SUBMITTED BY:

HALF LIFE FAIQUE HASSAN

SUMBITTED TO:
AND MAAM UMM-E-UMMARA
ROLL NUMBER:
RADIOACTIV BSENG-M-39(GROUP-8)

E DATING
 SUMMARY
 HALF LIFE
THE TIME TAKEN FOR THE RADIOACTIVITY OF A
SPECIFIED ISOTOPE TO FALL TO HALF ITS ORIGINAL
VALUE.
 "IODINE-131 HAS A HALF-LIFE OF 8.1 DAYS“
 SYMBOL

THE NUMBER OF RADIOACTIVE NUCLEI DECREASES

FROM N TO N/2 N ONE HALF-LIFE, THEN TO N/4 IN THE
NEXT, AND TO N/8 IN THE NEXT. THE PROBABILITY OF
DECAY IS THE SAME NO MATTER WHEN YOU START
COUNTING. THIS IS LIKE RANDOM COIN FLIPPING. THE
CHANCE OF HEADS IS 50%, NO MATTER WHAT HAS
HAPPENED BEFORE.
Radioactive decay reduces the number of radioactive nuclei over time. In one half-life , the number
decreases to half of its original value. Half of what remains decay in the next half-life, and half of
those in the next, and so on. This is an exponential decay

EQUATION
The quantitative relationship between the original number of nuclei present at time zero ( and the
number () at a later time :

where e = 2.71828 is the base of the natural logarithm, and is the decay constant for the nuclide.
shorter the half-life,
the larger is the value of

For integral numbers of half-lives, you can just divide the original number by 2 over and over again,
rather than using the exponential relationship. For example, if ten half-lives have passed, we divide N
by 2 ten times. reduces it to N/1024. For an arbitrary time, not just a multiple o ft he half-life, the
exponential relationship must be used.
 RADIOACTIVE DATING
 The technique of comparing the abundance ratio of a radioactive isotope to
a reference isotope to determine the age of a material is called radioactive
dating
Radioactive dating is a clever use of naturally occurring radioactivity. Its most famous
application is carbon-14 dating.Carbon-14 has a half-life of 5730 years and is
produced in a nuclear reaction induced when solar neutrinos strike in the atmosphere.
Radioactive carbon has the same chemistry as stable carbon, and so it mixes into the
ecosphere, where it is consumed and becomes part of every living organism. Carbon-
14 has an abundance of 1.3 parts per trillion of normal carbon. Thus, if you know the
number of carbon nuclei in an object (perhaps determined by mass and Avogadro’s
number), you multiply that number by to find the number of C-14 nuclei in the
object. When an organism dies, carbon exchange with the environment ceases, and is
not replenished as it decays. By comparing the abundance of C-14 in an artifact, such
as mummy wrappings, with the normal abundance in living tissue
 EXAMPLE OF RADIOACTIVE
DATING
 One of the most famous cases of carbon-14 dating involves the Shroud of
Turin, a long piece of fabric purported to be the burial shroud of Jesus .
This relic was first displayed in Turin in 1354 and was denounced as a
fraud at that time by a French bishop. Its remarkable negative imprint of
an apparently crucified body resembles the then-accepted image of Jesus,
and so the shroud was never disregarded completely and remained
controversial over the centuries. Carbon-14 dating was not performed on
the shroud until 1988, when the process had been refined to the point
where only a small amount of material needed to be destroyed. Samples
were tested at three independent laboratories, each being given four pieces
of cloth, with only one unidentified piece from the shroud, to avoid
prejudice. All three laboratories found samples of the shroud contain 92%
of the C-14 found in living tissues, allowing the shroud to be dated.
 OTHER FORMS OF RADIOACTIVE
DATING
 There are other forms of radioactive dating. Rocks, for example, can
sometimes be dated based on the decay of U-238. The decay series
for U-238 ends with Pb-206 , so that the ratio of these nuclides in a
rock is an indication of how long it has been since the rock
solidified. The original composition of the rock, such as the absence
of lead, must be known with some confidence. However, as with
carbon-14 dating, the technique can be verified by a consistent body
of knowledge. Since U-238 has a half-life of years, it is useful for
dating only very old materials, showing, for example, that the oldest
rocks on Earth solidified about years ago.
 HUMAN AND MEDICAL
APPLICATIONS
 1)CHERNOBYL DISASTER
More than 100 people died soon after its
meltdown, and there will be thousands of deaths from radiation-
induced cancer in the future. While the accident was due to a series
of human errors, the cleanup efforts were heroic. Most of the
immediate fatalities were firefighters and reactor personnel. Half life
methods were used to estimate the future effects on the
neighbouring population as cancer and different diseases .These
methods were also used to estimate the amount of Cs-137 emitted
during Chernobyl explosion
2) Therapeutic Uses of Ionizing Radiation
Radiotherapy uses chemically inert radioactive
implants. One use is for prostate cancer. Radioactive seeds (about 40 to
100 and the size of a grain of rice) are placed in the prostate region. The
isotopes used are usually (6-month half life) or (3-month half life). Alpha
emitters have the dual advantages of a large QF and a small range for
better localization .Radiopharmaceuticals are used for cancer therapy
when they can be localized well enough to produce a favorable
therapeutic ratio. Thyroid cancer is commonly treated utilizing radioactive
iodine. Thyroid cells concentrate iodine, and cancerous thyroid cells are
more aggressive in doing this