1- PH:

PH value is the measure of concentration of hydrogen ions in water. It

shows alkalinity or acidity of water.
Mathematically pH may be defined as:
The negative log of hydrogen ions concentration
Importance:-
PH is very important in the control of number of water and waste treatment processes
and in the control of corrosion.

Standards:
World Health Organization suggested a guideline value of (6.5 to 8.5) PH of water.

Turbidity:-
Theory:
Water is said to be turbid when it is seen containing materials of suspension inside it,
while turbidity may be defined as the measure of visible materials in suspension in
water. Turbidity may be caused by algae or other organisms. It is generally caused by
silt or clay.
The amount and character of turbidity depends upon 2 things:
1- Type of soil over which water flows
2- The velocity of flowing water

When water becomes stationary, the heavier and larger suspended particles settle down quickly and the
lighter divided particles settle very slowly and even take months.

Ground water is less turbid because of low velocity of water. Turbidity may be helpful for controlling
growth of organisms by not allowing proper sunlight to water, which is necessary for their growth. On
the other hand it is harmful as the organisms are handling to the suspended particles.
Units of Turbidity:-
 Standard turbidity unit (mg/l or ppm)
 Jackson turbidity unit (NTU)
 Nephelometric turbidity unit
A device called Nephelometric turbid meter measures the turbidity of water in
NTU. The intensity of light after passing through the water gives a measure of
turbidity of water.

Importance:-
It is very important to find the turbidity its excess will abstract the sunlight which
is required for the growth of organisms. Zero turbidity is also not recommended
because the pathogens are hanging with these particles.

Standards:-
WHO suggested a guideline value for turbidity as 5NTU for disinfections the turbidity of water should
not be less than 1NTU.

EU guidelines suggest turbidity of 1NTU.