Encuentro Nacional de Respuestas al Cambio Climático:

Calidad del Aire, Mitigación y Adaptación

Cd. de México, junio 27 a julio 1, 2016

Factores de emisión de
contaminantes climáticos de vida corta

Emissions Factors of
Short-lived Climate Pollutants

Luisa T. Molina and the SLCF Project Team

 Outline
 Short-lived Climate Pollutants
– Sources of Black carbon
– Sources of Methane
 Characterization of SLCPs in Mexico
– Transport
– Livestock
– Cookstoves
– Brick Production
– Wastewater Treatment
– Landfill
– Oil/Gas
 What are Short-Lived Climate Pollutants?

Black carbon (BC)

Tropospheric ozone (O3)
Methane (CH4)
Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs)
• Relatively short-lived in the atmosphere
• Act as air pollutants (except HFCs)
• Contribute to global and regional climate change
• Multiple benefits of reducing SLCPs:
o Reduce air pollution - Protect public health and crops
o Slow down near-term global warming, reduce regional
impacts of climate change
 Sources of Black Carbon
 Black carbon (BC) is a major component of soot; it is produced from
the incomplete combustion of fossil fuels, biofuels, and biomass.
 It is emitted directly into the atmosphere in the form of fine particles.
 Primary sources of BC include diesel engines, small industrial sources,
solid biofuels for cooking & heating, agricultural and forest fires.

10%
25% of global
BC emissions

50%
7%

Some 60% of the total BC emissions is amenable to control

 Sources of CH4 emissions
Municipal waste
Agriculture

Fossil fuel extraction & production Landfill

Pipeline leakage Wastewater treatment

Rice paddy
Fugitive methane emissions from shale
gas
Black carbon emissions (Gg) by sources in
2013 for Mexico
Total BC emissions =125 Gg

[Source: INEGEI, 2013]

Methane emissions (Gg) by sources in 2013
for Mexico

Total methane emissions = 4,500 Gg

[Source: INEGEI, 2013]

 Pilot Project on Short-Lived
Climate Pollutants in Mexico

Characterization of methane, black carbon and

co-pollutants from key emissions sources
 SLCFs-Mexico 2013
Sectors and measurement locations

MONTERREY

L  Landfills

W  Wastewater

LS  Livestock
GUANAJUATO
OG Oil and gas QUERETARO

M  Mobile
MICHOACAN VERACRUZ

CS Cook stoves MEXICO

FEDERAL
DISTRICT
BK Brick kilns
 Transport (On-Road and Off-Road)
Participants:
Molina Center for Energy and Environment (MCE2)
Aerodyne Research Inc. (ARI)
Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM-CCA)
Tecnológico de Monterrey campus Toluca (ITESM-Toluca)
Ambientalis
California Air Resources Board (CARB)
Instituto Nacional de Ecología y Cambio Climático (INECC)
Secretaría del Medio Ambiente del Distrito Federal (SEDEMA)
RTP, METROBUS, COCA COLA-FEMSA, TURIBUS
Planta de Asfalto del DF
Secretaría de Obras y Servicios del DF
GeoConstruccion
Sistema Maíz
Characterization of Emissions from Key Sources

Aerodyne Mobile Lab

SLCF Mexico-2013

 Complementary measurements –
Mexican universities and research institutions, government
officials and NGOs
 SLCFs-Mexico: Transport Sector
Chasing diesel trucks at the RTP Modulo 23
What vehicles we measured?

 17 buses, 16 commercial trucks,

102 Metrobuses (March 2013).
 EPA98, EPA03, EPA04, EURO3-5,
HYBRID.
 SLCFs-Mexico
How we measured?
Chasing on-site Remote Sensing
Emissions ratios were
obtained by correlating
the sampled exhaust
plume (gaseous or
particle) signals with
above background CO2,
which acts as a
combustion tracer.
Chasing Metrobuses
Stationary Sampling On-board measurements
 SLCFs-Mexico
HDDT Emissions Factors
Measurement of BC emissions from off-road vehicles

Site A Site B
Testing Testing
area areas

Installation Installation
area area

ECOSTAR AVL Micro-Soot Sensor AXION R/S

From ITESM From CARB From UNAM

CO, CO2, NO, NO2 CO, CO2, NOX, PM10

BC in PM
 Measurement of BC emissions from off-road vehicles
Baseline vs filtered emissions
EXCAVATOR
Selected vehicles included
backhoes, tractor, crane, hammer,
front loaders, bulldozers,
compressor, and power generators,
representing an important variety of
heavy- and medium-duty diesel off-
road vehicles. Baseline
With filter
-2
20 6 100 0.2
-3

10
-3
x10

x10

4 Baseline
Baseline
80 WithDPF
filter
2 With
-3
4 10
20 60 6 100 0.2 10
[g/s]

-3

-3
x10

x10
4
10 0.1 4
2
40 80 2
-4
2 10
4 1
20 60 4
4
10 20.1
-5 2
0 0 0 0.0 40 10
2 0.1
CO2 CO NO2 NO BC
20 4

Significant BC reductions were observed when using Diesel Particle Filters 2

0 0 0 0.0 0.01
 Summary: Results from Transport Sector
 Black carbon emission factors for public transport buses are higher
than for metrobuses and service diesel trucks. Substantial
differences were present depending on the driving modes.
 Turibuses presented the smaller BC and OC emission factors. High
BC emitters were also high OC emitters in all driving conditions.
 Gaseous species presented a different emissions distribution
compared to PM distributions. Average NOx emission ratios were
similar among the sampled vehicles and had small variability.
 Metrobuses present predominantly emission factors in bi-modal
(acceleration and cruising) driving conditions. This has implications
for the design and evaluation of emissions inventories for these
sources.
 A new database of emission factors for on-road and off-road vehicles
is available, however, more studies are needed.
 Livestock Enteric Fermentation
Participants
Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma del
Estado de México
Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma de
Yucatán
FMVZ-Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Veracruz
Molina Center for Energy and Environment (MCE2)
Aerodyne Research Inc. (ARI)
Methane is produced in the rumen from the fermentation
of forages by the action of rumen anaerobic microbes

A diet rich in forages

resulting in higher
CH4 production.
Low quality forages
also increase CH4
production

The rumen is the fermentation chamber of

ruminants and 95% of all CH4 is produced here
 In vivo Measurements of Methane Emissions
Climate zones in Mexico

Warm
semi-humid
Tropical, Yucatán
Humid warm (2)
Veracruz
(1)

Toluca (5)

Temperate
sub-humid

Two methodologies:
- AML at UNAM in Martínez de la Torre, Veracruz and UAEM, Toluca in 2013
- Respiration chamber at UADY and UAEM
 Dual tracer release experiments AML
First measurement of enteric methane emission from cattle in Mexico
Expt at Faculty of Veterinary Medicine-UNAM in Martinez de la Torre, Veracruz
Tropical climate region (Feb 16-17, 2013)
Dual purpose cattle

Expt at Faculty of Veterinary Medicine-UAEM, Toluca

Temperate climate region (March 4-5, 2013)
Beef cattle
 Tracer Ratio Emission Method
Known release rates of tracer compounds spatially separated are
measured after atmospheric advection.
The ratio of methane to tracer measured downwind is used to infer
the methane release rate.

CH4 emission rate is given by Qm = Qt ΔCm/ΔCt

Qm = CH4 emission rate
Qt = SF6 release rate
ΔCm = measured CH4 mixing ratio above background
ΔCt = measured SF6 mixing ratio above background
Ref: Lamb et al., ES&T (1995)
Generation of in vivo methane emission factors
using respiration chambers

In an open-circuit respiration chamber, external air is allowed into the

chamber where it is mixed with the gases exhaled by the animal. The
mixture is drawn by means of a pump through an outlet towards the gas
analyzer where they are quantitatively measured.
 Respiration Chamber built in Yucatán for
in vivo measurements

A Nellore (Bos indicus) bull inside a respiration chamber fed a tropical grass and
equipment for measuring methane (Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science,
University of Yucatan)
Effect of different secondary metabolites (tannins, saponins, oils) with potential
to reduce enteric methane production were tested with cattle in vivo.
 Livestock, environment and renewable energy sources
laboratory at UAEM.

 One head-box type respiration chamber

Methane emissions for high yielding dairy cows and dual
purpose cows measured by different methods
Experimental Measurement
Experiment Breed
site method

Tropical cattle. Faculty of Open-circuit

Mérida, Yucatán Dual purpose
Veterinary Medicine UADY respiration chamber

Tropical cattle. Faculty of Martínez de la Dual tracer release

Dual purpose
Veterinary Medicine UNAM Torre, Veracruz flux method

Temperate climate cattle. Open-circuit

Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Toluca, México respiration chamber Holstein
UAEM of the head box type

Temperate climate cattle.

Dual tracer release
Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Toluca, México Holstein
flux method
UAEM

Enteric methane emission by cattle and sheep were measured for the first time in
Mexico using two different methods. The results compare reasonably well.
o Higher emissions were registered by high yielding Holstein cows in Toluca because their
diet is of better quality than in the tropical climate regions. High yielding cows produce less
methane per unit of product than the cows in the tropical climate regions.
 Wood-Burning Cookstoves
Participants
Aerodyne Research Inc. (ARI)
Molina Center (MCE2)
UNAM-CCA
UNAM-Morelia
GIRA
 Stove Performance Evaluation
Standard Testing Protocol
• The Water Boiling Test (WBT)

– The WBT is intended to measure stove performance under

standardized laboratory conditions:
– The goal is to compare stoves performing a standard task, to see
which can most effectively combust the fuel and transfer the heat
into the cooking vessel.
– Standard task: boiling water

• Controlled Cooking Test (CCT)

– Comparison of the stove to the traditional cooking method as
used by local cooks preparing common meals.

Collecting all emissions released in order to determine the

most fuel efficient and cleanest-burning stove design
 List of
Cookstoves
Studied by AML
Measurement Site: Patzcuara,
Michoacan, GIRA
Patsari metálica Onil

Ecostufa Patsari Ecocina

Ludeé Biché La mera mera Comal-tortilla

Measurements using Compact Dilution Stack
Sampler (UNAM-CCA)

Measurement Site: Improved Cookstove

Laboratory, UNAM, Campus Morelia
 Emission ratios for PM composition from the
cookstoves sampled from the AML

Emission ratios for the cook stoves sampled from the AML for PM composition
during the “cold start” (CS) and “simmer test” (ST) sampling periods of the WBT.
 Emission ratios for methane and other compounds
from the cookstoves sampled using AML

Emission ratios for the cookstoves sampled during the 2013 intensive field campaign for SO2,
NOX, CH4, C2H6, C2H2, and N2O during the “cold start” (CS) and “simmer test” (ST) periods.
 Brick Production
Participants
Molina Center for Energy and Environment (MCE2)
Aerodyne Research Inc. (ARI)
Instituto Nacional de Ecología y Cambio Climático (INECC)
Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM)
Universidad Autonóma Metropolitana (UAM-I)
Gamatek (GT)
Instituto de Ecología del Estado de Guanajuato (IEEG)
Desert Research Institute (DRI)
Brick producers (El Refugio and Abasolo)
 Brick kilns measurement locations

El Refugio, León, Guanajuato Abasolo, Guanajuato

 Brick kilns characteristics
Tons of
Fuels Burning Produced
Brick kiln Fuels
bricks
cooked Pollutants
(kg) (hr)
bricks
MK2 El Refugio
Pine, Indian Laurel,
Poplar, Eucalyptus,
2430 17.6 4989 20.5
Pirul, Ficus, Ash tree,
Mesquite, Manure
 CH4
TRAD1 El Refugio  BC
 NOx
Poplar, Eucalyptus,
 VOCs
Pirul, Ficus, Ash tree, 4230 20.5 9727 38.4
Mesquite, Manure
 CO
 CO2
 N2O
TRAD2 Abasolo  SO2
Avocado, Diesel,
7710 3.8 21765 65.9
Sawdust
 Brick kiln emissions measurements
DOWNWIND

 High-time resolution (~1 sec)

gaseous and PM measurements.
 Emission rates were obtained using
the tracer method by continuously
locating the AML downwind of the
plume and using a controlled tracer
emission rate.
AT THE SOURCE
 Measurements included PM2.5 mass Qtz filterQsampler
with quartz filters that were Tracer release
point
analyzed for inorganics, elemental
and organic carbon using thermo-
optical methods.
Ethyl Acetate tracer
 Additional measurements included
temperature, wood consumption,
fuel’s carbon content, and brick’s
quality.
 Summary: Results from brick Productions
 The MK2 was cleaner on average than the traditional kiln but only subtly
indicating the cover and filter on the MK2 is useful but other factors may
be more important.
 The fixed traditional kiln had the highest BC emission ratios but also
lastest the shortest 3 hours vs 20 hours.
 The results have revealed a complex evolution of emission factors for the
brick production process. Observed black carbon emissions ratios are
highly correlated with furnace temperature, whereas organic composition
is correlated with the kiln’s temperature.
 Energy consumption is an important parameter for determining the
efficiency of the kiln. However analysis of trade-offs between burning
time duration and overall emissions are needed to taken into account for
assessing the performance of the kiln.
 Time evolution of emission factors is kiln dependent , during what part of
process and for what length of time does a kiln emit more.
 Need to create a bigger dataset (more kilns).
 Landfills
Participants
Aerodyne Research Inc. (ARI)
Molina Center for Energy and Environment (MCE2)
Instituto Nacional de Ecología y Cambio Climático (INECC)
Bioeléctrica de Nuevo León (BENLESA)
Secretaria de Obras y Servicios del CDMX
 Measuring Sites for Landfills
BENLESA Bordo Poniente
Nuevo Leon Mexico City

1.8 km

2.2 km

 Has methane capture  Operated since 1985, the landfill

technology at different locations was already in closure process
depending on age and (not trash disposed), but included
composition a trash separation facility
 Measuring Emissions from Landfills
 The methane and selected VOCs emissions from the landfills were
measured using the “tracer ratio emission method”

Methane Emissions
from BENLESA
Landfills
Methane
is being
captured

Active biogas collection zone

exhibited much lower apparent
Methane is emissions of methane than the
not being uncontrolled landfill sector.
captured
 Wastewater Treatment Plants
Participants
UNAM Instituto de Ingeniería
Aerodyne Research Inc.
Molina Center for Energy and the Environment
Municipal Wastewater Treatment facilities hosting the measurement sites

Wastewater treatment (WWT) can produce methane if it is degraded

anaerobically. The extent of CH4 production depends primarily on the
quantity of degradable organic material in the wastewater, the
temperature, and the type of treatment system.
Distribution of WWTP by region and technologies
15 facilities from three regions (north, central and
south) were selected to account for the wide ranges of
temperature in the country.

Three different treatment technologies

Activated sludge with anaerobic digestion
Up-flow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket reactor
Stabilization ponds
Stabilization Ponds
Activated sludge with anaerobic digestion
 Summary of CH4 conversion and emission factors by
operation practices

Wastewater treatment process CH4 conversion factor* (m3/kg VSrem)

Activated sludge with anaerobic “Best practices” “Poor operation”

digestion 0.46 ± 0.03 0.19 ± 0.02

CH4 emission factor (kg/kg BODrem)

“Best practices” “Poor operation”

Stabilization ponds
0.45 ± 0.13 0.66 ± 0.115

CH4 emissions factor (m3/kg CODrem)

“Best practices” “Poor operation”

UASB
0.24 ± 0.011 0.39 ± 0.06
 Summary: WWTP Methane Emissions
 CH4 emissions from wastewater treatment varies among regions,
depending on the environmental and operating conditions. Thus, specific
emission factors could be considered as indicators of differences in
treatment systems between each region.

 The theoretical values of CH4 emissions from anaerobic wastewater

treatment process using the IPCC methodology present an overestimation
compared to actual CH4 emissions obtained in the field.

 The results allow us to reach level 3 of the IPCC methodology, estimating

our own emission factors for the main systems of WWT in Mexico.

 In the specific case of activated sludge with anaerobic digestion process, it

will be important to measure CH4 on the mono-landfills used for the disposal
of sewage sludge. Currently, there are no data regarding methane
emissions from these sites.

 For stabilization ponds, it is very important measure CH4 emissions

throughout the year in order to describe the temporal and seasonal
variability present.
 Oil and Gas
Participants
Molina Center for Energy and Environment (MCE2)
Aerodyne Research Inc. (ARI)
Instituto Nacional de Ecología y Cambio Climático (INECC)
Instituto Mexicano del Petróleo (IMP)
Petroleos Mexicanos (PEMEX)
Measuring Emissions from oil and gas facilities

 Three oil and gas

facilities (Tajin 2&4,
Tajin 5, and Punta de
Piedra using the tracer
release method.

 These are “baterias”,

separating the incoming
crude oil and gas.

 Quantified methane
emissions from direct
leaks are reported.
 Summary of results from oil-gas measurements

 The AML measured individual plumes from gas leaks and flares from
the oil and gas facilities and emissions were estimated using the
tracer-release method.
 The variability of the emissions rates estimated from the three sites
(Tajin 2, Tajin 5 and Punta de Piedra) demonstrates the importance of
local-based measurements in building up accurate inventories from oil
and gas facilities.
 An estimated BC average emission rate of 0.48 g/kg of fuel
(equivalent to 0.32 g/m3 gas flared at STP) was obtained at the Punta
de Piedra site.
 Summary: SLCPs Emissions Characterization
 Database of emission factors for several key emissions sectors have been
measured using different methodologies.
 The selection of sampling sites was guided by information about the
emissions, the types of technology used at the sites, as well as security
and accessibility to infrastructure and services.
 In most sectors, the emissions factors were obtained for the first time in
Mexico. e.g.,
– enteric methane emission by livestock were measured for the first time
in Mexico using two different methods in 2 different climate zones;
– WWTP emissions factors were obtained for 3 different technologies;
– EFs differed from those used previously for inventories calculation.
 The variability of the emissions factors estimated demonstrates the
importance of local-based measurements.
– Substantial variability in management and operating conditions
 A larger database is needed in building up accurate inventories.
 Acknowledgements
 Financial support
Global Environmental Facility, UNEP, INECC, USAID, MCE2

 SLCF-Project Participants
MCE2, INECC, ARI, UNAM-CCA, UNAM-II, UAEM, UADY,
UNAM-Morelia, GIRA, TEC-Toluca, CARB, UAM-I, Gamatek,
IMP

 Many collaborators, including:

SEDEMA, Secretaría de Obras y Servicios del DF, RTP, Metrobus,
Coca-Cola Femsa, Bioeléctrica de Nuevo León (BENLESA), Planta de
Asfalto del DF, GeoConstruccion, Sistema Maíz, Instituto de Ecología del
Estado de Guanajuato (IEEG), DRI, Brick producers (El Refugio and
Abasolo), PEMEX, EcoZoom, Eco-Estufa, Helps International, Municipal
wastewater treatment plants from many states
THANK YOU!

¡GRACIAS!