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Vol. 24, No. 5, 2015, 3-14 pISSN : 1225-8326 eISSN : 2287-4380
≫총 설 ≪
Chul-Seoung Baek*,***, Jun-Hoyung Seo*, Ji-Whan Ahn**, Choon Han*** and Kae-Hong Cho*
*R&D Department, Korea Institute of Limestone and Advanced Materials
**Korea Institute of Geoscience and Mineral Resources
***Department of Chemical Engineering, Kwangwoon University
요 약
청정석탄발전기술 중 하나인 순환유동층보일러(CFBC) 기술의 고도화에 따라 국내외 로내탈황 기술개발 현황과 국내외 유동층보
일러용 석회석의 탈황특성 연구현황을 조사하였다. 석회석계 탈황제는 고온탈황특성이 우수한 원소 중 하나로 850-950oC 내외에서
최적의 탈황특성을 가지고 있다. 그리고, 탈황시험방법에 따라 흡수제 표면의 격막의 확산반응, 입자의 크기, 기공의 수량, 크기 및
구조에 의한 탈황공정의 효율성을 결정할 수 있다. 2015년 이후 대형 순환유동층형발전소의 본격적인 가동에 따라 석회석의 광상
학적, 결정학적 특성 및 소성특성과 연계된 추가적인 연구가 필요한 것으로 사료된다.
Abstract
This study investigated that status of domestic and international furnace desulfurization and desulfurization characteristics of
limestone for fluidized bed use depending on the technology for CFBC one of the CCPs. Limestone-based desulfurizing agent
is one of the superior elements which are optimal at around 850-950oC on high temperature desulfurization. And effectiveness
of desulfurization process can be determined by the desulfurization experiment method such as diffusion reaction of the dia-
phragm of the absorber surface, the size of the particles, the pores of the quantity, size and structure. And, desulfurization effi-
ciency depending on geological and crystallographic properties and calcination process of limestone needs additional research
in the future.
Key words : High temperature dry desulfurization, Circulating fluidized bed combustion (CFBC), Desulfurizating agent,
Limestone, Calcium oxide
· Received : July 17, 2015 · Revised : August 10, 2015 · Accepted : August 24, 2015
Corresponding Author : Kae-Hong Cho (E-mail : khcho99@kilam.re.kr)
Research Development office, Korea Institute of Limestone & Advanced Materials, Udoek-ri 63, Maepo-eup, Danyang-gun,
Chungcheongbuk-do, 395-903 Korea
ⓒThe Korean Institute of Resources Recycling. All rights reserved. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms
of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/), which permits
unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
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Under AFBC Low Flow rate, Small Power Producers Industry 10-20
Atmospheric
air pressure CFBC Fast flow rate, Particle Circulating Industry Power plant 30-500
PFBC Heavy scale, Non Particle Circulating Power plant 70-300
Pressurization 10atm
PCFBC Development stage Power plant
e
ΔH=182.1kJ/gmol (1-1) 여기서 식 3-2의 PCO2 는 고체입자 반응표면온도에서
• [CaO Desulfurization, about 450 oC] i
의 평형에 대한 CO2 압력, PCO2 는 유동화된 가스의
CaO + SO2 → CaSO3 (1-2) CO2분압, P는 전체압력, yt는 층온도에 의존하는 상수,
• [CaO Desulfurization, above 740oC] k는 reverse carbonation reaction의 반응속도이며 상압
CaO + SO2 + 1/2O2→ CaSO4 일 경우 CO2의 몰분율 (k = yCO2) 와 같다. 그리고, 식
0
ΔH=-481.4kJ/gmol (1-3) 3-3의 R은 단위면적당 질량손실속도, PCO2 와 PCO2 는
• [Desulfurization in the absence of Oxygen, 측정분압 및 평형압, R0는 질소분위기에서의 단위면적
above 830oC] 당 질량손실속도, B는 온도의존상수이다. 그리고, 식 3-
4CaSO3 → 3CaSO4 + CaS (2-1) 4의 x는 소성반응의 전환률, k는 소성반응 속도상수, d0
• [CaS oxidized to CaSO4, above 830oC] 는 초기입자의 크기, t는 반응시간이다.
CaS + 2O2 → CaSO4 (2-2) 소성과정이 종료된 산화칼슘은 연소과정에서 최종적
으로 식 1-3 또는 식 2-2 반응을 통해 황산화물과 결
석회석에서 CO2가 방출되는 것은 반응영역에서의 합하여 CaSO4를 생성하며 고체생성물의 조성은 온도
CO2의 압력과 반응물의 온도 함수에 따라 진행되며, 반 및 반응가스의 조성에 의존한다.18) 산화칼슘은 식 1-2
응표면이 수축됨에 따라 오버랩되고 있는 CaO 입자의 와 같이 450oC까지는 CaSO3로 존재하고, 740oC까지는
쉘(Shell)이 생성되는 수축핵 메커니즘을 통해 설명될 CaSO3와 CaSO4의 혼합물로 존재하며 식 1-3과 같이
수 있다.11) 석회석의 소성시간은 광물의 2차원적 단면 740oC이상에서는 CaSO4만 존재한다. 그리고, 분위기 가
적 형상에 따른 계수값에 따라 (두께)2으로 증가하며 고 스에 산소가 부족한 경우 식 2-1과 같이 CaS, CaSO3,
유한 열전달계수 및 열전도도의 영향을 받는다.12) 석회 CaSO4의 혼합물로 존재하고 식 2-2와 같이 830oC 이
석의 소성반응은 기-고 계면사이에서 일어나는 열전달 상에서는 CaS, CaSO4의 혼합물로만 존재한다. 산소가
속도와 미반응표면에서 분리된 CO2가 계면까지 이동하 충분한 경우 CaS가 고온에서 산화되어 CaSO4로 전환
는 확산속도가 소성반응속도를 결정한다.13-16) 된다.19) Fig. 4는 유동층보일러에서의 황산화물과 석회
소성반응은 석회석내의 CaCO3가 열에 의해 CaO와 석의 반응다이어그램이다.
CO2로 분해/방출되는 반응이며, 아래 식 3-1과 같이 일 그러나, 탈황반응의 전체적인 반응률은 반응생성물인
반적인 상압에서의 소성반응의 평형상수는 CO2의 몰분 CaSO4의 Molar Volume이 CaCO3나 CaO보다 커서
율에 의해 결정된다. 즉, 소성반응은 기상중의 CO2농도 이론적으로는 전체 칼슘성분 중 56.7%만이 탈황반응에
(분압)에 의해 영향을 받으며 CO2의 농도가 증가할수 참여가 가능한데, 이는 CaO 표면에 생성된 기공으로
록 반응을 저해하므로 전체적인 탈황효율을 감소시키 인해 발생되는 pore plugging 및 pore mouth closure
게 된다. 아래 식 3-2은 CO2가 다수 포함된 분위기 현상에 기인한다.20) 석회석의 로내 탈황반응에서의 화
환경에서의 CaCO3와 CaO의 반응표면에서의 화학반응 학반응인 Gas-Solid 반응은 불균질촉매반응의 틸레
에 의한 반응속도17)이며, 식 3-3은 CO2의 압력과 반응 (Thiele) 모듈러스와 유사한 파라미터값에 따라 수축핵
물의 온도의 함수에 따른 소성속도식이며, 식 3-4는 입 모델(Shrinking Core Model) 또는 입자모델(Grain model)
자크기가 작은 경우 수축핵 모델에 의해 수정된 반응 및 기공모델(Pore model)을 적용해야 하며, 아래 식 3-
속도이다. 5을 통해 적용 가능모델을 결정할 수 있다.21,22)
n–1
FpVp (1 – ε)kCA0 Ag
k = yCO2 (3-1) σ = ----------
- -------------------------- ----- (3-5)
Ap De Vg
e i
Qc = k(PCO2 – PCO2 – Pyt ) (3-2) 여기서 Fp 는 입자의 형상계수(판상형 = 1, 실린더
0
1 – (PCO2/PCO2 ) 형 = 2, 스피어형 = 3), Vg 및 Vp 는 입자 및 펠릿의
1
R = ----------------------------------- + ----- (3-3) 부피(cm3), Ag 와 Ap 는 입자 및 펠릿의 단면적(cm2),
BPCO2 R0
CA0 는 가스상 반응물의 농도, Dε 는 기공내부의 확산
k - ⎞3
x = 1 – ⎛⎝1 – ------- t (3-4) 계수이며 계산된 고체-기체 반응계수(σ)가 σ < 0.3의 경
d0 ⎠
0.6
우 입자 및 기공모델을 적용하고, σ > 3.0의 경우 수축
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Fig. 5. Schematic sequence of reactions for calcination, sulfation and hydration of a limestone particle.
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Table 3. Limestone-based desulfurizing agent of fluidized bed boiler used for international research
Properties
Researcher Species Production Site CaO (#Ca) MgO (Mg) SiO2 BET (Porosity)
(*wt.%) (wt.%) (wt.%) (m2/g)
Borgwardt and Harvey 91* 8 - 1.8*1)
Hartman and Coughlin 98* 0.4 - -
Dolomite Huntsville, OH 51.8 43.3 20.0(0.43)
Dolomite Gibsonburg, OH 53.4 45.4 36.7(0.33)
Dolomite Plymouth Meeting, PA 64.2* 29.5 19.1(0.33)
Fan & Fee *
Dolomite Harrisburg, IL 73.06 12.5 7.59(0.33)
(1984)
Limestone Morgantown, WV 80.4* 3.5 6.64(0.35)
Limestone Lowellville, OH 93.2* 1.6 17.7(0.33)
*
Limestone Morgantown, WV 97.8 0.6 12.0(0.42)
Limestone Stevns Chalk 55.2 0.29 0.36 9.9-11.8
Limestone Aggersund Chalk 51.6 0.43 4.86
Limestone Faxe Bryozo 55.1 0.43 0.45 16.4
Limestone Katholm 51.3 0.52 5.73 14.9
Limestone Faxe Koral 55.2 0.46 0.24 18.0
Limestone OySter shell 53.2 0.61 2.14 2.1
Limestone Snagtrup 33.7 0.32 37.1
Limestone Ignaberga 49.8 0.55 8.33
Johansen
Limestone Faxe Bryozo 54.8 0.31 0.55 6.0
Limestone Faxe Industri 55.2 0.47 0.34 15.8
Limestone Gotland 50.7 1.37 3.33 12.9
Limestone Faxe Bryozo 54.8 0.31 0.55 6.0
Dolomite Malaga dolomite 30.9 21.4 0.06
Limestone Carmeuse 50.8 1.01 5.27
Limestone Malaga calcite 54.3 1.2 0.39
Limestone Forby 52.5 1.36 3.43 19.6
Limestone Faxe Grainstone 35.38# (0.19)
Limestone Faxe Coral 35.18# (0.23)
#
Limestone Texada Island 34.73 (0.18)
Limestone Sormony 31.13# (0.25)
Laursen
Limestone Havelock 33.63# (0.26)
(1999)
#
Limestone Luscar 31.62 (1.10)
Limestone Calpo 31.49# (0.21)
Limestone Strassburg 38.87# (0.44)
#
Limestone Lucerne Valley 37.92 (0.32)
Limestone Guangdong 93.28* - 2.55
Kou Limestone Guangxi 95.24* - 3.86
(2014) *
Limestone Liaoning A 92.90 - 1.64
Limestone Liaoning B 96.31* - 1.21
*1)
Brunauer-Emmett-Teller surface area; all others obtained by porosity measurements
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Table 4. Limestone-based desulfurizing agent of fluidized bed boiler used for domestic research
Properties
Researcher Species Production Site CaO (#Ca) MgO BET (㎡/g)
SiO2
(*wt.%) (Mg) (Calcination)
Limestone Danyang 39.9# (0.12) - 1.56 (2.56)
#
Limestone Wulgin 39.1 (0.078) - 1.17 (2.58)
Kim (1987)
Dolomite Danyang 21.2# (13.1) - 0.18 (14.00)
Dolomite Wonsung 21.4# (12.9) - 0.42 (13.65)
Cho (1997) Limestone Danyang 54.7 0.25 1.62 (0.1 ~ 1 mm)
Dolomite Danyang 58.70* 37.43 2.87 0.153 (14.339)
Dolomite Yongwol 56.67* 39.84 2.01 0.179 (15.236)
Park (1998) *
Limestone Danyang 98.91 0.36 0.36 0.187 (15.231)
Limestone Yongwol 86.26* 0.50 11.01 0.226 (17.265)
Han (2001) Limestone Danyang 53.2 - - -
Limestone Danyang 53.13 0.94 - 0.531 (6.770)
Limestone Samchuk 54.25 0.36 - 0.283 (11.240)
Bae (2002)
Limestone Jinsan 51.60 0.39 - 0.411 (1.848)
Limestone Pohang 53.80 0.43 - 0.427 (9.854)
Limestone Kumsan 1 38.91# (0.24) 0.72 (20 - 35 mesh)
Limestone Kumsan 2 32.13# (0.50) 7.15 -
Limestone Danyang 39.99# (0.35) 0.57 -
#
Limestone Dangjin 36.25 (1.55) 2.44 -
Limestone Donghae 34.16# (0.59) 2.40 -
Cho (2003) #
Dolomite Muju 25.39 (10.45) 0.42 -
Limestone Yongwol 32.52# (1.01) 5.33 -
#
Dolomite Yongwol 22.00 (12.25) 0.51 -
Limestone Uljin 39.80# (0.48) 0.36 -
#
Limestone Chongju 25.34 (0.19) 2.09 -
Limestone Kwangsung 55.70 0.26 0.09 -
Limestone Taeyong 48.34 6.69 0.20 -
Kim, Lee, Ahn,
Limestone Uooryoung 54.82 0.83 0.59 -
(2008)
Limestone Chungrim A 48.34 6.69 0.20 -
Limestone Chungrim B 55.00 0.12 0.28 -
Choi (2011) Limestone Kumsan 55.70 0.26 0.09 50-120 µm
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백 철 승
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• 목원대학교 화학과 이학사
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• 광운대학교 화학공학과 석사
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teristic of Limestone Depending on the Operating Para- 정 수료
meters of In-Furnace Desulfurization for Oxy-Fuel Com- • 현재 한국석회석신소재연구소 연구개
발실 연구원
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