Metode Dating

Geologi Kuarter
Sejarah Perkembangan Dating Kuarter
• Dendrochronology (tree-ring dating) awal abad 20
• Andrew Douglass & Edmund Schulmann
• Berdasarkan pada perubahan musim
• Musim dengan penguapan tinggi: tanaman tumbuh lebih besar, menghasilkan
sel berukuran besar dengan dinding sel tipis, warna terang pada penampang.
• Musim dengan penguapan rendah: tanaman kurang berkembang,
menghasilkan sel berukuran kecil dengan dinding sel tebal, warna lebih gelap.
• Laboratorium untuk Tree-ring Research, University of Arizona, 1937
Dendrochronology
Penampang mikroskopis sebuah
batang pohon dengan lapisan
terluar di sebelah kanan
Kelemahan Dendrochronology
Pohon Hidup
Tertua Di Dunia
• There are a number of reasons why North
America hosts the oldest trees on the globe.
• Its deforestation did not begin until the 1700s.
It is the birthplace of the science of
dendrochronology, with the longest history of
tree-ring investigations. It also hosts some long-
lived species of trees.
• The bristlecone pines of the White Mountains in
California are, almost without doubt, the oldest
trees in the world, and were discovered almost
by accident by dendrochronologist Edmund
Schulman in the 1950s, said Malcolm Hughes, a
Regents’ professor at UA and former director of
the Laboratory of Tree-Ring Research.
• Stunted by short growing seasons and twisted
by wind, bristlecones grow at tree line or just
below. They are unlikely looking champions. The
largest of them do not reach 50 feet in height.
• Trouet said the bristlecone has the right
ingredients for longevity — slow growth, hard
wood and an environment that is not attractive
to insects.
Radiometric Dating
• Perkembangan paling signifikan dan mulai dikembangkan setelah PD2
• Berdasarkan temuan bahwa peluruhan elemen radioaktif dapat
digunakan untuk penentuan umur
• World’s first radiocarbon dating lab, University of Chicago, 1948
• Terus dikembangkan untuk menambah pengetahuan tentang proses
peluruhan nuklir
Radiocarbon 14
( C)
Dating

Dating berdasarkan pada isotop karbon 14C

(Carbon 14) yang relatif tidak stabil
Isotop karbon stabil : Carbon 12 dan Carbon
13

Struktur atom karbon normal (Carbon 12) : 6

proton, 6 nucleon, 6 elektron
Pembentukan
14C

14N + cosmic ray  14C

 Proses
keberadaan 14C
di makhluk hidup
dan siklusnya
Fraksi isotop karbon
14C = one part per trillion (0.0000000001%) 1/1012
 14
Peluruhan C (Decay)
Masalah Radiocarbon Dating
• Jumlah awal C14 sebelum decay?
Kalibrasi Radiocarbon Dating
• Kurva kalibrasi
• INTCAL (98, 04, 09, 13)
• Tree-ring, varves, coral, other studies

• INTCAL13 (terupdate)
• Foram, U-TH dated speleothems
• Once testing has produced a sample
age in radiocarbon years, with an
associated error range of plus or minus
one standard deviation (usually
written as ±σ), the calibration curve
can be used to derive a range of
calendar ages for the sample.

• The calibration curve itself has an

associated error term, which can be
seen on the graph labelled "Calibration
error and measurement error".

• Simply reading off the range of

radiocarbon years against the dotted
lines, as is shown for sample t2, in red,
gives too large a range of calendar
years.
This graph shows INTCAL13 data for the calendar years 3100 BP to
3500 BP.
The solid line is the INTCAL13 calibration curve, and the dotted
lines show the standard error range—as with the sample error,
this is one standard deviation.
 Precision & Accuracy
in Dating

• Precision relates to the

statistical uncertainty that
is associated with any
physical or chemical analysis
that is used as a basis for
determining age
• Accuracy refer to the
degree correspondence
between the true age of
sample and that obtain by
the dating process.
Walker, 2005