Sawing Process

By

Hasaan Ali

Submitted to

Engr. Ammar Ahmed

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences,

Nilore, Islamabad, Pakistan

June 12, 2020

 Department of Mechanical Engineering,
Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences (PIEAS)
Nilore. Islamabad 45650, Pakistan

Declaration of Originality

I hereby declare that the work contained in this report and the intellectual content of
this report are the product of my own work. This report was not previously published in any
way and does not contain any published work that may be considered a violation of
international copyright law.

I also declare that I understand the terms "copyright" and "plagiarism", and that in the
occurrence of any copyright infringement or plagiarism in this work, I will take full
responsibility for the consequences of such violation.

Name

Hasaan Ali

Date

June 12, 2020

Place

PIEAS, Nilore, Pakistan

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 Dedication

“Dedicated to my beloved parents”

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 Acknowledgement
My teacher Engr. Ammar Ahmad enabled me to write this report. He is worthy of
my acknowledgement.

Then comes my family who support and motivate me.

Hasaan Ali

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 Table of Content

1. Abstract:.................................................................................................................................1

2. Introduction:...........................................................................................................................2

2.1. Background History........................................................................................................2

2.2. Advance applications and significance...........................................................................2

3. Basics of Sawing Process.......................................................................................................3

3.1. Lumber............................................................................................................................3

3.2. Plywood wood and sheet products..................................................................................4

3.3. Screws and Nails.............................................................................................................5

3.4. Glues and Adhesives.......................................................................................................8

4. Tools used in sawing process.................................................................................................9

4.1. Tape Measures................................................................................................................9

4.2. Plumb Bobs, Chalk Lines & Stud Finders......................................................................9

4.3. Levels............................................................................................................................10

4.4. Squares..........................................................................................................................11

4.5. Handsaws......................................................................................................................11

4.6. Hammers.......................................................................................................................11

4.7. Clamps & Vises.............................................................................................................12

4.8. Chisels...........................................................................................................................12

4.9. Planes & Surface-forming rasps....................................................................................12

4.10. Jigsaws........................................................................................................................13

5. Summary and Discussion.....................................................................................................13

6. Conclusion............................................................................................................................14

7. References............................................................................................................................14

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 Table of Figures
Figure 1 The Grading Stamp......................................................................................................5
Figure 2 Nails and Screws Types...............................................................................................8

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 List of Tables
Table 1 Grades of Lumber.........................................................................................................3
Table 2 Estimating Nail Quantities............................................................................................6

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1. Abstract:
Sawing is a method wherein a limited cut can't avoid being cut into the workpiece by a
mechanical assembly including a movement of scarcely scattered teeth, called a saw front
line. Sawing is used to disconnect work parts into at any rate two pieces, or to evacuate an
unfortunate fragment of a segment. These strategies are much of the time dropped cut
undertakings and since many gathering adventures require cut-off exercises eventually in the
creation plan, sawing is a noteworthy amassing process. Basically, sawing is a direct system:
As the front line moves past the work, each tooth takes a cut. Dependent upon the thickness
or width of the work, the amount of teeth cutting at one time moves from two to in any event
ten. Saws may be of the endless cutting (band or rotating) or reacting type.

All watched sharp edges have certain fundamental characteristics and expressing:

Rake focuses: Rake edges are 0 degrees or unbiased rake on most watched bleeding edges.
Some have a positive rake point.

Width: The width of a saw forefront is its total width, including the teeth.

Set: The game plan of a saw edge suggests the adjusting of specific teeth so the back of the
sharp edge clears the cut. The "raker" set is most consistently used and is equipped with all
hacksaws and band saws aside from if regardless demonstrated.

Kerf: The kerf is the width of the cut made by the saw forefront or the material expel. The
thickness of the sharp edge is known as the gage.

Pitch: The pitch of a saw front line is the detachment between the most elevated purposes of
two close by teeth. This is resolved in teeth per inch.

2. Introduction:
2.1. Background History
Since the beginning of mankind the first thing that was available to humans were
plants and trees which were harmless to grasp and use for their needs of food, fire and
hunting. Wood goods were the most advance technology of mankind at that time. It was the
most commonly used material in early ages of mankind. Wood was not only used for shelter

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but also for the hunting tools. To make wood capable of such variety of tasks the shaping of
wood was the most crucial aspect. So, it was the beginning of sawing.

Later on, with the advent of human kind the use of wood for making weapons and
other vital structures. The tools of sawing also improvised so was sawing process.

2.2. Advance applications and significance

Today sawing process is vitally used across all the world. Most of its modern
applications include in building homes, furniture, prototypes, etc. In rural areas it is still
used in making carts and other old history applications. Although sawing has old history
but it is still in use due to its vitality and significant applications.

3. Basics of Sawing Process

3.1. Lumber
Timber for auxiliary applications, for example, dividers, floors, and roofs is generally
processed from solid softwoods and is arranged by grade, dampness substance, and
measurement.

Evaluation: Characteristics, for example, bunches, parts, and grain incline influence the
quality of the timber and decide the evaluation.

Dampness content: Lumber is additionally sorted by dampness content. S-DRY (surfaced

dry) is the assignment for amble with a dampness substance of 19 percent or less. S-DRY
wood is the to the least extent liable to twist or contract and is a decent decision for
surrounding dividers. S-GRN (surfaced green) implies the wood contains a dampness
substance of 19 percent or more.

Outside wood: Lumber processed from redwood or on the other hand cedar is normally
impervious to rot and bug invasion and is a decent decision for outside applications. The most
solid piece of a tree is the heartwood, so determine heartwood for pieces that will be in
contact with the ground.

Rewarded stumble: Lumber infused with synthetic substances under tension is impervious to
rot and is by and large more affordable than rot safe heartwoods such as redwood and cedar.
For open air structures like decks, utilize rewarded stumble for posts and joists and that's just
the beginning alluring redwood or cedar for decks and railings.

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Measurement stumble: Lumber is sold by its ostensible size, for example, 2 × 4. Its real size
is littler. Continuously utilize real sizes for estimating and assessing.

Table 1 Grades of Lumber

3.2. Plywood wood and sheet products

There are a wide range of kinds of sheet merchandise, yet compressed wood is the most
generally utilized. Compressed wood is very adaptable sheet material that is made up of
daintily cut layers or employs of wood. Compressed wood is accessible in thicknesses
running from 3⁄16" to 3⁄4" and is reviewed A through D, contingent upon the quality of
the wood in its external employs. It is likewise reviewed for inside or outside
utilization. Orders for pressed wood depend on the wood species utilized for the face
and back facade. Gathering 1 species are the most grounded and stiffest, Group 2 is the
following most grounded. Finish compressed wood is evaluated either A-C, which
means it has a completion quality wood facade on one side and a utility-grade utilize on
the opposite side, or An A, demonstrating it has a completion facade on the two sides.
Sheathing pressed wood is evaluated C-D with two unpleasant sides and highlights a
bond between employs that is waterproof. Pressed wood evaluated exposure 1 is for use
where some dampness is available, and pressed wood evaluated exterior is utilized in
applications that are for all time presented to climate. Sheathing

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compressed wood additionally conveys a thickness rating and a rooftop what's more,
floor length record, which show up as two numbers isolated by a corner to corner slice.
The main number, for material application, shows the greatest dividing for rafters. The
subsequent number indicates the joist separating when pressed wood is utilized for
subflooring. A few pressed wood is stepped "measured for dividing." This implies that
the genuine measurements are marginally littler than 4 × 8 feet to permit space for
development between sheets after establishment. Plastic covers make tough surfaces for
ledges and furniture. Plastic covers are here and there clung to particleboard for use in
racking, cupboards, and ledges. Strand, molecule , and wafer board are produced using
squander chips or cheap wood species and are utilized for racking and floor
underlayment. Froth protecting board is lightweight and serves as protection for cellar
dividers. Water-safe drywall is utilized behind fired divider tiles and in other high-
dampness regions. Drywall, otherwise called wallboard, Sheetrock, also, plasterboard,
comes in boards 4-feet wide, 2-, 4-, 8-, 10-, or 12-feet in length, and in 3⁄8-inch, 1⁄2-
inch, also, 5⁄8-inch thicknesses. Pegboard and hardboard are produced using wood
strands and gums fortified together under high pressure and are utilized for apparatus
association with a workbench and as rack backing.

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 Figure 1 The Grading Stamp

3.3. Screws and Nails

The approach of the screw firearm and various kinds of driver bits for drills have made
screws a backbone of the carpentry exchange. With several various screws and sorts of
attaching equipment accessible, there is a particular screw for pretty much every work.
For most carpentry occupations you will just need to consider a couple of universally
useful tools. Despite the fact that nails are as yet favored for encircling employments,
screws have substituted nails for hanging drywall, introducing obstructing among studs,
and connecting sheathing and flooring. Screws are additionally used to connect a work
piece to mortar, block, or solid, which requires an tying down gadget. Screws are
ordered by length, space style, head shape, and measure. The thickness of the screw
body is demonstrated by the measure number. The bigger the number, the bigger the
screw. Huge screws give additional holding power; little screws are more averse to part
a work piece. There are different styles of screw space, including Phillips, opened, and
square. Square-drive screwdrivers are expanding in notoriety since they grasp the screw
head firmly, be that as it may, Phillips head screws are as yet the most well-known.

The wide assortment of nail styles and sizes makes it conceivable to pick precisely the
correct clasp for each work. Nails are recognized by their normal reason, such as
packaging, deck, or material nails; or by a physical highlight, for example, excited,
covered, or winding. A few nails come in both an excited and non-stirred form. Use
stirred nails for open air ventures what's more, non-stirred inside. Nail lengths might be
determined in inches or by numbers from 4 to 60 followed by the letter "d," which
means "penny".

Table 2 Estimating Nail Quantities

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The absolute most famous nails for carpentry ventures include:

• Common and box nails for general surrounding work. Box nails are littler in distance
across, which makes them more averse to part wood. Box nails were intended for
building boxes and containers, yet they can be utilized in any application where dainty,
dry wood will be nailed near the edge of the piece. Generally normal and box nails
have a concrete or vinyl covering that improves their holding power.

• Finish and packaging nails, which have little heads and are driven just underneath the
work surface with a nail set. Finish nails are utilized for joining moldings and other
trim to dividers. Packaging nails are utilized for nailing window and entryway
housings. They have a marginally bigger head than finish nails for better holding
power.

• Brads, or little wire nails here and there alluded to as finish nails. They are utilized
principally in cabinetry, where little nail openings are liked.

• Flooring nails, which are frequently winding shanked for additional holding capacity
to keep sections of flooring from isolating or squeaking. Winding ground surface nails
are here and there utilized in different applications, for example, introducing tongue-
and-furrow framing on roofs.

• Galvanized nails, which have a zinc covering that opposes rusting. They are utilized
for open air ventures.

• Drywall nails, when the standard clasp for drywall, are less regular today in view of
the advancement of Phillips-head drywall screws that drive rapidly with a screw
weapon or drill and offer unrivaled holding power.

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 Figure 2 Nails and Screws Types

3.4. Glues and Adhesives

At the point when utilized appropriately, pastes and glues can be more grounded than the
materials they hold together. Utilize heated glue in lightweight carpentry ventures,
craftsman's paste for wood joints, and carpentry cement for fundamental establishment of
flimsy boards furthermore, amble. Board cement, a slenderer equation that can be applied
from a cylinder or with a brush, is utilized to introduce framing, covering, and other
lightweight tongue-and-furrow materials. Brick work glue is utilized for making sure about
top courses of interlocking squares. Caulks are intended to for all time close joints, fill holes
in woodwork, and conceal inconspicuous flaws. Various caulks are made of various mixes
what's more, differ enormously in strength and usefulness. Most caulk is applied with a caulk

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firearm, yet a few sorts are accessible in crush tubes for littler applications. While silicone
caulks last more, many are not paintable and are hard to streamline. Latex caulks are less
strong than silicone, yet are a lot simpler to work with, particularly when used to stow away

holes. Caulks are accessible for attach to stone work, glass, tile, metals, wood, fiberglass, and
plastic. Peruse the mark cautiously to pick the correct caulk for the activity.

4. Tools used in sawing process

A long variety of tools are used along with sawing process to make it more accurate and
quick. Below is the list of those tools

4.1. Tape Measures

The initial phase in any carpentry venture is the taking of precise estimations. Most
tape measures are retractable, so the tape returns without any problem. Make sure your
tape has a locking system, so you can keep it reached out to an ideal length. A belt cut
is likewise basic. More extensive tapes typically have a longer champion—the
separation a tape can be stretched out previously it twists under its own weight. A long
one is an amazingly helpful component when you're estimating without an accomplice
to bolster the furthest finish of the tape. Open a tape in the store and broaden it until it
twists. It ought to have a champion of at any rate 7 feet. Measuring tapes are usually set
in 1⁄16-inch increases along the top edge and 1⁄32-inch increases for the initial six
inches over the base. Select one with numbers that are anything but difficult to peruse.
Tapes highlight a partial readout for individuals who experience issues perusing a
estimation adjusted with run marks. Most measuring tapes highlight numbers that are
stamped or on the other hand named each 16 creeps for simple stamping of studs. A
high-caliber measuring tape likewise has a two or three-bolt snare to control the
measure of play in the tape, guaranteeing your estimations are as precise as could
reasonably be expected.

4.2. Plumb Bobs, Chalk Lines & Stud Finders

The plumb weave is a basic, yet very exact instrument used to build up a line that is
plumb—or precisely vertical. Plumb weaves are generally used to discover stamping
focuses to situate a sole plate when building a divider. Plumb alludes to a theoretical
line racing to the specific focus of the surface. Consider it a line that is actually

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 opposite to a level surface. The chalk line is an apparatus used to check straight lines on
level surfaces for format or to check sheet merchandise and amble for cutting. Ordinary
chalk lines contain 50 to 100 feet of line ended up for a situation loaded up with chalk.

Continuously tap the container softly to completely cover the line with chalk before
hauling it out. To check a line, expand it from the case, pull it tight, and snap it utilizing
the thumb what's more, index finger. Chalk lines have a wrench that is utilized to reel
in the line when the activity is finished and a locking component to help keep the line
tight during checking. The greater part of the present chalk lines (now and then called
chalk boxes) twofold as plumb bounces for general use. A chalk box isn't exactly as
precise as a plumb bounce for building up a vertical line. Be that as it may, on the off
chance that you don't claim a plumb bounce, utilizing a chalk box is a simple other
option. Stud finders are battery-controlled electronic gadgets that investigate divider
thickness. They can support you find divider encircling and even electrical wires,
contingent upon the model.

4.3. Levels
Levels are fundamental to for all intents and purposes each carpentry venture. They
assist you with building dividers that are entirely vertical (plumb), racks, ledges, steps
that are level, and rooftops that slant at a right and reliable pitch. Deal with your levels.
In contrast to some different devices that can be hurled into an instrument basin without
harm, a level is a finely tuned instrument that is without any problem broken. Before
you purchase a level, test it on a level surface to ensure the vials are precise. Most
levels contain at least one air pocket measures— fixed vials with a solitary little air
bubble suspended in liquid—that show the level's direction in space at any second. As
the level is inclined, the air pocket shifts its situation inside the vial to mirror the
change. There are likewise a few kinds of electronic levels that offer advanced readouts
as opposed to utilizing an air pocket measure. Most woodworker's levels contain three
checks: one for checking level (flat direction), one for plumb (vertical direction), and
one for 45° edges. A few levels incorporate sets of measures with restricting bends to
improve intelligibility. Laser levels venture exceptionally precise light emissions
around rooms or along dividers. Numerous styles consequently build up their own level
direction.

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4.4. Squares
Squares come in numerous shapes and sizes, however they are all planned with one
universal use: to support you mark timber and sheet products for cutting. A drywall T-
square is enormous—it has a 4-foot arm so that you can make or imprint straight cuts
over a sheet of drywall or other sheet merchandise. An attempt square is incredible for
checking crosscuts on 2 × 4s, yet it is fixed, not customizable like a blend square. A
beam square (additionally speed square) or a surrounding square is ideal for stamping
points on rafters. Utilizing the correct apparatus will make your work increasingly
effective and improve the precision of your cuts.

4.5. Handsaws
Notwithstanding, there are times when utilizing a handsaw is simpler, more
advantageous, and creates better outcomes. Handsaws likewise give the do-it-yourselfer
a financially savvy option in contrast to the more significant expense of intensity
devices. For each force saw accessible today, there is a handsaw accessible that was
initially used to make a similar sort of cut. There are numerous contrasts between
handsaws. At the point when you search for a saw, search for one that is intended for
the sort of slicing you intend to do. Contrasts in handle plan and the number, shape,
what's more, point (set) of the teeth make each observed work best for explicit
applications. For general carpentry cuts, utilize a crosscut saw with 8 to 10 teeth for
every inch. Crosscut saws have pointed teeth intended to cut through wood on the
forward stroke and to develop the cut and evacuate sawdust from the kerf on the back
stroke. Continuously utilize a handsaw for its planned reason. Abuse of a handsaw will
just harm the device, dull the cutting edge, or lead to injury. At the point when saw
sharp edges become dull, take them to a proficient cutting edge sharpener for tuning.
It's worth the additional expense to guarantee the activity is done well.

4.6. Hammers
The standard mallet is a 16-ounce, bended hook finish hammer. It is intended for
driving, setting, and pulling nails. Pick a mallet with a smooth completion, a high-
carbon steel head, and a quality handle made of hickory, fiberglass, or strong steel.
More affordable steel handles frequently have empty centers that are definitely not as
productive at transmitting power to the head. This is a device that requirements to feel
great, so heave all the finish hammers accessible before buying. Straight-paw confining

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 mallets—as a rule with a 20-ounce or heavier head—are utilized for confining dividers
and other substantial errands. The additional weight helps drive huge nails with less
swings. Most surrounding hammers are unreasonably substantial for finish carpentry,
where control is of essential significance. A hammer with a non-stamping elastic or
plastic head is the best instrument for driving etches without harming the instruments.
Hammers are likewise helpful for making slight changes in accordance with a
workpiece without defacing the outside of the wood. A heavy hammer or destroy is
viable for crushing old development or changing the position of confining individuals.
A sledge is certifiably not a one-size-fits-all instrument. For most property holders, a
completing sledge with a paw will be the hammer frequently utilized, yet it's useful to
have on hand a hammer, heavy hammer, and enormous encircling

4.7. Clamps & Vises

Tight clamps and braces are utilized to hold workpieces in place during slicing or
different errands and to hold pieces together while stick sets. Your workbench ought to
incorporate a substantial woodworker's tight clamp. For claim to fame cinching
occupations, a wide assortment of cinches are accessible, including C-clasps, locking
forceps, handscrews, web clasps, or ratchettype cinches. For cinching wide stock, use
pipe clasps or bar clasps. The jaws of channel clips are associated by a steel pipe. The
separation between the jaws is restricted just by the length of the channel.

4.8. Chisels
A wood chisels comprises of a sharp steel sharp edge inclined on one face, set in a
wood or plastic handle. It cuts with light hand pressure or when the finish of the handle
is tapped with a hammer. A wood chisel is regularly used to cut pivot and lock
mortises. While making profound cuts, make a few shallow cuts of one profound cut.
Driving an chisel to make profound cuts just dulls the instrument what's more, can
harm the work piece. Hone the cutting edges of your chisels frequently. Chisels are
simpler and more secure to utilize what's more, produce better outcomes when they are
sharp.

4.9. Planes & Surface-forming rasps

Planes are intended for expelling shavings of material from amble when a saw would
cut off an excess of material and sanding would expel as well little. A hand plane

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 comprises of a dangerously sharp cutting edge, or iron, set in a steel or wood base.
Modifying the sharp edge requires some experimentation. In the wake of making a
change, test the plane on a piece before utilizing it on your workpiece. For the most
part, the shallower the cutting edge is set, the better the plane cuts. The sharp edge on a
surface-framing grate can't be balanced, yet exchangeable sharp edges are accessible
for fine and harsh work. Surfaceforming grate cutting edges have a progression of gaps
stepped in the metal, so shavings only from time to time become stopped up in the
apparatus' sharp edge. In the event that you plan on planing numerous huge workpieces,
think about buying a force planer. A force planer carries out the responsibility more
rapidly than a hand plane and with similarly fine outcomes.

4.10. Jigsaws
The jigsaw is a generally excellent compact force device for cutting bends and interior
patterns. The cutting limit of a jigsaw relies upon its capacity and the length of its sharp
edge stroke. Pick a saw evaluated to cut 2-inch-thick softwood and 3⁄4-inch-thick
hardwood stock. Numerous jigsaws have a rotating baseplate that can be bolted so you
can make slant cuts also. A variable-speed jigsaw is the best decision, since various
sharp edge styles require unique cutting rates for best outcomes. As a rule, quicker
sharp edge speeds are utilized for cutting with coarse-tooth sharp edges and more slow
speeds with fine-tooth edges. Jigsaws vibrate more than other force saws due to the all
over cutting edge activity. Be that as it may, top-quality jigsaws have an overwhelming
measure steel baseplate that decreases vibration to assist you with holding the saw
firmly against the workpiece for better control. Since jigsaw sharp edges cut on the
upward stroke, the top side of the workpiece may fragment. In the event that the wood
has a decent side to ensure, cut with this surface confronting descending. Jigsaw edges
arrive in a variety of structures for cutting various materials. Pick the correct edge for
the activity. With fine-tooth cutting edges that have at least 14 teeth for every inch, set
the saw at a low speed.

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5. Summary and Discussion
The wood products had history of use and also vital in modern applications. Carpentry
is the field which deals with the manufacturing of wooden products. In carpentry, sawing
is one of the most important process which can never be underestimated. A large variety
of techniques are in use all across the globe for sawing process. Sawing is the process of
cutting the wood with the help of saw. It is mainly used to provide a shape to a wood.
However, it has variety of long applications in carpentry. A long range of tools are used to
perform different sawing processes. They are crucial for the creation and fine production
of wooden goods. Every tool has its own shape, features and applications. Sawing has the
long history of serving humanity. Without its invention it was impossible for humanity to
achieve such advance level it is enjoying today. It provided fundamental base to almost
every new invention man made from homes to ships, from weapons to engines, from
monuments to palaces. Sawing process will continue to evolve and thrive in near future
with more modern applications and tools. With the advent of time it will improvise with
modern technologies like CNC and other technologies.

6. Conclusion
Sawing process is used in carpentry to manufacture wooden products and variety of tools
are used in this process.

7. References
[1] "American Machinist," [Online]. Available:
https://www.americanmachinist.com/machining-cutting/article/21892341/cutting-tool-
applications-chapter-15-saws-sawing#:~:text=Sawing%20is%20a%20process
%20wherein,unwanted%20section%20of%20a%20part..
[2] "American Machinist," [Online]. Available:
https://www.americanmachinist.com/machining-cutting/article/21892341/cutting-tool-
applications-chapter-15-saws-sawing#:~:text=Sawing%20is%20a%20process
%20wherein,unwanted%20section%20of%20a%20part..

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[3] "Oregon State University," [Online]. Available: https://mime.oregonstate.edu/saws-
manufacturing-process. [Accessed 12 June 2020].
[4] "Sawing Academy," [Online]. Available: https://www.ame.com/sawing-academy-
articles. [Accessed 12 June 2020].
[5] "Carpentry," in Home Skills Carpentry, Cool Springs Press, p. 131.
[6] "Scroll Saw Wood Working," in Scroll Saw Wood Working, Chapel Publishing
Company, 2009, p. 158.

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