
(C) production of sperm cells (D) D
(D) changes within an ovary
20. Estrogen has a direct effect on the
15. Where are the hormones that regulate the human female reproductive cycle produced?
(A) development of a placenta within the ovary
(A) ovaries, testes, and uterine lining
(B) changes within the uterus
(B) ovaries, pituitary, and Fallopian tubes
(C) formation of a zygote
(C) hypothalamus, pituitary, and ovaries
(D) movement of an egg toward the sperm
(D) Fallopian tubes, placenta, and ovaries
21. The human menstrual cycle is controlled by hormones produced and secreted by the
16. Thickening and vascularization of the uterine lining in the human female is initiated
during which stage of the menstrual cycle? (A) uterus, only
(B) pituitary gland and ovaries
(A) ovulation
(C) pituitary gland and uterus
(B) corpus luteum
(D) ovaries, only
(C) menstruation
(D) follicle 22. Which reproductive process is correctly paired with the structure in which it occurs?
(A) gametogenesis – testis
(B) pollination – stamen
(C) meiosis – liver
(D) fertilization – gonad

C
23. The human female reproductive system is represented below. 29. Identical twins develop from
(A) one egg, fertilized by two separate sperm cells

C (B)
(C)
two eggs, both fertilized by the same sperm cell
two eggs, each fertilized by a separate sperm cell
(D) one egg, fertilized by one sperm cell

30. The diagram below represents part of a human reproductive system.

O
P

C Y
Within which structure does the placenta normally develop?
(A)
(B)
(C)
C
A
D
O One of the functions of this part of the system is to
(A) produce specialized proteins used in the production and release of sperm
(D) B (B) provide nutritional support for the embryo

P
24. The diagram below represents the human male reproductive system. (C) provide a structure that allows the mixing of maternal and fetal blood
(D) supply essential nutrients to the offspring in the form of milk
31. The scrotum is an important adaptation in human males because the optimum
temperature for sperm development is

Y
(A) 2 to 4 degrees below normal body temperature
(B) 2 to 4 degrees above normal body temperature
(C) 10 to 12 degrees below normal body temperature
(D) 10 to 12 degrees above normal body temperature
32. The diagram below represents the human male reproductive system.
C

(A)
O
Which activity would be prevented by blockages at X and Y?
movement of testosterone to the testes to stimulate sperm production
(B) passage of testosterone to the female to stimulate egg production
(C) transport of urine out of the body
(D)
P
movement of sperm out of the body

25. Which statement describes the reproductive system of a human male?

(A) It releases sperm that can be used only in external fertilization.
(B) It synthesizes progesterone that regulates sperm formation.
(C)
(D)
It produces gametes that transport food for embryo formation.
It shares some structures with the excretory system. Y
26. In human males, sperm cells are suspended in a fluid medium. The main advantage
gained from this adaptation is that the fluid
(A) provides currents that propel the egg down the oviduct
(B) activates the egg nucleus so that it begins to divide
(C) acts as a transport medium for sperm
Which pair of letters indicates a structure that produces gametes and a structure that
(D) removes polar bodies from the surface of the sperm
makes possible the delivery of gametes for internal fertilization, respectively?
27. Which sequence represents the normal order of events that occur during the menstrual
cycle? (A) A and D
(B) B and D
(A) menstruation ® ovulation ® corpus luteum ® follicle stage (C) C and A
(B) follicle stage ® menstruation ® corpus luteum ® ovulation (D) D and C
(C) follicle stage ® ovulation ® corpus luteum ® menstruation
33. Which event would most probably result in the production of fraternal twins?
(D) ovulation ® follicle stage ® corpus luteum ® menstruation
(A) Two egg cells are each fertilized by separate sperm cells.
28. Which situation would be part of the normal reproductive cycle of a human?
(B) Two eggs develop without fertilization.
(A) a low insulin level in either a male or a female (C) Two egg cells are fertilized by one sperm cell.
(B) estrogen in concentrations that would produce sperm in a female (D) One egg is fertilized by two sperm cells.
(C) the presence of testosterone regulating gamete production in a male
(D) a high progesterone level in a male

C
 Base your answers to questions 34 through 36 on the diagrams below and on your knowledge of biology.

O
P

C
34. Which structures are directly affected by hormones involved in the menstrual cycle?
Y
(A) G and I

O
(B) C and E
(C) I and J
(D) A and D
35. After sperm cells are deposited inside the female, the pathway they follow to reach the egg is from
(A)
(B)
(C)
K to I to H
J to K to H
H to I to K
P
(D) G to H to I

Y
36. Gametogenesis occurs within structures
(A) A and J
(B) D and H
(C) E and G

C
(D) B and I

37. Base your answer to the following question on the stage of the human menstrual cycle, 41. Base your answer to the following question on the diagram below of the human male
chosen from the list below, that is most closely associated with that statement. reproductive system and on your knowledge of biology.

O
Stages of the Human Menstrual Cycle

(1) Follicle
(2) Ovulation
(3) Corpus luteum
(4) Menstruation
P
It is characterized by a yellow-bodied structure that secretes the hormone
progesterone.
(A) 1
(B)
(C)
2
3 Y
(D) 4
38. Which organ is correctly paired with its function?
(A) penis –– serves as site of semen formation
(B) uterus –– serves as site of implantation of the embryo
(C) fallopian tube –– produces the egg
(D) testis –– produces follicle stimulating hormone
39. In which organ are female primary sex cells produced?
(A) urethra
(B) testis
(C) placenta A temperature 2 to 4 degrees lower than normal body temperature is critical for the
(D) ovary
production of sperm. This temperature is maintained by structure
40. The production of monoploid cells by spermatogenesis occurs in
(A) 1
(A) meristems (B) 5
(B) testes (C) 8
(C) ovaries (D) 4
(D) zygotes

C
42. When asked to relate the terms "sperm," "scrotum," "testes," and "zygote," a student 45. The diagram below represents a sequence of events in a human ovary.
wrote the statements below.

CStatements
(A) They all contain homologous pairs of chromosomes.
(B) The location of the testes within the scrotum aids in the production of sperm
needed for zygote formation.

O
(C) Mitotic cell division is involved in the formation of the testes and scrotum, and
meiosis is involved in the production of sperm, which is involved in the formation of
a zygote.
(D) Formation of the testes, scrotum, and sperm occurs in human males; zygote
formation occurs in females.

Which statements are correct? P

(A) A, B, and D, only
(B) B, C, and D, only

C Y
(C) B and D, only
(D) A, B, C, and D
43. "Which diagram best illustrates an event in sexual reproduction that would most
directly lead to the formation of a human embryo?"

O
(A) The process that occurs between stage A and stage B is known as
(A) spermatogenesis
(B) regeneration
"
" (C) oogenesis

P
(B) (D) budding
46. The ovary releases an egg in a process known as

" (A) implantation

" (B) gestation
(C)
Y (C)
(D)
fertilization
ovulation

" 47. Base your answer to the following question on the diagrams below and on your
" knowledge of biology.

C
(D)

"
"
44. Base your answer to the following question on "the diagram below and on your
knowledge of biology.
O

Y
If stages 1 through 4 represent developmental stages of a human, where in the human
female would these stages normally occur?
(A) uterus
(B) oviduct
(C) ovary
(D) vagina
48. A women gave birth to triplets, two identical girls and one boy. The number of egg
"
cells involved would be
Which structure is part of both the reproductive and excretory systems?
(A) 1
(A) E (B) 2
(B) B (C) 3
(C) C (D) 4
(D) D

C
49. Base your answer to the following question on the diagram below and on your knowledge of biology. The diagram represents the reproductive systems of the
human female and male.

O
P

C Y
In which structure would both mitosis and differentiation of an embryo occur?
(A)
(B)
G
B O
(C) E
(D) D

50. The diagrams below represent a human organ system.

P 54. The diagram below represents human reproductive systems.

C
Which statement best describes part of the human reproductive process?

O (A) Progesterone stimulates the division of the egg within C.

(B) Testosterone produced in A is transferred to D, where it influences embryonic
development.
(C) Testosterone produced in D influences formation of sperm within B.
The major function of the system is to (D) Estrogen and progesterone influence the activity of C.
(A)
(B)
P
produce chemical messages that are necessary for nerve cell development
provide cells that are necessary for the survival of the species
55. Essential materials needed for development are transported to a human fetus through
the
(C) provide immunity essential for the survival of each individual in a population
(A) egg cell
(D) control the passage of nutrients into and out of a developing fetus
(B) reproductive hormones
51. Which two processes are included in the prenatal development of a single human
embryo? Y (C)
(D)
placenta
ovaries
(A) menstruation and fertilization 56. Which two hormones are most closely associated with vascularization of the uterine
(B) menopause and cleavage lining in the human female during the menstrual cycle?
(C) gastrulation and differentiation
(A) estrogen and FSH
(D) puberty and gastrulation
(B) progesterone and testosterone
52. Which statement does not correctly describe an adaptation of the human female (C) estrogen and progesterone
reproductive system? (D) FSH and testosterone
(A) It provides for external fertilization of an egg. 57. Removal of one ovary from a human female would most likely
(B) It produces gametes in ovaries.
(A) decrease her ability to provide essential nutrients to an embryo
(C) It provides for internal development of the embryo.
(B) affect the production of eggs
(D) It removes excretions produced by the fetus.
(C) make fertilization impossible
53. The inability of sperm cells to move normally could prevent the production of (D) make carrying a fetus impossible
offspring by interfering with
58. In most mammals, the placenta is essential to the embryo for the processes of
(A) mitosis
(B) differentiation (A) milk production and digestion
(C) fertilization (B) nutrition and excretion

(D) meiosis (C) blood exchange and digestion

(D) meiosis and excretion

C
59. Blockages caused by a condition known as Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID) are 64. Base your answer to the following question on the diagram below and on your
represented in the diagram of the female reproductive system below. knowledge of biology. The diagram represents the human female reproductive system.

O
P

C Y Structure A usually produces

(A) testosterone and eggs
(B) estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone

O
If blockages of this type occur, the most likely result would be that
(C)
(D)
sperm and eggs
estrogen, progesterone, and eggs

65. Human reproduction usually involves

(A) the female gamete would not be able to unite with the male gamete
(B) hormones could not be produced by the ovaries (A) external fertilization and external development
(C)
(D)
the egg would remain in the uterus and not travel upward
P
the process of asexual reproduction would be prevented or interrupted
(B)
(C)
external fertilization and internal development
internal fertilization and external development
(D) internal fertilization and internal development
60. Base your answer to the following question on the diagram below and on your
knowledge of biology. The letters in the diagram indicate structures present in a 66. Human egg cells are most similar to human sperm cells in their
human male.
Y (A)
(B)
method of movement
shape and size
(C) chromosome number
(D) amount of stored food

C 67. In human females, the growth of follicle cells is stimulated by

(A) LH
(B) progesterone
(C) FSH

O (D) estrogen
68. Which reproductive structure is correctly paired with its function?
(A) sperm—transports genetic material
(B) uterus—usual site of fertilization

P
What change would occur immediately if both structures labeled B were damaged or
blocked?
(C)
(D)
ovary—delivers nutrients to the embryo
testis—usual location for egg development
69. What is the human female reproductive system adapted for?
(A) Gametes would no longer be transported to structure C.
(A) external fertilization of gametes

Y
(B) The blood supply to structure E would decrease.
(C) Structure D would be able to deliver more gametes. (B) transport of oxygen through a placenta to a fetus

(D) Structure A would decrease in size. (C) production of milk for a developing embryo
(D) production of zygotes in ovaries
61. The reproductive cycle in females is regulated primarily by
70. Which statement best describes the relationship between the blood of a human fetus
(A) progesterone and testosterone and the blood of the mother?
(B) estrogen and testosterone
(C) estrogen and progesterone (A) The blood flows directly from the mother into the fetus.
(D) progesterone and insulin (B) Their blood systems are separate only at certain times in development and
connected at other times.
62. Which processes lead to the greatest variety of genetic combinations? (C) Their blood systems are separate, but certain materials pass from one to the other.
(A) asexual reproduction and cloning
(B) meiosis and fertilization (D) Their blood systems are separate and no materials are exchanged.
(C) meiosis and mitosis 71. The primary function of the human male reproductive system is to
(D) cloning and mitosis
(A) protect and nourish the embryo
63. Which structure is correctly paired with its function? (B) prevent urine from leaving the body
(A) uterus — produces testosterone used in egg production (C) provide a site for fertilization
(B) testis — produces nutrients for the offspring (D) produce and transport gametes

(C) placenta — allows nutrients to diffuse from the mother to the embryo
(D) ovary — provides a place for the internal development of the embryo

C
72. Base your answer to the following question on the diagram below, the cartoon below, and your knowledge of biology.

O
P

C Y
O

(A) excretory system

P
Structure A is considered part of both the reproductive system and the

(B) endocrine system

(C) digestive system
(D) circulatory system

73. Identical twins develop from

Y
76. Base your answer to the following question on the information in the chart below and
on your knowledge of biology.
(A) two eggs fertilized by one sperm cell

C
(B) two zygotes that fuse during cleavage
(C) one egg fertilized by two sperm cells
(D) one zygote that divides into two parts

74. Which diagram best represents part of the process of sperm formation in an organism
that has a normal chromosome number of eight?
(A) O

(B) P
(C)
Y Which sequence best represents the order of the stages in the menstrual cycle?
(A) D ®B ®C®A
(B) A® B ® C ® D
(D) (C) A® B ® D® C
(D) C ® A® B ® D

75. When would exposure to a potentially harmful substance be most likely to damage
many organs in a developing embryo?
(A) during the last three months of a pregnancy
(B) during meiosis in both males and females
(C) during the early stages of pregnancy
(D) during the formation of the zygote

C
77. The human male reproductive system is represented below.

O
P

CWhich structure produces cells that have the potential to become gametes?
Y
(A) A
(B)
(C)
(D)
B
C
D
O

C
 Answer Key

Sexual Reproduction

1. B 49. D
2. A 50. B
3. A 51. C
4. D 52. A
5. D 53. C
6. B 54. D
7. A 55. C
8. C 56. C
9. C 57. B
10. B 58. B
11. A 59. A
12. D 60. A
13. B 61. C
14. C 62. B
15. C 63. C
16. D 64. D
17. C 65. D
18. B 66. C
19. B 67. C
20. B 68. A
21. B 69. B
22. A 70. C
23. C 71. D
24. D 72. B
25. D 73. D
26. C 74. C
27. C 75. C
28. C 76. A
29. D 77. A
30. B
31. A
32. A
33. A
34. A
35. A
36. C
37. C
38. B
39. D
40. B
41. A
42. B
43. B
44. B
45. C
46. D
47. B
48. B