Department of Home & Health Sciences

Block No. 06, Sector H-8,

Allama Iqbal Open University, Islamabad.

Basic Statistics (3685)

Assignment No. 01

Submitted to:
Dr. Faisal Shahzad
Block No: 6
Dept. of Home & Health Sciences,
Allama Iqbal Open University, Sector H-8,
ISLAMABAD, (0300-6327630)

Submitted by:
Muhammad Hammad Manzoor
4th Semester, Roll No. BN-523998
M. Sc Sustainable Environmental Design
OGIL, # 514, 5th Floor, Continental Trade Centre (CTC)
Block – 08, Clifton, KARACHI
explorationist@gmail.com / (0332-527 2364)
 Basic Statistics (3685)

Q. No. 1: What is Statistics, elaborate descriptive and inferential statistics in details?

(20 Marks)
Answer)

Statistics has been defined as the science that teaches us what is the political

arrangement of all the modern states of the known world. The word statistics also refers
to “numerical facts systematically arranged”.
In second place, it is defined as a discipline that includes procedures and techniques
used to collect process and analyse numerical data to make inferences and to reach
decision on the face of uncertainty.

Characteristics of Statistics
The statistics as data have following characteristics:
 Statistics are aggregates of facts
 Statistics are affected to a great extent by multiplicity of causes
 Statistics are numerically expressed
 Statistics are enumerated or estimated according to reasonable standards of
accuracy
 Statistics are collected in a systematic manner
 Statistics are collected with a definite object in view
 Statistics are capable of being placed in relation to each other.

Limitations of Statistics
 Statistical results are true only on the average or in the long run.
 Statistics deals with the facts which can be numerically measured.
 If sufficient care is not exercised in the collection, analysis and interpretation of
data, statistical results may be fallacious and misleading.
 Only a person who has as expert knowledge of statistics can handle statistical
data efficiently.
 Statistics provides only the tools for analysis. It cannot, however, change the
nature of causes affecting statistical data.

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By: M. Hammad Manzoor, M.Sc Sus. Env. Design, 514, 5th Floor, Continental Trade Centre (CTC), Clifton – 08, Karachi. (Roll No. BN-523998)
 Basic Statistics (3685)

Statistics as a subject is divided into two Descriptive and Inferential Statistics.

 Descriptive Statistics
Descriptive Statistics is also called deductive statistics. It is that branch of
statistics which deals with the concepts and methods concerned with
summarization and description of the important aspects of numerical data. This
area of study consists of the condensation of data, their graphical displays and
the computation of a few numerical quantities that provide information about the
centre of the data and indicate the spread of the observations.
The descriptive statistical is presented in various forms, such as tables, graphs,
and diagrams. The main purpose of deductive statistics is to present the
information in such a way as can readily help the decision makers.
 Inferential Statistics
Inferential or inductive statistics deals with procedures for making inferences
about the characteristics that describe the large group of data or the whole, called
the population, from the knowledge derived from only a part of the data, known
as sample. This area includes the estimation of population parameters and
testing of statistical hypotheses. This phase of statistics is based on probability
theory as the inferences which are made on the basis of sample evidence,
cannot be absolutely certain.

Comparison between Descriptive statistics and Inferential Statistics

Descriptive statistics Inferential Statistics

A cricket player wants to find his A cricket player wants to estimate
score average for the last 20 his chance of scoring based on his
games. current season average.
Aamir wants to describe the Based on the first four test scores,
variation in his four test scores in
Aamir would like to predict the
Statistics. variation in his final Statistics test
scores.
Mrs. Rashid wants to determine the Based on the last six months
average weekly amount she spent grocery bills, Mrs. Rashid would like
on groceries in the past 6 months. to predict the average amount she
will spend on groceries for the
upcoming year.

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By: M. Hammad Manzoor, M.Sc Sus. Env. Design, 514, 5th Floor, Continental Trade Centre (CTC), Clifton – 08, Karachi. (Roll No. BN-523998)
 Basic Statistics (3685)

Q. No. 2: In a study conducted by the department of mechanical engineering at

Verginia Tech, the steel rod supplied by two different companies was compared. Ten
sample springs were made out of the steel rods supplied by each company, and a
measure of flexibility was recorded for each. The data are as follows:

Company 9.3 8.8 6.8 8.7 8.5

A 6.7 8.0 6.5 9.2 7.0
Company 11.0 9.8 9.9 10.2 10.1
B 9.7 11.0 11.1 10.2 9.6

i) Calculate the sample mean and median for the data of the two
companies.

ii) Plot the data for the two companies on the same line and give
your impression regarding any apparent differences between the
two companies.
Answer i)
Company A ∑ = 79.5
Company B ∑ = 102.2

Mean for company A

∑X
=
n
79.5
=
10
=7.95

Mean for company B

∑X
=
n
102.2
=
10
=10.22

For median of company A we have to arrange the data i.e.

6.5, 6.7, 6.8, 7.0, 8.0, 8.5, 8.7, 8.8, 9.2, 9.3

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By: M. Hammad Manzoor, M.Sc Sus. Env. Design, 514, 5th Floor, Continental Trade Centre (CTC), Clifton – 08, Karachi. (Roll No. BN-523998)
 Basic Statistics (3685)

For Median of company A

8.0+8.5
= ( )
2
=8.25
For Median of company B
102.2
=
10
=10.22

Answer ii)

25

Company B
20

15
Flexibility

10
Company A

0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Steel Rods

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By: M. Hammad Manzoor, M.Sc Sus. Env. Design, 514, 5th Floor, Continental Trade Centre (CTC), Clifton – 08, Karachi. (Roll No. BN-523998)
 Basic Statistics (3685)

Q. No. 3: (a) Can you select a claim that the average age of numbers of parliament is
at least 50. If a random sample of 36 members has a mean age of 48.7 with a
standard deviation of 3.1 years. Assume all member ages are normally distributed;
Test at the 0.01 level.

(b) Assume that the normal adult pulse rate is distributed normally with mean 70, and
standard deviation 8. If a group of 560 people suffering from a certain disease have
an averages pulse rate of 75, is the significantly different from 70, and if so, is this
fact of any diagnostic value?

Answer a)
Null and Alternative Hypothesis
H0 = µ ≥ 50
H1 = µ ≤ 50
Level of Significance
α = 0.01
Test Statistic
(X−µ)
Z= S
√n
(48.7−50)
Z= 3.1
√36
−13
Z=
0.5167
Z = −2.52
Critical Region

−Zα
-2.33

As our calculated value lies in rejection region. So, we REJECT our H0 and conclude
that average age of members is less than 50.

6
By: M. Hammad Manzoor, M.Sc Sus. Env. Design, 514, 5th Floor, Continental Trade Centre (CTC), Clifton – 08, Karachi. (Roll No. BN-523998)
 Basic Statistics (3685)

Answer b)
Null and Alternative Hypothesis

H0: µ = 70
H1: µ ≠ 70
Level of Significance

α = 0.05
Test Statistic

(X−µ)
Z= σ
√n
(75−70)
Z= 8
√560
5
Z=
0.338
Z = 14.79
Critical Region

−Zα/2 +Zα/2
-1.96 +1.96

As our calculated value lies in rejection region. So, we REJECT our H0 and conclude
that test is significant.

7
By: M. Hammad Manzoor, M.Sc Sus. Env. Design, 514, 5th Floor, Continental Trade Centre (CTC), Clifton – 08, Karachi. (Roll No. BN-523998)
 Basic Statistics (3685)

Q. No. 4: (a) We want to learn about the relationship between education and
prevalence of smoking in a particular community. A sample of 585 individuals
(education wise) and smoking habit wise (at least 100 cigarettes in life time) are
given below. Test the significance that there is no association between education
level and smoking.

Current Smoker
Highest Education Level Yes No
1 High school degree 12 38
2 Associate degree 18 67
3 Some degree 27 95
4 Undergraduate degree 32 239
5 Graduate degree 5 52

(b) What is meant by Skewness. Explain in detail about its types.

Answer a)

H0 = There is no association between education level and smoking.

H1 = There is association between education level and smoking.

Level of Significance
α = 0.05
Level of Significance
(0−𝑒)2
X2 = ∑
𝑒

Calculation

0 e (0-e) 2/e
12 8.03 1.96
18 13.66 1.38
27 19.60 2.79
32 43.55 3.06
5 9.16 1.89
38 41.96 0.37
67 71.34 0.26
95 102.40 0.53
239 227.45 0.59
52 47.84 0.36
∑ 13.19

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By: M. Hammad Manzoor, M.Sc Sus. Env. Design, 514, 5th Floor, Continental Trade Centre (CTC), Clifton – 08, Karachi. (Roll No. BN-523998)
 Basic Statistics (3685)

V = (r-1) (c-1)
V = (5-1) (2-1)
V = (4) (1)
V=4
Critical Region

A.R R.R

X2 α (r-1) (c-
1)
X2 0.05,4
9.49

Our calculated values lies in rejection region. So, we conclude that there is association
between education level and smoking.

Answer b)

The Moderately Skewed or Asymmetrical Distribution

A frequency distribution is said to be skewed when it departs from symmetry.

Positively Skewed

20

15

10

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By: M. Hammad Manzoor, M.Sc Sus. Env. Design, 514, 5th Floor, Continental Trade Centre (CTC), Clifton – 08, Karachi. (Roll No. BN-523998)
 Basic Statistics (3685)

Negatively Skewed
20

15

10

The Extremely Skewed or J-Shaped distribution

Here the frequencies run up to maximum at one end of range, having the shape of the letter
J or its reverse. Most of the distribution in economic or medical statistics belongs to
extremely skewed distribution.

U-Shaped Distribution

In such distribution the maximum frequencies occurs at both ends and a minimum towards
the centre, shaped more or less like the letter U. A distribution is this type is rare.

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By: M. Hammad Manzoor, M.Sc Sus. Env. Design, 514, 5th Floor, Continental Trade Centre (CTC), Clifton – 08, Karachi. (Roll No. BN-523998)
 Basic Statistics (3685)

Q. No. 5: (a) Write a brief note on regression and correlation.

(b) Investigators at a sports health center are interested in the relationship between
oxygen consumption and exercise time in athletes recovering from injury.
Appropriate mechanics for exercising and measuring oxygen consumption are set
up, and the results are:

Exercise Time (min) Oxygen Consumption

0.5 620
1.0 630
1.5 800
2.0 840
2.5 840
3.0 870
3.5 1010
4.0 940
4.5 950
5.0 1130

Find regression and correlation from the given data.

Answer a)

Exercise Time Oxygen XY XZ YZ

(min) Consumption
0.5 620 310 0.25 384400
1.0 630 630 1.00 396900
1.5 800 1200 2.25 640000
2.0 840 1680 4.00 705600
2.5 840 2100 6.25 705600
3.0 870 2610 9.00 75690
3.5 1010 3535 12.25 1020100
4.0 940 3760 16 883600
4.5 950 4275 20.25 902500
5.0 1130 5650 25 127690
∑X=27.5 ∑=8630 ∑=25750 ∑X =96.25 ∑Y =7672500
2 2

Regression line of Y on X

Y= a + bx

∑X ∑Y
b= n∑XY−
2 2
n ∑X –(∑X)

10(25750) − (27.5)(8630)
=
10(96.25) − (27.5)2
= 97.8

11
By: M. Hammad Manzoor, M.Sc Sus. Env. Design, 514, 5th Floor, Continental Trade Centre (CTC), Clifton – 08, Karachi. (Roll No. BN-523998)
 Basic Statistics (3685)

Answer 5 (b)

a= Y – b X
∑X
X= n
27.5
X= 10

X = 2.75
∑Y
Y=
n
8630
Y=
10
Y = 863
a = 863 – 97.8 (2.75)
= 594
Y= 594 + 97.8 X

Co-efficient of Correlation
n∑XY − ∑ X. ∑Y
r=
√[𝑛∑X 2 − (∑X)2 ][n∑Y 2 − (∑Y)2 ]

10(25750) − (27.5)(8630)
r=
√[10(96.25) − (27.5)2 ][10(7672500) − (8630)2 ]

r = 0.9369

12
By: M. Hammad Manzoor, M.Sc Sus. Env. Design, 514, 5th Floor, Continental Trade Centre (CTC), Clifton – 08, Karachi. (Roll No. BN-523998)