Sawing Process

By

Mehtab Jahan

Submitted to

Engr. Ammar Ahmed

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences,

Nilore, Islamabad, Pakistan

June 12, 2020

 Department of Mechanical Engineering,
Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences (PIEAS)
Nilore. Islamabad 45650, Pakistan

Declaration of Originality

I hereby declare that the work contained in this report and the intellectual content of
this report are the product of my own work. This report was not previously published in any
way and does not contain any published work that may be considered a violation of
international copyright law.

I also declare that I understand the terms "copyright" and "plagiarism", and that in the
occurrence of any copyright infringement or plagiarism in this work, I will take full
responsibility for the consequences of such violation.

Name

Mehtab Jahan

Date

June 12, 2020

Place

PIEAS, Nilore, Pakistan

ii
 Dedication

“Dedicated to my beloved parents”

iii
 Acknowledgement
My teacher Engr. Ammar Ahmad enabled me to write this report. He is worthy of
my acknowledgement.

Then comes my family who support and motivate me.

Mehtab Jahan

iv
 Table of Content

1. Abstract:.................................................................................................................................1

2. Introduction............................................................................................................................1

2.1. Chamfer...........................................................................................................................1

2.2. Threading........................................................................................................................1

2.3. Cutoff..............................................................................................................................1

3. Chamfering.............................................................................................................................2

3.1. Purpose of Chamfering...................................................................................................2

3.2. Chamfering in Woodworks.............................................................................................2

3.3. Difference between bevel and chamfer...........................................................................2

3.4. Chamfer measurement....................................................................................................2

3.5. Process of Chamfering....................................................................................................3

3.6. Chamfering Tool.............................................................................................................3

3.7. What will give a chamfered corner.................................................................................3

3.8. Is chamfer always 45 degrees?........................................................................................3

3.9. Thickness of Chamfering................................................................................................3

3.10. What does chamfered edge look like?..........................................................................3

3.11. What do chamfer dimensions’ mean?...........................................................................4

3.12. Why chamfering is done on nuts or bolts......................................................................4

3.13. Chamfered Hole............................................................................................................4

4. Cutoff.....................................................................................................................................4

4.1. Cut-off Tools with important terminologies:..................................................................5

4.1.1. Overhang (OH).........................................................................................................6

4.1.2. Tool center height....................................................................................................7

4.1.3. Feed rate...................................................................................................................7

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 4.1.4. Insert width...............................................................................................................8

4.1.5. Pip and burr free parting..........................................................................................8

4.1.6. Never use a tool as a bar stop!.................................................................................9

4.1.7. Parting into a drilled hole.......................................................................................10

4.1.8. Thin-walled tubes...................................................................................................10

4.1.9. Coolant...................................................................................................................10

4.2. Y-axis cutting-off..........................................................................................................10

5. Threading.............................................................................................................................11

5.1. process...........................................................................................................................12

5.2. tool.................................................................................................................................12

5.3. Why Thread Turning Is Demanding.............................................................................13

5.4. Partial Versus Full Profile Inserts.................................................................................13

5.5. Multi-Tooth Inserts.......................................................................................................14

5.6. Infeed Per Pass..............................................................................................................14

5.7. Infeed Methods..............................................................................................................15

5.7.1. Radial infeed..........................................................................................................15

5.7.2. Flank infeed............................................................................................................15

5.7.3. Modified flank infeed (recommended)..................................................................15

5.7.4. Alternating flank infeed.........................................................................................15

5.8. Clearance Angle Compensation....................................................................................16

5.9. Miniaturization and Specialization...............................................................................16

6. Summary and Discussion.....................................................................................................17

7. Conclusion............................................................................................................................17

8. References............................................................................................................................18

vi
 Table of Figures
Figure 1......................................................................................................................................7
Figure 2 Illustration....................................................................................................................7
Figure 3 Conceptual illustration.................................................................................................8
Figure 4 Conceptual illustration.................................................................................................8
Figure 5 Conceptual illustration.................................................................................................9
Figure 6 Conceptual illustration...............................................................................................10
Figure 7 Conceptual illustration...............................................................................................10
Figure 8 Conceptual illustration...............................................................................................11
Figure 9 Conceptual illustration...............................................................................................11
Figure 10 Conceptual illustration.............................................................................................12
Figure 11 Conceptual illustration.............................................................................................13

vii
 List of Tables
Table 1........................................................................................................................................9
Table 2........................................................................................................................................9

viii
1. Abstract:
Chamfering, cutoff and threading on lathe is widely used all across the world in the machine
manufacturing fields. Their use range from small products like screws or nails to large pipes
or machineries. These techniques are not only necessary for the proper functioning of
products but also vital for their long time term reusability. Each of these process has its own
features and applications. It depends on conditions or demand of product to be manufactured
to determine which process is to be used. Each process involve different types of tools and
skills.

2. Introduction
A lathe is a machine tool that rotates a workpiece about an axis of rotation to perform various
operations such as cutting, sanding, knurling, drilling, deformation, facing, and turning, with
tools that are applied to the workpiece to create an object with symmetry about that axis.
Lathes are used in woodturning, metalworking, metal spinning, thermal spraying, parts
reclamation, and glass-working. Lathes can be used to shape pottery, the best-known design
being the Potter's wheel. Most suitably equipped metalworking lathes can also be used to
produce most solids of revolution, plane surfaces and screw threads or helices. Ornamental
lathes can produce three-dimensional solids of incredible complexity. The workpiece is
usually held in place by either one or two centers, at least one of which can typically be
moved horizontally to accommodate varying workpiece lengths. Other work-holding methods
include clamping the work about the axis of rotation using a chuck or collet, or to a faceplate,
using clamps or dog clutch. Examples of objects that can be produced on a lathe include
screws, candlesticks, gun barrels, cue sticks, table legs, bowls, baseball bats, musical
instruments (especially woodwind instruments), crankshafts and much more. Lathe is used
for tuning operation which includes following.

2.1. Chamfer
A chamfer or is a transitional edge between two faces of an object. Sometimes defined as a
form of bevel, it is often created at a 45° angle between two adjoining right-angled faces.
Chamfers are frequently used in machining, carpentry, furniture, concrete formwork, mirrors,
printed circuit boards, and to facilitate assembly of many mechanical engineering designs.

1
2.2. Threading
Threading is the process of creating a screw thread. More screw threads are produced each
year than any other machine element. There are many methods of generating threads,
including subtractive methods (many kinds of thread cutting and grinding, as detailed below);
reformative or transformative methods (rolling and forming; molding and casting); additive
methods (such as 3D printing); or combinations thereof.

2.3. Cutoff
The cutting machines are used to cut parts to a chosen length. Cutting is a common practice
within Production activities. Parts may be pre-processed from raw stock to final cutting or
Rough cutting length for continuing manufacturing steps.

3. Chamfering
A chamfer is a transitional edge between two countenances of an item. Once in a while
characterized as a type of incline, it is regularly made at a 45° point between two bordering
right-calculated appearances.

Chamfers are as often as possible utilized in machining, carpentry, furniture, concrete

formwork, mirrors, printed circuit sheets, and to encourage get together of numerous
mechanical building plans [1].

3.1. Purpose of Chamfering

Mechanical engineers use chamfers to "ease" in any case sharp edges, both for security
and to forestall harm to the edges. A "chamfer" may here and there be viewed as a kind of
"slant", and the terms are regularly utilized conversely. Chamfers might be framed either
inside or outside the connecting appearances of an item or room.

3.2. Chamfering in Woodworks

Chamfering is making a little cut, generally at a 45-degree edge, to expel a 90 degree edge.
Chamfering is utilized in carpentry, in glass cutting, in design, and in CAD, and it's

2
additionally a helpful device for deburring. A chamfer is regularly explicitly used to allude to
an angled edge associating two surfaces

3.3. Difference between bevel and chamfer

A chamfer is actually a sort of slant, yet the contrast between the two is that a slant is an edge
that is inclined and a chamfer is an edge that associates two surfaces at a 45-degree point,
while a's slant can be any edge aside from 90 or 45 degrees

3.4. Chamfer measurement

The chamfer is estimated as the Height or width (or either if 45). Here and there on the
off chance that they have a chamfer that is (for instance) 30 then the drawing ought to
explicitly call tallness or width.

3.5. Process of Chamfering

Chamfering is a fundamental activity after string cutting with the goal that the nut may
pass uninhibitedly on the strung work piece. It expels the burrs and sharp edges, and
subsequently makes the dealing with safe. Chamfering should be done by possible by a
structure apparatus having an edge equivalent to chamfer which is commonly kept at
45°.

3.6. Chamfering Tool

A Chamfer or deburring apparatus is utilized to make a slope or wrinkle on the finish of
a jolt. The Uniburr is a deburring apparatus that appended as far as possible of a drill to
help repair the tip of a jolt

3.7. What will give a chamfered corner

You can chamfer a corner by determining the separation on one side of the chamfer and
the chamfer edge. On the strip, in the Chamfer Options board, check the chamfer length
and edge esteems.

3
3.8. Is chamfer always 45 degrees?
A chamfer is actually a sort of slant, yet the distinction between the two is that an incline
is an edge that is slanted and a chamfer is an edge that interfaces two surfaces at a 45-
degree edge, while a's slant can be any point aside from 90 or 45 degrees.

3.9. Thickness of Chamfering

Contingent upon the quality of the material the sheet or plate metal thickness is up to 15
mm with a quality of 400 N/mm². At the most extreme conceivable material quality of 600
N/mm², metal sheets and plates up to 6 mm thick can be machines.

3.10. What does chamfered edge look like?

As another known meaning of chamfering is cutting sections of fluctuating shapes, it bodes
well that a chamfered edge would be viewed as a "transitional edge." But on the off chance
that it is an edge that isn't opposite, doesn't go to a sharp point, and isn't at 45 degrees, at that
point it is an angled edge

3.11. What do chamfer dimensions’ mean?

The measurement plans empower you to effectively characterize the chamfer plane point and
separation. Distinctive measurement plans bring about various chamfer geometry. ... Point x
D—Create a chamfer a way off (D) from the chose edge along one contiguous surface at a
predefined edge (Angle) to that surface.

3.12. Why chamfering is done on nuts or bolts

The chamfer is utilized to permit the leader of a screw or fastener to sit underneath the
surface (for example a flush fit), instead of standing out. It is likewise utilized when playing
out a 'deburring' activity; running a little cutting instrument around the edge of an opening
(particularly in metalworking) to evacuate any sharp edges or splinters.

4
3.13. Chamfered Hole
A countersink (image: ⌵) is a cone shaped gap cut into a fabricated item, or the shaper used
to cut such an opening. ... In this manner, countersinks cover in structure, work, and here and
there name with chamfering end mills.

4. Cutoff
The cutting machines are used to cut parts to a chosen length. Cutting is a common practice
within Production activities. Parts may be pre-processed from raw stock to final cutting or
Rough cutting length for continuing manufacturing steps.

The most common types of cutting machines used in industry are: abrasive cutting wheel,
ribbon Sewing, shaving, lathe, wire EDM, etc. Other types of cutting machines and processes
include: diamond-typed disks or needles, or wire covered with diamonds. Lathe is one of
most common machines used for cutoffs.

The cut-off process can be accelerated through the use of a stock feeding mechanism such as
a hopper, conveyor or other Controlled feed mechanism or feed uncut stock manually into a
cutting machine.

Automatic cutting machines normally need very little setup time or expense. Large and
medium lots will provide the greatest value for money. Manual cutting operations tend to be
more practical than automatic cutting machines

Cutt-off is mainly carried out in bar feed machines which are often used in mass production.
The cut-off operation is usually only a small part of the total machining time of the
component and thus not normally seen as a target area for time savings. However, some
components do have additional features to be machined in the sub spindle, after the cutting
sequence. If chips wrap around the component, clamping of the next part in the sub-spindle
can be prevented. If this happens the machine produces either scrap or stop. Chips wrapping
around the finished part in successive operations (heat treatments, deburring, assembly, etc.)
may cause problems and damage the surface finish. Given that cut-off is usually one of the
last operations to be performed on the component, safety is of major importance. The
component is usually scrapped if the tool breaks during partitioning. This can trigger long
machine stoppages.

5
4.1. Cut-off Tools with important terminologies:
Since process security is of great importance, the choice of a tool with precision coolant is
preferable. This will evacuate chips, reduce wear, insert temperature and improve surface
finish. For best stability use a tool with the shortest possible overhang and a secure insert
clamping. It is important to save material and minimize cutting force when cutting out a
component, bar, or tube. A narrow insert saves material and produces lower cutting forces.
Choose a geometry insert designed for cut-off. These specialist inserts create narrower chips
than the groove. This leads to a sectioning operation with good chip control and surface
finish.

One- and two-edge solutions for different cutting-off operations should be considered the
First Choice. Using inserts designed to manufacture chips that are narrower than groove.

For small part machining, use an insert with the smallest width and sharpest cutting edges.
For best process security, use a tool with precision coolant. If superior tool edge sharpness is
not necessary, choose a 3-edge or 2-edge insert for a more economical solution or for larger
diameters [2].

4.1.1. Overhang (OH)

Reduce overhang to a minimum. A shorter overhang and higher blade both decrease bending
down (ÿ) by cubic function when parting-off bars. A short overhang dramatically increases
stability. This is particularly important when cutting thin inserts which demand stable
conditions and gentle handling.

 Using a light cutting geometry for eventual long OH

 If the OH is below 1.5 range H, use the recommended geometry feed
 If the OH exceeds 1.5 H, lower feed rate for the geometry to the lower end of the
recommended feed

6
 Figure 1

Figure 2 Illustration

4.1.2. Tool center height

It is necessary to have the correct center height of ±0.1 mm (±0.004 inch), especially
when cutting-off to center. Using a maximum deviation of +0.1 mm (+0.004 inch) above
center for long overhangs to compensate for the bending down.

Positioning below center causes:

 Increased pip
 Breakage (unfavorable cutting forces)

7
 Figure 3 Conceptual illustration
Positioning at center causes:
 Breakage (pushing through center)
 Rapid flank wear (small clearance)

Figure 4 Conceptual illustration

4.1.3. Feed rate

Cutting through the center of a bar creates unnecessary demands for toughness which can
lead to breakage insertion. The insert is exposed to rubbing here, as the workpiece starts
moving in the opposite direction of cutting. This action exposes the insert to tensile
tension, which contributes to breakage.

Reduce feed by approx. 75 per cent. 2 mm (0.08) "in front of center. Lower feed at the
center reduces cutting forces and dramatically increases the life of the tool, while higher
peripheral feed improves productivity and the life of the tools. Stop feed approx. to
prevent breakage. 0.5 mm (0.02 inch) before the center of the bar and, due to its weight
and length, the cut-off part will go down [3].

8
4.1.4. Insert width

Figure 5 Conceptual illustration

Table 1

D mm (inch) CW mm

 -10 (-0.4)  1.0

 10–25 (0.4–
 1.5
1.0)

 25–40 (1.0–
 2.0
1.6)

 40–50 (1.6–
 2.5
2.0)

 50–65 (2.0–
 3.0
2.6)
 
4.1.5. Pip and burr free parting
Choose a front-angled, left- or right-hand insert to guide the pip or burr while separating
bars or tubes. A large front-angled insert decreases pipes and burrs but may not produce a
straight cut and may lead to reduced chip control, poor surface finish and short life of the
tool. Use as little as possible of a front angled insert. Use neutral inserts for longer
overhangs-the longer the tool, the greater the problems with front-angled inserts.

9
 Table 2

Front
Neutral
angle

Stability and tool life Bad Good

Radial cutting forces Low High

Axial cutting forces High Low

Pip/burr Small Large

Risk of vibration High Low

Surface finish and

Bad Good
flatness

Chip flow Bad Good

Figure 6 Conceptual illustration

4.1.6. Never use a tool as a bar stop!

This is not good for any tool as it will damage the tool, especially not for small insert widths.

10
 Figure 7 Conceptual illustration

4.1.7. Parting into a drilled hole

Figure 8 Conceptual illustration

Avoid partitioning into the conical region, as this causes deflection of the blade and can
lead to breakage of the tool.

4.1.8. Thin-walled tubes

Ensure the lowest possible cutting forces are produced when cutting into thin-walled
pipes. Using inserts with the shortest width and sharpest cutting edges possible.

11
 Figure 9 Conceptual illustration

4.1.9. Coolant
The use of coolant and lubrication in cutting-off  has a significant impact on process safety.
More information and recommendations regarding over- and under-coolant, precision
coolant, and pressure can be found in the Cutting Fluid and Coolant section.

4.2. Y-axis cutting-off

Y-axis cutting-off is a is a whole new way of parting. Most of the cutting force is generated
in conventional cutting-off by cutting speed, and the rest by cutting feed. The resulting force
is guided into the tool about 30 degrees. The cutting-off blades are loaded thereby in their
second weakest direction. The best way to beat this is to reduce the blade overhang and/or
increase the height of the blade. The resulting cutting force will be directed into the tool 's
strongest direction by turning the tip seat 90 degrees and using the Y-axis on multi-task
machines and turning centers to feed the tool. This increases the bending stiffness more than
six times, at a blade overhang of 60 mm (2.36 inch). This results in a much more stable,
quiet, and vibration-free cutting process which provides better surface finish and allows for
higher feed levels and longer tool overhang.

12
 Figure 10 Conceptual illustration

5. Threading
Threading on the lathe is a process that produces a helical ridge of uniform section on the
work piece. This is performed by taking successive cuts with a threading tool bit the same
shape as the thread form required.

Today engine lathes and CNC lathes are the commonly used machines for single-point

threading. On CNC machines, the process is quick and easy (relative to manual control) due to
the machine's ability to constantly track the relationship of the tool position and spindle position
(called "spindle synchronization"). CNC software includes "canned cycles", that is,
preprogrammed subroutines, that obviate the manual programming of a single-point threading
cycle.[6] Parameters are entered (e.g., thread size, tool offset, length of thread), and the machine
does the rest.

All threading could feasibly be done using a single-point tool, but because of the high speed and
thus low unit cost of other methods (e.g., tapping, die threading, and thread rolling and forming),
single-point threading is usually only used when other factors of the manufacturing process
happen to favor it

5.1. process
The tool bit is shaped with a profile that matches that of the thread.  The tool advances by one
step for each revolution of the work piece. Furthermore, the tool bit draws a cylindrical helix.

13
Figure 11 Conceptual illustration
Threading on a lathe is never performed in a single pass. In fact, the tool repeats the same
path of the previous pass

It is necessary to take into account various factors such as:

 Profile shapes
 Stability of the machine and work piece
 Profile depth.

5.2. Tools
Tools for turning threads have benefited from the same improvements in coatings and
material grades that have improved turning tools overall. In addition, there have been design
improvements in thread turning inserts resulting in better chip control. In spite of these
changes, however, manufacturing engineers tend to spend little time optimizing their
threading operations, seeing the thread machining process as a “black box” that doesn’t lend
itself to incremental improvement.

In fact, the thread machining process can be engineered for better efficiency. The first step is
to understand some basic topics in thread machining.

5.3. Why Thread Turning Is Demanding

14
Thread turning is more demanding than normal turning operations. Cutting forces are
generally higher, and the cutting nose radius of the threading insert is smaller and therefore
weaker.

In threading, the feed rate must correspond precisely to the pitch of the thread. In the case of
a pitch of 8 threads per inch (tpi), the tool has to travel at a feed rate of 8 revolutions per inch,
or 0.125 ipr. Compare that to a conventional turning application, which may have a typical
feed rate of around 0.012 ipr. The feed rate in thread turning is 10 times greater. And the
corresponding cutting forces at the tip of the threading insert can range from 100 to 1,000
times greater.

The nose radius that sees this force is typically 0.015 inch, compared to 0.032 inch for a
regular turning insert. For the threading insert, this radius is strictly limited by the allowable
radius at the root of the thread form as defined by the relevant thread standard. It’s also
limited by the cutting action required, because material can’t be sheared the way it can be in
conventional turning or else thread distortion will occur.

The result of both the high cutting force and the more narrow concentration of force is that
threading inserts see much more stress than what is typical for a turning insert.

5.4. Partial Versus Full Profile Inserts

Partial profile inserts, sometimes referred to as “non topping” inserts, cut the thread groove
without topping or cresting the thread. (See Figure 1.) One insert can produce a range of
threads, down to the coarsest pitch—that is, the smallest number of threads per inch—that is
permitted by the strength of the nose radius of the insert [4].

This nose radius is designed to be small enough that the insert can machine various pitches.
For small pitches, the nose radius will be undersize. This means the insert will have to
penetrate deeper. For example, a partial profile insert machining an 8-tpi thread requires a
thread depth of 0.108 inch, while the same thread produced with a full profile insert requires
only the specified depth of 0.081 inch. The full profile insert therefore produces a stronger
thread. What’s more, the full profile insert may produce the thread in up to four fewer
machining passes.

15
5.5. Multi-Tooth Inserts
Multi-tooth inserts feature multiple teeth in series, with a given tooth cutting deeper into the
thread groove than the tooth that went before it. (See Figure 2.) With one of these inserts, the
number of passes required to produce a thread can be reduced by up to 80 percent. Tool life is
considerably longer than that of single-point inserts because the final tooth machines away
only one half or one third of the metal in a given thread.

However, because of their high cutting forces, these inserts are not recommended for thin-
wall parts—chatter can result. Also, the design of a workpiece machined with one of these
inserts needs to have a sufficient amount of thread relief to allow all of the teeth to exit the
cut.

5.6. Infeed Per Pass

The depth of cut per pass, or infeed per pass, is critical in threading. Each successive pass
engages a larger portion of the cutting edge of the insert. If the infeed per pass is constant
(which is not recommended), then the cutting force and metal removal rate can increase too
dramatically from one pass to the next [5].

For example, when producing a 60-degree thread form using a constant 0.010-inch infeed per
pass, the second pass removes three times the amount of metal as the first pass. And with
each subsequent pass, the amount of metal removed continues to grow exponentially.

To avoid this increase and maintain more realistic cutting forces, the depth of cut should be
reduced with each pass.

5.7. Infeed Methods

At least four infeed methods are possible. (See Figure 3.) Few recognize how much impact
the choice among these methods can have on the effectiveness of the threading operation.

5.7.1. Radial infeed 

While this is probably the most common method of producing threads, it is also the least
recommended. Since the tool is fed radially (perpendicular to the workpiece centerline),

16
metal is removed from both sides of the thread flanks, resulting in a V-shaped chip. This form
of chip is difficult to break, so chip flow can be a problem. Also, because both sides of the
insert nose are subjected to high heat and pressure, tool life will generally be shorter with this
method than with other infeed methods.

5.7.2. Flank infeed 

In this method, the infeed direction is parallel to one of the thread flanks, which normally
means the tool feeds in along a 30-degree line. The chip is similar to what is produced in
conventional turning. (See Figure) Compared to radial infeed, the chip here is easier to form
and guide away from the cutting edge, providing better heat dissipation. However, with this
infeed, the trailing edge of the insert rubs along the flank instead of cutting. This burnishes
the thread, resulting in poor surface finish and perhaps chatter.

5.7.3. Modified flank infeed (recommended) 

This method is similar to flank infeed except that the infeed angle is less than the angle of the
thread—that is, less than 30 degrees. This method preserves the advantages of the flank
infeed method while eliminating the problems associated with the insert’s trailing edge. A
29½-degree infeed angle will normally produce the best results, but in practice any infeed
angle between 25 and 29½ degrees is probably acceptable.

5.7.4. Alternating flank infeed 

This method alternately feeds the insert along both thread flanks, and therefore it uses both
flanks of the insert to form the thread. The method delivers longer tool life because both sides
of the insert nose are used. However, the method also can result in chip flow problems that
can affect surface finish and tool life. This method is usually only used for very large pitches
and for such thread forms as Acme and Trapeze.

5.8. Clearance Angle Compensation

Some threading insert and tool holder systems provide the ability to precisely tilt the insert in
the direction of the cut by changing the helix angle. This feature provides a higher quality
thread because it tends to prevent the insert from rubbing against the flank of the thread form.
It also provides a longer tool life because the cutting forces are evenly distributed over the
full length of the cutting edge.

17
An insert that is not tilted in this way—one that holds the cutting edge parallel to the
centerline of the work piece—creates unequal clearance angles under the leading and trailing
edges of the insert. (See Figure) Particularly with coarser pitches, this inequality can cause
the flank to rub.

Adjustable systems permit the angle of the insert to be tilted by changing the orientation of
the tool holder’s head, generally using shims. Precise adjustment results in leading and
trailing edge angles that are equivalent, ensuring that edge wear will develop uniformly.

5.9. Miniaturization and Specialization

Inserted tools are available to permit internal thread turning of bores down to about 0.3 inch
in diameter. Producing the threads for these small bores through turning offers many
advantages. The quality of the thread formed is usually higher, the insert design allows chips
to flow out of the bore with little damage to the thread, and the ability to index the tooling
results in a lower cost for tooling.

The carbide used for these applications is generally a grade that permits machining at low
surface speeds. For an internal threading application in a small hole, machine tool limitations
generally leave anything other than a low surface speed out of the question.

Technology improvements have expanded the application range of thread turning tools, and
the move to internal thread turning of small bores is one example of this. In spite of the
expanded range of standard tools, however, manufacturers continue to encounter special
problems that justify custom tooling. (See Figure) Special tooling developed in cooperation
with the tool supplier is an option that shouldn’t be overlooked when searching for the right
threading tool for a particular job.

6. Summary and Discussion

A machine for shaping wood, metal, or other material by means of a rotating drive which
turns the piece being worked on against changeable cutting tools. It is used for turning
operations like Chamfering, Cutoff, and Threading. The cutting machines are used to cut
parts to a chosen length. Cutting is a common practice within Production activities. Parts may
be pre-processed from raw stock to final cutting or Rough cutting length for continuing

18
 manufacturing steps. Different cutoff tools are used for different process and materials. Life
of tool is highly dependent on overhang, tool center height, and feed rate. Coolant is also used
almost every time for cutoff. Y-axis cutting-off is relatively new technique and solves some
problems faced with conventional cutting off. Thread cutting on the lathe is a process that
produces a helical ridge of uniform section on the workpiece. This is performed by taking
successive cuts with a threading tool bit the same shape as the thread form required. Today
engine lathes and CNC lathes are the commonly used machines for single-point threading. On
CNC machines, the process is quick and easy (relative to manual control) due to the
machine's ability to constantly track the relationship of the tool position and spindle position.
Threading on a lathe is never performed in a single pass. In fact, the tool repeats the same
path of the previous pass. Thread turning is more demanding than normal turning operations.
Cutting forces are generally higher, and the cutting nose radius of the threading insert is
smaller and therefore weaker. Inserts are very important for threading [6].

7. Conclusion
Chamfering, cutoff and threading on lathe machine is excessively used all across the world in
machining and manufacturing of products.

8. References
[1 M. S. D. S. Ramandeep Singh, Study of
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