The Problem and Its Scope: Liceo de Cagayan University College of Medical Laboratory Science

Liceo de Cagayan University College of Medical Laboratory Science 1
Chapter 1
THE PROBLEM AND ITS SCOPE
Introduction
The widespread of Ascaris lumbricoides or intestinal large roundworm is very
alarming especially to young children. This parasite can be acquired through ingestion of
contaminated food and water. The environment also plays a role in the infection of this
particular parasite where the food and water is prepared. Large population like Barangay
Iponan also contributes a high risk of this parasitic infection. To determine the presence of
this parasite is a way to help the community, because it would inform them that there is
something wrong on how they prepare their food and water. Awareness of the presence of
this parasite may lead to the prevention of this widespread.
Ascaris lumbricoides is one of the most well – known helminth parasites affecting
humans, and Ascaris remains common with greater than 1.2 billion infections globally. It is
endemic in the Middle East and South America especially in under – developed countries
where poor sanitation, the most important risk factor for infection is common. Ascaris
lumbricoides infection occurs in all age group but more commonly in preschool children.
Although Ascaris cases are usually asymptomatic infection leads to malnutrition in children
and cause about 3000 – 6000 deaths every year, usually as a result of intestinal obstruction
(Mehta et al., 2010)
In the Philippines, the extent of local research on Ascaris lumbricoides has been
wide and varied. The control of ascariasis and other soil-transmitted helminthiases is one of
the more important concerns of public health workers because of the morbidity associated
with them. Soil-transmitted helminth (STH) infections with Ascaris lumbricoides are
endemic in all 80 provinces of the Philippines. The results also suggest that it may be
necessary to place greater emphasis on improving the provision of water, sanitation and the
promotion of behavioral change for improved hygiene for the control and prevention of STH
infections. However, effective measures can only be formulated based on the existing
knowledge about the parasite's life cycle, physiology and other unique characteristics
(Monzon, 2008).
In this study, the researchers aim to determine the incidence of parasitic infection
specifically of Ascaris lumbricoides among the children ages 7 to 10 years old of Barangay
Iponan, Cagayan de Oro City. Further, the study will also help in educating people the proper
preparation of food and its disposal. As a medical practitioner, we can help in the prevention
of Ascaris lumbricoides in Barangay Iponan. As a Medical Technologist, we should help in
the awareness campaigns of parasitic spread and infection.
Theoretical and Conceptual Framework
The study was anchored on the concept of Rayan et al. (2010). Intestinal parasites can
yield adverse effects on the growth and development of children, and influence upon their
nutritional status and morbidity rates. In India, institutions such as schools, day-care centers,
hospitals and healthcare clinics, however, are not in suitable positions to fully observe the
specific conditions that foster the appearance and spread of parasitic diseases within urban or
rural populations, as these phenomena are determined by particular geographical and
ecologic factors with a further contribution from the effects of the population explosion in
many regions in this country.

These parasitic diseases cause chronic disabilities and deformities that hamper the
growth and development of children, as well as the working ability or productivity of adults.
One of the greatest challenges for healthcare professionals is the prevention and
treatment of protozoal and helminthic parasitic infections. Therefore, the prevalence of
intestinal parasitic infections was very high in the school children regardless if they are in a
rural or urban area. Parasitic infections in these children showed that the protozoa and
helminths concerned are very common in the country. The results of the risk factors analysis
suggest that the transmission was highly associated with the risk factors.
Based on the results of the previous study mentioned above, the researchers wanted to
know the prevalence and risk factors among the children of select barangay in Cagayan de
Oro City showed in Figure 1.
Schematic Presentation
Independent variables Dependent variable
1. Educational status
of the subject’s
parents Prevalence of Ascaris
2. Water source lumbriciodes and its risk
3. Frequency of factors
handwashing
Figure 1. Interplay of Independent and Dependent Variables
Objectives of the Study
This study aimed to determine the presence of Ascaris lumbricoides among the
children ages 7 to 10 years old of select barangay in Cagayan de Oro City.

Specifically, it aimed to:
1. Determine the prevalence of infection among the children.
2. Determine the risk factors associated with Ascaris lumbricoides infection.
1.1 Educational status of the subjects’ parents
1.2 Water source
1.3 Frequency of Handwashing
3. Determine if there is an association between the risk factors and the prevalence of
Ascaris lumbricoides among the children.
Hypothesis
There is no significant association between the risk factors and the presence of
Ascaris lumbricoides among the children.
Significance of the Study
Community Health Workers. The findings of our study can provide them
significant information on the presence of Ascaris lumbricoides among children in Barangay
Iponan. This will help them plan on how to eradicate the intestinal parasites and have some
additional data regarding the Ascaris lumbricoides in their area. They may also help teach the
members of the family more preventive measures to lessen the parasitic infection present in
their area.
Parents. The findings of our study will benefit the parents of the Barangay since it
will provide them with information regarding the presence of Ascaris lumbricoides in their
area. This will help them to improve their sanitation and implement routine deworming in
their Barangay.
School. The findings of our study will benefit the local schools since it will give them
awareness about the importance of proper sanitation among children in their school. This will
prompt them to instill the importance of proper hand washing and sanitation in their children.
Non-government organizations. This will benefit non-government organizations
since it will provide them with information on areas regarding the intestinal parasitic
infections which are still unaddressed. It will help them plan on what projects they need to do
to improve the quality of life of the community members of that particular area.
School children. The children can benefit from this study since it will educate them
of the common intestinal parasitic worms affecting their area, particularly Ascaris
lumbricoides. This will help them practice or improve proper sanitation. The results of this
study will also be forwarded to the community health workers so that they can design the
proper interventions. Thus, the quality of life of the school children will be improved if these
proper interventions are done.
Scope and Delimitations of the Study
The study focused only on the presence of Ascaris lumbricoides and excluded other
helminthic parasites. The researchers obtained specimen from children ages 7-10 in the
select barangay. The prevalence of the Ascariasis among children was otherwise covered in
this research.
Definition of Terms
The following terms were used in the study:
Ascariasis. Infestation with or disease caused by ascaris.
Asymptomatic. Having or showing no symptoms of disease

Helminth. An intestinal worm (as a tapeworm, liver fluke, ascaris, or leech).
Helminthiasis. The infestation with or disease caused by parasitic worms.
Hookworm. A parasitic nematode worm that inhabits the intestines of humans and
other animals.
Hygiene. A conditions or practices conductive to maintaining health and preventing
disease, especially through cleanliness.
Larvae. The active immature form of insect, especially one that differs greatly from
adult and stage of egg.
Parasites. An animal or plant that lives in another animal or plant and gets food and
protection from it.
Roundworm. A small worm with a long, round body that lives inside the bodies of
people and animals.
Sanitation. The process of keeping places free from dirt, infection, disease, etc., by
removing waste, trash and garbages, by cleaning streets, etc.

Chapter 2
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES
This chapter presents the review of related literature and studies that have an
important direct bearing the present study.
Foreign Literature and Studies
Kirwan et al. (2009) emphasize that soil-transmitted helminths (STH) are common
neglected tropical diseases and it includes Ascaris lumbricoides (roundworm), Trichuris
trichiura (whipworm), Ancylostoma duodenale and Necator americanus (hookworms), and
Strongyloides stercoralis. School-age children have the greatest morbidity due to STH
infections because they have the highest intensity of helminth infections.
As stated by Belyhun et al. (2010), soil-transmitted helminths (STHs) are widespread
in underdeveloped countries. In Ethiopia, the prevalence and distribution of helminth
infection differs by place and with age. We therefore investigated the prevalence of and risk
factors for STH infection in mothers and their one year-old children living in Butajira town
and nearby rural areas in southern Ethiopia.
Hall et al. (2008) point out that hookworm and Ascaris infection dynamics are
characterized by chronic ongoing reinfection as a result of environmental contamination with
parasite eggs and larvae within endemic areas.
Recent studies outlined by Okolugbo Nekou et al. (2015) stresses that Ascariasis
occurs in rural areas of the southeastern United States. When, the adult worms move in a
reverse direction towards the pharynx, and emerge from the mouth or nose or enter the
Eustachian tube or even the nasopharyngeal duct where they can be a cause of upper airway
obstruction. This wandering habit can have severe, life threatening consequences if they enter
the trachea. There are only handfuls of cases in the literature where children or adults with
altered sensorium developed fatal respiratory obstruction due to Ascaris.
Jasper Abiodum Oyinpere et al. (2015) investigate that Ascaris lumbricoides is a
helminthic infestation with some prevalence in and the Latin America, especially in the
farming population poor sanitation is well known. Its effects are also predominantly seen in
children as a cause of anemia and malnutrition in our environment. Although ascariasis
occurs at all ages, it is most common in children 2 to 10 years old, and prevalence decreases
over the age of 15 years. Infections tend to cluster in families, and worm burden correlates
with the number of people living in a home.
According to Krause et al. (July 2016), the human roundworm, Ascaris lumbricoides
infect an estimated 819 million people worldwide, primarily in high level of poverty areas.
Most are infected during first year of life and also the preschool children. This helminth
infection is widespread to them because they are usually playing with soil where parasites
reside.
Abdellatif et al. (2013) assess that Ascaris lumbricoides (roundworms) infection
happens to all age groups but more commonly in young children aged at 7-10 years old.
Although ascariasis cases usually show no symptoms, infection leads to malnutrition in
children and causes about 3000-60 000 deaths every year, usually as a causes of intestinal
obstruction.
Krause et al., speculate that child behaviors including open defecation in the yard and
playing with soil have been positively associated with higher intensity of Ascaris and
hookworm in preschool children.
According to Schüle et al. (2014), children have the highest morbidity and they are
prone to high worm burden because of decrease physical fitness, growth retardation, and
respiratory and gastrointestinal problems which are caused by infection of Ascaris
lumbricoides.
But assumed by Umetsu et al. (2014), Ascaris lumbricoides infection is rare among
children in developed countries. Although large numbers of adult Ascaris in the small
intestine can cause various abdominal symptoms, this infection remains asymptomatic until
the number of worms in the intestine considerably increases in most cases. Ascaris causing
bilious vomiting suggesting ileus is rare, especially in developed countries.
A review conducted by Albonico et al. (2008), revealed that constant deworming
improves growth, micronutrient (iron and vitamin A), and motor and language development
in preschool children.
Globally, intestinal parasitic infections (IPIs) are one of the main causes of human
morbidity and mortality especially in developing countries in which public health standards
are not as high compared in developed countries which postulated by Kiani et al., (2016).
Risk factors of IPIs are associated with climate conditions, poor sanitation and economic
variables, lack of access to potable water, improper food and cultural habits.
According to the recent study of Kiani et al. (2016), the rate of disability adjusted life
years (DALYs) resulting from IPIs is approximately 39 million, indicating a substantial

economic burden of these infections. Growth disorders, vitamin A deficiency, iron deficiency
anemia and poor educational performance are the effects of IPIs on children. IPIs can cause
diarrhea, abdominal pain, nausea and vomiting, bloating and weight loss. In addition, IPIs
can result in severe complications in immune compromised patients such as those with HIV,
transplant recipients and hemodialysis patients.
Escobedo et al., advocates that intestinal protozoa and soil-transmitted helminths
(STH) still continue to be major problems in health globally, especially in the tropical and
sub-tropical regions and are not always trivial, although frequent. They can be the cause of a
wide clinical spectrum ranging from apparently asymptomatic infections to life-threatening
conditions such as intestinal obstruction in Ascaris lumbricoides infection.
Nyarango et al. (2008) account for the study of types of samples which were
examined for occurrence of intestinal parasites includes, a total of 84 vegetable, 440 meat
and 168 stool samples. Fifty five (65.5%) vegetable, 334 (75.9%) meat and 69 (41.1%) of the
stool samples were found positive for intestinal parasites indicating a high overall risk
(66.18%) for intestinal parasite infections. Of the parasites found, the most common parasites
infesting the foodstuffs and infecting the food handlers were Ascaris
lumbricoides and Entamoeba histolytica. Parasites were significantly less likely to be present
on meat that was refrigerated during display than meat that was displayed at ambient
temperature.
According to Santos et al. Ascaris lumbricoides tropomyosin revealed 69% to 98%
sequence identity to tropomyosins from other invertebrates. The predicted structure
of Ascaris lumbricoides tropomyosin was the same to that of P americana tropomyosin and

showed the characteristic coiled-coil structure. Strong correlation was found for IgE
antibodies to tropomyosins from Ascaris lumbricoides and P americana in sera from children
living in a parasite-endemic area and from patients with cockroach allergy. Larvae of A
lumbricoides reacted strongly with mAb 1A6.
Pham-Duc, (2013) remarks the Kato-Katz thick smear and formalin-ether
concentration techniques were used for helminth diagnosis in two stool samples per person
and to assess the risk of helminth infections in association with the use of wastewater and
excreta in agriculture in Hanam province, Northern Vietnam. Socio-demographic and water,
sanitation and hygiene related characteristics, including exposure to human and animal
excreta and household wastewater management were assessed with a questionnaire
Kounnayong, (2011) contend that the prevalence of Ascaris lumbricoides, hookworm
and Trichuris trichiura was 27.4%, 10.9% and 10.9% respectively. Of the children studied,
28.4% had a monoparasitic infection and 9.3% had a polyparasitic infection. Older children
had a higher risk for hookworm.
Alemu, (2011) infer that from soil transmitted helminths, Ascaris lumbricoides was
the predominant isolate (22%) followed by Hookworms (19%) and Trichuris
trichiura (2.5%). Schistosoma mansoni was also isolated in 37.9% of the study participants.
Out of 319 study subjects, 263 (82.4%) of the study participants infected with one or more
parasites. Hookworm and S. mansoni infections showed statistically significant associations
with shoe wearing and swimming habit of school children, respectively.
` Osazuwa, (2011) extrapolate that the overall parasite prevalence in the three
communities was: Ascaris lumbricoides (75.6%), hookworm (16.19%) and Trichuris

trichiura (7.3%). Of the 316 children, 38.6% were anaemic: 75.9% of children in
Evbuomore, 42.3% in Isiohor and 26.8% in Ekosodin. Malnutrition was patent; 37.0% of the
children were stunted, 19.3% wasted, and 44.0% underweight. There was a statistically
significant association between hookworm and Ascaris lumbricoides infection and anaemia
(P < .001). Serum ferritin levels were more sensitive than haemoglobin in detecting anemia
and were correlated with intestinal helminth infection.
Dalumo et al. (2009) stated that the risk factors predisposing children to ascariasis
transmission in a rural community of Osun State, Nigeria were investigated from November
2005 to April 2006.
According to Obiezue et al. (2009), children below 16 years of age were examined at
the household level after information on biodata, access to water supply and sanitation,
socio-economic status of their parents and degree of cohabitation with their parents was
collected using a questionnaire. Of 440 children examined, overall prevalence was 60% and
median intensity was 1548 eggs per gram (epg) (min. 48 epg; max. 55 464 epg). Infection
patterns were gender comparable and age dependent, with peak prevalence (67.8%)
occurring in children aged 5–9 years and peak median intensity (4368 epg) in children aged
≥15 years.
Obiezue et al. (2009) stated also that the logistic regression analysis revealed that
prevalence was influenced by patterns of water supply and sanitation, parents' educational
background, number of biological parents living with a child and number of playmates a
child has. These findings suggest that socio-environmental risk factors which play a role in
disease transmission need to be taken into account when formulating sustainable control
strategies for ascariasis and other intestinal parasites in Nigeria and elsewhere.
Local Literature and Studies
As stated by Gordon et al. (2015), the global socioeconomic importance of helminth
parasitic infection is underpinned by the considerable clinical impact on millions of people.
While helminth polyparasitism is considered common in the Philippines, little has been done
to survey its extent in endemic communities.
According to Paller (2014), soil-transmitted helminths in the Philippines has not yet
been wipe out and is still prevalent. In the survey conducted by the Department of Health
(2004), 23.2% of Filipinos examined were infected with Ascaris lumbricoides. Some of this
people were also infected with Trichuris trichiura and other hookworms due to their similar
mode of transmission. Paller cited that Ascaris sp. eggs were more prevalent in soils from
urban areas whereas hookworm larvae are common in soils from rural areas due to
population density.
Salamat et al. (2015) also stated that soil – transmitted helminth (STH) infections
with A. lumbricoides, T. trichiura and hookworms are endemic in all 80 provinces of the
Philippines. Ascaris lumbricoides infection was widespread and endemic in Luzon and
Visayas, with areas of high prevalence (>50%) predicted for many location in these two
regions. The mean observed prevalence of A. lumbricoides was 23.7% for Luzon, 38.4% for
the Visayas and 21.2% for Mindanao. In Luzon and the Visayas, males had higher
prevalence of A. lumbricoides infection compared with females. A. lumbricoides and

T.trichiura infections are more prevalent in individuals aged 15 – 19 years compared with
other age group.
Magalhães et al. (2015) investaged that in Mindanao, Ascaris lumbricoides
overspread with Trichuris trichiura in the Zamboanga Peninsula to the west of the island. In
Mindanao, most areas were predicted to reach prevalences between 10-40% for Ascaris
lumbricoides, while Trischuris trichiura was more restricted with areas predicted to be
highly endemic in small capital in Surigao del Norte and the Compostela Valley in the Davao
region. Hookworm was predicted to have a prevalence of between 20-40% in the central
provinces of Mindanao, including Cotabato, Bukidnon, Agusan del Sur and Davao
According to Herriman (2015), the deworming activities in the Philippines have
shown good results in recent years. Partial results of the National Parasite Survey conducted
by the Research Institute for Tropical Medicine in 2013, the prevalence rate of STH
infections among children 6 to 14 years old recorded two years ago was 12 to 38 percent
compared with 65 percent in 2003.
The NTD (neglected tropical disease) endemic provinces are among the poorest of the
poor in the Philippines. And yet because these tropical parasitic diseases do not cause instant
death, they tend to be neglected by policy makers, by NGOs, by multilateral and bilateral
organizations and by corporate foundations and philanthropists (WPRO, 2016).
These parasitic diseases cause chronic disabilities and deformities that hamper the
growth and development of children, as well as the working ability or productivity of adults.
According to WPRO (2016), prevalence rates persist at high levels affecting children
below 15 years old. A 2004 STH survey showed that only less than a third (30%) of
households in study areas has piped-in water while the other 69.7% depend on deep wells,
open dug wells, springs and rainwater. The same study also showed that three fourths (72%)
of households have sanitary toilets and a significant percentage (28%) still use unsanitary
toilets. The worst impact of these diseases is the way they exacerbate poverty, stigmatize,
disable and inhibit individuals from being able to care for themselves or their families.
Children, women and those living in remote areas without any access to an effective health
care system are most vulnerable to the deleterious effects of neglected diseases such as
malnutrition, anemia, serious or permanent disability (including blindness), illness and death.
Also known as intestinal worm infections, this disease is most common among
school-age children. Albendazole or Mebendazole is given to dewormed children ages 1-12
years old (WPRO, 2016). The whole Philippine archipelago is endemic of STH. The
common intestinal parasites among Filipinos are ascaris, hookworm, whip worm and
trichuris. 25 million Filipinos are at risk of the disease. Aside from the mass treatment during
Mass Drug Administrations (MDAs), good hygiene, water and sanitation are the major
preventive activities for the control of STH.
Magbojos et al. (2016) studies have explored the cross-reactivity between
geohelminthiasis and allergy which has the same immune response in humans by triggering
the elevation in serum IgE level. Yet, the role of soil-transmitted intestinal parasitism as a
protective or contributing factor for allergy remains inconclusive. In this study, the
association of geohelminthiasis with allergic sensitization was investigated in a group of 50
children aged 5 to 12 years old living in the areas of Batangas, Philippines where parasitism
is common.
Belizario et al. (2011) conclude that a significant portion of the population in the
Philippines consists of indigenous people (IP) groups, approximately 9% or 8.1 million. Data
on the health status of these groups are very limited including the status of soil-transmitted
helminth (STH) infections. Provision of such data will be of great importance in the
formulation of policy on control and prevention of these diseases in this group.
According to Manila Bulletin (2014), the best way to prevent roundworm infection is
by proper disposal of human waste (i.e., use of water-sealed or similar toilets). Other very
effective preventive measures include: washing of hands with soap and water after defecating
and before eating; thorough washing in running water of vegetables and other foods that are
eaten raw; and, avoidance of walking barefooted.

Chapter 3
MATERIALS AND METHODS
This chapter discusses the research setting, design, instruments, protocol, and
specific methods employed by the researchers in the data gathering and analysis.
Research Setting
The research was conducted within the city of Cagayan de Oro particularly in the
vicinity of Barangay Iponan for the analysis of the significant presence of Ascaris
lumbricoides.
Research Design
The researchers employed a descriptive analysis of parasite infections specifically
Ascaris lumbricoides or the common roundworm. This was also involved diagnostic analysis
of stool for assessment of ascaris infection.
Respondents and Sampling Procedure
The study involved purposive sampling with the desired participants of children ages
7 to 10 years of age and residents of Barangay Iponan.
Research Instrument
The researchers used an interview questionnaire as a guide and basis for personal
information of the participants.
In collecting stool samples, the researchers provided stool containers.
Research Protocol
To ensure the quality of the research output, the researchers employed the following
research protocol.
1. The researchers seek approval from the adviser after careful assessment and review
of the manuscript for the thesis.
2. After the dean of the College of Medical Laboratory Science approved the schedule
for the defense of the thesis proposal after thorough assessment and review of the
final manuscript.
3. The RPO thoroughly assessed and review the thesis proposal for quality assurance
and quality control before approval was made.
4. The researchers accomplished the Research Ethics Application form from the
university ethical board in compliance with the ethical standards.
5. The researchers wrote letters and secure permission from the heads of office of the
barangay and to the city of administration to allow them to conduct the study.
6. The researchers also secured the respondents’ consent to participate in the study and
conducted an orientation for the parents and participants. Moreover, the respondents
assured that all their responses are to be treated with utmost confidentiality.
7. The researchers who collected stool samples wore Proper Protective Equipment
(PPE).
8. Provision of the final manuscript. The researchers provided the adviser the final
copy or the manuscript for assessment and review of the quality and relevance of the
paper.
Data Gathering Procedures
Once the researchers have been given permission to conduct the study, they
distributed the questionnaire to the subjects/participants to determine their profile. The nature
and scope of the study was explained thoroughly to the participants. Then, the researchers
informed the subjects of the schedule for stool sample collection in the Barangay Health
Center of Barangay Iponan.
Microscopic Stool Collection
The stool samples collected was examined by a registered medical technologist
utilizing direct fecal smear technique.
Direct Fecal Smear Technique
Direct fecal smears are most useful for the diagnosis of protozoal parasites which
have motile trophozoite stages that are passed in the feces. This is a quick screening test to
check for any intestinal parasites.
The preparation of direct wet mounts is a simple and efficient procedure for the
examination of feces. The specimen was suspended in a drop of liquid (usually water)
located between slide and cover glass. The water refractive index of the water improves the
image quality and also supports the specimen. In contrast to permanently mounted slides, wet
mounts cannot be stored over extended time periods, as the water evaporates. For this reason,
a wet mount is sometimes also referred to as a “temporary mount” to contrast it from the
“permanent mounts”, which can be stored over longer times. The permanently mounted
slides use a solidifying mounting medium, which holds the cover glass in place.
Materials
 Stool sample
 Clean glass slides

 Coverslips
 NSS or 0.85% NaCl Solution
 Microscope
 Applicator stick
Procedure of Direct Fecal Smear
On a clean glass slide, place a drop of saline (NSS or 0.85% NaCl).
Using an applicator stick, pick about 2mg feces (enough to form a low cone at the end
of the wooden applicator stick) and mix with NSS. The feces should be thoroughly
comminuted in a drop so that a uniform suspension will spread evenly to all edges of the
coverslip.
Examination and Results
 Place the slide under a microscope and examine the entire preparation systematically
and thoroughly under the microscope using the low power objective. Confirmation of
parasites can be made by switching to high power objectives.
 For helminthes, positive results are reported as number of eggs with the name of the
helminth per coverslip (or in plusses) and no ova seen for negative result. For
protozoa, positive result is reported as positive for the name of the protozoa and the
stage and none seen for negative result.

Statistical Techniques
To determine the profile of the subject/participants, frequency counts and percentage
distribution was used for this study.
Statistical Tools
The following statistical tools were used in the study:
1. Frequency Distribution
In statistics, a frequency distribution is a table that displays the frequency of various
outcomes in a sample. Each entry in the table contains the frequency or count of the
occurrences of values within a particular group or interval, and in this way, the table
summarizes the distribution of values in the sample.
2. Chi Square
Chi square was used to determine the association between the risk factors and prevalence of
Ascaris lumbricoides.
Chapter 4
PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS, AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA
This chapter is all about the presentation, analysis and interpretation of the data
gathered by the researchers.
Objective 1. To determine the prevalence of Ascaris lumbricoides among children
of select barangay in Cagayan de Oro City.
Table 1. Prevalence of Ascaris lumbricoides infection

NUMBER OF
RESULT PERCENTAGE
SUBJECTS
Positive 10 21.7
Negative 36 78.3
TOTAL 46 100
Table 1 showed the incidence of ascariasis among the subjects. The table shows that
21.7% of the respondents showed a positive occurrence of Ascaris lumbricoides infection.
Although the percentage of infected children was low, there was still an occurrence of
ascariasis in the sampled area. The researchers observed that the children play with the soil
which may be contaminated with feces and urine, and may be unconsciously ingested the
potential parasites including Ascaris lumbricoides through their contaminated hands in
agreement with the study of Kraus et al., (2015) which states that children who defecated in
the yard and playing with soil, have been associated with higher intensity of Ascaris and
other hookworm in preschool children.

Fertilized Ascaris lumbricoides

ova
Objective 2. To determine the risk factors associated with Ascaris lumbricoides

infection
Table 2 Risk Factors associated with Ascaris lumbricoides infection
EDUCATIONAL LEVEL OF
FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE
FATHERS
ELEMENTARY GRADUATE 12 26.1
ELEMENTARY
5 10.9
UNDERGRADUATE
HIGH SCHOOL GRADUATE 13 28.3
HIGH SCHOOL
6 13
UNDERGRADUATE
COLLEGE GRADUATE 5 10.9
COLLEGE UNDERGRADUATE 3 6.5

2
NONE 4.3
46 100
TOTAL
EDUCATIONAL LEVEL OF
MOTHERS
ELEMENTARY GRADUATE 8 17.4
ELEMENTARY
1 2.2
UNDERGRADUATE
HIGH SCHOOL GRADUATE 23 50
HIGH SCHOOL
4 8.7
UNDERGRADUATE
COLLEGE GRADUATE 5 10.9
COLLEGE UNDERGRADUATE 4 8.7
NONE 1 2.2
46 100
TOTAL
SOURCE OF DRINKING
WATER
26 61.9
WATER DISTRICT
3 7.1
WATER PUMP
0 0
RIVER
6 14.3
FAUCET
7 16.7
OTHERS
42 100
TOTAL
BATHING FACILITY
31 67.4
FAUCET
15 32.6
WATER PUMP
0 0
RIVER
46 100
TOTAL
FREQUENCY OF
HANDWASHING
9 19.7
BEFORE MEAL
25 54.3
AFTER MEAL
10 21.7
BEFORE AND AFTER MEAL
2 4.3
NONE
46 100
TOTAL
Table 2 showed the incidence of ascariasis associated with its risk factors. Obiezue et
al., (2009) stated that the prevalence of ascariasis was influenced by patterns of socio-
environmental risk factors including parents’ educational background, water supply and
sanitation.
As to the educational status of the parents, it was observed that greater frequency of
Ascaris lumbricoides occurred among children whose father was college graduate (10.9%)
and whose mother was high school graduate (50%). As established by Ugbomoiko et al.,
(2009), the risk of ascariasis was lower in children with parents had a higher education than
children whose parents had lower education.
As to the water source, including the source of drinking water and bathing facility, the
table shows that 26 out of 42 respondents’ source of drinking water was from water district
(61.9%) and 7 from 26 respondents were infected. Also, a few had their source of drinking
water from water pump (7.1%), faucet (14.3%) and others (16.7%) which includes water
from mineral bottles. As to the bathing facility, 67.4% of the respondents used faucet as their
source of water in bathing and 32.6% from the water pump.
As to the frequency of handwashing, the table shows 19.7% of the respondents
washed their hands before meal, 54.3% after meal, and 21.7% before and after meal and
4.3% answered none. One (1) respondent who was infected washed his/her hands before
meal and nine (9) positive respondents washed their hands before and after meal.
Hall et al. point out that Ascaris infection dynamics were characterized by chronic
ongoing reinfection as a result of environmental contamination with parasite eggs and larvae
within endemic areas. Although the prevalence of Ascaris lumbricoides is low, it is still
alarming and it needs to be prevented. According to Manila Bulletin, the best way to prevent
parasitic infection is by proper disposal of waste. Washing of hands with soap and water after
defecating and before eating; thorough washing in running water in vegetables and other
foods that are eaten raw; and, avoidance of walking barefoot are very effective preventive
measures against Ascaris lumbricoides infection.
Objective 3. To determine if there is an association between the risk factors and
the prevalence of Ascaris lumbricoides infection among the children.
Table 3. The association of risk factors and the

prevalence of Ascaris lumbricoides infection
LEVEL OF
INTERPRETATI
SIGNIFICAN P-VALUE
ON
CE
Relationship between the father’s education of the

respondent and the Prevalence of Ascaris 0.307 Not Significant
lumbricoides
Relationship between the mother’s education of the
lumbricoides
Relationship between the water source of the
lumbricoides
Relationship between the bathing facility of the
lumbricoides
Relationship between the frequency of hand
washing of the respondent and the Prevalence of 0.000 Significant
Ascaris lumbricoides
Table 3.1 showed the association between the risk factors and the prevalence of
Ascaris lumbricoides. If the P value is greater than the level of significance which is 0.05,
this shows that there is no significant relationship between the risk factors and the prevalence
of Ascaris lumbricoides.
According to the data above the researchers would like to reject the hypothesis
because one of the risk factors has a significant relationship to the prevalence of Ascaris
lumbricoides. Consequently, the P value in relation to the frequency of handwashing is
0.000, which has a significant relationship with the prevalence of Ascaris lumbricoides.
According to LN Utume et al,, (2015) poor hygienic practices especially
handwashing may have promoted this intestinal helminthic infections. The study promotes an
increase in health education and awareness creation particularly on proper hand washing with
soap or ash and water for children and their parents/care-givers.

Chapter 5
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION, AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Summary
The main objective of this study was to determine the prevalence a associated risk
factors of Ascaris lumbricoides in children seven to ten years old in Barangay Iponan,
Cagayan de Oro City using the descriptive research design with laboratory procedures. It also
involved the diagnostic analyses of stool for the assessment of Ascaris lumbricoides
infection.
Before samples were collected, interview questionnaires were given to the
respondents and served as a guide and basis for personal information of the participants.
Stool samples were taken from randomly selected respondents within the selected vicinity of
Barangay Iponan.
The stool samples collected then went under examination and diagnosis done by a
registered medical technologist. The samples collected were subjected to a laboratory
examination using the direct fecal smear technique. Frequency distribution and Chi square
were used as the statistical stools.
Findings of positive results, although low, confirms infection of some respondents
with Ascaris lumbricoides
Conclusion
Based on the results and information gathered, there were ten out of forty- six
respondents, which is twenty- one percent, whe rendered positive of Ascaris lumbricoides.
This implies that there is a low occurrence of infection in the selected area in Barangay
Iponan, Cagayan de Oro City.
The occurrence of infection varied according to the source of the drinking water of
the respondents, their frequency in handwashing, and the educational background of the
respondents parents.
Recommendations
Based on the findings of the study, the following are hereby recommended:
1. Deworming of infected respondents should be done every six months in
coordination with the Barangay Health Center of Iponan, Cagayan de Oro City.
2. Promotion of Heath Education by the Barangay Health Center of Iponan, Cagayan
de Oro City, emphasizing on proper hygiene in order to prevent the spread of
parasitic infection to the community.
3. For future researchers, a similar study in Iponan, Cagayan de Oro City should be
conducted with the addition of more respondents and involvement of other
intestinal parasites.
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Consent Letter
Parents’ Consent
Ako si _______________________________, ginikanan ni

_______________________, nagatugot ug nagahatag ug permiso alang sa partisipasyon sa
akong anak sa research nga ginganlang “The prevalence and Risk Factors of Ascaris
lumbricoides Among Children of Select Barangay in Cagayan de Oro City”.
____________________________
(perma sa ginikanan)
Prix Maebelle S. Restauro

Research Team Leader
Noted by:
MARILOU O. HONCULADA, RMT, MAED

Research Adviser
Approved by:
DR. AMELDA C. LIBRES, RMT, MA, DODT

Dean, College of Medical Laboratory Science
DR. LESLEY C. LUBOS, PhD

Vice President for Research, Publication, and Extension
SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRE
“Prevalence and Associated Risk Factors

of Ascaris lumbricoides Among Children of
Select Barangay in Cagayan de Oro City”
Good Day!
We will be conducting our research study entitled “Prevalence of Ascaris lumbricoides

Among Children of Barangay Iponan, Cagayan de Oro City”. In this regard, we are hoping
that you will answer the questions below honestly and sincerely. Rest assured that all the data
gathered will be treated as confidential. Thank you!
Name of the Parent:
Name of the child (respondent):
Age of the child:
Please mark check for your answer.
1. Father’s education
_______ Elementary graduate ______ Elementary undergraduate
_______ High School graduate ______ High School undergraduate
_______ College graduate ______ College undergraduate
_______ None
2. Mother’s education
_______ Elementary graduate ______ Elementary undergraduate
_______ High School graduate ______ High School undergraduate
_______ College graduate ______ College undergraduate
_______ None
3. Water source of drinking

______ Water District ______ River
______ Water pump ______ Faucet
4. Where do you take a bath?

______ Faucet ______ River
______ Water Pump ______ None
5. How frequently do you wash hands?

______ Before meal _____ After meal
______ Before/after meal _____ None
DOCUMENTATION
Figure 1: Orientation
Figure 2: Distribution of Formalin into the sample container

Figure 3: Sample Collection
Figure 4: Working with Barangay Health Workers

Figure 5: Microscopic Examination

Figure 6: Positive Results

ova
Fertilized Ascaris lumbricoides ova

ova
Figure 7: Researcher’s at work

RAW DATA
RESPONDENT AGE GENDER RESULT

NO.
1 8 Female Negative
2 8 Female Negative
3 8 Female Negative
4 7 Female Negative
5 9 Female Negative
6 8 Female Negative
7 8 Male Negative
8 9 Male Negative
9 7 Male Negative
10 8 Female Negative
13 10 Male Negative
14 9 Male Positive
15 9 Female Positive
17 7 Male Negative
18 9 Male Negative
19 9 Male Negative
20 7 Male Negative
21 7 Male Negative
22 8 Male Positive
23 9 Male Negative
24 9 Male Negative
25 9 Male Negative
28 8 Male Positive
29 7 Male Positive
31 8 Male Negative
34 7 Male Negative
36 8 Male Positive
38 9 Male Negative
39 10 Male Negative
40 7 Male Negative
41 8 Male Negative
42 7 Male Negative
45 8 Male Negative
46 10 Male Negative
TIMEFRAME
MONTH DECEMBER JANUARY FEBRUARY MARCH
TASK WEEK WEEK WEEK WEEK
DISTRIBUTION 1
OF LETTERS
PREPARATION
OF 1
MATERIALS
PARENT
ORIENTATION 2-3
SPECIMEN
4 1-3
COLLECTION
SPECIMEN
4 1
PROCESSING
DATA
2
GATHERING
FINAL
3
DEFENSE
EDITING OF
4
FINAL PAPER
BUDGET PROPOSAL
MATERIALS 1717 PHP
QUESTIONNAIRE 150 PHP
TRANSPORTATION 200 PHP
STATISTICS 1000 PHP
FOOD 1424 PHP
ADVISER/PANEL 4000 PHP
OTHERS 500 PHP
TOTAL 8991 PHP
CURRICULUM VITAE
Name : Paulane Antonette L. Opeliña
Address : Zone 1, Kibaghot, Laguindingan,
Misamis Oriental
Email Address: paulane950110@gmail.com
Name of Father: Anthony S. Opeliña
Name of Mother: Jocelyn L. Opeliña
School Graduated:
Elementary: Corpus Christi School
High School: Alubijid National Comprehensive High School
College: Liceo de Cagayan University
CURRICULUM VITAE
Name : Prix Maebelle S. Restauro
Address : Brgy. Lantay Pangantucan Bukidon
Email Address: prixyrestauro@gmail.com
Name of Father: Menandro L. Restauro
Name of Mother: Eleanor S. Restauro
School Graduated:
Elementary: Lantay Elementary School
High School: Pangantucan Community High School
CURRICULUM VITAE
Name : Hussein Sarip Sadic
Address : Nazareth, CDOC
Email Address: husseinsadic@gmail.com
Name of Father: Casan M. Sadic
Name of Mother: Norjana D. Sarip
School Graduated:
Elementary: Al-Hekma International School
High School: Xavier University High School
CURRICULUM VITAE
Name : Mitzi Rose Quidato Sobrevega
Address : Brgy. Madaya, Pangantucan Bukidnon
Email Address: mitzisobrevega@gmail.com
Name of Father: Rogelio E. Sobrevega
Name of Mother: Rosemarie Q. Sobrevega
School Graduated:
Elementary: Madaya Elementary School
High School: Pangantucan Community High School
CURRICULUM VITAE
Name : Cyrelle Gay Dua Solijon
Address : Blk. 21, Lt. 7&9, Lilac St., Bloomingdale
Subd., Iponan, CDOC
Email Address: cyrellesolijon@gmail.com
Name of Father: Ronie A. Solijon
Name of Mother: Nancy D. Solijon
School Graduated:
Elementary: City Central School
High School: Merry Child School

The Problem and Its Scope: Liceo de Cagayan University College of Medical Laboratory Science

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The Problem and Its Scope: Liceo de Cagayan University College of Medical Laboratory Science

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Liceo de Cagayan University College of Medical Laboratory Science 1

THE PROBLEM AND ITS SCOPE

The widespread of Ascaris lumbricoides or intestinal large roundworm is very

this parasite may lead to the prevention of this widespread.

(Mehta et al., 2010)

with them. Soil-transmitted helminth (STH) infections with Ascaris lumbricoides are

of Ascaris lumbricoides in Barangay Iponan. As a Medical Technologist, we should help in

the awareness campaigns of parasitic spread and infection.

Theoretical and Conceptual Framework

rural populations, as these phenomena are determined by particular geographical and

many regions in this country.

treatment of protozoal and helminthic parasitic infections. Therefore, the prevalence of

Oro City showed in Figure 1.

Independent variables Dependent variable

Figure 1. Interplay of Independent and Dependent Variables

Objectives of the Study

children ages 7 to 10 years old of select barangay in Cagayan de Oro City.

Specifically, it aimed to:

1. Determine the prevalence of infection among the children.

2. Determine the risk factors associated with Ascaris lumbricoides infection.

1.1 Educational status of the subjects’ parents

1.2 Water source

1.3 Frequency of Handwashing

Ascaris lumbricoides among the children.

Ascaris lumbricoides among the children.

Significance of the Study

significant information on the presence of Ascaris lumbricoides among children in Barangay

Non-government organizations. This will benefit non-government organizations

proper interventions are done.

Scope and Delimitations of the Study

The following terms were used in the study:

Ascariasis. Infestation with or disease caused by ascaris.

Asymptomatic. Having or showing no symptoms of disease

Helminth. An intestinal worm (as a tapeworm, liver fluke, ascaris, or leech).

Helminthiasis. The infestation with or disease caused by parasitic worms.

Hygiene. A conditions or practices conductive to maintaining health and preventing

disease, especially through cleanliness.

adult and stage of egg.

protection from it.

people and animals.

removing waste, trash and garbages, by cleaning streets, etc.

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

important direct bearing the present study.

Foreign Literature and Studies

neglected tropical diseases and it includes Ascaris lumbricoides (roundworm), Trichuris

trichiura (whipworm), Ancylostoma duodenale and Necator americanus (hookworms), and

infections because they have the highest intensity of helminth infections.

As stated by Belyhun et al. (2010), soil-transmitted helminths (STHs) are widespread

in underdeveloped countries. In Ethiopia, the prevalence and distribution of helminth

and nearby rural areas in southern Ethiopia.

characterized by chronic ongoing reinfection as a result of environmental contamination with

parasite eggs and larvae within endemic areas.

altered sensorium developed fatal respiratory obstruction due to Ascaris.

Jasper Abiodum Oyinpere et al. (2015) investigate that Ascaris lumbricoides is a

children as a cause of anemia and malnutrition in our environment. Although ascariasis

with the number of people living in a home.

Abdellatif et al. (2013) assess that Ascaris lumbricoides (roundworms) infection

Although ascariasis cases usually show no symptoms, infection leads to malnutrition in

hookworm in preschool children.

respiratory and gastrointestinal problems which are caused by infection of Ascaris

bilious vomiting suggesting ileus is rare, especially in developed countries.

A review conducted by Albonico et al. (2008), revealed that constant deworming

years (DALYs) resulting from IPIs is approximately 39 million, indicating a substantial